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heterogeneous interfacial structure英文版Heterogeneous Interfacial StructureHeterogeneous interfacial structure refers to the structural differences that exist at the boundary between two different materials or phases. This structure plays a crucial role in determining the physical and chemical properties of the interface, as well as its stability and reactivity.At the interface between two materials, the atomic arrangement, bonding configuration, and electronic structure can all differ significantly from the bulk materials on either side. This heterogeneity can lead to a range of unique properties, such as charge accumulation, bond formation, and catalytic activity. For example, in the field of materials science, heterogeneous interfaces are often exploited to enhance the performance of devices such as solar cells and fuel cells.The study of heterogeneous interfacial structure is challenging due to the complexity of the interactions involved. Experimental techniques such as scanning probe microscopy, spectroscopy, and diffraction methods can provide insights into the atomic-scale structure and electronic properties of interfaces. Computational modeling is also an important tool for understanding and predicting interfacial behavior.In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the use of heterogeneous interfacial structures in nanotechnology and materials science. This interest is driven by the potential for novel materials with enhanced properties, as well as the development of new technologies such as nanodevices and sensors.In conclusion, heterogeneous interfacial structure is a crucial aspect of materials science and nanotechnology. Its understanding and control offer the potential for the development of novel materials and devices with enhanced performance and functionality.中文版异质界面结构异质界面结构指的是两种不同材料或相之间的边界处存在的结构差异。
直译·顺译·歪译茅盾“直译”这名词，在“五四”以后方成为权威。
这是反抗林琴南氏的“歪译”而起的。
我们说林译是“歪译”，可丝毫没有糟蹋他的意思；我们是觉得“意译”名词用在林译身上并不妥当，所以称它为“歪译”。
林氏是不懂“蟹行文字”的，所有他的译本都是别人口译而林氏笔述。
我们不很明白当时他们合作的情形是别人口译了一句，林氏随即也笔述了一句呢，还是别人先口译了一段或一节，然后林氏笔述下来？但无论如何，这种译法是免不了两重的歪曲的：口译者把原文译为口语，光景不免有多少歪曲，再由林氏将口语译为文言，那就是第二次歪曲了。
这种歪曲，可以说是从“翻译的方法”上来的。
何况林氏“卫道”之心甚热，“孔孟心传”烂熟，他往往要“用夏变夷”，称司各特的笔法有类于太史公，……于是不免又多了一层歪曲。
这一层歪曲，当然口译者不能负责，直接是从林氏的思想上来的。
所以我们觉得称林译为“歪译”，比较切贴。
自然也不是说林译部部皆歪，林译也有不但不很歪，而且很有风趣——甚至与原文的风趣有几分近似的，例如《附掌录》中间几篇。
这一点，我们既佩服而又惊奇。
现在话再回到“直译”。
照上文说来，“五四”以后的“直译”主张就是反对歪曲了原文。
原文是一个什么面目，就要还它一个什么面目。
连面目都要依它本来，那么，“看得懂”，当然是个不言而喻的必要条件了。
译得“看不懂”，不用说，一定失却了原文的面目，那就不是“直译”。
这种“看不懂”的责任应该完全由译者负担，我们不能因此怪到“直译”这个原则。
这原是很浅显的一个道理，然而不久以前还有人因为“看不懂”而非难到“直译”这个原则，而主张“顺译”，这也就怪了。
主张“顺译”者意若曰：直译往往使人难懂，甚至看不懂，为了要对原文忠实而至使人看不懂，岂不是虽译等于不译；故此主张“与其忠实而使人看不懂，毋宁不很忠实而看得懂”。
于是乃作为“顺译”之说。
“顺”者，务求其看得懂也。
在这里，我们觉得不必噜噜苏苏来驳斥“顺译”说之理论上的矛盾（因为它的矛盾是显然的），我们只想为“直译”说再进一解：我们以为所谓“直译”也者，倒并非一定是“字对字”，一个不多，一个也不少。
1.That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendantsan individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted.那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。
2.Hardy’s weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones.哈代的缺陷一方面缘起于他的某种明显的无能，无法控制好那结不尽相同的创作冲动的穿梭往来；另一方面缘起于他不愿意去培养和维持那些富于生机活力和风险性强的创作冲动。
3.Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics，since it highlightsan aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness.弗吉尼亚.伍尔夫（Virginia Woolf）在创作《黛洛维夫人》（Mrs. Dalloway）时有关其创作意图的这番发人深思的陈述，迄今为止一贯为文学评论家们所忽略，因为它突出反映了她诸多文学兴趣中某一方面，而这一方面则与人们对“诗性”小说家（poetic n ovelist）所形成的传统见解大相径庭。
论人类结构的差异及其人类精神发展的影响英文版Differences in Human Structure and their Impact on Human Spiritual DevelopmentIntroduction:The structure of human beings differs in various aspects such as physical, social, and psychological. These differences have a significant impact on how we interact with others and our environment and shape our spiritual development. This essay explores how human structural differences affect spiritual development.Physical Differences:1. Gender: The physical differences between males and females have a significant impact on spiritual development. Women are emotionally and psychologically sensitive due to their hormonal makeup, which affects their interactions with others and their ability to communicate. Women are more religious than men and tend to have stronger faith, which is attributed to their nurturing behavior.2. Height: The height of an individual is linked to their self-perception, which has a significant impact on their spiritual development. Taller people tend to have a positive self-image, which is associated with better mental health and spiritual well-being.3. Body Shape: Body shape also affects spiritual development, as the perception of body shape influences self-esteem and self-image. The ideal body shape promoted by society also influences how individuals perceive themselves and impacts their spirituality.Social Differences:1. Race: Race has a significant impact on spiritual development, as it shapes the cultural and religious identity of individuals. Racism and discrimination against certain races can result in psychological trauma and impact their spiritual development negatively.2. Social Class: Social class differences affect access to education, healthcare, and other resources that impact spiritual development. Individuals from disadvantaged social classes may struggle with spiritual development due to the lack of resources.Psychological Differences:1. Personality: Personality traits such as openness and extraversion can impact spiritual development. Open individuals tend to have a deeper connection with spirituality, while extraverted individuals may struggle to engage in spiritual practices due to their need for social interaction.2. Mental Health: Mental health is essential for spiritual development, as individuals with mental health disorders may struggle with self-awareness and finding meaning in life. Mental illness cannegatively impact spirituality by creating a sense of hopelessness and disconnection from the divine.Conclusion:Human structural differences affect spiritual development in several ways. Physical, social, and psychological differences all play a significant role in shaping our spiritual development. Understanding these differences can help us develop greater empathy and appreciation for the diversity of human experience. By acknowledging and embracing these differences, we can create a more inclusive and supportive environment for spiritual growth.。
The Difference Between Men And WomenFor centuries, the differences between men and women were social ly defined and distorted through a lens of sexism in which men assumed superiority over women and maintained it through domination. As the g oal of equality between men and women now grows closer we are also l osing our awareness of important differences. In some circles of society, politically correct thinking is obliterating important discussion as well as our awareness of the similarities and differences between men and wom en. The vision of equality between the sexes has narrowed the possibiliti es for discovery of what truly exists within a man and within a woman. T he world is less interesting when everything is same.It is my position that men and women are equal but different. Whe n I say equal, I mean that men and women have a right to equal opportu nity and protection under the law. The fact that people in this country ar e assured these rights does not negate my observation that men and wo men are at least as different psychologically as they are physically.None of us would argue the fact that men and women are physically different. The physical differences are rather