the bill of rights of 1689名词解释

英美权利法案The Bill of Rights，即《权利法案》，又译《人权法案》，指的是美国宪法中第一至第十条宪法修正案，由詹姆斯·麦迪逊起草，1791年12月15日，获得通过。

权利法案的10条修正案包括：第一条：言论、宗教、和平集会自由；第二条：持有与佩戴武器的权利；第三条：免于民房被军队征用；第四条：免于不合理的搜查与扣押；第五条：正当程序（Due Process）、一罪不能两判、禁止逼供、禁止剥夺私人财产；第六条：未经陪审团不可定罪以及剥夺被控告方的其他权利；第七条：民事案件中要求陪审团的权利；第八条：禁止过度罚金与酷刑；第九条：未被列入的其他权利同样可以受到保护；第十条：人民保留未经立法的权利。

影响与评价《权利法案》的第一条，即美国宪法第一修正案对美国影响巨大。

美国媒体所享有的一切自由都源于此，在美国，凡是涉及言论、新闻、出版等诉讼，往往都会搬出此，它几乎成为美国媒体或个人言论自由的护身符，不可动摇。

以至于美国人把它颂扬为“美国生活方式”的主要内容。

[1]但是《权利法案》没有修正宪法的一个重大缺陷，即对奴隶制的确认，这使后来的南方地区农奴制扩张大大增长。

[2] 第一条（Amendment I）Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.译文：国会不得制定关于下列事项的法律：确立国教或禁止信教自由；剥夺言论自由或出版自由；或剥夺人民和平集会和向政府请愿伸冤的权利。

英语国家概况名词解释系列（1）Amerigo V espucci----Amerigo V espucci, a navigator, proved that the land was not India,but a new continent. Therefore, the land was named America after.The Puritans----The Puritans were wealthy, well-educated gentlemen. They wanted to purify the Church of England and threatened with religious persecution, the Puritans leaders saw the New world as the a refuge provided by God for those He meant to save.英语国家概况名词解释系列（2）The Bill of Rights----In 1789, James Madison introduced in the House of Representatives a series of amendments which later were drafted into twelve proposed amendments and sent to the states for ratification. Ten of them were ratified in 1791 and the first ten amendments to the constitution were called the Bills of Rights because they were to insure individual liberties.The Emancipation Proclamation----After the Civil war began, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation to win more support at home and abroad. It granted freedom to all slaves in areas still controlled by the Confederacy.英语国家概况名词解释系列（3）Pilgrims Thanksgiving Day----The Pilgrims in 1620, 201 of them sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower. The first winter after their arrival was very cold and when spring came, half of them were dead. Then the Indians came to their help and taught them how to grow corn. They had a good harvest that year. So they invited the Indians and held the first Thanksgiving celebration in America to give thanks to God.The Chunnel----In 1985 the British government and French government decided to build a channel tunnel, which is called “Chunnel”, under the Straits of Dover so that England and France could be joined together by road. The Chunnel was open to traffic in May 1994.英语国家概况名词解释系列（4）Eisteddfod----Eisteddfod is the Welsh word for “sitting” National Eidteddfod is the most famous festival of music and verse in Wales. It takes place each August and lasts for about a week. The highlight of the festival is competition for the best epic poem about Wales written and read in Welsh. The winner is crowned Board, considered the supreme honour in Wales. In this way the Welsh people keep the Welsh language and culture alive.Cockney----A cockney is a Londoner who is born within the sound of Bow Bells-the Bells of the church of St. Mary-LeBow in east London.英语国家概况名词解释系列（5）Stonehenge----It is a group of huge monuments of grant rock Slabs on salisbury plain in Southwest England built as long ago as the New Stone Age. It is generally believed that stonehenge served some sort of religious purposes.The Celts----The Celts came to Britain in three main waves. The first wave were the Gales, the second wave were the Brythons and the Belgae came about 150BC. The Celts were practised farmers. The Celtic tribes are ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Irish and the Welsh, And their languages are the basis of both Welsh and Gaelic. They religion was Druidism.英语国家概况名词解释系列（6）Norman Conquest----The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England.Alfred the Great----He was king of Wessex, one of the seven Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms. It was he who led the Anglo-Saxon to flight against the invading Danes and maintained peace for a long time.Alfred was not only a brave king at wartime, but also a wise king at peacetime. He encouraged education and introduced a legal system. He is known as “the father of the British navy”.英语国家概况名词解释系列（7）St. Augustine----In 597,Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrew’s Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity. That year, St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. Augustine was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but the conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north.Domesday Book----It is a book compiled by a group of clerks under the sponsorship of King William the First in 1086. The book was in fact a property record. It was the result of a general survey of England. It recorded the extent, value, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land. It was one of the important measures adopted by William I to establish the full feudal system in England. Today, it is kept in the Public Records Office in London.英语国家概况名词解释系列（8）Geoffrey Chaucer----He was an important English poet in the fourteenth century. His best known is The Canterbury Tales, which describes a group of pilgrims travelling to Canterbury to visit Thomas Becket’s tomb. Because he was the first important English poet to write in English. He has been known as the “Father of English Poetry”.The Black Death----It is a modern name given to the dearly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread through Europe in the fourteenth century particularly in 1348-1349. It came without warning, and without any cue. In England, it killed almost half of the total population, causing far-reaching economic consequences.英语国家概况名词解释系列（9）The Wars of Roses玫瑰战争----the name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of Y ork, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Henry Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in 1485 and put ht country under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars, English feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened.The Glorious Revolution of 1688光荣革命---- In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious vies. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.英语国家概况名词解释系列（10）The Gunpowder Plot of 1605火药阴谋案----The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was the most famous of the Catholic conspiracies. On Nov. 5,1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and his ministers up in the House of Parliament where Guy Fawkes had planted barrels of gun-powder in the cellars. The immediate result was the execution of Fawkes and his fellow-conspirators and imposition of severe anti-Catholic laws. The long-term result has been an annual celebration on Nov. 5, when a bonfire is lit to turn a guy and a firework display is arranged. Blood Mary血腥玛丽----It is the nickname given to Mary I, the English Queen who succeeded to the throne after Henry VIII. She was a devout Catholic and had so many Protestants burnt to death that she is remembered less by her official title Mary I by her nickname Blood Mary.英语国家概况名词解释系列（11）Thatcherism撒切尔主义----The election of 1979 returned the Conservative Party to power and Margaret Thatcher became the first woman prime minister in Britain. Her policies are popularly referred to as state-owned industries, the use of monetarist policies to control inflation, the weaking of trade forces unions, the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy, and an emphasis on law and order.The Trade Union Act of 1871工会法----It legalized the trade unions and give financial security. It meant that in law there was no difference between money for benefic purposes and collecting it to support strike action.英语国家概况名词解释系列（12）Agribusiness农业产业----The new farming has been called “agribusiness”, because it is equipped and managed like an industrial business with a set of inputs into the processes which occur on the farm and outputs or products which leave the farm.British disease英国病----The term “British disease” is now often used to characterize Britain’s economic decline.英语国家概况名词解释系列（13）Constitutional monarchy君主立宪制----It is a political system that has been practised in Britain since the Glorious revolution of 1688. According to this system, the Constitution is superior to the Monarch. In law, the Monarch has many supreme powers, but in practice, the real power of monarchy has been greatly reduced and today the Queen acts solely on the advice of her ministers. She reigns but does not rule. The real power lies in the Parliament, or to be exact, in the House of Commons.Privy Council枢密院----A consultative body of the British monarch. Its origin can be traced back to the times of the Norman Kings. After the Glorious Revolution of 1688, its importance was gradually diminished and replaced by the Cabinet. Today, it is still a consultation body of the British monarch, Its membership is about 400, and includes al Cabinet ministers, the speaker of the House of Commons, the Archbishops of Canterbury and Y ork, and senior British and Commonwealth statesmen.英语国家概况名词解释系列（14）The National Health Service----It is a very important part of the welfare system in Britain. It is a nationwide organization based on Acts of Parliament. It provides all kinds of free or nearly free medical treatment both in hospital and outside. It is financed mainly by payments by the state out of general taxation. People are not obliged to use this service. The service is achieving its main objectives with outstanding success.Comprehensive schools----Comprehensives schools take pupils without reference to ability or aptitude and provide a wide-ranging secondary education for all or most of the children in a district.英语国家概况名词解释系列（15）Reuters----It was founded in 1851 by the German, Julius Reuter. It is now a publicly owned company, employing over 11000 staff in 80 countries. It has more than 1300 staff journalists and photographers.The Crown Court----A criminal court that deals with the more serious cases and holds sessions in towns throughout England and Wales. It is presided over either by a judge from the High Court of Justice or a local full-time judge.英语国家概况名词解释系列（16）The Great lakes----The Great Lakes are the five lakes in the northeast. They are Lake Superior which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan (the only one entirely in the U.S.),Lake Huron, Lake Eire and Lake Ontario. They are all located between Canada and the United States expect Lake Michigan.The Mississippi----The Mississippi has been called “father of waters “or” old man river”. It and Its tributaries drain one of the richest farm areas in the world. It is the fourth longest river in the world and the most important river in the United States.英语国家概况名词解释系列（17）Uncle Tom’s Cabin----It was a sentimental but powerful antislavery novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe. It converted many readers to the abolitionist cause.Gettysburg----It refer to the short speech President Lincoln made when he dedicated the national cemetery at Gettyburg. He ended the speech with “the government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth”.英语国家概况名词解释系列（18）The Red Scare----When the WWI was over, there existed a highly aggressive and intolerant nationalism. Between 1919 and 1920, the Red Scare happened. On Nov.7,1919 and Jan.2,1920, the Justice Department launched two waves of mass arrests. Over 4000 suspected Communists and radical were arrested.The New Deal----In order to deal with the Depression, President Franklin Roosevelt put forward the New Deal program. It passed a lot of New Deal laws and set up many efficient social security systems. The New Deal helped to save American democracy and the development of American economy.英语国家概况名词解释系列（19）Truman Doctrine----On Mar.12, 1949, President Truman put forward the Truman Doctrine in his speech to the joint session of Congress. The Doctrine meant to support any country which said it was fighting communism.Marshall Plan----It was announced by George Marshall on June.5, 1947, and was the economic aid plan for Western Europe. It was also used to prevent the loss of Western Europe into the Soviet sphere.英语国家概况名词解释系列（20）London smog----In 195, the sulphur dioxide in the four-day London smog, an unhealthy atmosphere formed by mixing smoke and dirt with fog. It left 4000 people dead or dying. Since then most cities in Britain have introduced “clean air zones” whereby factories and households are only allowed to burn smokeless fuel.Family Doctor----In order to obtain the benefits of the NHS a person must normally be registered on the list of a general practitioner, sometimes known as a “family doctor”. The family doctor gives treatment or prescribes medicine, or, if necessary, arranges for the patient to go to hospital or to be seen at home by a specialist.英语国家概况名词解释系列（21）Marvellous Melbourne----After the gold rush in 1850s and 1860s, there was an important revolution in transport, especially with the network of tram and railway systems. This changed the pace of urban life and the appearance of the city and soon people were calling the city “Marvellous Melbourne”. But by the 1890s outsiders were calling the city “Marvellous Melbourne” because of the bad smell of the city.Waitangi Day----In 1840 the first official governor, William Hobson, was sent to negotiate with Maori leaders. In 1840 Hobson, representing Queen Victoria, and some Maori chiefs, signed the Treaty of Waitangi. Modern New Zealand was founded. The anniversary of the signing, February 6, is celebrated as New Zealand National Day, Waitangi Day, and is a national holiday.英语国家概况名词解释系列（22）Multiculturalism----The term multiculturalism was coined in Canada in the late 1960s. It was in official use in Australia by 1973. In other words, under multiculturalism migrant groups are able to speak their own language and maintain their own customs. Multiculturalism as a policy recognizes that social cohesion is attained by tolerating differences within an agreed legal and constitutional framework.Quiet Revolution----Ever since 1763, when France lost its empire in North America to England, French Canadians have struggled to preserve their language and culture. In the early 1960s French Canadians became more vocal in their protests. In particular, they complained that were kept out of jobs in government and in some large businesses because they spoke only French. They have been struggling more rights common which was called “Quiet revolution”.英美概况（名词解释+简答+论述）1. The W atergate ScandalThe Watergate Scandal refers to the arrest of people breaking into Democratic National Committee offices who worked for the re-election of Nixon and the cover-up afterwards with the support of Nixon. It led to the resignation of Nixon.2. The British CommonwealthThe Commonwealth (of Nations) is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special powers. The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each nation.3. The White Australia PolicyThe White Australia Policy refers to the Immigration restriction Act of 1901. Under the White Australia Policy, only white Europeans, especially British and Irish, were allowed to migrate to Australia. The migration of colored people such as Asians was restricted.4. Checks and BalancesIn American political system, each of the three branches of the government--the legislative, the executive and the judicial--has part of the powers but not all the power. Each branch can check, or block, the actions of the other branches. The three branches are thus in balance. This is called" checks and balances".5. Federal SystemA federal system of government has two layers of rule: central or federal government for the whole country; state and local governments. Each layer of government has separate and distinct powers laid down in the Constitution.6. Comprehensive High SchoolIt is a school that provides students with both academic and vocational education.7. Research UniversitySuch a university offers a full range of programs leading to a BA degree and is committed to postgraduate education through the doctorate. It gives high priority to research and award doctoral degrees.8. MonopolyMonopoly, economic situation in which only a single seller or producer supplies a commodity or a service. One or more of the following elements are of great importance in establishing a monopoly: (1) control of a major resource necessary to produce a product, as was the case withbauxite in the pre-World War II aluminum industry; (2) technological capabilities that allow a single firm to produce at reasonable prices all the output of a particular commodity or service, a situation sometimes described as a "natural" monopoly; (3) exclusive control over a patent on a product or on the processes used to produce the product; and (4) a government franchise that awards a company the sole right to produce a commodity or service in a given area. Among the various kinds of economic monopolies are public utilities, trusts, cartels, and industrial mergers.9. Big BenBig Ben is the largest clock in Britain and has kept exact time for the nation since May 1859. It is famous the world over for being the giant four faced clock in London, England. Big Ben is the name of the giant 14-tonne bell that hangs inside the clock tower and chimes every hour of every day in England. The huge bell was hung in 1858 and named after Sir Benjamin Hall, Chief Commissioner of Works at the time the bell was hung. In England you can hear Big Ben chiming daily the nation over, either on television news or radio.10. Independent schoolsIndependent schools are fee-paying educational institutions. Independent schools usually provide pupils with two stages of education. The principal schools for children of over thirteen (13 ~ 18) are usually called public schools and those for younger pupils (8 ~ 13) are usually called preparatory (colloquially "prep") schools. Many such schools are long established and have gaineda reputation for their high standards. However, only about 6% of all children attend these schools.11. RedbrickRedbrick is the name for a group of universities founded between 1850 and 1930, including London University. They were so called because red brick was the favorite building material of the time. As the term red brick" already fell into disfavor, they are sometimes called middle-aged universities. Most of these higher education institutions were founded in the biggest industrial towns and in a few other centers. Their first purpose was to provide higher education for local inhabitants who could not afford the cost of going away from home for their studies. As these universities grew bigger and more solidly established, all of them have achieved independent status.12. The new universitiesThe new universities were all founded after the Second World War. Most of these are in the biggest cities where are already established universities. Although these universities were new, some of them quickly became popular because of their modem approach to university courses.13. The Open UniversityThe Open University is a recent innovation, which provides chances for people of all ages and to which entry is much less restricted. It was founded in 1969 and began its first course in 1971. This educational institution is so named because it is "open" to all to become students with no formal qualifications to study for a degree. Courses are followed in the students' sp are time; lectures are broad-cast on radio and TV, and students correspond with their tutors by post. For some of the Open University courses students have to attend one-week summer schools which are held in many of Britain's traditional universities. At the end of the course, successful students are awarded a university degree.14.The Prime MinisterThe Prime Minister is the chief executive of the government. He or she is the leader of the party that holds the most seats in the House of Commons. The prime minister presides over the Cabinet and selects the other Cabinet members, who join him or her to form the government that is part of the functioning executive. When legislation comes before the House of Commons, the prime minister can usually count on the support of a majority of the votes because his or her party has amajority of the seats. The prime minister serves as the first lord of the treasury and as minister for the civil service.15. Statue of Liberty1. Liberty Enlightening the World, commonly known as the Statue of Liberty2. Presented to the United States by the people of France on October 28, 1886.3. Commemorating the centennial of the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence4. A gesture of friendship from France to the United States5. Standing on Liberty Island in New York Harbor, it welcomes visitors, immigrants, and returning Americans.16. Ivy League1. The eight private institutions of higher education located in the Northeastern United States.2. The top in the U.S. college and university rankings and ranking within the top one percent of the world’s academic institutions3. Harvard University; Yale University; University of Pennsylvania; Princeton University; Columbia University; Brown University; Dartmouth College;Cornell University17. The Bill of Rights1. US Constitution has a total of 27 amendments. The first ten, collectively known as the Bill of Rights, were ratified simultaneously (1791)2. Spirit of the Bill of Rights: freedom of speech, freedom of press, freedom of assembly, freedom of petition and freedom of religion3. Protection of individual rights instead of the privileges of the government4. Considered as the original body of the Constitution1. Which system was completely established under William in English?The feudal system was completely established under William in English.2. What is the most central functions of the Congress in America?It is the passage of laws.3 .Which city is Canada's largest city?It is Toronto.4. What was Australia called in the 1950s?Australia was called "the lucky country" in the 1950s.5. What do you think is the most noticeable feature of New Zealand geography?It is its mountains widely spread all over the country where active volcanoes scatter.6. Why was Britain known as the factory of the world in the mid-19th century?Because the British economy was among the strongest in the world.(or) At that time many goods were made in Britain and then sold all over the world.7. What are the established churches in Britain?They are the Church of England in England, and the Church of Scotland in Scotland.8. What does the British Parliament consist of?The British Parliament consists of the Sovereign, the House of Lord s and the House of Commons.9. What does W ASP stand for?It stands for White Anglo-Saxon Protestant.10. When did the history of Australia begin?It began with the arrival of Aborigines between 50,000 and 100,000 years ago.11. What law made French the official language in Quebec?The “Charter of the French Language in Quebec” made French the official language in Quebec.1. How does the British climate influence characters of English people?Other countries have a climate; in England we have weather. This statement, often made by Englishmen to describe the peculiar meteorological conditions of their country, is both revealing and true. It is revealing because in it we see the Englishman insisting once again that what happens in England is not the same as what happens elsewhere.In no country other than England, can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day! In England one can experience almost every kind of weather except the most extreme. The snag is that we never can be sure when the different types of weather will occur. This uncertainty about the weather has had a definite effect upon the Englishman's character; it tends to make him cautious. The foreigner may laugh when he sees the Englishman setting forth on a brilliantly sunny morning wearing a raincoat and carrying an umbrella, but he may well regret his laughter later in the day! The English weather has also helped to make the Englishman adaptable. It has been said that one of the reasons why the English colonized so much of the world was that, whatever the weather conditions they met abroad, they had already experienced something like them at home!2. Introduce the 3 main certificates required for secondary schooling students.For secondary schooling students, at least one of the three main certificates is required to demonstrate their educational attainment. Moderately children take the Certificates of Secondary Education (CSE), which indicates satisfactory completion of schooling to the age of 16. More ambitious children take the examinations for the General Certificate of Education at Ordinary Level (GCE "0" Level), which is the required starting-point for many types of professional training. Most young pupils who stay at school after passing their Ordinary Level examinations prepare themselves for the General Certificate of Education at Advanced Level (GCE "A" Level), which is the standard for entrance to universities and other higher education.3. What’s your idea about the diversity of US population？A. US is a melting potB. Racial and ethnic groupsC. Religious differencesD. Language diversityE. Social classes4. What’s your idea about the power-sharing and power-checking policy of US government?A. three branches of the federal governmentB. power sharing systemC. power checking policyD. foundation of the US politics5. Give comments on relationship between UK and USA.The British foreign policy is also affected by its relationship with the United States. During World War II, the two countries were closely allied and continued to work together closely in the postwar years, because they had many things in common about the past and the world situation. Even today, British and American policy-makers share the general ideas in many respects. However,Britain’s “special relationship” with the United States has gone through many ups and downs. The Britain are beginning to realize that their own foreign policy actions can be limited by the United States. But both sides have worked hard to maint ain the “special relationship”.6. What powers does the Queen of Britain have theoretically? Why is it said that she has no real power at all in reality?The British monarchy stands for the continuity of British history going back to Anglo-Saxon times, and today it serves as a figurehead for the state In theory, the British monarch has enormous powers, but in reality those powers are limited and the Crown follows the dictates and advice of the ministers in Parliament.As the official head of state, the monarch formally summons and dismisses Parliament and the ministers of the Cabinet. The monarch also serves as head of the judiciary, commander in chief of the armed forces, and Supreme Governor of the Church of England and the Church of Scotland. In reality, the government carries out the duties associated with these functions. Theoretically, the monarch appoints all judges, military officers, diplomats, and archbishops, as well as other church officers. The monarch also bestows honors and awards, such as knighthoods and peerages. In reality, all of these appointments are made upon the advice of the prime minister. The prime minister declares war and peace and concludes treaties with foreign states in the name of the Crown. The monarch serves as the ceremonial head of the Commonwealth of Nations and is the ceremonial head of state for 16 Commonwealth countries.7. What are the characteristics of the two major parties in the United States today? Tell briefly the history of the two-party system in the United States .There have been four periods in the history of the two-party system in the United States. In the last years of the 18th century, the debate over the ratification of the Constitution gave rise to the beginnings of the first two major parties. They were the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists. After the adoption of the constitution with the Bill of Rights, the Anti-federalists began to call themselves Democratic-Republicans. The Federalists gradually disintegrated. After the 1828 election of Andrew Jackson, the Democratic-Republican Party split. The main faction led by Jackson was called the Democratic Party. The faction opposed to Jackson was called the Whig Party which formed in 1834. As the struggle over slavery intensified, the majority of the Whig Party, part of the democrats, and other anti-slavery elements formed the Republican Party in 1854. From 1860s to 1920s, the Republican Party dominated the political scene. The Four period began with Franklin Roosevelt’s coming iron power and casted till the 1980s. During this period, the Democratic Party was dominant, with short interruptions. The two major parties are really not very different today. But this does not mean there is no difference between them. On economic issues, the Democrats traditionally favor government intervention while the Republicans stress the role of the market more. On social issues the Democrats support a strong social security system while the Republicans oppose large governmental social security programs. In spite of these differences, the two parties both believe in individualism, defending capitalism and uphold private ownership of means of production.8. What were the consequences of the Norman Conquest?The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. (1 point) William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. (1 point) He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. (2 points) Relations with the Continent were opened, and civilization and commerce were extended, (2 points) Norman-French culture, language, manners,。

