高中定语从句详细讲解

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高中定语从句详细讲解

一.基本概念

1.定语从句的定义:用作定语的从句叫定语从句。

2.先行词:被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。

3.定语从句的位置:紧跟先行词(名词或代词)之后。

4.引导词:引导定语从句的词(包括关系代词和关系副词)。

﹙1﹚关系代词:that/who/whom/which/as

﹙2﹚关系副词:when/where/why

5.引导词的位置:位于定语从句之前(先行词之后)。【as除外】

6.引导词的功能(作用):

﹙1﹚连接先行词和定语从句。

﹙2﹚在定语从句中充当一定的成分(关系代词充当主语或宾语,关系副词充当状语)。

7.定语从句的类型:

﹙1﹚限定*定语从句(主句和定语从句之间无逗号)。

①直接由引导词引导定语从句

themanwhoyou’retalkingtoismyfriend.

②由介词+关系代词(whom/which)引导

themantowhomyou’retalkingismyfriend.

ineedapenwithwhichicanwritealetter.

=ineedapieceofpaperonwhichicanwritealetter.

介词的选用可根据从句中的相关词组确定,该介词通常可以放在关系代词之前,也可放在从句之尾。例如:

theman(who/whom/that)italkedaboutatthemeetingisfrombeijinguniversity.

=themanaboutwhomitalkedatthemeetingisfrombeijinguniversity.

thepalace(which/that)ioftenpayavisittowasbuiltinthe17thcentury. =thepalacetowhichioftenpayavisitwasbuiltinthe17thcentury.

﹙2﹚非限定*定语从句(主句和定语从句之间用逗号隔开)。

①直接由引导词引导定语从句。

②由介词+关系代词(whom/which)引导。

iliveinahousefarawayfromthecity,infrontofwhichisabigtree.

thereisanappletreestandingatthegate,onwhicharemanyapples.

thisisthemantowhomigavethebook.

③由“代词/名词+of+whom/which”或“ofwhich/whom+名词/代词”(先行词指

人用whom,指物用which)引导。one,some,any,none,all,both,several,many,most,neither,either等词、数词、分数或百分比与ofwhom或ofwhich连用。

hehasfivechildren,twoofwhomareabroad.

(比较:hehasfivechildren,andtwoofthemareabroad.)

wehavethreebooks,noneofwhichis/areinteresting.

(比较:wehavethreebooks,butnoneofthemis/areinteresting.)

除why和that不能引导非限定*定语从句外,其余引导词都可以,用法同限定*定语从句一样。但要注意以下区别。

1.在形式上非限定*定语从句与主句有逗号隔开。

2.非限定*定语从句的作用:它只是补充说明先行词的情况,翻译时可译成两个句子。

theengineer,whoselegwasbadlyhurt,wasquicklysenttohospital.

(那位工程师被很快送往医院,其腿部受了重伤)

theengineerwhoselegwasbadlyhurtwasquicklysenttohospital.

(那位腿部受了重伤的工程师被很快送往医院)

3.在非限定*定语从句中,任何引导词都不能省略(包括引导词在此定语从句中充当宾语在内)。指人做主语时只能用who,做宾语时用whom;

指物做主语,宾语都用which;关系副词用when或where,也不能省略。

theman,______issittingonthechair,ismyfather.

thewoman,_______imetyesterday,ismyenglishteacher.

thecity,_______isfaraway,isverybeautiful.

hewenttoamerica,______hisparentslive.

hejoinedthearmyyesterday,______ileft,too.

4.whose引导非限定*定语从句:

thehouse,whosewindowfacessouth,ismine.

=thehouse,thewindowofwhichfacessouth,ismine.

=thehouse,ofwhichthewindowfacessouth,ismine.

二。定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的基本用法。

1.who/that指人是主格在定语从句中代替先行词,又作定语从句的主语,不能省略。

doyouknowthegentlemanwho/thatissittingthere?