obvious and most of these can be seen and easily measured. Weight, shape, size and anatomy are n ot political opinions but rather tangible and easily measured. The physica l differences between men and women provide functional advantages an d have survival value. Men usually have greater upper body strength, buil d muscle easily, have thicker skin, bruise less easily and have a lower threshold of awareness of injuries to their extremities. Men are essentially b uilt for physical confrontation and the use of force. Their joints are well s uited for throwing objects. A man’s skull is almost always thicker and stro nger than a women’s. The stereotype that men are more "thick-headed" than women is not far fetched. A man’s "thick headedness", and other a natomical differences have been associated with a uniquely male attracti on to high speed activities and reckless behavior that usually involve colli sions with other males or automobiles. Men invented the game "chicken ", not women. Men, and a number of other male species of animal seem to charge and crash into each other a great deal in their spare time. Wo men on the other hand have four times as many brain cells (neurons) co nnecting the right and left side of their brain. This latter finding provides physical evidence that supports the observation that men rely easily and more heavily on their left brain to solve one problem one step at a ti me. Women have more efficient access to both sides of their brain and t herefore greater use of their right brain. Women can focus on more than one problem at one time and frequently prefer to solve problems throug h multiple activities at atime. Nearly every parent has observed how you ng girls find the conversations of young boys "boring". Young boys expres s confusion and would rather play sports than participate actively in a co nversation between 5 girls who are discussing as many as three subjects at once!The psychological differences between man and women are less ob vious. They can be difficult to describe. Yet these differences can profoun dly influence how we form and maintain relationships that can range fro m work and friendships to marriage and parenting.Recognizing, understanding, discussing as well as acting skillfully in l ight of the differences between men and women can be difficult. Our fail ure to recognize and appreciate these differences can become a life long source of disappointment, frustration, tension and eventually our downf all in a relationship. Not only can these differences destroy a promising r elationship, but most people will grudgingly accept or learn to live with t he consequences. Eventually they find some compromise or way to cope. Few people ever work past these difficulties. People tend to accept what they don’t understand when they feel powerless to change it.Relationships between men and women are not impossible or nece ssarily difficult. Problems simply arise when we expect or assume the op posite sex should think, feel or act the way we do. It’s not that men and women live in completely different realities. Rather, our lack of knowledg e and mutual experience gives rise to our difficulties.Despite great strides in this country toward equality, modern societ y hasn’t made relationships between men and women any easier. Today’s society has taught us and has imposed on us the expectation that men and women should live together continuously, in communion, and in harmony. These expectations are not only unrealistic but ultimately they lea ve people feeling unloved, inadequate, cynical, apathetic or ashamed.The challenge facing men and women is to become aware of their id entities, to accept their differences, and to live their lives fully and as skill fully as possible. To do this we must first understand in what ways we are different. We must avoid trying to change others to suit our needs. The f ollowing illustrates some important differences between men and wome n. These differences are not absolute. They describe how men and wome n are in most situations most of the time.Problem Men and women approach problems with similar goals but with different considerations. While men and women can solve problem s equally well, theirapproach and their process are often quit different. F or most women, sharing and discussing a problem presents an opportuni ty to explore, deepen or strengthen the relationship with the person the y are talking with. Woman are usually more concerned about how proble ms are solved than merely solving the problem itself. For women, solving a problem can profoundly impact whether they feel closer and less alon e or whether they feel distant and less connected. The process of solving a problem can strengthen or weaken a relationship. Most men are less c oncerned and do not feel the same as women when solving a problem.Men approach problems in a very different manner than women. Fo r most men, solving a problem presents an opportunity to demonstrate their competence, their strength of resolve, and their commitment to a re lationship. How the problem is solved is not nearly as important as solvin g it effectively and in the best possible manner. Men have a tendency to dominate and to assume authority in a problem solving process. They set aside their feelings provided the dominance hierarchy was agreed upon i n advance and respected. They are often distracted and do not attend w ell to the quality of the relationship while solving problems.Some of the more important differences can be illustrated by obser ving groups of young teenage boys and groups of young teenage girls wh en they attempt to find their way out of a maze. A group of boys generall y establish a hierarchy or chain of command with a leader who emerges on his own or through demonstrations of ability and power. Boys explore the maze using scouts while remaining in distant proximity to each other . Groups of girls tend to explore the maze together as a group without es tablishing a clear or dominant leader. Relationships tends to be co-equal. Girls tend to elicit discussion and employ "collective intelligence" to the task of discovering a way out. Girls tend to work their way through the m aze as a group. Boys tend to search and explore using structured links an d a chain of command.Thinking While men and women can reach similar conclusions and make similar decisions, the process they use can be quit different and in some cases can lead to entirely different outcomes. In general, men andwomen consider and process information differently.Women tend to be intuitive global thinkers. They consider multiple sources of information within a process that can be described as simulta neous, global in perspective and will view elements in the task in terms o f their interconnectedness. Women come to understand and consider pr oblems all at once. They take a broad or "collective" perspective, and the y view elements in a task as interconnected and interdependent. Women are prone to becomeoverwhelmed with complexities that "exist", or ma y exist, and may have difficulty separating their personal experience from problems.Men tend to focus on one problem at a time or a limited number of problems at a time. They have an enhanced ability to separate themselve s from problems and minimize the complexity that may exist. Men come to understand and consider problems one piece at a time. They take a lin ear or sequential perspective, and view elements in a task as less interco nnected and more independent. Men are prone to minimize and fail to a ppreciate subtleties that can