1.William the Conqueror 威廉征服: William was Duke of Normandy. He landed his army in and defeated king Harold. Then he was crowned king of England on Christmas Day the same year. He established a strong Norman government and the feudal system in England.建立了封建制度2.Doomsday Book----It is a book compiled by a group of clerks under the sponsorship of King William the First in 1086. The book was in fact a property record. It was the result of a general survey of England. It recorded the extent, value, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land. It was one of the important measures adopted by William I to establish the full feudal system in England. Today, it is kept in the Public Records Office in London. 为了可靠地记录所有的土地、佃户和他们的财产并查明他们能交多少税,威廉派官员编了一本财产清册,称为末日审判书;因为对英国人来说,这本土地清册无疑就是最后审判日那天众王之王所用的末日书;此册完成于1086 年,它记录了1085 年作的英国全国总调查的结果;此册陈述了土地的范围、价值、人口、耕种情况和所有权;现在末日审判书保存在伦敦的公共档案馆里;从此册可以看出,在1086年,农村约有一半的耕地掌握在10 个承租人贵族手里,其中只有两个是英国贵族,约五分之一土地归国王本人所有;其余大多数属于主教、修道院院长和其他修道院头领3.the Black Death----It is a modern name given to the dearly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread through Europe in the fourteenth century particularly in 1348-1349. It came without warning, and without any cue. In England, it killed almost half of the total population, causing far-reaching economic consequences. 黑死病是现代名称,指的是由鼠身上的跳蚤传播的致命的淋巴腺鼠疫引起的传染疾病;14 世纪传播到欧洲,尤其是在1347 - 1350 年;1348 年夏天横扫全英国,事先毫无征兆;但重要的是无药可救;不论贫富不放过任何人,死亡迅速而痛苦;它夺去了二分之一到一半的英国人的生命,加上随后50 年中发生的流行病,英国的人口在14 世纪末从400 万税减至200 万;4.The Wars of Roses玫瑰战争----the name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Henry Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in 1485 and put ht country under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars, English feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened..是对外战争和国内不稳定导致贵族们之间冲突再起,却令人回想起13 世纪的麻烦;1455至1485 年间政局不稳定是两支金雀花家族争斗引起的,它们是兰开斯特家族和约克家族;实际上,玫瑰战争这个词是19 世纪的大作家瓦尔特司考特创造的,但它已被普遍接受,专指这两个家族间的战争;因·为红玫瑰代表兰开斯特家族,而白玫瑰则是约克家族的象征尽管玫瑰战争断断续续进行了三十年,但普通民众所受影响甚微,他们照常从事各自营生;封建制度却遭受了致命打击;不少于80 位皇族血统的贵族阵亡,中世纪的贵族势力被大大削弱,名誉扫地;至此国王的权力变得至高无上5.The Bill of Rights----In 1789, James Madison introduced in the House of Representatives a series of amendments which later were drafted into twelveproposed amendments and sent to the states for ratification. Ten of them were ratified in 1791 and the first ten amendments to the constitution were called the Bills of Rights because they were to insure individual 年詹姆斯麦迪逊在众议院提出了一系列的修正法案,后来这些法案被起草成十二条修正法案提交各州讨论;其·中有两条没被各州通过,其余十条在1791 年被通过,成为宪法的前十项修正案--人权法案;从那时起美国就完成了宪法体制的建立6.The British constitution: There is no written constitution in the United Kingdom, that is, unlike the constitutions of most other countries, the British constitution is not set out in any single document. It is made up of statute law, common law and conventions.英国议会制政府制度并不是基于成文宪法;联合王国没有成文宪法,也就是说与大多数他国宪法不同,英国宪法不由单一文件构成,而是由成文法、习惯法和惯例组成;惯例是指法律没有明文要求必须执行,但被视为政府工作中不可缺少的行为准则;司法部门裁定习惯法和解释成文法; 7.The Great lakes----The Great Lakes are the five lakes in the northeast. They are Lake Superior which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan the only one entirely in the ., Lake Huron, Lake Eire and Lake Ontario. They are all located between Canada and the United States expect Lake Michigan.美国最重要的湖泊就是五大湖;这五大湖包括：苏必利尔湖--世界上最大的淡水湖,密歇根湖唯一完全在美国境内的湖,休伦湖,伊利湖和安大略湖;除密歇根湖全部属美国外,其他均为美国和加拿大之间的界湖;8.The Emancipation Proclamation-解放宣言---After the Civil war began, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation to win more support at home and abroad. It granted freedom to all slaves in areas still controlled by the Confederacy. 1863年1月1日,林肯总统发表了解放宣言,正是解放美国所有的奴隶;9.checks and balances: 制衡the United states has three separate branches of government: the of government: the legislative, executive ,andjudicial .Each branch has a portion of constitutional authority and can check or block the actions of the other branches. The three branches are thus in balance. the three branches are thus in balance .this is a system of checks and balances美国政府的三个分支：在政府立法,执行,和司法;每个分支具有宪法权力的一部分,可以检查或其他部门的行为块;三个部门是平衡三个部门是平衡的;这是一个制衡制度;10.The Great Depression: It refers to the economic depression started from the New York stock market collapse on October24, that, thousands of banks and businesses failed. Many people lost their jobs, It was due to the New Deal started in 1933 and the defense buildup before and during World War II that the United States finally recovered from the Great Depression大萧条：它指的是在经济萧条的october241929纽约股票市场崩溃的开始;之后,银行和数千家企业失败;许多人失去了他们的工作,这是由于新政开始在1933之前和第二次世界大战期间,美国从大萧条中恢复的最后的国防建设11.Industrial revolution: The Industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Britain was the first country to industrialize工业革命：工业革命是指工业的机械化,并在第十八年末和第十九世纪初英国社会和经济组织的变化随之而来;英国成为第一个工业化的国家12.The New Deal-新政---In order to deal with the Depression, President Franklin Roosevelt put forward the New Deal program. It passed a lot of New Deal laws and set up many efficient social security systems. The New Deal helped to save American democracy and the development of American economy. "罗斯福确实马上开始行动;在进入白宫后的第一个100 天里,他使国会通过了许多法案,旨在阻止经济状况的进一步恶化,帮助需要帮助的人们正如罗斯福总统所说,这些措施的目的在于"拯救美国的民主";这些措施确实有助于克服当时资本13.Counterculture: 反主流文化Counterculture was a movement of revolt against the moral values, the aesthetic standards, the personal behavior and the social relations of conventional society. 反文化是对运动的道德价值观的反叛,审美标准,个人行为和社会关系的传统;14.Constitutional monarchy君主立宪制----It is a political system that has been practiced in Britain since the Glorious revolution of 1688. According to this system, the Constitution is superior to the Monarch. In law, the Monarch has many supreme powers, but in practice, the real power of monarchy has been greatly reduced and today the Queen acts solely on the advice of her ministers. She reigns but does not rule. The real power lies in the Parliament, or to be exact, in the House of Commons. 这是一个政治制度,已实行在英国1688的光荣革命以来;根据此制度,宪法是优越的君主;在法律上,君主具有最高权力,但在实践中,君主制的实力已大大减少,今天女王行为完全在她的部长的建议;她统治但不规则;真正的力量在于议会,或者更确切地说,在下议院;15.The hundred years war:英法百年战争The Hundred Years War was a series of wars between England and France.The background of the Hundred Years War went as far back as to the reign of William the Conqueror.When William the Conqueror became king in 1066 after his victory at the Battle of Hastings, he united England with Normandy in France.William ruled both as his own.。

