高中定语从句详细讲解
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高中定语从句详细讲解
一.基本概念
1.定语从句的定义:用作定语的从句叫定语从句。
2.先行词:被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。
3.定语从句的位置:紧跟先行词(名词或代词)之后。
4.引导词:引导定语从句的词(包括关系代词和关系副词)。
﹙1﹚关系代词:that/who/whom/which/as
﹙2﹚关系副词:when/where/why
5.引导词的位置:位于定语从句之前(先行词之后)。【as除外】
6.引导词的功能(作用):
﹙1﹚连接先行词和定语从句。
﹙2﹚在定语从句中充当一定的成分(关系代词充当主语或宾语,关系副词充当状语)。
7.定语从句的类型:
﹙1﹚限定*定语从句(主句和定语从句之间无逗号)。
①直接由引导词引导定语从句
themanwhoyou’retalkingtoismyfriend.
②由介词+关系代词(whom/which)引导
themantowhomyou’retalkingismyfriend.
ineedapenwithwhichicanwritealetter.
=ineedapieceofpaperonwhichicanwritealetter.
介词的选用可根据从句中的相关词组确定,该介词通常可以放在关系代词之前,也可放在从句之尾。例如:
theman(who/whom/that)italkedaboutatthemeetingisfrombeijinguniversity.
=themanaboutwhomitalkedatthemeetingisfrombeijinguniversity.
thepalace(which/that)ioftenpayavisittowasbuiltinthe17thcentury. =thepalacetowhichioftenpayavisitwasbuiltinthe17thcentury.
﹙2﹚非限定*定语从句(主句和定语从句之间用逗号隔开)。
①直接由引导词引导定语从句。
②由介词+关系代词(whom/which)引导。
iliveinahousefarawayfromthecity,infrontofwhichisabigtree.
thereisanappletreestandingatthegate,onwhicharemanyapples.
thisisthemantowhomigavethebook.
③由“代词/名词+of+whom/which”或“ofwhich/whom+名词/代词”(先行词指
人用whom,指物用which)引导。one,some,any,none,all,both,several,many,most,neither,either等词、数词、分数或百分比与ofwhom或ofwhich连用。
hehasfivechildren,twoofwhomareabroad.
(比较:hehasfivechildren,andtwoofthemareabroad.)
wehavethreebooks,noneofwhichis/areinteresting.
(比较:wehavethreebooks,butnoneofthemis/areinteresting.)
除why和that不能引导非限定*定语从句外,其余引导词都可以,用法同限定*定语从句一样。但要注意以下区别。
1.在形式上非限定*定语从句与主句有逗号隔开。
2.非限定*定语从句的作用:它只是补充说明先行词的情况,翻译时可译成两个句子。
theengineer,whoselegwasbadlyhurt,wasquicklysenttohospital.
(那位工程师被很快送往医院,其腿部受了重伤)
theengineerwhoselegwasbadlyhurtwasquicklysenttohospital.
(那位腿部受了重伤的工程师被很快送往医院)
3.在非限定*定语从句中,任何引导词都不能省略(包括引导词在此定语从句中充当宾语在内)。指人做主语时只能用who,做宾语时用whom;
指物做主语,宾语都用which;关系副词用when或where,也不能省略。
theman,______issittingonthechair,ismyfather.
thewoman,_______imetyesterday,ismyenglishteacher.
thecity,_______isfaraway,isverybeautiful.
hewenttoamerica,______hisparentslive.
hejoinedthearmyyesterday,______ileft,too.
4.whose引导非限定*定语从句:
thehouse,whosewindowfacessouth,ismine.
=thehouse,thewindowofwhichfacessouth,ismine.
=thehouse,ofwhichthewindowfacessouth,ismine.
二。定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的基本用法。
1.who/that指人是主格在定语从句中代替先行词,又作定语从句的主语,不能省略。
doyouknowthegentlemanwho/thatissittingthere?