be crucial to successful solutions. A male m ay work through a problem repeatedly, talking about the same thing over and over, rather than trying to address the the problem all at once.While there are differences in the ways that men and women think, it must be emphasized that they can and do solve problems in a similar manner. There are no absolutes, only tendencies.Memory Women have an enhanced ability to recall memories that have strong emotional components. They can also recall events or experi ences that have similar emotions in common. Women are very adept at r ecalling information, events or experiences in which there is a common e motional theme. Men tend to recall events using strategies that rely on r econstructing the experience in terms of elements, tasks or activities tha t took place. Profound experiences that are associated with competition or physical activities are more easily recalled. There appears to be a struc tural and chemical basis for observed memory differences. For instance, the hippocampus, the area in the brain primarily responsible for memory , reacts differently to testosterone in men and it reacts differently to cha nging levels of estrogen and progesterone in women. Women tend to re member or be reminded of different "emotional memories" and content to some extent as part of their menstrual cycle.Sensitivity There is evidence to suggest that a great deal of the sens itivity that exists within men and women has a physiological basis. It has been observed that is many cases, women have an enhanced physical ala rm response to danger or threat. Their autonomic and sympathetic syste ms have a lower threshold of arousal and greater reactivity than men. In both men and women, higher levels of testosterone directly affect the ag gressive response and behavior centers of the brain. Increasing estrogen and progesterone in men has a "feminizing" effect. Sexually aggressive males become less focused on sexual aggressive behavior and content whe n they are given female hormones. On the other hand, changing estroge n and progesterone levels in women during menstrual cycles can produc e a "flood" of memories as well as strong emotions.Increasing or high levels of testosterone can produce an emotional i nsensitivity, empathic block and increased indifference to the distress ot hers. At the heart of sensitivity is our capacity to form, appreciate and m aintain relationships that are rewarding. Even here there are important d ifferences. For men, what demonstrates a solid relationship is quite differ ent from that of most women. Men feel closer and validated through sha red activities. Such activities include sports, competition, outdoor activiti es or sexual activities that are decidedly active and physical. While both men and women can appreciate and engage in these activities they often have preferential differences. Women, on the other hand, feel closer an d validated through communication, dialogue and intimate sharing of ex perience, emotional content and personal perspectives. Many men tend to find such sharing and involvement uncomfortable, if not, overwhelmin g. The Task Of Relationship Facing Men and Women The task that faces men and women is to learn to accept their differences, avoid taking their differences as personal attempts to frustrate each other, and to compro mise whenever possible. The idea that one gender can think and feel like the other if they truly loved each is rather absurd. Sure, a man or women could act in consideration of the other’s needs, but this would not nece ssarily be rewarding and honest. Holding the benefit of another above o ur own is rewarding. But from time to time, and more often for most of u s, it is important to be our self and to be accepted, and not to be the sou rce of distress and disappointment in the lives of people we love.The Role Of Counseling and Therapy Counseling and therapy can h elp a couple understand and appreciate each other, and even benefit fro m their differences. Understanding these differences intellectually is not enough. A counselor or therapist can help point out these differences, a s they surface, and guide a couple to a greater level of relationship. Unde rstanding that differences are not intentional and that misunderstanding s are merely the result of expectations that are not realistic can make a h uge difference in a relationship. The differences that can be sensed betw een a man and women can deepen their relationship. More importantly, when men seek to understand and appreciate that which is feminine, the y come to a deeper understanding of their self. And when a women seek s to understand that which is masculine in men, they come to appreciate and understand more about their own masculinity.。
Chapter 1 introducing second language acquisition1.SLA: a term that refers both to the study of individuals and groups who are learning alanguage subsequent to learning their first one as young children, and to the process of learning that language.2.Second language:an officially or societally dominant language (not L1) needed foreducation, employment or other basic purposesrmal L2 learning: SLA that takes place in naturalistic contexts4.Formal L2 learning: instructed learning that takes place in classroom5.Linguistic competence: the underlying knowledge that a speaker/hearer have of a language.Chomsky distinguishes this form linguistic performance.6.Linguistic performance: the use of language knowledge in actual production.7.First language/native language/mother tongue (L1): the language acquired in childhood8.Simultaneous multilingualism:ability to use one or more languages that were auqiredduring early childhood.9.Sequential multilingualism: ability to use one or more languages that were learned after L1had already been established.1.What are the three basic questions in SLA?(1)What exactly does the L2 learner come to know?(2)How does the L2 leaner acquire this knowledge?(3)Why are some learners more successful than others?2.Why there are no simple answers to these questions? (P2)Chapter 2 foundations of second language acquisition1.Multilingualism: the ability to use more than one language.2.Bilingualism: the ability to use two languages.3.Monolingualism: the ability to use only one language.4.Multilingual competence: “the compound state of a mind with two or more grammars”5.Monolingual competence: knowledge of only one language.6.Learner language: also called interlanguage which refers to the intermediate states orinterim grammars of leaner language as it moves toward the target L2.7.Positive transfer: appropriate incorporation(合并，编入) of an L1 structure or rule in L2structure.8.Negative transfer: inappropriate influence of an L1 structure or rule in L2 use, also calledinterference.9.Fossilization:a stable state in SLA where learners cease their interlanguage developmentbefore they reach target norms despite continuing L2 input and passage of time.10.Poverty-of-the-stimulus:the argument that because language input to children isimpoverished(穷尽的) and they still acquire L1, there must be an innate capacity for L1 acquisition.11.Innate capacity:a natural ability, usually referring to children’s natural ability to learn oracquire language.1.What is the nature of language learning?