权利法案（1689）（英文版）bill of rights1689an act declaring the rights and liberties of the subject and settling the succession of the crownwhereas the lords spiritual and temporal and commons assembled at westminster，lawfully，fully and freely representing all the estates of the people of this realm，did upon the thirteenth day of february in the year of our lord one thousand six hundred eighty-eight [old style date] present unto their majesties，then called and known by the names and style of william and mary，prince and princess of orange，being present in their proper persons，a certain declaration in writing made by the said lords and commons in the words following，viz.：whereas the late king james the second，by the assistance of divers evil counsellors，judges and ministers employed by him，did endeavour to subvert and extirpate the protestant religion and the laws and liberties of this kingdom；by assuming and exercising a power of dispensing with and suspending of laws and the execution of laws without consent of parliament；by committing and prosecuting divers worthy prelates for humbly petitioning to be excused from concurring to the said assumed power；by issuing and causing to be executed a commission under the great seal for erecting a court called the court of commissioners for ecclesiastical causes；by levying money for and to the use of the crown by pretence of prerogative forother time and in other manner than the same was granted by parliament；by raising and keeping a standing army within this kingdom in time of peace without consent of parliament，and quartering soldiers contrary to law；by causing several good subjects being protestants to be disarmed at the same time when papists were both armed and employed contrary to law；by violating the freedom of election of members to serve in parliament；by prosecutions in the court of kings bench for matters and causes cognizable only in parliament，and by divers other arbitrary and illegal courses；and whereas of late years partial corrupt and unqualified persons have been returned and served on juries in trials，and particularly divers jurors in trials for high treason which were not freeholders；and excessive bail hath been required of persons committed in criminal cases to elude the benefit of the laws made for the liberty of the subjects；and excessive fines have been imposed；and illegal and cruel punishments inflicted；and several grants and promises made of fines and forfeitures before any conviction or judgment against the persons upon whom the same were to be levied；all which are utterly and directly contrary to the known laws and statutes and freedom of this realm；and whereas the said late king james the second having abdicated the government and the throne being thereby vacant，his highness the prince oforange （whom it hath pleased almighty god to make the glorious instrument of delivering this kingdom from popery and arbitrary power）did （by the advice of the lords spiritual and temporal and divers principal persons of the commons）cause letters to be written to the lords spiritual and temporal being protestants，and other letters to the several counties，cities，universities，boroughs and cinque ports，for the choosing of such persons to represent them as were of right to be sent to parliament，to meet and sit at westminster upon the two and twentieth day of january in this year one thousand six hundred eighty and eight [old style date]，in order to such an establishment as that their religion，laws and liberties might not again be in danger of being subverted，upon which letters elections having been accordingly made；and thereupon the said lords spiritual and temporal and commons，pursuant to their respective letters and elections，being now assembled in a full and free representative of this nation，taking into their most serious consideration the best means for attaining the ends aforesaid，do in the first place （as their ancestors in like case have usuallydone）for the vindicating and asserting their ancient rights and liberties declare：that the pretended power of suspending the laws or the execution of laws by regal authority without consent of parliament is illegal；that the pretended power of dispensing with laws or the execution of laws by regal authority，as it hath been assumed and exercised of late，is illegal；that the commission for erecting the late court of commissioners for ecclesiastical causes，and all other commissions and courts of like nature，are illegal and pernicious；that levying money for or to the use of the crown by pretence of prerogative，without grant of parliament，for longer time，or in other manner than the same is or shall be granted，is illegal；that it is the right of the subjects to petition the king，and all commitments and prosecutions for such petitioning are illegal；that the raising or keeping a standing army within the kingdom in time of peace，unless it be with consent of parliament，is against law；that the subjects which are protestants may have arms for their defence suitable to their conditions and as allowed by law；that election of members of parliament ought to be free；that the freedom of speech and debates or proceedings in parliament ought not to be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of parliament；that excessive bail ought not to be required，nor excessive fines imposed，nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted；that jurors ought to be duly impanelled and returned，and jurors which pass upon men in trials for high treason ought to be freeholders；that all grants and promises of fines and forfeitures of particular persons before conviction are illegal and void；and that for redress of all grievances，and for the amending，strengtheningand preserving of the laws，parliaments ought to be held frequently.and they do claim，demand and insist upon all and singular the premises as their undoubted rights and liberties，and that no declarations，judgments，doings or proceedings to the prejudice of the people in any of the said premises ought in any wise to be drawn hereafter into consequence or example；to which demand of their rights they are particularly encouraged by the declaration of his highness the prince oforange as being the only means for obtaining a full redress and remedy therein.having therefore an entire confidence that his said highness the prince of orange will perfect the deliverance so far advanced by him，and will still preserve them from the violation of their rights which they have here asserted，and from all other attempts upon their religion，rights and liberties，the said lords spiritual and temporal and commons assembled at westminster do resolve that william and mary，prince and princess of orange，be and be declared king and queen of england，france and ireland and the dominions thereunto belonging，to hold the crown and royal dignity of the said kingdoms and dominions to them，the said prince and princess，during their lives and the life of the survivor to them，and that the sole and full exercise of the regal power be only in and executed by the said prince of orange in the names of the said prince and princess during their joint lives，and after their deceases the said crown and royal dignity of the same kingdoms and dominions to be to the heirs of the body of the said princess，andfor default of such issue to the princess anne of denmark and the heirs of her body，and for default of such issue to the heirs of the body of the said prince of orange. and the lords spiritual and temporal and commons do pray the said prince and princess to accept the same accordingly.and that the oaths hereafter mentioned be taken by all persons of whom the oaths have allegiance and supremacy might be required by law，instead of them；and that the said oaths of allegiance and supremacy be abrogated.i，a.b.，do sincerely promise and swear that i will be faithful and bear true allegiance to their majesties king william and queen mary. so help me god.i，a.b.，do swear that i do from my heart abhor，detest and abjure as impious and heretical this damnable doctrine and position，that princes excommunicated or deprived by the pope or any authority of the see of rome may be deposed or murdered by their subjects or any other whatsoever. and i do declare that no foreign prince，person，prelate，state or potentate hath or ought to have any jurisdiction，power，superiority，pre-eminence or authority，ecclesiastical or spiritual，within this realm. so help me god.upon which their said majesties did accept the crown and royal dignity of the kingdoms of england，france and ireland，and the dominions thereunto belonging，according to the resolution and desire of the said lords and commons contained in the said declaration.and thereupon their majesties were pleased that the said lords spiritual and temporal and commons，being the two houses of parliament，should continueto sit，and with their majesties royal concurrence make effectual provision for the settlement of the religion，laws and liberties of this kingdom，so that the same for the future might not be in danger again of being subverted，to which the said lords spiritual and temporal and commons did agree，and proceed to act accordingly.now in pursuance of the premises the said lords spiritual and temporal and commons in parliament assembled，for the ratifying，confirming and establishing the said declaration and the articles，clauses，matters and things therein contained by the force of law made in due form by authority of parliament，do pray that it may be declared and enacted that all and singular the rights and liberties asserted and claimed in the said declaration are the true，ancient and indubitable rights and liberties of the people of this kingdom，and so shall be esteemed，allowed，adjudged，deemed and taken to be；and that all and every the particulars aforesaid shall be firmly and strictly holden and observed as they are expressed in the said declaration，and all officers and ministers whatsoever shall serve their majesties and their successors according to the same in all time to come.and the said lords spiritual and temporal and commons，seriously considering how it hath pleased almighty god in his marvellous providence and merciful goodness to this nation to provide and preserve their said majesties royal persons most happily to reign over us upon the throne of their ancestors，for which they render unto him from the bottom of their hearts their humblest thanks and praises，do truly，firmly，assuredly and in the sincerity of their hearts think，and do hereby recognize，acknowledge and declare，that king james the second having abdicated the government，and their majesties having accepted the crown and royal dignity as aforesaid，their said majesties did become，were，are and of right ought to be by the laws of this realm our sovereign liege lord and lady，king and queen of england，france and ireland and the dominions thereunto belonging，in and to whose princely persons the royal state，crown and dignity of the said realms with all honours，styles，titles，regalities，prerogatives，powers，jurisdictions and authorities to the same belonging and appertaining are most fully，rightfully and entirely invested and incorporated，united and annexed. and for preventing all questions and divisions in this realm by reason of any pretended titles to the crown，and for preserving a certainty in the succession thereof，in and upon which the unity，peace，tranquility and safety of this nation doth under god wholly consist and depend，the said lords spiritual and temporal and commons do beseech their majesties that it may be enacted，established and declared，that the crown and regal government of the said kingdoms and dominions，with all and singular the premises thereunto belonging and appertaining，shall be and continue to their said majesties and the survivor of them during their lives and the life of the survivor of them，and that the entire，perfect and full exercise of the regal power and government be only in and executed by his majesty in the names of both their majesties during their joint lives；and after their deceases the said crown and premises shall be and remain tothe heirs of the body of her majesty，and for default of such issue to her royal highness the princess anne of denmark and the heirs of the body of his said majesty；and thereunto the said lords spiritual and temporal and commons do in the name of all the people aforesaid most humbly and faithfully submit themselves，their heirs and posterities for ever，and do faithfully promise that they will stand to，maintain and defend their said majesties，and also the limitation and succession of the crown herein specified and contained，to the utmost of their powers with their lives and estates against all persons whatsoever that shall attempt anything to the contrary.and whereas it hath been found by experience that it is inconsistent with the safety and welfare of this protestant kingdom to be governed by a popish prince，or by any king or queen marrying a papist，the said lords spiritual and temporal and commons do further pray that it may be enacted，that all and every person and persons that is，are or shall be reconciled to or shall hold communion with the see or church of rome，or shall profess the popish religion，or shall marry a papist，shall be excluded and be for ever incapable to inherit，possess or enjoy the crown and government of this realm and ireland and the dominions thereunto belonging or any part of the same，or to have，use or exercise any regal power，authority or jurisdiction within the same；and in all and every such case or cases the people of these realms shall be and are hereby absolved of their allegiance；and the said crown and government shall from time to time descend to and be enjoyed by such person or persons being protestants as should have inherited andenjoyed the same in case the said person or persons so reconciled，holding communion or professing or marrying as aforesaid were naturally dead；and that every king and queen of this realm who at any time hereafter shall come to and succeed in the imperial crown of this kingdom shall on the first day of the meeting of the first parliament next after his or her coming to the crown，sitting in his or her throne in the house of peers in the presence of the lords and commons therein assembled，or at his or her coronation before such person or persons who shall administer the coronation oath to him or her at the time of his or her taking the said oath （which shall first happen），make，subscribe and audibly repeat the declaration mentioned in the statute made in the thirtieth year of the reign of king charles the second entitled，_an act for the more effectual preserving the kings person and government by disabling papists from sitting in either house of parliament._ but if it shall happen that such king or queen upon his or her succession to the crown of this realm shall be under the age of twelve years，then every such king or queen shall make，subscribe and audibly repeat the same declaration at his or her coronation or the first day of the meeting of the first parliament as aforesaid which shall first happen after such king or queen shall have attained the said age of twelve years.all which their majesties are contented and pleased shall be declared，enacted and established by authority of this present parliament，and shall stand，remain and be the law of this realm for ever；and the same are by their said majesties，by and with the advice and consent of the lords spiritual and temporal andcommons in parliament assembled and by the authority of the same，declared，enacted and established accordingly.ii. and be it further declared and enacted by the authority aforesaid，that from and after this present session of parliament no dispensation by _non obstante_ of or to any statute or any part thereof shall be allowed，but that the same shall be held void and of no effect，except a dispensation be allowed of in such statute，and except in such cases as shall be specially provided for by one or more bill or bills to be passed during this present session of parliament.iii. provided that no charter or grant or pardon granted before the three and twentieth day of october in the year of our lord one thousand six hundredeighty-nine shall be any ways impeached or invalidated by this act，but that the same shall be and remain of the same force and effect in law and no other than as if this act had never been made.权利法案（1689）（中文版）权利法案（1689）国会两院经依法集会于西敏寺宫，为确保英国人民传统之权利与自由而制定本法律。

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▲2017年高考历史高频考点：英国《权利法案》《权利法案》（the Bill of Rights），全称《国民权利与自由和王位继承宣言》（An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of theCrown），是英国资产阶级革命中的重要法律性文件，但非宪法。

奠定了英国君主立宪政体的理论和法律基础，确立了议会所拥有的权力高于王权的原则，标志着君主立宪制开始在英国建立，为英国资本主义的迅速发展扫清了道路。

1701 年英国议会又通过了一部《王位继承法》，被看作是《权利法案》的补充，这两个法案确立了英国“议会至上”原则，是迈向君主立宪制度的重要一步，议会逐渐成为国家的最高权力机关。

《权利法案》是英国历史上自《大宪章》以来最重要的一部法案之一，英国的《权利法案》可以被认为是英国宪法的前身。

它改变了人类历史，对英国对世界都产生了巨大而深远的影响。

▲2017年高考历史高频考点：英国《权利法案》的目的限制国王的权力一方面限制英王的实际统治权，另一方面保障议会的立法权，财政权，司法权和军事权。

使议会在国家政权中的地位得到提高，议会高于王权的原则得以确立。

▲2017年高考历史高频考点：英国《权利法案》的意义1689 英国通过权利法案,用法律的条文,限制国王的权力,保证议会的立法权,财政等权力,代议制也由此确立.权利法案的颁布,使封建时代的君权神授遭到否定,君主权力由法律赋予,受到制约.议会权力很大.拥有立法权与重大决策权.英王几乎没有什么权力.统而不治.由此君主立宪制确立.1。

英美国家概括名词解释The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Unit 11.LondonLondon is the largest city located in the south of the country. It is dominant in Britain in all sorts of ways. It is the cultural and business center and the headquarters of the vast majority of Britain’s big companies. It is not only the financial center of the nation, but also one of the three major international financial centers in the world.2.Robin Hood罗宾汉，英国传说中的一位著名绿林好汉，在森林里盘踞，以劫富济贫杀贪官污吏为宗旨。

Robin Hood was a Saxon nobleman. As he could no longer put up with oppressions压迫from the Normans, he became an outlaw反叛者and hid himself with his band of “merry men” in the forest. From this secret place, he went out to rob from the rich to give the poor.3.Anglo-Saxons盎格鲁-撒克逊They were two groups of Germanic日耳曼peoples who settled down in England from the 5th century. They were regarded as the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.4.King Arthur 亚瑟国王，6世纪时英格兰统治者，圆桌骑士的领袖，有关他的传说很多。