2.whom/who/that指人是宾格,在定语从句中代替先行词,又作定语从句的宾语(动宾或介宾)。
①当作动宾(动词后接宾语)时,关系代词可省略。
doyouknowthegentleman(whom/who/that)wemetjustnow?
②当作介宾(介词后接宾语)时:
介词不提前时,关系代词可省略;
介词提前时,关系代词不可省,即介词+whom(指人时介词后的关系代词只能用whom)。
theman(whom/who/that)ispokewithismyteacher.
themanwithwhomispokeismyteacher.
※注:固定的动词短语(动词+介词)如lookfor,takecareof等不能把动词与介词拆开,既介词不能提至引导词前。
sheistherightgirl(who/whom/that)wearelookingfor.
3.whose:指人或物,是所有格“…的”形式。whose+n.一起在定语从句中充当主语、宾语(动宾或介宾)即先行词的什么东西怎样了,whose不能省略。whose+n.=the+n.+ofwhich/whom=ofwhich/whom+the=n.
ididn’tfindthedeskwhoselegwasbroken.(主语)
heisthestudentwhosepencilibrokeyesterday.(动宾)
thebossinwhosepanyiworkisverykind.(介宾)
4.which/that指物,指代先行词且在定语从句中作主语或宾语(动宾或介宾)。
①当作动宾时,关系代词可省略。
②当作介宾时:
介词不提前时,关系代词可省略;
介词提前时,关系代词不可省,即介词+which(指物时介词后的关系代词只能用which)。
thehousewhich/thatwasdestroyedintheearthquakeisweak.
thepen(which/that)youfoundyesterdayismine.
thegames(that/which)theyoungmenpetedinweredifficult.
thegamesinwhichtheyoungmenpetedweredifficult.
※注:介词+关系代词即介词+whom/which(先行词指人用whom,指物用which)。
※5.as指人或物,在定语从句中可作主语,宾语,表语或状语,不能省略。主要用于“thesame…as…;such…as…;so…as…;as…as…;asfollows”固定结构中,形式固定此时的引导限定*定语从句。要用as代替who(m),which,或that引导定语从句:
suchpeopleasknewhillthoughthewashonest.
suchpeopleashillknewthoughthewashonest.
myhometownisnolongerthesameasitwas.
hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.
thechildknowsasmuchasgrow-ups(know).
i’dliketohavethesamebooksasareusedinyourschool. heisnotsuchapersonasiexpected.
hewillmarryasprettyagirlashecanfind.
※注:which和as可引导非限定*定语从句:可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容,which和as都可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容,有时可以互换。因此,当as/which指代前面的整个句子,或前句中的部分内容作定语从句的主语时,谓语用单数。
ourteamlostthegame,as/whichwasreportedinthenewspaper.
shewasterrified,as/whichicouldseefromhereyes.
hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.
区别:
①as引导的非限制*定语从句可以放在主句前面、*在主句中间或放在主句末尾;而which引导的非限制*定语从句只能放在主句后面。
hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.
=aswasnatural,hemarriedher.
marktwinisagreatwriter,which/asisknowntoall.
=asisknowntoall,marktwinisagreatwriter.
②as引导的从句有“正如”、“正像”之意,而which则无此意。常用句型有:
asweallknow,asisknowntoall,aseverybodycansee,asisexpected,asisknown/said/reported/told/weallknow等。如:
asweallknow,paperwasfirstmadeinchina.
toshutyoureyestofacts,asmanyofyoudo,isfoolish.
③主句和从句有因果关系时,用which.
ourclasshaswonthefootballmatch,whichmadeusveryhappy.
bamboosarehollow,whichmakesthemverylight.
④从句含否定意义时常用which.
shedidn’tpasstheexam,whichwecouldn’texpect.
shedidn’tpasstheexam,asweexpected.
6.when关系副词:指时间。在定语从句中作时间状语,不能省略。此时的when还可用介词+which替换(此时先行词一定是表时间的名