(1)Simultaneous/sequential multilingualism(2)The role of natural abilitya)Humans are born with a natural ability or innate capacity to learn another language.b)As children mature, so do their language abilities.c)Individual variation may occur in learning; the rate of learning can differ, but there arestages everyone goes through.d)“Cut off point”- if the process does not happen at a young age, you'll never learn thelanguage. （关键期假说）(Critical Period Hypothesis)(3)The role of social experiencea)Children will never acquire language unless that language is used with them andaround them, no matter what is their language.b)As long as children are experiencing input and social interaction, the rate and sequenceof development doesn't change.c)The only thing that may change is pronunciation, vocabulary, and social function.2.What are some basic similarities and differences in L1 and L2 learning? (P17表格)(1)Similarities between L1 and L2a)Development stagesInitial State - knowledge about language structures and principlesIntermediate State - Basic language developmentFinal State - Outcome of learningb)Necessary conditions: Input(2)Differences between L1 and L2（P17表格）3.What is “the logical problem of language acquisition”?(1)Children’s knowledge of language goes beyond what could be learned from the inputthey receive. (Poverty-of-the stimulus)(2)Constraints and principles cannot be learned(3)Universal patterns of development cannot be explained by language-specific input.(如果说普遍语法存在孩子们脑中，那语言输入起的作用又如何解释呢？)4.5.(1)Children begin to learn their language at the same age, and in much the same wayregardless of what the language is.(2)Children are not limited to repeating what they heard; they can understand and createnovel(新颖) utterance.(3)There is a cut-off age for L1 acquisition, beyond which it can never be completed.6.Linguists have taken an internal and external focus to the study of language acquisition.What is the difference between the two?The internal focus seeks to account for speakers’ internalized, underlying knowledge oflanguage. The external focus emphasizes language use, including the functions of language which are realized in learners’ production at different stages of development.Chapter 3 the linguistics of second language acquisition1.Interference: also called negative transfer, which means inappropriate influence of an L1structure or rule in L2 use.2.Interlanguage: also called learner language, which refers to the intermediate states orinterim grammars of leaner language as it moves toward the target L2.3.Natural order: a universal sequence in the grammatical development of language learners.4.Universal grammar: a linguistic framework developed most prominently by Chomsky whichclaims that L1 acquisitions can be accounted for only by innate knowledge that the human species is genetically endowed with. This knowledge includes what all languages have in common.nguage faculty: term used by Chomsky foe a “component of the human mind” thataccounts for children’s innate knowledge of language.6.Principles: properties(固有属性) of all languages of the world; part of Chomsky’s universalgrammar.7.Parameters: limited options in realization of universal principles which account forgrammatical variation between languages of the world. Part of Chomsky’s theory ofuniversal grammar.8.Initial state: the starting point of language acquisition; it is thought to include theunderlying knowledge about language structures and principles that are in learners’ heads at the very start of L1 or L2 acquisition.9.Final state: the outcome of L1 and L2 learning, also known as the stable state of adultgrammar.10.Markedness: a basic for classification of languages according to whether a specific featureoccurs more frequently than a contrasting element in the same category, is less complex structurally or conceptually, or is more “normal” or “expected” along some dimensions. 11.Grammaticalization(语法化): a developmental process in which a grammaticalfunction(such as expression of past time) is first conveyed by shared extralinguisticknowledge and inferencing based on the context of discourse, then by a lexical word(such as yesterday), and only later by a grammatical marker(such as the suffix -ed).一、The nature of language1.What we learn in linguistic perspective? What are the characteristics of language?Both L1 and L2 learners acquire knowledge at these different levels: lexicon(词汇学),phonology(语音学), morphology(构词法), syntax(句法). Languages are systemic,symbolic and social.二、Contrastive analysis1.What is contrastive analysis?CA is an approach to the study of SLA which involves predicting and explaining learner problems based on a comparison of L1 and L2 to determine similarities and differences.2.What is the goal of contrastive analysis?(assumptions)(1)If L2 acquisition is disturbed by the habits of your native language, it is reasonableto focus on the differences between native and target language.(2)Contrastive analysis had a practical goal: If you recognize the differences betweenyour native language and the target language, you are able to overcome thelinguistic habits of your native language that interfere with the habits of the targetlanguage.3.What are the critiques of contrastive analysis?(1)The process of L2 acquisition is not sufficiently described by the characterization oferrors.(2)Errors in L2 acquisition do not only arise from interference.(3)The structural differences between two languages are not sufficient to predict theoccurrence of errors in L2 acquisition.三、Error analysis1.What is error analysis？EA is based on the description and analysis of actual learner errors in L2, rather than onidealized linguistic structures attributed to native speakers of L1 and L2 (as in CA).(1)Ambiguity in classification. (不知道是具体是哪个原因导致比如时态错误，可能是一语影响，也可能是在一语中出现过的universal developmental process)(2)Lack of positive data. (正确的被忽略，只关注错误不能看出学生学到什么)(3)Potential for avoidance. (学生会避免错误，这样错误就不能全部被观察)四、Interlanguage1.What are the characteristics of interlanguage?(1)Systematic.(2)Dynamic.(3)Variable.(可变性) although systematic, differences in context result in differentpatterns of language use.(4)Reduced system, both in form and function. (学习者经常会简单化)2.There are differences between IL development and L1 acquisition, including differentcognitive processes involved:(1)Language transfer from L1 to L2.(2)Transfer training.(3)Strategies of second language learning. (避免等)(4)Strategies of second language learning. (为方便不要复数等)(5)Overgeneralization of the target language linguistic material.3.The beginning and the end of IL are defined respectively as whenever a learner firstattempts to convey meaning in the L2 and whenever development “permanently” stops, but the boundaries are not entirely clear. Identification of fossilization is even morecontroversial.五、Monitor model (The input hypothesis model)1.Which five hypotheses(假定) does the model consist of? (课本P45！！！)(1)Acquisition-learning hypothesis(2)Monitor hypothesis(3)Natural order hypothesis(4)Input hypothesis(5)Affective filter hypothesis2.What is LAD in this model?The LAD is made up of the natural language learning abilities of the human mind, totally available in L1 acquisition, available in L2 acquisition according to the level of the filter.But, the process of learning, unlike the process of acquisition, uses faculties of mind outside the LAD.3.图示4.What are points of the consensus of early linguistic study of SLA?(1)What is being acquired through a dynamic interlanguage system(2)How SLA takes place involves creative mental processes(3)Why some learners are more successful than others relates primary to the age.5.What is the role of grammar according to Krashen?The only instance in which the teaching of grammar can result in language acquisition(and proficiency) is when the students are interested in the subject and the targetlanguage is used as a medium of instruction.六、Universal grammar1.Differences of linguistic competence and performance(见Chapter1名词解释)2.What is UG? (名词解释)3.UG and L1 acquisition(1)What the child acquire is selecting parametric options.(2)Unlike SLA, attitudes, motivations and social context play no role.4.UG and SLA, there are three important questions(1)What is the initial state of SAL?Interference(看参数相同不相同); no agreement on access to UG(2)What is the nature of IL and how does it change over time?定参数的过程Language faculty; positive/negative evidence(起作用);constructionism; fossilization(3)What is the final state in SLA?(P52五个达不到的原因)七、Functional approaches (systemic linguistics)1.What are the four functional approaches?They are Systemic Linguistics; Functional Typology; Function-to-form mapping;Information organization.2.What is Systemic Linguistics(系统功能语言学)?Developed by Hilliday in the late 1950s, it is a model for analyzing language in terms ofthe interrelated systems of choices that are available for expressing meaning.儿童的语言体系是一个意义体系，语言是从意义体系逐渐发展而来，经历过有简单到复杂的过程。
ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPERStructural differences between the western and easternQiongdongnan Basin:evidence of Indochina block extrusion and South China Sea seafloor spreadingCuimei Zhang •Zhenfeng Wang •Zhipeng Sun •Zhen Sun •Jianbao Liu •Zhangwen WangReceived:26March 2013/Accepted:9August 2013ÓSpringer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013Abstract Located at the intersection between a NW-trending slip system and NE-trending rift system in the northern South China Sea,the Qiongdongnan Basin pro-vides key clues for us to understand the proposed extrusion of the Indochina Block along with Red River Fault Zone and extensional margins.In this paper we for the first time systematically reveal the striking structural differences between the western and eastern sector of the Qiongdon-gnan Basin.Influenced by the NW-trending slip faults,the western Qiongdongnan Basin developed E–W-trending faults,and was subsequently inverted at 30–21Ma.The eastern sector was dominated by faults with NE orientation before 30Ma,and thereafter with various orientations from NE,to EW and NW during the period 30–21Ma;rifting display composite symmetric graben instead of the com-posite half graben or asymmetric graben in the west.The deep and thermal structures in turn are invoked to account for such deformation differences.The lithosphere of the eastern Qiongdongnan Basin is very hot and thinned because of mantle upwelling and heating,composite symmetric grabens formed and the faults varied with the basal plate boundary.However,the Southern and Northern Uplift area and middle of the central depression is located on normal lithosphere and formed half grabens or simple grabens.The lithosphere in the western sector is transi-tional from very hot to normal.Eventually,the Paleogenetectonic development of the Qiongdongnan Basin may be summarized into three stages with dominating influences,the retreat of the West Pacific subduction zone (44–36Ma),slow Indochina block extrusion together with slab-pull of the Proto-South China Sea (36–30Ma),rapid Indochina block extrusion together with the South China Sea seafloor spreading (30–21Ma).Keywords Qiongdongnan Basin ÁStructural differences ÁRifting pattern ÁDeep structure ÁTectonic evolution ÁIndochina block extrusionIntroductionLocated at the intersection of two tectonic provinces,the Qiongdongnan Basin is crosscut to the west by Yinggehai strike-slip system,and to the east it borders the extensional Pearl River Mouth Basin.The development of the NW-trending Song Hong-Yinggehai Basin has often been ascribed to the southeastward slip and clockwise rotation of the Indochina block along the Red River Fault Zone (e.g.,Rangin et al.1995;Li et al.1998;Guo et al.2001;Sun et al.2003),and the ENE-trending extensional basin is formed by the retreat of the West Pacific subduction zone (Zhou et al.1995;Schlu¨ter et al.1996),rifting associated with the South China Sea seafloor spreading (Li 1994;Ru 1988),as well as the slab-pull of the proto-South China Sea in the south (Morley 2002;Taylor and Hayes 1983;Ren and Lei 2011).Owing to this setting,the tectonic history of the Qiong-dongnan Basin is one of great importance to understanding how the Indochina collision and South China Sea opening interact in the northern continental margin.In recent years,several authors have studied the tectonics of the intersection region between the Qiongdongnan BasinC.Zhang (&)ÁZ.Sun ÁJ.Liu ÁZ.WangKey Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology,South China Sea Institute of Oceanology,China Academy of Sciences,164W.Xingang Road,Guangzhou 510301,China e-mail:cmzhang@Z.Wang ÁZ.SunChina National Offshore Oil Corporation Ltd.,Corporation,Zhanjiang 524057,ChinaMar Geophys ResDOI 10.1007/s11001-013-9187-3and Song Hong-Yinggehai Basin,Zhong(2000)proposed that the formation of the Qiongdongnan Basin was influ-enced by sinistral slip on the Red River Fault.Based on analogue modeling experiments,Sun et al.(2005)further suggested that the NW-trending strike-slip and NE-trending extensional faults interacted to produce a complex triangle area,which is bounded by the nearly E–W-trending faults in the northwestern Qiongdongnan Basin.Although these studies were important steps forward,understanding the roles that the Red River Fault Zone play on the Qiongdon-gnan Basin evolution is far from satisfactory.In addition,the Qiongdongnan Basin unlike the Pearl River Mouth Basin,it does not directly juxtapose oceanic crust.To the south it is constricted by the Xisha and Zhongsha Blocks.It is unclear what influence the Xisha Block exerted on the formation of the Qiongdongnan Basin.In this paper,we compare the structural differences between the western and eastern Qiongdongnan Basin from structural pattern,rifting pattern and fault activities.By doing so,we are able to examine the controlling factors associated with such structural differences.We furthermore reconstruct the syn-rift evolution of the Qiongdongnan Basin,and the response to reorganization events of the plates in SE Asia.Geological settingThe Qiongdongnan Basin extends in a northeast orienta-tion,covering an area of45,000km2(Fig.1a).The basin borders on the Xisha Trough and the Northwest sub-sea basin to the east,the Pearl River Mouth Basin to the northeast,and the Song Hong-Yinggehai Basin to the west along the No.1Fault,which connects to the Red River Fault system(Gong and Li1997).Four tectonic units of the Qiongdongnan Basin have been defined(Fig.1b).These are the Northern Depression,the Central Uplift,the Central Depression and the Southern Uplift arranged from north to south.The Central Depression can be subdivided into several sags including Ledong Sag,Lingshui Sag,Songnan Sag,Beijiao Sag,Baodao Sag and Changchang Sag arranged from west to east.The Qiongdongnan Basin experienced two tectonic evolutionary stages from Paleocene,Eocene and Oligocene rifting to the Early Miocene-Quaternary post-rift stage. Figure1c shows the simplified Cenozoicfilling sequences for the Qiongdongnan Basin.The ages of the sequence boundaries have been adopted from Gong and Li(1997). There are four prominent unconformities developed in the Qiongdongnan Basin during the syn-rift stage,dating at44, 36,30and21Ma respectively.Unconformity at the bottom of the Cenozoic separates this from the pre-Cenozoic,and records the Qiongdongnan Basin rifting as starting at 44Ma(Zhang and Hao1997).Unconformities occurred at 36and30Ma across large parts of the basin,Ren and Lei (2011)pointed out that the boundary of30Ma separated the Paleogene sedimentary rocks into a lower,fault-con-trolled layer and upper post-faulting layer.The unconfor-mity at21Ma represents the point at which the basin ended rifting and entered the post-rift stage.Previous studiesSouth China SeaThe cause of opening of the South China Sea has remained a matter of controversy.Some scholars suggested that the formation of the South China Sea may be due to the extrusion and rotation of Indochina caused by the collision of India and Eurasia(Tapponnier et al.1986;Briais et al. 1993;Replumaz et al.2001;Fyhn et al.2009).However, others ascribe to the slab-pull of the proto-South China Sea (Taylor and Hayes1983;Clift et al.2008).Based on magnetic lineation,Taylor and Hayes(1980,1983)first dated the seafloor spreading to take place at the Late Oli-gocene(32Ma).Subsequently,the time of seafloor spreading has been revised to31Ma by incorporating new magnetic anomaly data(Barckhausen and Roeser2004). Combination with Sea Beam data,Briais et al.