美国篇A①Anglo-Saxons: They were two groups of Germanic peoples who settled down inEngland from the 5th century. They were regarded as the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.②The aerospace industry in the UK: The UK’s aerospace industry is thethird-largest in the world, producing the full range of aerospace products from civil and military aircrafts to missiles, satellites and jet engines. It produces 2% of the UK national output, accounting for 8% of manufactured export goods.③The Articles of Confederation: After the War of Independence was won, the newnation of the United States was organized under the agreement of the Articles of Confederation with a weak national government called the Congress. Each state had its own government, made its own laws and handled its internal affairs. The states did not cooperate with the Congress and with each other. The Congress hand no power to force any state to contribute money to the national government and the Congress could not tax any citizen either. As a result, the Articles of Confederation failed.B①The Bill of Rights of 1689: In 1688, King James Ⅱ’s daughter Mary and herhusband William were invited by the politicians and church authorities to take the throne, on condition that they would respect the rights of Parliament. The Bill of Rights was passed in 1689 to ensure that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament.C①The Constitution: Britain has no written Constitution. The foundations of the British state are laid out in statute law, which are laws passed by Parliament; the common laws, which are laws established through common practice in the courts; and conventions.②Class system in British society: The class system does exist in British society. Most of the British population would claim themselves to be either of middle class or working-class, though some people would actually belong to the upper middle-class or lower middle-class. Class divisions are not simply economic, they are cultural as well. People of different classes may differ in the kind of newspapers they read, in the way they speak and in the kind of education they receive. One of the distinctive features about the British class system is that aristocratic titles can still be inherited.③The City: refers to the historic area at the center of London. It is one of the biggest financial centers in the world with the greatest concentration of banks, insurance companies and businesses dealing in commodities. At the heart of the city is the London Stock Exchange.④Comprehensive schools: Comprehensive schools are the most popular secondary schools in Britain today. Such schools admit children without reference to their academic and provide a general education. Pupils can study everything from academic subjects like literature to more practical subjects like cooking.⑤The Commonwealth: In the author’s opinion, the Commonwealth is a voluntary association of states which is made up mostly of former British colonies. There are50 members of the Commonwealth: many of these are developing countries like India and Cyprus; others are developed nations like Australia, Canada and New Zealand. The Commonwealth was set up as a forum for continued cooperation and as a sort of support network.E①The Easter Rising: In order to gain independence, different Irish groups hadbeen fighting against the British institutions and the British military forces.One such activity was the Easter Rising which took place in 1916. The rebels occupied Dublin’s Post Office and forced the British to take it back by military force. The leaders of the rebellion were executed by the British authorities.② The electoral campaigns: Before a general election, the political parties wouldstart their electoral campaigns in order to make their ideologies and policies known to the public. The campaign involves advertisements in newspapers, door-to-door campaigning, postal deliveries of leaflets and “party electoral broadcasts” on the television. The parties also try to attack and criticize the opponents’ policies. Therefore, these campaigns sometimes can be quite aggressive and critical.③Ethnic relations in the UK: The coming of immigrants groups from other partsof the world has greatly enriched British culture. But ethnic relations are also sometimes tense: the local people vies the newcomers as a threat to their way of living; and despite much official actions to minimize racism, both subtle and overt oppression remains. The immigrant population is not well-off economically. They face problems of unemployment, under-representation in politics and unfair treatment by police and by the justice system.④Elizabethan Drama: The general flowering of cultural and intellectual life inEurope during the 15th and 16th centuries is known as the Renaissance. In British culture, one of the most successful and long-lasting expressions of this development lay in drama. That was the period of the reign of Queen Elizabeth(1588-1603). The first professional theatre in London opened in 1576,and others followed, performing the plays of many notable playwrights, including Christopher Marlowe, Bend Jonson and William Shakespeare.F①The functions of Parliament: to pass laws, to vote for taxation, to scrutinizegovernment policy, administration and expenditure and to debate the major issues of the day.②The formation of the government: 651 members of parliament are elected in thegeneral election representing 651 constituencies in the UK. The party which holdsa majority of those “seats”in parliament forms the government, with its partyleader as the Prime Minister.③The foundation of British foreign policy: The contemporary foreign policy ofthe UK is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits. As Britain lost its empire so recently, British policy-makers frequently forget that Britain is not as influential as it used to be in world affairs.Another decisive influence upon the way Britain handles its external affairs is geopolitical attitude to Europe.①The Good Friday Agreement: As a result of multi-party negotiations, The GoodFriday Agreement was approved on 10 April 1998. This agreement assures the loyalist community that Northern Ireland remains part of the United kingdom and it won’t change its political status unless the majority of the people of Northern Ireland agree. Under the terms of the agreement, Northern Ireland should be governed by 3 separate jurisdictions; that of the Republic of Ireland, that of Great Britain and that of its own elected executive government of 10 ministers.②Grammar schools: It is a type of secondary schools in Britain. Grammar schoolsselect children at the age of 11, through an exam called “the 11-plus”. Those children with the highest marks go to grammar schools. These schools lay emphasis on advanced academic subjects rather than the more general curriculum of the comprehensive schools and expect many of their pupils to go on to universities.H①Home Rule: Ireland had long been dominated by Britain, but Irish desire for anindependent Irish state was never lost.“Home Rule”refers to a campaign for Irish control of Irish affairs. The Home Rule Bill was finally passed in 1914, but the process was overtaken by the First World War and was suspended for the duration of the war.②The House of Lords: The House of Lords consists of the Lords Spiritual, who arethe Archbishops and most prominent bishops of the Church of England; and the Lords Temporal, which refers to those lords who either have inherited the seat from their forefathers or they have been appointed. The lords mainly represent themselves instead of the interests of the public.③The House of Commons: The House of Commons is the real center of British politicallife because it is the place where about 650 elected representatives (Members of Parliament) make and debate policy. These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent the interests of the people who vote for them.I①The importance of general elections: General elections are very important inwestern democracy. According to the author, they provide opportunities for people to influence future government policies and to replace those incompetent political leaders.② Independent schools: Independent schools are commonly called public schoolswhich are actually private schools that receive their funding through the private sector and tuition rates, with some government assistance. Independent schools are not part of national education system, but the quality of instruction and standards are maintained through visits from Her Majesty’s Inspectors of Schools. These schools are restricted to the students whose parents are comparatively rich.L①London: London is the largest city located in the south of the country. It isdominant in Britain in all sorts of ways. It is the cultural and business center and the headquarters of the vast majority of Britain’s big companies. It is not only the financial center of the nation, but also one of the three major international financial centers in the world.①Main sectors of the UK economy: The UK national economy can be divided into 3main areas: primary industries, such as agriculture, fishing and mining;secondary industries which manufacture complex goods from those primary product;and tertiary(or service) industries such as banking , insurance, tourism and the retailing.②Modernism: Modernism refers to a form of literature mainly written before WWⅡ. It is characterized by a high degree of experimentation. It can be seen asa reaction against the 19th century forms of Realism. Modernist writers expressthe difficulty they see in understanding and communicating how the world works.Often, Modernist writing seems disorganized, hard to understand. It often portrays the action from the viewpoint of a single confused individual, rather than from the viewpoint of an all-knowing impersonal narrator outside the action.One of the most famous English Modernist writers is Virginia Woolf.K①King Arthur: It is said that he was the King of England in the 5th century andunited the British and drove the Saxons back with his magical sword, Excalibur.His real existence is in doubt. He is the central figure of many legends.②King Harold: He was the Saxon Kong whose army was defeated in the Battle ofHastings in 1066, when William the Conqueror invaded England from France.③The King James Bible: King James Ⅰordered the translation of the Holy Scriptures,which came to be known as the King James Bible. It appeared in 1611.Althouth it was not the first English translation and there have been many translations since, the King James Version will probably never be matched for majesty of language. For many generations it has had a greater influence on style and standards of taste than any other single work in English literature.O①The Open University: The Open University was founded in Britain in the 1960’sfor people who might not get the opportunity for higher education for economic and social reasons. It’s open to everybody and does not demand the same formal educational qualifications as the other universities. University course are followed through TV, radio, correspondence, videos and a net work of study centers. At the end of their studies at the Open University, successful students areawarded a university degree.P①The Provisional IRA: In 1919, a group calling itself the IRA(Irish Republic Army)expanded fighting for Irish freedom and independence. The Provisional IRA is the radical faction of the IRA. They prefer the use of force and believe that armed force is the only way to get the British out and to have a unified Ireland.②Privatisation in the 1980s: The British economy went through a particularly bandperiod in the 1970s, with high rates of inflation and devaluation of the Pound.Therefore, in the 1980s, when the Conservative party under Margaret Thatcher was in power, an extensive programme of privatization was carried out. Many state-owned businesses (such as steel, telecom, gas aerospace)were turned into private companies. Privatisation was successful in controlling inflation but at the same time unemployment rate increased rapidly.①Quality papers: They belong to one the categories of the national dailies. Thequality papers carry more serious and in-depth articles of particular political and social importance. They also carry reviews, such as book reviews, and feature articles about high culture. These papers are also referred to as “the broadsheets”because they are printed on large-size paper. The readers of such newspapers are generally a well-educated middle class audience.R①Robin Hood: Robin Hood was a Saxon nobleman. As he could no longer put up withoppressions from the Normans, he became an outlaw and hid himself with his band of “merry men”in the forest. From this secret place, he went out to rob from the rich to give the poor.②Relative decline of the UK economy: the UK has experienced an economic declinesince 1945. But this is a relative decline rather than an absolute one. Britain is wealthier and more productive than it was in 1945, but since other countries developed more rapidly, it has slid from being the second largest economy to being the sixth.③Romanticism: Roughly the first third of the 19th century makes up Englishliterature’s romantic period. Writers of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with the power of reason. A volume of poems called Lyrical Ballads written by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge is regarded as the romantic poetr y’s “Declaration of Independence.” Keats, Byron and Shelley, the 3 great poets, brought the Romantic Movement to its height.The spirit of Romanticism also occurred in the novel.S①Sinn Fein: Sinn Fein is a legal political party in Northern Ireland which supports the IRA to fight for the union of Ireland. The leaders of Sinn Fein prefer union with Ireland by a twin campaign, both military and political which they call the policy of “the Bullet and the Ballot Box”. It believes that without the participation of Sinn Fein the political problem of Northern Ireland cannot be thoroughly solved.英国篇A①Agribusiness:P83Because American agriculture is big business, people coined the term“agribusiness”to reflect the large-scale nature of agricultural enterprises in the modern US economy.……②Affirmative Action Programs:P137B①Benjamin Franklin: Benjamin Franklin was one of the founding fathers of theUnited States of America. He participated in writing the Declaration of independence and making the US Constitution.②The Bill of Rights: The Bill of Rights consists of the first 10 amendments whichwere added to the Constitution in 1791. The Bill of Rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech, the right to assemble is public places, the right to own weapons and so on.③The Baptists in the US:P98④Boards of educationLP137⑤The black “underclass”:P172⑥Bill Gates:P191⑦The abuse of power by government:P173⑧The abuse of power by corporations:P173⑨Blues:P236⑩Boogie Woogie:P236C①Corporation:P83②The Catholics in the US:P99③The civil rightsmovement:P154④Counterculture:P155⑤The Cold War:P204⑥The containment policy:P204D①The Declaration of Independence: The Declaration of Independence was mainlydrafted by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by the Congress on July 4,1776, when the people of 13 English colonies in North America were fighting for their freedom and independence some unalienable rights such as life，liberty and the pursuit of happiness. It also explained the philosophy of government; the powers of governments came from the consent of the governed and the purpose of governments were to secure the rights mentioned above. The theory of politics and the guiding principles of the American Revolution mainly came from John Locke.②Drug abuse as a social problem:P172-173①The executive:P65②Eli Whitney:P83③Elementary school：In the United States, elementary school usually means grades kindergarten(k) through 8. But in some places, it includes only k-6. Many Americans refer to elementary grades as “grammar school”. Elementary schools teach mathematics, language, arts, social studies and some other subjects.③Engagement and expansion:P204④Early jazz music:P235F①The first English settlement in North America: The first English permanentsettlement was organized in 1607 by the London Company with a charter from the English King. The colonists settled in Virginia and survived by imposing strict discipline on themselves and by transplanting tobacco into the colony of Virginia.In 1619, the settlers elected their delegates and set up the House of Burgesses, and the same time they bought and enslaved black servants. These two events greatly influenced the political and social development of the United States later.② A federal system: A federal system is one in which power is shared between acentral authority and its constituent parts, with some rights reserved to each.G①George Washington: George Washington was one of the founding fathers of theAmerican Republic. He was the Commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in the War of Independence against the British colonial rule and the first President of the United States.②Greensboro sit-in:P154③The Grand Canyon National Park :P222H①Higher education: P137American higher education includes 4 categories of institutions. They are the university, the four-year undergraduate institution (the college), the technical training institution and the two-year community college.……I①Industrial Revolution in America：After independence, America was principallyan agricultural country. The Industrial Revolution in England brought many changes to American industry factory between 1776 and 1860.One key development was the introduction of the factory system. A second development was the “American system”of mass production. A third development was the application of new technologies to industrial task. A fourth development was the emergence of new forms of business organization-the bank and the corporation.②The Internet:P191①James Naismith:P222L①Louis Armstrong:P236M①The making of the US Constitution:P65②Migrant workers: Many big farms hire temporary workers only for a specific chore—such as picking crops. Many of these seasonal workers travel from farm to farm, staying only until the crops are picked. They are known as migrant workers.③Montgomery bus boycott：P154④Martin Luther King.Jr.:P154N①NBA:P222P①Puritanism: Puritans were those who followed the doctrine of John Calvin andwanted to purify the Church of England. They believe that human beings were predestined by God before they were born. Some were God’s chosen people while others were damned to hell. No church nor good works could save people. The sign of being God’s elect was the success in his work or the prosperity in his calling.They also argued that everyone must read the Bible in order to find God’s will and establish a direct contact with God. These beliefs had great impact on American culture.②Poverty as a social problem:P172③PC :P191R①Religious liberty in the US: The Declaration of Independence guaranteed the basicright of religious freedom and this right was a political necessity. The First Amendment to the US Constitution explicitly forbade the federal government to give special favors to any religion or to hinder the free practice, or exercise, of religion. When disputes about the relationship between government and religion arise, American courts must settle them. But American institutions presuppose a Supreme Being, therefore Christianity is often, in practice, more favored than other religions.②Religious diversity:P99③Richard Nixons:P173④Ragtime music:P236S①Samuel Slter:P83②Service industries:P83③Stock:P83④The Servicemen’s Readjustment Act:P137⑤Socially stratified American society:P172⑥Sept.11 terrorist attack :P204⑦The strategy of preemption:P204⑧Super Bowl:P222①Three Faiths in the US: By the 1950s,the 3 faiths model of American religionhad developed. Americans were considered to come in 3 basic varieties: Protestant, Catholic and Jewish. In terms of numbers, the Protestants are the strongest, the Catholics are next to the Protestants and Jewish are the smallest among the3 groups.②Taylorism and Fordism:P190U①Unilaterlism:P204W①White-collar crimes:P173②“The Wizard of Menlo Park”:P190Y①Yellowstone National Park:P222。

the bill of rights of 1689 名词解释the bill of rights of 1689，也被称为“英国权利法案”，是英国在1689年通过的一项重要法律文件。