2.whom/who/that指人是宾格,在定语从句中代替先行词,又作定语从句的宾语(动宾或介宾)。

①当作动宾(动词后接宾语)时,关系代词可省略。

doyouknowthegentleman(whom/who/that)wemetjustnow?

②当作介宾(介词后接宾语)时:

介词不提前时,关系代词可省略;

介词提前时,关系代词不可省,即介词+whom(指人时介词后的关系代词只能用whom)。

theman(whom/who/that)ispokewithismyteacher.

themanwithwhomispokeismyteacher.

※注:固定的动词短语(动词+介词)如lookfor,takecareof等不能把动词与介词拆开,既介词不能提至引导词前。

sheistherightgirl(who/whom/that)wearelookingfor.

3.whose:指人或物,是所有格“…的”形式。whose+n.一起在定语从句中充当主语、宾语(动宾或介宾)即先行词的什么东西怎样了,whose不能省略。whose+n.=the+n.+ofwhich/whom=ofwhich/whom+the=n.

ididn’tfindthedeskwhoselegwasbroken.(主语)

heisthestudentwhosepencilibrokeyesterday.(动宾)

thebossinwhosepanyiworkisverykind.(介宾)

4.which/that指物,指代先行词且在定语从句中作主语或宾语(动宾或介宾)。

①当作动宾时,关系代词可省略。

②当作介宾时:

介词不提前时,关系代词可省略;

介词提前时,关系代词不可省,即介词+which(指物时介词后的关系代词只能用which)。

thehousewhich/thatwasdestroyedintheearthquakeisweak.

thepen(which/that)youfoundyesterdayismine.

thegames(that/which)theyoungmenpetedinweredifficult.

thegamesinwhichtheyoungmenpetedweredifficult.

※注:介词+关系代词即介词+whom/which(先行词指人用whom,指物用which)。

※5.as指人或物,在定语从句中可作主语,宾语,表语或状语,不能省略。主要用于“thesame…as…;such…as…;so…as…;as…as…;asfollows”固定结构中,形式固定此时的引导限定*定语从句。要用as代替who(m),which,或that引导定语从句:

suchpeopleasknewhillthoughthewashonest.

suchpeopleashillknewthoughthewashonest.

myhometownisnolongerthesameasitwas.

hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.

thechildknowsasmuchasgrow-ups(know).

i’dliketohavethesamebooksasareusedinyourschool. heisnotsuchapersonasiexpected.

hewillmarryasprettyagirlashecanfind.

※注:which和as可引导非限定*定语从句:可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容,which和as都可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容,有时可以互换。因此,当as/which指代前面的整个句子,或前句中的部分内容作定语从句的主语时,谓语用单数。

ourteamlostthegame,as/whichwasreportedinthenewspaper.

shewasterrified,as/whichicouldseefromhereyes.

hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.

区别:

①as引导的非限制*定语从句可以放在主句前面、*在主句中间或放在主句末尾;而which引导的非限制*定语从句只能放在主句后面。

hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.

=aswasnatural,hemarriedher.

marktwinisagreatwriter,which/asisknowntoall.

=asisknowntoall,marktwinisagreatwriter.

②as引导的从句有“正如”、“正像”之意,而which则无此意。常用句型有:

asweallknow,asisknowntoall,aseverybodycansee,asisexpected,asisknown/said/reported/told/weallknow等。如:

asweallknow,paperwasfirstmadeinchina.

toshutyoureyestofacts,asmanyofyoudo,isfoolish.

③主句和从句有因果关系时,用which.

ourclasshaswonthefootballmatch,whichmadeusveryhappy.

bamboosarehollow,whichmakesthemverylight.

④从句含否定意义时常用which.

shedidn’tpasstheexam,whichwecouldn’texpect.

shedidn’tpasstheexam,asweexpected.

6.when关系副词:指时间。在定语从句中作时间状语,不能省略。此时的when还可用介词+which替换(此时先行词一定是表时间的名