(1993) suggested that spreading of the South China Sea has occurred ridge jump.After anomaly11,seafloor spreading occurred in the Northwest and the East sub-sea Basin,and the spreading direction changed from NW to SE before 28.5Ma to roughly NS during28.5–25.5Ma.The ridge then jumped to the south and continued spreading.To data, there is some dispute about whether spreading ended at 20Ma(Barckhausen and Roeser2004)or it lasted until 16Ma(Briais et al.1993;Gradstein et al.2004).Red River FaultThe Red River Fault,a major strike-slip fault associated with extrusion of the Indochina block,is suggested to be closely related to the formation of the South China Sea (Tapponnier et al.1990;Morley2002;Clift et al.2008). The onshore segment of the Red River Fault reflects at least two successive deformation phases,sinistral and dextral motion,however their slip duration is still controversial (e.g.,Leloup et al.1995,2001;Tapponnier et al.1990; Chung et al.1997;Wang et al.1998,2000;Searle2006). Wang et al.(2001)geochronologic study of high potassic magmatic rocks suggested that the transpression along the Red River Fault Zone initiated as early as42Ma,with widely varying estimates of total slip of100–1400kmMar Geophys Res(e.g.,Tapponnier et al.1990;Harrison et al.1992;Leloup and Kienast 1993;Gilley et al.2003;Searle 2006).Reflected by a period of fast sedimentation in the Song Hong-Yinggehai Basin,34–17Ma intensive motion of the Red River Fault Zone has been deduced by Hoang et al.(2010).Reversal of Slip sense from left lateral to right lateral from 17to 5Ma is not well documented.The dextral motion on the Red River Fault likely started around 5Ma and has persisted until the present time (Allen et al.1984;Leloup et al.1995).Fig.1a Sketch map of the South China Sea.The square indicates the study area of this paper.b Diagram showing the study area and tectonic units of the Qiongdongnan Basin.c Filling sequences of the Qiongdongnan Basin.Abbreviations:YNS Yanan Sag,YBS Yabei Sag,LDS Ledong Sag,HGS Huaguang Sag,LLS Lingshui Sag,SXS Songxi Sag,SDS Songdong Sag,STU Songtao Uplift,SNS Songnan Sag,BDS Baodao Sag,SNU Songnan Uplift,BJS Beijiao Sag,LNU Lingnan Sag,CCS Changchang SagMar Geophys ResData sourcesThe dataset utilized in this study consists of multichannel 2-D seismic reflection data provided by the Chinese National Offshore Oil Company (CNOOC),as well as published 2-D seismic lines in the Qiongdongnan Basin (Xie et al.2007b ),as depicted in Fig.2.The 2-D seismic profiles that are about approximately 2000km long almost cover the whole Qiongdongnan Basin,with a trace interval of 12.5m and vertical resolution of 25–35m,respectively.We mapped structures with greatest confidence in areas covered by the dense 2-D seismic lines in the Qiongdon-gnan Basin,the average interval of the seismic lines trending NW–SE reaches 1.5km,and that trending NE–SW reaches 7.1km,whereas,correlation of faults in the southwestern and northwestern Qiongdongnan Basin is less certain,because our 2-D seismic lines are sparse.The structural distribution has been modified from the pub-lished literature,including the work of Clift and Sun (2006)and Zhu et al.(2009).Structural differences between the western and eastern Qiongdongnan Basin Structural pattern Structural patternThe Qiongdongnan Basin was dominated by extension deformation during the Cenozoic except for in the west,which is associated with a wrench motion along the Red River Fault.Figure 2a shows a mildly inverted fold where the Eocene and Oligocene sedimentary rocks lying in the hanging wall were uplifted.The folded sequences are sharply truncated around 25.5Ma and form triangular wedges bounded by step-like faults.The folds can be traced onto the cross section shown in Fig.2b,which is modified after Xie et al.(2007b ).The syn-rift sequences in the graben,mainly clastic sedimentary rocks deposited in alluvial,lacustrine to onshore and neritic facies (Xie et al.2008),which are mechanically weaker than theadjacentFig.2Evidences of inversion tectonics in the syn-rift sequence of Ledong Sag.a Inverted tectonic interpretation of seismic reflection line in the Ledong Sag.b Sketch of structural cross section showing kilometer-wavelength synform and antiform in the graben (Xie et al.2007b ).c Inverted tectonic in another seismic reflection line;d Structural map showing the distribution of inversion tectonics,together with seismic lines locationsMar Geophys Rescrystalline basement rocks,are involved into kilometer-wavelength folds with vertical amplitude of nearly0.5s two-way travel time(TWT)(approximately400m).The anticline structures imaged in Fig.2are the only inversion features so far documented in the Ledong Sag,and the extensional faults were not reactivated as thrusts as stated in other inverted basins.In order to reveal the inversion mechanism,two key aspects of the inversion in the Ledong Sag have been investigated:the time span and the geographic distribution. From calibrated seismostratigraphy,the onset of inversion in the Ledong Sag is assumed to have occurred during late Oligocene times,later than30Ma(Fig.2a,c).The unconformity at25.5Ma records the end of inversion.In planform view,the folds with NNE orientation are present at the junction of the Song Hong-Yinggehai and Qiong-dongnan Basins,which can be inferred to have occurred under the stressfield of N–S stretching and E–W transten-sion produced by sinistral slip associated with the Red River Fault Zone(Fig.2d).The inversion structures represent the shortening component of the strain locally.In summary,the inversions in the Ledong Sag are linked to strike-slip movement of the faults in the Song Hong-Yinggehai Basin. Spatial and temporal distribution comparison of extension faultsHigh-resolution reflection seismic collected by the petro-leum industry within the Qiongdongnan Basin not only allow us to map in detail the distribution of syn-sedimentary faults and depocenters,but also provide an excellent opportunity to investigate the spatial and temporal evolution of the exten-sional structure and its implications for the India-Asia col-lision and seafloor spreading in the South China Sea.Faulting of the basement in the Qiongdongnan Basin is well defined by seismic data because of clear imaging of the sediment-basement contact.The basement structure appears to be dominated by NE-trending faults,controlling the NE trend of the Eocene depocenters(Fig.3a).At around36Ma,the structure of the westernmost Qiong-dongnan Basin was clearly dominated by faults system with an E–W