其主要目的是限制英国国王的权力，确立议会的主权，并保障公民的权利和自由。

该法案的主要内容包括：
1.确立议会的主权：法案规定，英国国王必须按照议会通过的法律进行统治，而议会则由选举产生的议员组成。

2.保障公民的权利和自由：法案规定了一系列公民的基本权利和自由，如言论、信仰、集会等自由，以及不受无理搜查和逮捕的权利等。

总的来说，the bill of rights of 1689奠定了英国君主立宪制的基础，为英国政治制度的发展奠定了基础。

英美概况名词解释和大题（精选5篇）第一篇：英美概况名词解释和大题III.Explain the following terms.4.The Bill of Rights 《权利法案》In 1789, James Madison introduced in the House of Representatives a series of amendments which later were drafted into twelve proposed amendments and sent to the states for ratification.Ten of them were ratified in 1791 and the first ten amendments to the constitution were called the Bills of Rights because they were to insure individual liberties.5.The Emancipation Proclamation 《奴隶解放宣言》After the Civil war began, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation to win more support at home and abroad.It granted freedom to all slaves in areas still controlled by the Confederacy.6.The Constitutional Convention 《制宪会议》In 1787, a conference was held in Philadelphia to consider what should be done to make the Articles of Confederation adequate.All the delegates agreed to revise the Articles of Confederation and draw up a new plan of government.After struggle, the Constitution was ratified at last.This conference is called the Constitutional Convention.7.The Truman Doctrine 《杜鲁门主义》On March 12, 1949, President Truman put forward the Truman Doctrine in a speech to the joint session of Congress.The Truman Doctrine meant to say that the ernment would support any country which said it was fighting against Communism.8.The Marshall Plan 《马歇尔计划》On June 5, 1947, the Secretary of State George Marshall announced the Marshall Plan, which meant that in order to protect Western Europe from possible Soviet expansion, theUnited States decided to offer Western European countries economic aid.9.Checks and balances:The government is divided into three branches, the legislative, the executive and the judicial, each has part of the powers but not all the power.And each branch of government can check, or block, the actions of the other branches.The three branches are thus in balance.This called “checks and balances”.10.The New Deal 《新政》In order to deal with the Depression, President Franklin Roosevelt put forward the New Deal program.It passed a lot of New Deal laws and set up many efficient social security systems.The New Deal helped to save American democracy and the development of American economy.The Declaration of Independence: The Declaration of Independence was mainly drafted by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by the Congress on July 4, 1776, when the people of 13 English colonies in North America were fighting for their freedom and independence from the British colonial rule.The document declared that all men were equal and that they were entitled to have some unalienable rights such as life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.It also explained the philosophy of government: the powers of governments came from the consent of the governed and the purpose of governments were to secure the rights mentioned above.The theory of politics and the guiding principles of the American Revolution mainly came from John Locke.The Articles of Confederation 《联邦条例》: After the War of Independence was won, the new nation of the United States was organized under the agreement of the Articles of Confederation with a weak national government called the Congress.Each state had its own government, made its own laws and handled its internalaffairs.The states did not cooperate with the Congress and with each other.The Congress had no power to force any state to contribute money to the national government and the Congress could not tax any citizen either.As a result, the Articles of Confederation failed.The Civil Rights Movement: It is one of the most important of all social movements in the 1960s in America.Rosa Parks’ spontaneous action in 1955 was believe d to be the true beginning of the civil right, s movement.The black students’ sit-in at a department lunch counter in North Carolina touched off the nationwide civil right movement.During the first half of the decade, civil rights organizations like SNCC, CORE, and SCLC struggled for racial integration by providing leadership, tactics, network and the people.In the later half of the decade, some black organizations changed their nonviolent tactics, and emphasized on more radical means to end discrimination and raised the self-image of the blacks.The civil rights movement produced such great leaders as Martin Luther King.Jr.,and Malcolm X, who inspired a generation of both blacks and whites to devote their lives to fighting for racial equality in the US.Jazz: Jazz is a music genre that began at the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States.It came from a mix of African and European music traditions.T echnically, it is a kind of music characterized by blue notes, syncopation, swing, call and response, and improvisation.Though originally a kind of dance music, jazz has now become a sophisticated art form.Jazz's development occurred at around the same time as modern ragtime, blues, gospel and country music, all of which can be seen as part of continuum with no clear demarcation between them.Some of the jazz musicians include Charlie Parker, Duke Ellington, and Louis Armstrong.The cold war: By the end ofWWII, the United States, which had not suffered as much as other allied countries, became the strongest country in the world.As the processor of atomic tombs and much of the world's gold reserve and industrial production in its hand, the policy-maker of the US wanted a world order dominated by the US, a world market free and open to American goods and services.In pursuing this goal, the US encountered determined resistance from the Soviet Union, Gradually the two wartime allies fell apart and the Cold War began.The melting pot: “The melting pot” is a metaphor that is associated with life in America.It first surfaced in the late 18th century, but gained new currency in the 20th century when in 1905 a popular play by that name was first produced by a Jewish playwright named Israel Zangwill.The melting pot metaphor implied that, in the New World, all differences would be melted away to form a radically new mixture.But it was wrongly embraced by the WASPs which remained dominant until around the middle of the 20th century.After World War Ⅱ,the Anglophile WASPs gradually lost their privileged position.With all these changes, the melting pot metaphor was doomed to lose its credibility because its anglophilic values no longer held for the majority of the American people.1.Why did the early settlers come to America? Who were the Pilgrims? Who were the Puritans? What were the features in the colonial period which had influence on later American development?——The early settlers came to America either for the opportunity to realize their dreams and better their lives or for the freedom from religious and governmental persecution.The Pilgrims were persons who suffered religious persecution in England and went to Holland and later moved to America in1620.The Puritans were the members of a Protestant group in England who wanted to purify the Church of England.Dissatisfied and threatened in England, they saw America as a refuge and migrated to America since 1630.There were a number of features in the colonial period which had influence on later American development.They were: representative form of government, rule of law, respect of individual rights, religious tolerance and a strong spirit of individual enterprise.2.What were the causes of the War of Independence?——The economy In the thirteen colonies developed very fast and people wanted more power to detemine their own business.But the policy of the British government was to bring the development under control and to collect more taxes from the colonies.On April 19, 1775, on their way to Concord to seize the military supplies of the militia there, the British soldiers met armed militiamen.The shots were fired, the War of Independence began.3.What was unusual about the Article of Confederation? What was the struggle at the Constitutional Convention? How was the conflict solved?——The Article of Confederation was unusual in many ways.First, it provided for no king.The drafters blamed the troubles with Britain on king George III.So they decided not to have a king but to have a republic.This was revolutionary.Second, while the Articles created a central government in the form of a Congress, the emphasis was still on state powers.Third, the Articles of Confederation was a written constitution for the United States.No important country in the world at that time, including Britain, had a written constitution.At the Constitution Convertion the delegates all agreed it was impossible to try to patch up the Articles of Confederation, and decided to ignorethem and draw up a new plan of government.Here contradictions emerged between the bigger states and smaller states, between the industrial commercial interests and landed interests, etc.In the end, the conflict was resolved by the “Great Compromise” of July 16, giving each state and equal vote in the Senate but making representation in the House reflect the size of each state’s population.4.Why did the Civil War break out? How did the war end?——In the early 1800s, the Northern states turned from farming to manufacturing.Black slavery soon disappeared in the North.But things were different in the South.The South expanded both its agriculture and its slavery.The problem of slavery became a serous political issue.The abolitionists tried to abolish slavery while the South tried to keep it.When Abraham Lincoln was elected President, the Southern states broke away and formed a new nation.Then Lincoln was determined to maintain the Union and the war broke out on April 12, 1861, Lincoln realized that he could win support for the Union at home and abroad by making the war a just war against slavery.So he issued Emancipation Proclamation.Thus England and France stood by the Union’s side.Many black slaves joined the Union Army.After a series of battles, Robert Lee could no longer hold Richmond.He surrendered on April 9, 1865.The Civil War ended.6.What was the impact of the Vietnam War-on American society?——The Vietnam War had a great impact on American society.(1)The United States was weakened as a result of the long war.(2)American society had never been so divided since the Civil War.(3)There was serious disagreement with in the ruling circle.(4)The image of the United States, especially the image of the American armed forces, was discredited.7.What are thefunctions of the Congress?—— The Congress has many functions, but the most central is the passage of law.One of the most important non-legislative functions of the Congress is the power to investigate.A second important power is to compel testimony from unwilling witness and to cite for contempt of Congress witness who refuse to testify and for perjury those who give false testimony.8.What are some of the characteristics of American education?(1)Formal education in the United States consists of elementary, secondary and higher education.(2)Public educations is free and compulsory.(3)Diversity is considered to be an outstanding characteristic of American education.(4)Education is a function of the states, not the federal government..Write about 150 on the following topic.1.How did the Civil Wars break out? What were the consequences of the Civil Wars?—— Charles I also belie ved “the Divine Right of kings”.His prerogative rights should not be challenged by anyone.It encouraged confrontation with Parliament, whose members had become increasingly Puritan in sympathy.He managed to rule England for 11 years without Parliament.But in 1640, Charles needed money and feared the invasion of the Scots and had to call the Long Parliament.Then a whole series of measures were introduced by the Parliament limiting the authority of the Crown while increasing its own.Thus, by 1642, the king and the commons were at each other’s throats, war was inevitable.In 1642, the first Civil War broke out.By autumn 1646, Parliament held most of England and next year Charles was captured but escaped.He made a deal with the Scots who invaded England but were defeated by Cromwell.Thus was the beginning of theSecond Civil War.In November 1648, the king was captured again and condemned to death.The English Civil Wars have been seen a conflict between Parliament and the king, but also as a conflict between the economic interests of the urban middle classes and the traditional economic interests of the Crown.The English Civil Wars not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe.It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.2.T ell briefly the history of the two-party system in the United States.What are the characteristics of the two major parties in the United States today?—— Political parties are the basis of the American political system.In general, America has a two-party system.This means that two major political parties-now the Democrats and the Republicans-dominate politics at the federal, state and local levels.There have been four periods in the history of political parties in America.The first periods of the party system began with the first two major parties or camps —— the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists led by Alexander Hamilton.Most of the Anti-Federalists later accepted the Constitution with the Bill of Rights, and began to call themselves Democratic-Republican.After the 1828 election of Andrew Jackson, the Democratic-Republican Party split.The main faction, led by Andrew Jackson, called themselves the Democratic Party, while the faction opposed to Jackson formed the Whig Party in 1834.As the struggle over slavery intensified, the majority of the Whig Party, part of the democrats, and other anti-slavery elements founded in 1854 the Republican Party.The third phase of the two-party system ran from the 1860s to the 1920s with the Republican Party dominating the political scene for most of the time.The fourthperiod began with Franklin D.Roosevelt’s coming into power and lasted till the 1980s.In this period, for about 50 years, with short interruptions, the Democratic Party was dominant.The Two major parties are really not very different today.But this does not mean there is not difference between them.On economic issues, the Democrats traditionally favour government intervention while the Republicans stress the role of the market more.On social issues the Democrats support a strong social security system while the Republicans oppose large government social security programs.In spite of these differences, the two parties both believe in individualism, defend capitalism and uphold private ownership of means of production.In terms of organization the two parties are actually loose political coalitions.3.What were the causes and consequences of the War of 1812?The causes leading to the war were the following:(1)A war between Britain and France was going on in Europe.First the American government adopted a policy of not allowing trading with both ter the ernment changed its policy by stating that if any of the two countries gave up its blockade against American shipping, the U.S.world lift the prohibition.In 1811, the U.S., on the condition that France would drop its blockade against American shipping, lifted the ban.This angered the British.(2)The Americans resented the British practice of impressing or forcibly removing seamen from American ships on the grounds that they were British subjects.(3)The U.S.wanted to take advantage of the War in Europe, when Britain and France had no time to look after their interests in the New World, to expand into Canada or Spanish Florida.This harmed the interests of the British.—— The war hadgreat impact on the development of the Unite States.Firstly, the war made people realize the importance of a strong national government.Secondly, the war strengthened the feeling of national unity and patriotism.Thirdly, for almost 10 years after the war, the Americans turned their attention to the devlopment of the western part of the continent.Fourthly, it made both Britain and the United States realize their disputes should be slove through negotiation.A shaky peace in 1814 turned into lasing peace between the two countries.1.What are some of the major powers of each of the three branches of the US government? How are the three branches supposed tocheck and balance each other?The legislative branch can make federal laws, levy federal taxes, declare war or put foreign treaties into effect.The centre of the executive branch is the president.The president can propose legislation to Congress, can issue regulations and directives regarding the work of the federal government’s many departments and agencies, can veto bills passed by Congress, appoint federal judges, the heads and senior officials of the executive branch agencies as well as ambassadors and other officials.He also is commander-in-chief of the armed forces.The judicial branch applies and explains the laws.Federal courts have jurisdiction over cases arising out of the Constitution, laws and treaties of the US;maritime case;issues involving foreign citizens or governments;and cases in which the federal government itself is a party.The Supreme Court determines whether congressional legislation or executive action violates the Constitution.2.What is the relationship between government and religion in America?(1)In the first place, according to the First Amendment to the Constitution, the USA would have no state-supportedreligion.What’s more, the government has no right to meddle in religious affairs or require any religious beliefs of its citizens.And government does not pay ministers’ salarie s or require any belief as a condition of holding public office.(2)On the other hand, in some ways, the government supports all religions.Religious groups do not pay taxes in the United States.The armed forces pay chaplains of all faiths.Presidents and other political leaders often call on god to bless the American nation and people.Those whose religion forbids them to fight can perform other services instead of becoming soldiers.(3)When disputes about the relationship between government and religion arise, American courts must settle them.(4)In the early years, some people believe that Protestant religion and republican forms of government were connected, because God supports their experiment in republican government.All in all, for some purposes government ignores religion and for other purposes it treats al religion alike, as long as it is practical.第二篇：英美国家概况名词解释等1.The civil rights movementIt is one of the most important of all social movements in the 1960s in America.Rosa Parks’ spontaneous action in 1955 was believed to the true beginning of the civil rights movement.The black students’ sit-in at a department lunch counter in North Carolina touched off the nationwide civil rights movement.During the first half of the decade, civil rights organizations like the SNCC,CORE,and SCLC struggled for racial intergration by providing leaderships,network and the people.In the latter half of the decade, some black organizations changed their nonviolent tactics, and emphasized on more radical means to end discrimination and raised the self-image of the blacks.Thecivil rights movement produced such great leaders as Martin Luther King.Jr, and Malcolm X, who inspired a generation of both blacks and whites to devote their lives to fighting for racial equality in th US.2.A federal system【联邦制】It is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constiuent parts, with some rights reserved to each.3.King ArthurIt is said that he was the King of England in the 5th century and united the British and drove the Saxons back with his magica sword,Excalibur.His real existence is in doubt.He is the central figure of many legends.4.The Anglo-SaxonsThey were two groups of Germanic peoples who settled down in England from the 5th century.They were regarded as the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.5.Riverdance[大河舞] It is a very popular form of dancing based on Ireland’s intricate[错综复杂的]folk dances which are rearranged and modernized and adapted onto current stage performance.Dancing is traditionally part of Irish culture.It is usually accompanied by the Irish pipe and fiddle.The music usually sounds fast and furious.Most of the actionis from the waist down, with the arms held rigidly at the sides.6.The House of CommonsIt is the real center of British political life because it is the place where about 650 elected representatives(members of parliament)make and debate policy.These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent the interests of the people who vote for them.7.The Commonwealth【英联邦】In the author’s opinion, the Commowealth is a voluntary association of states which is made up mostly of former British colonies.There are 50 members of the Commonwealth: many ofthese are developing countries like India and Cyprus;others are developed nations like Australia,Canada and New Zealand.The Commonwealth was set up as a form for continued cooperation and as a sort of support network.8.MaoritangaIt is the Maori word for “Maori culture.” It refers to all the elements of the rich cultural heritage of the indigenous people in New Zealand, including their language, customs and traditions,9.The “Washminster” form polityIt is adopted by the Australian government.It is a mixture of the US Washington system of government and the British Westminster system.This means that the political structure of the government is base on a Federation of States with a three-tier system of government.However, the chief executive is a Prime Minister, instead of a President as in the US system.10.Yellowstone National ParkIt is the oldest and one of the largest national parks in the US.It is named after the Yellowstone River that flows through the area.It is known for its geysers and hot springs among other natural wonders.counterculture[反主流文化]In the wake of the Free Speech Movement and the New Left, there appeared a phenomenon that historians called the “counterculture”.The counterculture rejected capitalism and other Americans principles.They had morals different from those taught by their parents.Some group of youth tried to construct different ways of life,.Among the most famous were the hippies.They thought new experience through dropping out, and drug taking.But it was music,rock music particular, that became the chief vehicle for the counter cultural assault on the traditional American society.The counterculture exerted a great influence upon people’s attitudes toward social morals, marriage, careerand success.Martin Luther King, Jr.A black Baptist minister, he was leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference during the civil rights movements of the 1960s.To promote his philosophy of nonviolent protest against segregation and other kinds of social injustice, King organized a series of “marches”, including the march on Washington of August 1963, when King delivered his famous “ I Have a Dream” speech.As a civil rights leader, King worked not only to end racial discrimination and poverty, but also to raise the self image of the blacks.Due to his strong belief in non-violent peaceful protest, King was awarded the Nobel Peace Price in 1964.He was assassinated in the city of Memphis in April 1968.13．Richard NixonRichard Nixon was the former President of the United States.He won the elction in 1968 and was re-elected in 1972.While he was in office, he contributed to the establishment of diplomatic relations between the US and China and visited China in 1972.Shortly after he was re-elected ,he was involved in theWatergate scandal,for which he was forced to resign from the presidency.1.Explain your understanding of how the United States is governed according to its constitution, including its polity and the check and balance mechanism of governing.if Congress proposes a law that the president think is unwise, the president can veto it.That means the proposal does not became law.Congress can enact the law despite the president’s views only if two-thirds of the members of both houses vote in favor of it.If Congress passes a low which is the challenged in the courts as unconstitutional, the Supreme Court has the power to declare the law unconstitutional and therefore no longer in effect.The president has the power to make treaties with other nations andto make all appointments to federal positions,including the position, of Supreme Court justice.The Senate,however,must approve all treaties and confirm all appointments before they become official.In this way the Congress can prevent the president from making unwise appointments.2.How do you understand the saying: ”British history has been a history of invasion.” ?Before the 1st century AD Britain was made up of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic people:a powerful cultural originating in central Europe.Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by Roman Empire, and England and Wales became part of the Roman Empire for nearly400 years.As the Roman Empire came under threat from the east, the Roman armies and Roman protection were withdrawn from Britain, and Britain was again divided into small kindoms, andagain it came under threat from outside, this time from Germanic peoples:the Angles,and the Saxon.In the 5th century AD it is said that a great leader-King Arthur appeared, united the British, and with his magical sword, Excalibur,drove the Saxons back.whatever Arthur’s success,legend or not,it did not last,for the Anglo-Saxons did succeed in invading Britain,and either absorbed the Celticpeople,or pushed them to the western and northern edges of Britain.From the late 8th century on, raiders from Scandinavia, the ferocious Vikings, threatened Britain’s shores.Their settlements in England grew until large areas of northern and eastern England were under their control.1066, the Normans, from northern France, whowere descendants of Vikings.Under William of Normandy they cross the English Channel and in the Battle of Hastings, defeated an English army under King Harold.This marks the last time.that an army fromoutside the British Isles succeeded in invading3.Your understanding of the characteristics of American religion and its social functionsFirst of all, American with different religions live together under the same law.The Bill of Rights in the US Constitution insists that there should be no state religion.That means that the government has no right to interfere in people’s religious affairs.The freedom of religion and the separation of state and church guaranted in the Constitution is believed to be the basic principles against religious persecution.Secondly,the religious beliefs of Americans continue to be strong with social progress.Every Sunday morning, all over America people pour into the churches.Half of American Protestants are active church members, and there are few who habitually stay away.Not only the Catholic churches,but the Protestant ones too,are flourishing,and new ever-growing suburbs.Through all the social and economic changes religion has remained a constant factor.Thirdly,in the united states every church is a completeluy independent organization,and concerned with its own finance and its own building.if one goes to a Protestant church,he or she will hear morality preached,but not a word of doctrine.Churches and religious sects are expressions of group solidarity rather than of rigid adherence to doctrine.第三篇：英美概况论文文化是一个复合体，其中包括知识、信仰、艺术、法律、道德、风俗以及人作为社会成员而获得的任何其他能力和习惯。