orientation.In the middle and east of the basin,the structure was controlled by NE-trending faults (Fig.3b).At around30Ma the faults of the Qiongdongnan Basin varied dramatically along strike(Fig.3c).Structure of the western and the middle basin was still dominated by E–W-and NE-trending faults respectively,but farther east, in the Baodao and Changchang Sags newly generated the NW-and E–W-trending faults are observed.Such a fault-ing pattern lasted until21Ma(Fig.3d),when most fault-ing stopped based on results from the seismic data interpretation,with the exception of some small scale E–W-and NW-trending faults within the Baodao and Changchang Sags(Fig.4).The Paleogene is most thickly developed in the central depression of the Qiongdongnan Basin(Fig.3),exceeding 3000m,though with a remarkable shift in the Neogene depocenter to the west.It is noteworthy that the depocenter of the Lower Oligocene displays a NNW-trend in the Le-dong Sag,almost parallel to the No.1Fault.E–W-trending faults appeared around30Ma in the western and the eastern parts of the Qiongdongnan Basin, which is not compatible with the NE-trending fault at the middle basin under the assumption of a uniform stressfield, but is more suggestive of different dynamic mechanisms.Rifting patternFrom the observed deformation style in the northern South China Sea and analog modeling experiments,the rifting pattern on the passive continental margin of the northern South China Sea was summarized into three types by Sun et al.(2009),(1)Type1-half graben or simple graben,(2) Type2-transitional grabens composed of composite half graben or asymmetric graben,and(3)Type3-composite, symmetric grabens.Rifting structures change greatly in the Qiongdongnan Basin(Fig.3),and all these types can be traced.The type1rift is distributed mainly in the uplift area and the middle central depression,for instance,in the Lingshui,Songnan,and Beijiao Sags,which are bordered by long faults with large vertical offsets.Type2grabens are focused in the western basin.Taking the Yabei Sag as an example,it has the structural configuration of a half graben with the master fault system along the northern margin and subordinate faults with the same dip inside which divided the sag into three half grabens or grabens; The southern border of Ledong Sag constitutes several large single faults,which make it appear like a asymmetric graben.Type3grabens are observed in the eastern basin, taking the Baodao and Changchang Sag as good examples. The sag boundaries are composed of large numbers of faults with small vertical offset(dozens of meters). Tectonic activitiesIn order to explore the major fault evolution in the Qiong-dongnan Basin,many scholars have conducted calculations of the intensity of fault activity by utilizing different approaches (e.g.,Li et al.2011;Liao et al.2012).Here,we only sum-marize the main results of their work and propose a model involving three main stages of evolution during the Paleogene (Fig.5).In thefirst stage(from44to36Ma),the NE-trending faults in the Qiongdongnan Basin were strongly active,with a vertical motion rate ranging from128to 373mm year-1(Li et al.2011).The faulting climaxed duringMar Geophys ResMar Geophys Resthis stage,thereafter,the intensity decreased.In the second stage from 36to 30Ma,the activity of the NE-trending faults became weaker,and faults with E–W orientation were gen-erated in the westernmost and eastern Qiongdongnan Basin.Both fault trends displayed close activity in vertical slip rate between 70and 130mm year -1(Li et al.2011).In the third stage from 30to 21Ma,the major boundary faults of the Qiongdongnan Basin experienced little motion,whereas faults in the basin interior that are roughly trending E–W and NW acted more intensely in the eastern sector and produced higher subsidence rates from 30to 23Ma than before (Xie et al.2007b ;Zhong 2000).From the seismic profilesinterpretation in Changchang Sag (Fig.4),these interior faults stopped moving around 16Ma and then were unconformably overlapped by flatting Mid-Miocene deposits.DiscussionControlling factors of faulting and rifting patterns In order to detect the rifting velocity,deep structure and evolution,the northern margin of the South China Sea was intensively studied through geological and geophysical investigation.Based on the geologic background and the regional Moho depth map of the South China Sea (Gong and Li 1997;Su et al.2004),we adjusted the Moho by uplifting it in the west and in the east portion of the Qiongdongnan Basin,where it reached up to 20kmdepthFig.4Sketch map showing the cross-section characteristics of the three types of rifting in the Qiongdongnan Basin,and the distribution in the planform view.The Lingshui,Songnan,and Beijiao Sags display half graben or simple graben,which bordered by long faults with large vertical offsets are classified into rifting of Type 1;YabeiSag displaying a faulted composite half graben was ascribed to rifting of Type 2,so is the Ledong Sag appearing like a asymmetric graben.The Baodao and Changchang Sag showing composite grabens are classified into Type 3Fig.3Map of syn-sedimentary faults of different periods in theQiongdongnan Basin and their controls on depocenters.Sedimentary thickness in meters.Dash lines are faults modified from from published literature (Li and Zhu 2005;Clift and Sun.2006;Zhu et al.2009)b Mar Geophys Res(Fig.6).In the seismic profiles,the Moho interface is distinguished from the crystalline basement by high-amplitude,continuous rather than chaotic reflections (Fig.7a,b).By simulating the velocity structure,Wang et al.(2013)suggested that the Moho depth is13.8km below sea level beneath the center of the Changchang Sag, and deepens gradually towards the north and south.Such crustal structure is the same as that documented in the Xisha Trough by Qiu et al.(2001).In that region the heat flow from the mantle is considerable(Shi et al.2002), especially in the Changchang Sag.The thermal perturba-tion is expected to modify the rheological stratification of the lithosphere(Callot et al.2001,2002;Morley1994, 1999),and in turn control the faulting and rifting patterns (Sun et al.2009).In the uplift zone and middle central depression,rifting of type1represented by long boundary faults with large vertical offset is supposed to be formed on the normal lithosphere(Sun et al.2009),the extension of which is accommodated by brittle faulting in upper crust to a great extent.As to the rifting of type3in the eastern portion,the lithosphere is very hot caused by mantle uprising(Fig.6) according to the high heatflow(about76mW/m2,Shi et al.2002)in the Xisha Trough.The ductileflow of the lower crust is prone to accommodate large proportions of extension,while brittle faulting in the upper crust only produced composite symmetric graben controlled by faults with small vertical offsets(dozens of meters)(Fig.3, Fig.4).From the Moho depth in Fig.6,the lithosphere in the western portion is inferred to be between very hotand Fig.6Moho depth in the Qiongdongnan Basin.Abbreviations of structural belt are the same as those in Fig.1.The red dash lines show the variation of the Moho depth in unit ofkilometersFig.5Variation of major fault activity rates in the QiongdongnanBasin(Li et al.2011).The positions of the faults are shown in Fig.3Fig.7Seismic example section showing the Moho interface reflec-tion.See Fig.6for locations.The black arrows indicated the Mohointerface with high amplitude,relatively continuous reflectionscMar Geophys ResMar Geophys Resnormal(Shi et al.2003).The transition type2rifting formed composite half graben or asymmetric graben.Clift and Sun(2006)and Tong et al.