英美国家国情名词解释简答题论述题Ⅰ. Term explanation1. The battle of Hastings黑斯廷斯战役：The battle took place William, Duke of Normandy, invaded England. On October 14, the two armies met near Hasting. After a day’s battle, Harold was killed and his army completely defeated.2. The Great Charter大宪章：King John’s reign caused much discontent among the barons. In 1215, he was forced to sign a document, known as Magna Cara, or the Great Charter. It has 63 clauses. Though it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties, its spirit was the limitation of the king’s powers, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.3. The Wars of Rose玫瑰战争:I t refers to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485 to claim to the throne. 4．Mayflower Compact五月花号公约:the 1st governing document of Plymouth Colony, drafted by the “Pilgrims”who crossed the Atlantic abroad the Mayflower, seeking religious freedom. It was signed on November 11, 1620. In this Compact they agreed to stick together, to abide by majority role, and to have a right to choose their own leader .it was the beginning of the US democracy5. the Bill of Rights, 1791: it was the 1st ten amendments to the Constitution. It guaranteed freedom of speech, religion, peaceful assembly, and the press; the right to bear arms; freedom from unreasonable search; and the right to the protection of certain legal procedures known as the due process of law.6. Domesday Book末日审判书：It is a book compiled by a group of clerks under the sponsorship of King William the Firstin 1086. The book was in fact a property record. It was the result of a general survey of England. It recorded the extent, value, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land. It was one of the important measures adopted by William I to establish the full feudal system in England. Today, it is kept in the Public Records Office in London.7.Alfred the Great亚尔弗雷得大帝：He was king of Wessex, one of the seven Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms. It was he who led the Anglo-Saxon to flight against the invading Danes and maintained peace for a long time. Alfred was not only a brave king at wartime, but also a wise king at peacetime. He encouraged education and introduced a legal sys tem. He is known as “the father of the British navy”.8.Privy Council英国枢密院：A consultative body of the British monarch. Its origin can be traced back to the times of the Norman Kings. After the Glorious Revolution of 1688, its importance was gradually diminished and replaced by the Cabinet. Today, it is still a consultation body of the British monarch, Its membership is about 400, and includes al Cabinet ministers, the speaker of the House of Commons, the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, and senior British and Commonwealth statesmen.9. Thanksgiving Day感恩节：In 1620,the puritans in the Mayflower came the Rocky coast of what is now Massachusetts. They suffered the first cold winter. Later with the help and advice of the native Indians, the Pilgrim Fathers planted corn and other crops. They reaped a good harvest the following year, and in October, 1621, to celebrate this good harvest, the Pilgrims held a feast which featured wild turkey. They called this their Thanks-giving Day. It falls on the 4th Thursday of November.10. fire of Lexington来克星敦的枪声：In April of 1775,some British troops were sent to Lexington and Concord to disarm the American militiamen there. It is an incident happened before the war of Independence. The British soldiers were sent to seize the military supplies of the militia. They were stopped by the militia at Lexington.11.Heptarchy七王国：During the Anglo-Saxon's time, Britain was divided into many kingdoms, among which there were seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. They were given the name of Heptarchy.12.British Parliament英国议会：It includes three elements: the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. It’s the Suprem e law-making authority in Britain. The real center of parliamentary power lies in the House of Commons. Its other functions include: to control and criticize the executive government; to control the raising and the spending of money.13. The Cold War冷战: in the post war period the difference between USSR and the US increased and led to a new kind of war, a war without fighting, which was called the Cold War. It was ended with the dissolution of the USSR in 1991.14. the Gettysburg address盖茨堡演讲：It refers to the short speech president Lincoln made when he dedicated the national cemetery at Gettysb urg. He ended the speech with “the government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth”.15. the Great Lakes五大湖：The Great Lakes are the most important lakes in the United States. They are Lake Superior, which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan ——the only one entirely in the U.S. —— Lake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. They are all located between Canada and theUnited States except Lake Michigan.16. The Celts凯尔特人：The Celts came to Britain in three main waves. The first wave was the Gales, the second wave was the Brythons and the Belgae came about 150BC. The Celts were practiced farmers. The Celtic tribes are ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Irish and the Welsh, and their languages are the basis of both Welsh and Gaelic. They religion was Druidism.18. Missouri Compromise密西西比组成:In 1820, the North and the South reached a solution, “Missouri Compromise”. Missouri was admitted as a slave state, but the balance of political power maintained by admission of Maine as a free state; in addition, slavery was to be prohibited in the rest of Louisiana Territory north of the line 36°30′parallel of latitude.19. Checks and balances权力制衡:The American government is divided into three branches, the legislative, the executive and the judicial. Each has part of the powers but not all the power. And each branch of government can check, or block, the actions of the other branches. The three branches are thus in balance. This is called “checks and balances”.20. Boston Tea Party波士顿倾茶事件: on the evening of Dec. 16, 1773, in Boston, when ships of tea reached Boston and the governor was determined to see that tea was legally protected in its distribution, a group of angry colonists, known as the Boston T ea Party, dressed themselves up as Indians and boarded the three company ships. Ripped open 342 chests of tea valued at ￡17000 and dumped all the tea into the harbor.21. Stonehenge巨石阵：It is a group of huge monuments of grant rock Slabs on Salisbury plain in Southwest England built as long ago as the New Stone Age. It is generally believed that stonehenge served some sort of religious purposes.22. The Hundred Years’ War百年战争：It refers to the intermittent war between France and England that last from 1337 to 1453. The causes were partly territorial and partly economic. When Edward III claimed the French Crown but the French refused to recognize, the war broke out. At first the English were successful, but in the end, they were defeated and lost almost all their possessions in France. The expelling of the English was a blessing for both countries.23. The Black Death黑死病：It is a modern name given to the dearly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread through Europe in the fourteenth century particularly in 1348-1349. It came without warning, and without any cue. In England, it killed almost half of the total population, causing far reaching economic consequences.25.Blood Mary 血腥玛丽：It is the nickname given to Mary I, the English Queen who succeeded to the throne after Henry VIII. She was a devout Catholic and had so many Protestants burnt to death that she is remembered less by her official title Mary I by her nickname Blood Mary.ⅡQu estions.1. What are the main functions of Parliament?The main functions of Parliament are: (1) to pass laws; (2) to provide the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation; (3) to examine government policy and administration, including proposals for expenditure; (4) to debate the major issues of the day.2. What is a constitutional monarchy? When did it begin in Britain?(1)A constitutional monarchy is a governmental system in which the head of State is a king or a queen who reigns but doesnot rule. The country is namely reigned by the Sovereign, but virtually by His or Her Majesty’s Government —a body of Ministers who are the leading members of whichever political party the electorate has voted into office, and who are responsible to Parliament.(2)The Constitutional Monarchy in Britain began in 1689, when King William and Queen Mary jointlyaccepted the Bill of Rights, which guaranteed free speech within both the House of Lords and the House of Commons and constitutional monarchy, of a monarchy with power limited by Parliament began.3. Why did so many people move to the New World in the 17th Century?The new world was a great and rich land. In the new world there were all those resources necessary for agricultural and industrial development .The new world was their best place to make their fortunes, and to worship and live according to their beliefs. Some of them might move to America to leave oppressive political institutions, to escape burden some church duties, to acquire large land holdings or merely to change their general pattern of living.4. What is the Monroe Doctrine?The essence of doctrine was America for Americans. This doctrine later became a cornerstone of American foreign policy. As the new world developed in the years ahead this doctrine became more meaningful and was strengthened by a broader interpretation to meet the needs of an energetic and ambitious United States.6. What was the significance of the Great Charter?The Great Charter was a statement of the feudal and legalrelationship between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king, but it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties.7. What do you know about the English Renaissance?Renaissance was the revival of classical literature and artistic styles in European history. It began in Italy in the early 14th century and spread to England in the late 15th century. The English Renaissance had 5 characteristics: (1) English culture was revitalized not so much directly by the classics as by contemporary Europeans under the influence of the classics; (2) England as an insular country followed a course of social and political history which was to a great extent independent of the course of history else where in Europe;(3) Owning to the great genius of the 14th century poet Chaucer, the native literature was vigorous enough and experienced in assimilating foreign influences without being subjected by them; (4) English Renaissance literature is chiefly artistic, rather than philosophical and scholarly; (5) the Renaissance coincided with the Reformation in England.The English Renaissance was largely literary, and achieved its finest expression in the so-called Elizabethan drama. Its finest exponents were Christopher Marlowe, Ben Johnson, and William Shakespeare.8. How is the U.S. president’s power limited?In spite of his great power, the President is actually moving within the limits already drawn for him. For example, all appropriations of the government are legislated by Congress. The Supreme Court has the power to declare his policy, even if ithas already been approved by Congress, unconstitutional and thus abolish it. Finally, if he abuses his power or commits crimes, he will be impeached by Congress. Impeachment simply means to bring formal charges; it does not mean conviction. In American history there have been two presidents who faced impeachment proceedings, but they were not convicted9. Why did the U.S. join the First World War so late?The United States was lack of military preparedness when the war began. Another factor for the US to join the war was the American financial and industrial commitment to the Allied cause. Finally, the factor that pushed the US into the war was Germany’s submarine campaign against merchant ships. That was to attack every ship that approached the British Isles.10. How did the Restoration take place?When Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 and was succeeded by his son, Richard, the regime began to collapse. One of Cromwell's generals George Monck occupied London and arranged for new parliamentary elections. The Parliament thus was elected in 1660 resolved the crisis by asking the late King's son to return from his exile in France as King Charles II. It was called the Restoration.11. How did the Labour Party come into being?As the new working class became established in the industrial towns in the late 18th century, they became aware of the power which they could possess if they acted together instead of separately. Sovarious working class organizations were formed which brought about the formation of a political party, the Labour Party.The Labour Party had its origins in the Independent Labour Party, which was formed in January, 1893 and Led by Keir Hardle, a Scottish miner. The foundation of an effective party for labourdepended on the trade unions. In 1900, representatives of trade unions, the ILP, and a number of small societies set up the Labour Representation Committee (LRC). The LRC changed its name to be Labour Party in time for the general election which was called for 1906. The Labour Party remains one of the two major parties in Britain until today.12. Why do many Americans now migrate from cities to suburbs?The widespread use of automobiles and the construction of express highways made it possible for people to live farther away from their jobs. The telephone reduces the need for them to work or live in close proximity to one another. Besides these economic and technological changes, important social factors were involved. Suburban areas offered more living space than cities, lower crime rates, less pollution, and superior schools. It is generally believed that they are a better place for rising children.13. What are the main contents of the Declaration of Independence?(1)On July 4th1776, the Declaration of Independence was signed by the representatives from all the colonies. Its principal author was Thomas Jefferson.(2) Five Parts: ①The Preamble which explains why Declaration was issued;②A statement of principles of government to which American people were committed.③A list of injustices suffered by the colonists.④A summary of efforts the co lonies had made to avoid a break with the mother country.⑤The proclamation is that the "Colonies are Free and Independent States".14. What is the role of the Monarchy in the British government?The sovereign is the symbol of the whole nation. In law, he/she is head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces of the crown and the “supreme governor” of the established church of England.15. What is the doctrine of expressed power?"The Monroe Doctrine is a U.S. doctrine which, on December 2, 1823, proclaimed that European powers were no longer to colonize or interfere with the affairs of the newly independent nations of the Americas. The United States planned to stay neutral in wars between European powers and their colonies. However, if later on, these types of wars were to occur in the Americas, the United States would view such action as hostile. President James Monroe first stated the doctrine during his seventh annual State of the Union Address to Congress, a defining moment in the foreign policy of the United States. Most recently, during the Cold War, the doctrine was invoked as a reason to intervene militarily in Latin America to stop the spread of Soviet Communism. “Sourc e and further information:16. What were the basic causes of the American Civil War?The slave economy in the south was an obstacle to industrial growth and expansion. The economic antagonism led to increase the conflicts between the south and the north.17. What are the functions of the Congress?The Congress has many functions, but the most central is the passage of law. One of the most important non-legislative functions of the Congress is the power to investigate. A second important power is to compel testimony from unwilling witnessand to cite for contempt of Congress witness who refuse to testify and for perjury those who give false testimony.18. What are the functions of the Prime Minister in Britain?The Prime Minister's chief duty is to "form a Government"—that is to say, to create a Cabinet or Ministry which will sustain the support of the House of Commons—when commissioned by the Sovereign. The Prime Minister also has a wide range of powers of appointment.19. What was the Roman influence over Britain?The Roman occupation lasted for almost 350 years. The resulting growth of its civilization was more obvious in urban areas than among the agricultural peasants and weakest in the resistant zone. In the southeasternpart the Romans influenced life and culture radically. The English upper classes were thoroughly Romanized and transformed into Roman landlords and officials. Yet the Romans came to govern and to trade, not to settle; and they were too few in number to change the language and customs of the people as they did in France and Spain. Some of the native people became slaves of the Romans; true slave society was introduced into England. The Roman built many towns, road, baths, temples and buildings. They make good use of Britain's natural resources. They also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain.20. What do you know about the Glorious Revolution?In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious views. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade andtake the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution. William and his wife Mary were both Protestants and became co-monarchs. They accepted the Bill of Rights. It’s the be ginning of the age of constitutional monarchy.ⅢDiscussion1. The Norman Conquest and its influenceThe Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.3. What do you know ab out the Chartist Movement and the People’s Charter? What’s your comment on them?In 1836 a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers formed the London Working Men’s Association. They drew up a charter of politic al demands (a People’s Charter); The Cha rtist movement was the first nation wide working class movement and drew attention to serious problem.Chartism failed because of its weak and divided leadership, and its lack of coordination with trade-unionism.4.”British history has been a history of invasion". Please illustrate this point with the examples from the text. How dideach of the invasions influence English culture?①(1Roman Britain: Roman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and 410.The Romans referred to their province as Britannia.Prior to the Roman invasion, Iron Age Britain already had cultural and economic links with Continental Europe, but the invaders introduced new developments in agriculture, urbanization, industry and architecture, leaving a legacy that is still apparent today.(2.Anglo-Saxon People：The ethnically and linguistically related peoples living in the south and east of the island of Great Britain Time: From around the early 5th century AD to the Norman Conquest of 1066. Language: closely related Germanic dialects. Ethnical groups: Identified as the descendants of three powerful Germanic tribes, the Angles and the Saxons from today’s northern Germany, and the Jutes from today’s Denmark.(3.Viking: Invasion in the late 8th century Britain experienced Viking（北欧海盗）raids from Dane or Scandinavia.(4.Norman Conquest: The Norman conquest of England began in 1066 AD with the invasion of the Kingdom of England by William the Conqueror (Duke of Normandy), and his success at the Battle of Hastings resulted in Norman control of England.②The Norman Conquest was a pivotal event in English history for several reasons:(1. This conquest linked England more closely with continental Europe through the introduction of a Norman aristocracy, thereby lessening Scandinavian influence.(2. It created one of the most powerful monarchies in Europeand engendered a sophisticated governmental system.(3. The conquest changed the English language and culture and set the stage for a rivalry with France that would continue intermittently until the 20th century.5. How did the Industrial Revolution exert a great influence on both British society and the world?（1. The Industrial Revolution exerts a great influence on both British society and the world.（2. The Industrial Revolution was not only a technological revolution but also a great social upheaval. （3. The Industrial Revolution promoted the development of production.（4. Britain began to produce large quality of low-priced goods in a more efficient manner. Many new cities came into being; population increased; the home market was enlarged. British goods almost achieved a monopoly position in the world market. The Industrial Revolution laid a good foundation for the “factory of the world”.（5. A factory system was established. Workers were employed and managers became capitalists. Two conflicting classes were born.6. Describe roughly the powers of the U.S. present.The functions of both the British prime minister and monarch, The White House is his official residence, The Constitution requires:limiting a president to two successive terms only,the presidential election is held every four years, he “winner-take-all” system,Salary $ 200,000,7. Why and how did the English Parliament come into being?(1)The English Parliament originated in the Great Council;(2) The main purpose of the king’s summoning parliament was to get consent for taxation;(3)Henry III extended the membership of parliament;(4)Henry hoped that with Rome’s help he could defeat the lords and their charter;(5) The barons rose up in oppositi on under the leadership of Simon de Montfort, the king’s brother-in-law, they forced him to dismiss his foreign advisers and to accept their own council of advisers instead;(6) In 1264 Montfort defeated the royal army at Lewes and took the king prisoner. In the following year, he called Parliament. The parliament of 1265 which is known as the “All Estates Parliament” is generally considered the “beginning of parliament”.8. What were the causes and consequences of the War of 1812?①The causes leading to the war were the following:(1) A war between Britain and France was going on in Europe. First the American government adopted a policy of not allowing trading with both countries. Later the U.S. government changed its policy by stating that if any of the two countries gave up its blockade against American shipping, the U.S. world lift the prohibition. In 1811, the U.S., on the condition that France would drop its blockade against American shipping, lifted the ban. This angered the British.(2) The Americans resented the British practice of impressing or forcibly removing seamen from American ships on the grounds that they were British subjects.(3) The U.S. wanted to take advantage of the War in Europe, when Britain and France had no time to look after their interests in the New World, to expand into Canada or Spanish Florida. This harmed the interests of the British.②The war had great impact o n the development of the Unite States. Firstly, the war made people realize the importance of a strong national government. Secondly, the war strengthened the feeling of national unity and patriotism. Thirdly, for almost 10 years after the war, the Americans turned their attention to the development of the western part of the continent. Fourthly, it made both Britain and the United States realize their disputes should be solving through negotiation. A shaky peace in 1814 turned into lasing peace between the two countries.9. Describe the American Civil War and its significance.The Civil War lasted from 1861 until 1865. During this time, over 600,000 soldiers represented both sides were killed either by battle deaths or disease. Many, many more were wounded with estimates of more than 1/10th of all soldiers being wounded. Both the Northern States and the Southern States experienced major victories and defeats. However, by September 1864 with the taking of Atlanta the North had gained the upper hand and the war would officially end on April 9, 1865.1) The beginning of the Civil War: it was the first stage of the war (1861-1862), which characterized by an indecisive attitude of the Lincoln government. It was the Northern bourgeoisie’s vacillated attitude towards the Southern slave-owners, which reflected its tendency to solve the clash by compromised way without waging a war through the revolutionary way.a. In 1860s, some continent of the Southern States established South Alliance, and then instigated the Civil War.b. At the beginning of the war, the North troops suffered a steadily setback.2) Turning point of the Civil War: The characteristic of this stage (1863-1865) was that the change in its domestic politicallife and the tactics of the federal.a. Lincol n’s government had issued the “Homestead Act” and the “Emancipation Proclamation” to reverse the situation. (Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation made ending slavery in the South a war goal and dissuaded the British from intervening. Jan 1, 1863 - President Lincoln issued the final Emancipation Proclamation freeing all slaves in territories held by Confederates and emphasized the enlisting of black soldiers in the Union Army. The war to preserve the Union now became a revolutionary struggle for the abolition of slavery.)b. In 1863s, the North troops won the way in the Battle of Gettysburg and grasped the initiative of the war. 3）The Consequences of the Civil WarThe Civil War officially ended with the unconditional surrender of the South at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865. As a result of the war about 360.000 Union troops and civilians and perhaps 260.000 in Confederate states died. Property damage was enormous in the South whereas the Union economically profited from the conflict because of the increasing demand for iron, uniforms and military products. Many southern towns, cities, plantations and railroads lay in ruins and for a long time the South lagged behind the rest of the nation economically. The war also caused deep and long-lasting feelings of bitterness and division between the people of North and South.。

英语国家概况名词解释（Cindy Cheung）1．A nglo-SaxonsThey were two groups of Germanic peoples who settled down in England from the 5th century. They were regarded as the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.2．S inn Fein(Unit 2) Sinn Fein is a legal political party in Northern Ireland which supports the IRA to fight for the union of Ireland. The leaders of Sinn Fein prefer union with Ireland by a twin campaign, both military and political which they call the policy of “the Bullet and the Ballot Box”. It believes that without the participation of Sinn Fein the political problem of Northern Ireland cannot be thoroughly solved.(Unit 11) Author Griffith developed a political party in the period of 1905-08 known as Sinn Fein- meaning “we ourselves” in the Irish language. The Sinn Fein policy was that Irish MPs should withdraw from Westminster and establish an independent parliament. Traditionally, Sinn Fein had close links with the Irish Republican Brotherhood, a secret society struggling for national independence.3．H ome RuleIreland had long been dominated by Britain, but Irish desire for an independent Irish state was never lost. “Home Rule” refers to a campaign for Irish control of Irish affairs. The Home Rule Bill was finally passed in 1914, but the process was overtaken by the First World War and was suspended for the duration of the war.4．T he Bill of Rights of 1689 (英国1689 《权利法案》)In 1689, King JamesⅡ’s daughter Mary and her husband William were invited by the politicians and church authorities to take the throne, on condition that they would respect the rights of Parliament. The Bill of Rights was passed in 1689 to ensure that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament.5．T he functions of ParliamentThe functions of Parliament are: to pass laws, to vote for taxation, to scrutinize government policy, administration and expenditure and to debate the major issues of the day.6．T he House of CommonsThe House of Commons is the real center of British political life because it is the place where about 650 elected representatives (Members of Parliament) make and debate policy. These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent the interests of the people who vote for them.7．T he importance of general electionsGeneral elections are very important in western democracy. According to the author, the provide opportunities for people to influence future government polities and to replace those incompetent political leaders.8．P rivatization in the 1980sThe British economy went through a particularly bad period in the 1970s, with high rates of inflation and devaluation of the Pound. Therefore, in the 1980s, when the Conservative party under Margaret Thatcher was in power, an extensive programme of privatization was carried out. Many state-owned businesses (such as steel, telecom, gas, aerospace) were turned into private companies. Privatization was successful in controlling inflation but at the same time unemployment rate increased rapidly.9．C omprehensive schoolsComprehensive schools are the most popular secondary schools in Britain today. Such schools admit children without reference to their academic abilities and provide a general education. Pupils can study everything from academic subjects like literature to more practical subjects like cooking.10．The Open UniversityThe Open University was founded in Britain in the 1960’s for people who might not get the opportunity for the higher education for economic and social reasons. It’s open to everybody and does not demand the same formal educational qualifications as the other universities. University courses are followed through TV, radio, correspondence, videos and a net work of study centers. At the end of their studies at the Open University, successful students are awarded a university degree.11．EisteddfodWales has a long poetic tradition. Poems written in the traditional Welsh language and style are governed by ancient codes and conventions. This poetic tradition has been celebrated for centuries in eisteddfod, a Welsh word meaning a gathering where people recite verses and sing songs. Wales had been controlled by the English for hundreds of years and so English became the national language. Speaking Welsh was seen as a bad thing. The Welsh language began to die, but Welsh speakers fought hard to preserve it. One way they accomplished this was to celebrate their culture and their language each August with a really large Eisteddfod which would remind people throughout the UK of Wales’ special cultural heritage. The Eisteddfod is now the largest popular festival of music making and poetry writing in Europe.12．The Great FamineThe Great Famine took place from 1845-48 when successive potato crops failed and many people of Ireland starved to death, or died of the diseases which preyed on malnutrition. Many left the country for the New World. The Great Famine became a watershed in Irish history, not merely because there was mass starvation and emigration, but also because the British government appeared to be indifferent to the fate of the poorest people in its nearest colony. Naturally this period is characterized by campaigns for national independence and land reform.13．The Easter Rising of 1916It was a rebellion by Irish nationalists against British rule on 24 April 1916 (Easter Monday). The Irish V olunteers, led by Patrick Pearse and the Irish Citizen Army, led by James Connolly, staged the uprising. The British crushed the rising within a week and executed its leaders. A wave of nationalist sentiment produced an electoral victory for Sinn Fein in 1918.14．Checks and balancesThe Irish system of government is based on the American principle of “checks and balances”: that is, the power of the executive branch of government can be checked by the legislature (the two houses of parliament) and by the judiciary, through courts which interpret the law. Enforcement is also part of the role of the courts of law, and is actually carried out by the police force. Both the legal system and the police force are conceived of as independent of political influence.15．The Civil ServiceThe civil service in Ireland is divided into sixteen Government Departments, each headed by a Minister appointed by the Prime Minister. Ministers have final responsibility for these areas. The civil service is politically independent in the performance of its duties and has no involvement in party politics. In fact, party political activity is strictly forbidden for all middle and high-ranking civil servants. Recruitment to the civil service is by public competitive exams administered by the independent Civil Service Commission and is open to every citizen of the Republic. At present, there are some 30,000 people employed in the civil service. 16．The DreamingThe Dreaming is the belief system from ancient times that has bound indigenous groups together. The central principle of the Dreaming is that the people who live on the continent have special responsibilities to the land. The people don’t own the land; instead the land owns the people. The stories of the Dreaming provide principles of how people should live and interact with the with each other. They also provide knowledge of the land so that the indigenous people can survive in the life-threatening environment.17．Terra NulliusTerra Nullius is from Latin. It means a land that is owned by no one. The British declared the Australian continent Terra Nullius to justify their invasion of the indigenous people’s land. It served to legitimize their taking possession of the land and devalue the indigenous people as uncivilized and not fully human. 18．PastoralistsThe pastoralists are major landowners. They are usually the magistrates of their local area. They used the legal power as magistrates to force convict labourers to work hard. They built their wealth on the unpaid labour of the convicts. This is why they supported the transportation of convicts to Australia.19．EmancipistsThe emancipists are ex-convicts who were fully or conditionally pardoned for conduct or service. They became successful farmers, lawyers, architects and government administrators. They contributed a lot to the development of Australian society. By the 1820s, a third of the richest men in the colony were emancipists, among them were Mary Reiby and James Ruse.20．The “Washminster” form polityThe “Washminster” form of polity is adopted by the Australian government. It is a mixture of the US Washington system of the government and the British Westminster system. This means that the political structure of the government is based on a Federation of States with a three-tier system of government. However, the chief executive is a Prime Minister, instead of a President as in the US system.21．The Governor-GeneralThe Governor-General is the formal head of the executive branch of the government. He is the representative of the Queen in Australia. However, as the British monarch as no real power in Australia, the Governor-General acts only on the advice of the Executive Council, which is made up of himself and the Cabinet. 22．MulticulturalismMulticulturalism was adopted in 1973. It was comprised of 3 areas of policy: Cultural Identity, which means the right to express and share one’s cultural heritage; Social Justice, the right to equal treatment and opportunity; and Economic Efficiency, the need to maintain and develop the skills of all Australians regardless of their backgrounds.23．The White Australia PolicyThe White Australia Policy was officially adopted by the Commonwealth of Australian in 1901, in the Immigration Restriction Act. It was made to stop Chinese and other non-British migrants from entering and settling down in Australia. This was mainly achieved through a dictation test in a European language. The White Australia Policy was officially abolished in 1973.。

权利法案（美国）（中英文）1787年在费城起草的宪法，在各州审议批准的过程中，也有不少美国公民感到不安，因为宪法中并没有明确保障个人的权利。

因此，《宪法》补充了10条修正案，统一称为《权利法案》，英文叫The Bill of Rights。

由于补充了《权利法案》，《宪法》在13个州均获批准，并于1789年生效。

　（左下图：美国威廉姆斯堡总督府的一个小会议室，就是《弗吉尼亚州权利法案》－后来成为美国宪法中《权利法案》蓝本的制定地） 第一条 Amendment II . F reedom of Speech, Press, Religion and Petition Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. 译文：国会不得制定关于下列事项的法律：确立国教或禁止信教自由；剥夺言论自由或出版自由；或剥夺人民和平集会和向政府请愿伸冤的权利。

第二条 Amendment IIII . Right to keep and bear arms A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. 译文：纪律严明的民兵是保障自由州的安全所必需的，人民持有和携带武器的权利不可侵犯。

bill of rights 名词解释好嘞，下面就来跟您聊聊“bill of rights”。

“bill of rights”，您可以把它想象成是社会这个大舞台上的一份重要“剧本”。

它可不是普通的剧本哦，而是能保护咱们老百姓权益的超级法宝。

啥叫“bill of rights”呢？简单来说，它就是一系列明确规定人们拥有哪些权利和自由的条文。

这就好比您家里的家规，只不过这个“家规”不是管您一个小家的，而是管着整个国家的大家伙们呢！比如说，言论自由的权利，这就像您在自己的花园里可以随意种喜欢的花，想说啥就说啥，只要不伤害别人。