(2009)indicated that depth-dependent extension occurs in the western Qiongdongnan Basin,and resulted from ductileflow associated with lower crust.Their study gives strong support for deep structures with thermal response to the rifting patterns.The deep,thermally active structures exert influence not only on the rifting patterns,but also on the faulting ori-entation.The Northern Depression and the Southern Uplift are supposed to be located on relatively cold normal lith-osphere in terms of trend of heatflow measurements in the South China Sea(Shi et al.2003),the faulting is strongly impacted by the pre-existing faults,and tended to orient roughly in the same NE direction.However,faulting in the eastern Qiongdongnan Basin generated variable orientation faulting,which changed its trend from NE to E–W and then to NW(Fig.3).Sun et al.(2009)proposed that along with the thickness decrease of the brittle upper crust with hot temperature,the deformation became more sensitive to changes in the orientation of the basal plate boundary, therefore the deformation in the eastern Qiongdongnan Basin might be dominated by the boundary of the Xisha Block,coupled with the SE-NW extensional stress in the northern margin of the South China Sea.The NW-trending faults may correspond to the boundary of the Xisha block. Paleogene tectonic scenario of the Qiongdongnan BasinEvolution of the northern margin of the South China Sea is affected by the India-Eurasia collision(Morley2002; Tapponnier et al.1986),the subduction of the Pacific plate (Morley2001;Hall2002;Zhou et al.1995),as well as the slab-pull of the proto-South China Sea(Morley2002; Taylor and Hayes1983;Clift et al.2008).The Qiong-dongnan Basin lies on the intersection of NE-oriented extensional zone and NW-oriented slip zone.Our study of the structural development in the Qiongdongnan Basin provides important evidence and constraints for the study of the tectonic evolution and dynamics of the northern margin of the South China Sea.On this basis,a three-stage scenario of Paleogene tectonic evolution of the Qiong-dongnan Basin may be put forward(Fig.8),corresponding to the structural differences in the western and eastern Qiongdongnan Basin.1.Thefirst stage(44–36Ma)was characterized by thedominant influence of West Pacific subduction.Zhou et al.(1995)suggested that there was a steepening or eastward retreat of the West Pacific subduction zone during late Cretaceous to early Eocene,which conse-quently triggered crustal extension and thinning along the northern margin of the South China Sea,and resulting inthe onset of large-scale rifting(Schlu¨ter et al.1996).The orientation of faulting and depocenters in the Qiongdon-gnan Basin during this period is parallel to the strike of the subduction zone.The rifts of this episode are distin-guished from the later rifts by being straight andflat rather than curved and listric boundary faults.2.The second stage(36–30Ma)was characterized byboth influence from the slow Indochina block extru-sion and slab-pull of the Proto-South China Sea.Evidence supporting this argument includes the fol-lowing aspects:(a)the faulting could be divided into two sectors,at the middle and eastern portion where faults trend NE or NEE,and the northwesternmost Qiongdongnan Basin where faults trend EW and NE, generally oblique to the Red River Fault Zone;(b)the depocenter oriented NNW in Ledong Sag,which is vicinity of the Song Hong-Yinggehai Basin.The Qiongdongnan Basin experienced continental rif-ting along NE-and NEE-trending faults,the stress of which is considered to come from the south when the Proto-South China Sea subducted toward Borneo(Ren and Lei2011). Fault distribution in the western portion is high complex, likely owing to the merging of the Red River Fault with the faults of the rift basin.The faults trending NE were gen-erated during late Cretaceous to early Eocene controlled by the eastward retreat of the West Pacific subduction zone. When these faults in the northwest and southwest of the Qiongdongnan Basin were superimposed by sinistral shear stress exerted by the Red River Fault Zone motion,the NE-trending basement faults could rotate clockwise and pro-duce a complex triangle area which was bounded by nearly E–W-trending faults in the north and NE-trending faults in the south.Most faults in the triangle area trended E–W and dipped SE,which divided the triangle area into multiple uplifts and depressions.Such structural processes have been observed in the analogue experiment(Sun et al. 2005).Therefore,when the NE-trending basement faults in the western Qiongdongnan Basin were overprinted by younger NW-trending faults;those faults might correspond to make orientation shift to an average EW orientation. However,extensional faulting predominated in the western Qiongdongnan Basin in this stage,although sinistral movement controlled the faulting and orientation of de-pocenters.We conclude that sinistral slip on the Red River Fault Zone was less intensive than the extension linked to the Proto-South China Sea subduction in controlling the structural development of the basin.The western Qiong-dongnan Basin was produced relatively hot and thinned lithosphere jointly controlled by strike-slip and extensional stressfield.3.The third stage(30–21Ma)was characterized by theinfluence of rapid Indochina block extrusion,coupledMar Geophys Reswith South China Sea seafloor spreading.Extensional stress in the late Oligocene on the northern continental margin may have changed from southeastward to roughly southward (Ru 1988;Zhou et al.1995;Zhu and Jiang 1998),corresponding to the opening of the South China Sea.The fault activity in the Qiongdongnan Basin supports the above theory by generating roughly E–W-trending faults.In the same extensional stress field,the NE-trending faults in the uplift area and middle central depression retained the same trend as that in the second 36–30Ma stage;Faults orientations are dramat-ically variable and influenced by comprehensive factors including dynamics,deep structure etc.The faults with NE and EW orientation was determined by regional extensional stress field during the seafloor spreading of the South China Sea,those with NW orientation previ-ously was attributed to the accommodation structureswith respect to the NE-and E–W-trending faults.Here an alternative mechanism is proposed whereby the faults with small vertical offset lying in the hot and thin lithosphere were produced corresponding to the boundary of the Xisha Block.Besides in the western Qiongdongnan Basin,the inver-sion has been identified in the Lingao Uplift of Song Hong-Yinggehai Basin (Xu et al.2012)and in the Huaguang Sag (Xie et al.2007a ),both of which orientated NE was formed at 30Ma and ended at 21Ma.Such inversions along the Red River Fault Zone indicated that the Red River Fault Zone experienced intensive motion at 30Ma,which was inferred to be triggered by the Indochina block extrusion.Moreover,the inversion in the Huaguang Sag occurring earlier in the north than in the south could improve better understanding of thesoutheastwardFig.8Simplified maps showing the tectonic scenario of the Qiong-dongnan Basin.a 44–36Ma,with dominant influence of the eastern retreat of the West Pacific subduction zone.b 36–30Ma,with influence of the slow Indochina block extrusion and slab-pull of theProto-South China Sea.c 30–21Ma,with influence of rapid Indochina block extrusion,coupled with the South China Sea spreadingMar Geophys Res。