还有宗教信仰自由的权利，就像您可以根据自己的口味选择喜欢的水果，信啥教，那是您自己的事儿，别人管不着。

再比如说，集会的权利，这好比您和小伙伴们可以随时约在一起玩耍，只要不捣乱。

还有获得公正审判的权利，就像参加一场比赛，裁判得公平公正，不能偏袒任何一方。

您想想，如果没有这个“bill of rights”，那得多可怕呀！说不定有人随便就能闯进您的“领地”，夺走您的“宝贝”，还不让您吭声。

有了它，就像有了一把坚固的大锁，把那些不好的东西都挡在外面，保护着咱们的“小天地”。

这“bill of rights”在不同的国家和地区可能会有些小差别，但大体上都是为了让咱们老百姓能挺直腰板，安心过日子。

它可不是摆在那儿好看的，而是实实在在能为咱们撑腰的。

您看美国的《权利法案》，那可是相当有名。

它里面规定的那些权利，让美国人觉得自己有了靠山，能放心大胆地追求自己的梦想。

在咱们的生活中，虽然可能不会天天把“bill of rights”挂在嘴边，但它的影响无处不在。

就像空气，平时感觉不到，可一旦没有了，那可就麻烦大啦！所以说呀，“bill of rights”就是咱们的护身符，是保障咱们能自由自在、安安稳稳生活的重要基石。

咱们得了解它，珍惜它，让它一直守护着咱们的美好生活！。

英语国家概况名词解释（2）英语国家概况名词解释5. The Bill of Rights----In 1789, James Madison introduced in the House of Representatives a series of amendments which later were drafted into twelve proposed amendments and sent to the states for ratification. Ten of them were ratified in 1791 and the first ten amendments to the constitution were called the Bills of Rights because they were to insure individual liberties.1789年詹姆斯麦迪逊在众议院提出了一系列的修正法案，后来这些法案被起草成十二条修正法案提交各州讨论。

其·中有两条没被各州通过，其余十条在1791 年被通过，成为宪法的前十项修正案--《人权法案》。

从那时起美国就完成了宪法体制的'建立6. The British constitution: There is no written constitution in the United Kingdom, that is, unlike the constitutions of most other countries, the British constitution is not set out in any single document. It is made up of statute law, common law and conventions.英国议会制政府制度并不是基于成文宪法。

联合王国没有成文宪法，也就是说与大多数他国宪法不同，英国宪法不由单一文件构成，而是由成文法、习惯法和惯例组成。

1,The Bill of Rights of 1689 : In 1689 , King James Ⅱ’s daughter Mary and her husband William were invited by the politicians and church authorities to take the throne , on condition that they would respect the rights of Parliament . The Bill of Rights was passed in 1689 to ensure that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament.2、Relative Decline of the UK economy: 衰弱原因（。

the country had gone heavily into debt in order to finance the war。

the era of empire was over。

Large military expenses。

Outdated industries and less-competitive products。

A lack of close relationship between industry and banks。

The division of British industries :）Primary industries (mining industry 矿业)Secondary industries (steelindustry钢铁业)Tertiary industries (insurance 保险，the selling of goods)3Privatization in the 1980s : The British economy went through a particularly bad period in the 1970s , with high rates of inflation and devaluation of the Pound . Therefore , in the 1980s , when the Conservative party under Margaret Thatcher was in power , an extensive programme of privatization was carried out . Many state-owned businesses (such as steel , telecom , gas , aerospace ) were turned into private companies . Privatization was successful in controlling inflation but at the same time unemployment rate increased rapidly .4George Washingto n was a great fighter for American freedom, George Washington was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic. He was the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army in the War of Independence against the British colonial rule and the first President of the US.5 Franklin, Benjamin)US statesman, inventor, and scientist. A wealthy printer and publisher, he was one of the signatories to the peace between the USA and Great Britain after the War of American Independence. His main scientific achievements were the formulation of a theory of electricity, based on the concept of an electric fluid, which introduced (and arbitrarily defined) positive and negative electricity, and a demonstration of the electrical nature of lightning, which led to the invention of the lightning conductor. His inventions include the ‘Franklin stove’ (a kind of free-standing cast-iron heater) and bifocal spectacles.6. Among the transcendentalists' core beliefs was the inherent goodness of both man and nature. Transcendentalists believed that society and its institutions - particularly organized religion and political parties - ultimately corrupted the purity of the individual. They had faith that man is at his best when truly "self-reliant" and independent. It is only from such real individuals that true community could be formed.The major figures in the movement were Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Margaret Fuller, and Amos Bronson Alcott. Other prominent transcendentalists included Charles Timothy Brooks, Orestes Brownson, William Ellery Channing, William Henry Channing, James Freeman Clarke, Christopher Pearse Cranch, Walt Whitman, John Sullivan Dwight, Convers Francis, William Henry Furness, Frederic Henry Hedge, Sylvester Judd, Theodore Parker, Elizabeth Palmer Peabody, George Ripley, Thomas Treadwell Stone, and Jones Very.6 Mark Twain, Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910),[3] better known by the pen name Mark Twain, was an American author and humorist. Twain is most noted for his novels Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which has since been called the Great American Novel,[4] and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. He is extensively quoted.[5][6] During his lifetime, Twain became a friend to presidents, artists, industrialists and European royalty.Twain enjoyed immense public popularity. His keen wit and incisive satire earned him praise from both critics and peers. American author William Faulkner called Twain "the father of American literature."]Use examples wealth and prestige are unequally For example, the richest fifth of American individuals and families owns more than three-quarters of the wealth in the U.S., whereas the lowest fifth owns only 0.2% of the wealth. The richest fifth of American families receives over 40% of the national income, whereas the poorest fifth receives only 5.2%.-The Northern states had all outlawed (废除) slavery by 1830, but in the Southern states, it was ended by the Civil War Lincoln’s emancipation of slaves in 1863 (1863年林肯颁布的《解放黑奴宣言》) and the 13th Amendment to the Constitution in 1865 （1865年美国通过的第13条宪法修正案）---But after the abolition of slavery, many states passed segregation(隔离) laws to keep the races apart in schools, housing, restaurants and public facilities, and institutionalized discrimination kept blacks in the lowest-paid jobs.The goal of education in us Educational Goal is to achieve universal literacy and provide individuals with knowledge and skill necessary to promote the welfare for individuals and the general public.How are the three branches If Congress proposes a law that the president thinks is unwise, the president can veto it. That means the proposal does not become law. Congress can enact the law despite the president's views only if two-thirds of the members of both houses vote in favor of it.If Congress passes a law which is then challenged in the courts as unconstitutional, the Supreme Court has the power to declare the law unconstitutional and therefore no longer in effect.The president has the power to make treaties with other nations and to make all appointments to federal positions, including the position of Supreme Court justice. The Senate, however, must approve all treaties and confirm all appointments before they become official. In this way the Congress can prevent the president from making unwise appoi Relationship.Another major factor which influences British foreign policy is its relationship with the United States. This was quite natural, as the two were closely allied during World War II, and continued to work together closely in the post war years because they shared many of the same worries about the Soviet Union. Even today, in many respects British and American policy-makers agree generally on, for example, how the global economy should be managed, how a warlike state should be dealt with, issues about arms control and so on.Different parties and groups Margaret Thatcher's government did not give in to this demand for political status and 11 prisoners starved to death. This event revitalised the political campaign of Sinn Fein, the legal political party which supports the IRA's right to fight. Its leaders spoke of a twin campaign for union with Ireland, both political and military, which they called the policy of "The Bullet and the Ballot Box".。

法国《人权宣言》内容法国国民议会，颁布时间：1789年8月26日起草：穆尼埃不满路易十六召开的三级会议的人们愤而组成国民议会，并提出制定宪法的要求，路易十六却强令解散议会，并且调集大批军队集结巴黎附近。

民众们推翻了国王，并且开始以新的理想来设计国家的方向。

代表认为，无视、遗忘或蔑视人权是公众不幸和政府腐败的唯一原因，所以决定把自然的、不可剥夺的和神圣的人权阐明于庄严的宣言之中，以便本宣言可以经常呈现在社会各个成员之前，使他们不断地想到他们的权利和义务；以便立法权的决议和行政权的决定能随时和整个政治机构的目标两相比较，从而能更加受到他们的尊重；以便公民们今后以简单而无可争辩的原则为根据的那些要求能确保宪法与全体幸福之维护。

因此，国民议会在上帝面前并在他的庇护之下确认了十七条权利，它庄严宣布：第一条在权利方面，人们生来是而且始终是自由平等的。

只有在公共利用上面才显出社会上的差别。

第二条任何政治结合的目的都在于保存人的自然的和不可动摇的权利。

这些权利就是自由、财产、安全和反抗压迫。

第三条整个主权的本原主要是寄托于国民。

任何团体、任何个人都不得行使主权所未明白授予的权力。

第四条自由就是指有权从事一切无害于他人的行为。

因此，各人的自然权利的行使，只以保证社会上其他成员能享有同样权利为限制。

此等限制仅得由法律规定之。

第五条法津仅有权禁止有害于社会的行为。

凡未经法律禁止的行为即不得受到妨碍，而且任何人都不得被迫从事法律所未规定的行为。

第六条法津是公共意志的表现。

全国公民都有权亲身或经由其代表去参预法律的制定。

法律对于所有的人，无论是施行保护或处罚都是一样的。

在法律面前，所有的公民都是平等的，故他们都能平等地按其能力担任一切官职，公共职位和职务，除德行和才能上的差别外不得有其他差别。

第七条除非在法律所规定的情况下并按照法律所指示的手续，不得控告、逮捕或拘留任何人。

凡动议、发布、执行或令人执行专断命令者应受处罚；但根据法律而被传唤或被扣押的公民应当立即服从；抗拒则构成犯罪。

英语国家概况名词解释新英语国家概况名词解释1、The Constitution:Britain has no written Constitution.The foundations of the British state arelaid out in statute law,which are laws passed by Parliament; the common laws, which are laws established through commom practice in courts;and conventions.2、The house of Common: It’s the real center of British political life because it is the placewhere about 650 elected representatives(Members of Parliament) make and debate policy,These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent the interests of the people who vote for them.3、The electoral campaign:Before a general election,the political parties would start their electoralcampaigns in order to make their ideologies and policies known to the public.The campaign involves advertisements in newspapers, door-to-door campaigning,postal deliveries of leaflets and ‘party electoral broadcasts” on the television.The parties also try to attack and critisise the opponents’policies.Therefore,these campaigns sometimes can be quite aggressive and critical.4、Class system in British society:The class system does exist in British society.Most of Britishpopulation would claim themselves to be either of middle-class or working-class,though some people would actually belong to the upper middle-class or lower middle-class.Class divisions are not simply economic,they are cultural as well.People of different classes may defferent may differ in the kind ofnewspaper they read,in the way they speak and in the kind of education they receive.One of the distinctive features about the British class system is that aristocratic titles can still be inherited.5、Relative decline of the UK economy:The UK has experienced an economic decline since1945.But this is a relative decline rather than an absolute one.Britain is wealthier and more productive than it was in 1945,but since other countries developed more rapidly,it has slid from being the second largest economy to being the six.6、Comprehensive schools:are the most popular secondary schools in Britain today.Such schoolsadmit children without reference to their academic abilities and provide a general education.Pupils can study everything from academic subjects like literature to more practical subjects like cooking7、Grammar school s:it’s a type of secondary schools in Britain.Grammar schools select childrenat the age 11,through an examination called “the 11-plus”.Those children with the highest marks go to grammar schools.These schools lay emphasis on advanced academic subjects rather than the more general curriculum of the comprehensive schools and expect many of their pupils to go on to universities.8、Independent schools:are commonly called public schools which are actually private schools thatreceive their funding through the private sector and tuition rates,with some government assitance.Independent schools are not part of national education system,but the quality of instruction and standards are maintained through visits from Her Majesty’s Inspectors of Schools.Theseschools are restricted to the students whose parents are comparatively rich.9、the first English settle in North America:The first English permanent settlement wasorganized in 1607 by the London Company with a charter from the English King.The colonists settled in Virginia and survived by imposing strict discipline on themselves and by transplanting tobacco into the colony of Virginia.In 1619,the settlers elected their delegates and set up the House of Burgesses,and the same time they bought and enslaved black servants.These two events greatly influenced the political and social development of the United States later.10、Puritanism:were those who followes the doctrine of John Calvin and wanted to purify theChurch of England.They believe that human beings were predestined by God before they were born.Some were God’s chosen people while others were damned to hell.No church nor good works could save people.The sign of being God’s elect was the success in his work or the prosperity in his calling.They also argued that everyone must read the Bible in order to find God’s will and establisha direct contact with God.These beliefs had great impact on American culture.11、George Washington:was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic.He was theCommander-in-chief of the Continental Army in War of Independence against the British colonial rule and the first President of the United States.12、The executive:The chief executive is the President,who is elected to a four-year term.Apresident can be elected to only two terms according to an amendment passed in 1951.The president can propose legislation to Congress.He can veto any bill passed by Congress.The veto can be overridden by a two-thirds vote in both houses.The president can appoint federal judges as vacancies occur.He is the commander in chief of the armed forced.The president has other broad authorities in running the government departments and handling foreign relations.13、The Bill of Rights:consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in1791.The Bill of Rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech,the right to assemble in public places,the right to own weapons and so on.14、Industrial Revolution in America:After independence,American was principally anagricultural country.The Industrial Revolution in England brought many changes to American industry between 1776 and 1860.One key development was the introduction of the factory system.A sec ond development was the “American system” of mass production.A third development was the application of new technologies to industrial tasks.Afourth development was the emergence of new forms of business organization---the bank and the corporation.15、Agribusiness:Because American agricuiture is big business,people coined the term“agribusiness” to reflect the large-scale nature of agricultural enterprises in the modern US economy.The term covers the entire complex of farm-related business,from the individual farmer to the multinational maker of farm chemicals.It also includes farmer cooperatives,rural banks,shippers of farmproducts,commodity dealers,firms that manufacture farm equipment,food-processing industries,grocery chains and many other business.16、Higher education:In America,higher education refers to education on the collegelevel.American higher education includes four categories of institutions.They are the university,the four-year undergraduate institution(the college) the technical training institution and the two-year or community college.Some are supported by public funds and some by private funds.Many universities and colleges have won reputations for providing their students with a higher quality of education.The great majority are generally regarded as quite satisfatory.17、NBA:stands for National Basketball Association.Founded in 1950,it’s the association ofprofessional teams in the United States.It has two divisions:the Eastern Division and the Western Division.NBA is very popular not only in the US.but all over the world.The best NBA star in NBA history is Mcchiael Jordan.18、Yellowstone Nationa Park:is the oldest and one of the largest national park in the US.It’snamed after the Yellowstone River that flows through the area.It is known for its geysers and hot springs among other natural wonders.19、Football hooligans:reflect the violence associated with football.While all social classes used tojoin in the local football march,it was regarded as being not at all suitable for gentlemen.Visitors from abroad sometimes complained about stumbling into the midst of a rough and dangerous game when walking the streets of London,while localhouseholders and merchants were troubled by having their windows broken by stray footballs.Dringking hard went along with playing hard.Today,violence is still associated with football.They are supporters of rival teams.They sometimes clash before,during and after matches and occationally run riot through the town,breaking windows and beating each other up.20、Winbledon:is the name of a London suburb.In Winbledon the world’s best players gather tocompete on grass courts.It’s one of the major events of the British sporting calendar and probably the most famous tennis event in the world.Besides actually watching the tennis matches,other activies closely associated with the Winbledon fortnight are eating strawberries and cream,drinking champagne and hoping that it doesn’t rain.21、The three traditions of Chrismas in Britain:one is the Christmas Pantomime,a comicalmusical play.The main male character is played by a young woman while the main female character,often an ugly woman called ‘the Dame,’ is played by a man.Another is to hear the Queen give her Christmas message to her realm over the televition and radio.A third is Boxing Day,which falls on the day after Christmas.Traditionally,it was on Boxing Day that people gave Christmas gifts or money to their staff or servants.Now that most British people do not have servants,this custom is no longer observed.However,a new Boxing Day custom has emerged,in the cities:shopping.Shops open up to sell off all their Christmas stock decorations,food,cards and gift items at low prices.。