美国CARB 标准Safeguards_06008_California

U.S. General Services Administration Federal Specification for theStar-of-Life AmbulanceKKK-A-1822FAugust 1, 20071. SCOPE, PURPOSE, AND CLASSIFICATION (1)2. APPLICABLE DO CUMENTS (3)3. REQUIREMENTS (6)4. QUALITY ASSURANCE PRO VISIO NS (55)5. DELIVERY (58)6. NO TES (59)T able 1:Emergency Lighting (24)Figure 1:Certification & Pay load Signage (62)Figure 2:Pay load Calculation Form (63)Figure 3:12-Volt DC Electrical Sy stem (64)Figure 4:125-Volt AC Electrical Sy stem (65)Figure 5:Portable Equipment Battery Charging Circuit (66)1.1 SCO PE.This specification identifies the minimum requirements for new automotive Emergency MedicalServices (EMS) ambulances (except military field ambulances) built on Original EquipmentManufacturer's Chassis (OEM) that are prepared by the OEM for use as an ambulance.The ambulances are front or rear wheel driven (4x2) and minimally warranted as specified in Section 6.Refurbishing and remounted vehicles are not covered by this standard. This standard applies to newvehicles only.By definition an ambulance is a vehicle used for emergency medical care and patient transport. Thisspecification is for the construction of ambulances, not for vehicles intended for use as fire appara-tus. National and international standards exist for automotive fire apparatus. These standards can beobtained from organizations such as the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA).Section 3 of this specification contains:•Optional configurations.• A worksheet to assist the purchaser in developing their procurement requirements.1.1.1 DEFINITION OF AMBULANCE.The ambulance is defined as a vehicle used for emergency medical care that provides:•A driver’s compartment.•A patient compartment to accommodate an emergency medical services provider (EMSP) and one patient located on the primary cot so positioned that the primary patient can be givenintensive life-support during transit.•Equipment and supplies for emergency care at the scene as well as during transport.•Safety, comfort, and avoidance of aggravation of the patient’s injury or illness.•T wo-way radio communication.•Audible and Visual Traffic warning devices.1.1.2 PURPO SE.The purpose of this document is to describe ambulances that are authorized to display the “Star of Life” symbol. It establishes minimum specifications, performance parameters and essential crite-ria for the design of ambulances and to provide a practical degree of standardization. The object is to provide ambulances that are nationally recognized, properly constructed, easily maintained,and, when professionally staffed and provisioned, will function reliably in pre-hospital or othermobile emergency medical service.1.1.3 “STAR OF LIFE” CERTIFICATION.The final stage ambulance manufacturer (FSAM) shall furnish to a purchaser an authenti-cated certification and label stating that the ambulance and equipment comply with thisspecification and applicable change notices in effect on the date the ambulance is con-tracted for. FSAMs making this certification are permitted to use the “Star of Life” symbolto identify an ambulance as compliant with the Federal specifications for ambulances. Useof the symbol must be in accordance with the purpose and use criteria set forth in pub-lished guidelines (Document Number DOT HS 808 721, Rev. June 1995) by the NationalHighway Traffic Safety Administration, an operating administration of the U.S. Departmentof Transportation.2.1 THE FOLLOWING STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS FORM A PARTOF THIS SPECIFICATION, TO THE EXTENT SPECIFIED OR REQUIRED BY LAW. UNLESS A SPECIFIC ISSUE OF A STANDARD ORREGULATION IS IDENTIFIED, THE ISSUE IN EFFECT, ON THE DATETHE AMBULANCE IS CONTRACTED FOR, SHALL APPLY.FEDERAL SPECIFICATIONS:RR-C-901C — CYLINDERS, COMPRESSED GAS: HIGH PRESSURE, STEEL DOT 3AA ANDALUMINUM APPLICATIONSFEDERAL STANDARDS:Federal Standard No. 297 — Rustproofing of Commercial (Nontactical) VehiclesMILITARY STANDARDS:MIL-STD-461 Requirements for the Control of Electromagnetic Interference Characteristics ofSubsystems and Equipment.MIL-STD-1223 Non-tactical Wheeled Vehicles, Painting, Identification Marking, andData Plate Standards.LAWS AND REGULATIONS:29 CFR 1910.1030: Blood borne Pathogens29 CFR 1910.7 Definition and Requirements for a Nationally Recognized T esting Laboratory21CFR 820: Quality System Regulation40 CFR 86: Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles and New Motor Vehicle Engines.47 CFR, PART 90: Public Safety Radio Services (FCC)49 CFR 393: Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSR)49 CFR 571: Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS)O NS.PUBLICATIO THER2.2The following documents form a part of this specification to the extent specified. Unless a specificissue is identified, the issue in effect, on the date the ambulance is contracted for, shall apply.THE TIRE AND RIM ASSOCIATION, INC.Y earbookNATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION70 – National Electric Code1901 – Standard for Automotive Fire ApparatusSOCIETY OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERS (SAE), INC., STANDARDS, AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICES:J163Low T ension Wiring and Cable T erminals and Splice ClipsJ537Storage BatteriesJ541Voltage Drop for Starting Motor CircuitsJ553Circuit BreakersJ561Electrical T erminals, Eyelet, and Spade T ypeJ575T ests for Motor Vehicle Lighting Devices & ComponentsJ576Plastic Materials, For Use In Optical Parts Such As Lenses and Reflectors of Motor Vehicle Lighting DevicesJ578Color Specification for Electric Signal Lighting DevicesJ595Flashing Warning Lamps for Authorized Emergency, Maintenance, and Service VehiclesJ638T est Procedure and Ratings for Hot Water Heaters for Motor VehiclesJ639Safety Practices for Mechanical Vapor Compression Refrigeration Equipment or Systems Used T o Cool Passenger Compartment of Motor VehiclesJ689Approach, Departure, and Ramp Break over AnglesJ682Rear Wheel Splash and Stone Throw ProtectionJ683Tire Chain ClearanceJ858Electrical T erminals, Blade T y peJ928Electrical T erminals, Pin, and Receptacle T ypeJ994Backup Alarms, Performance T est and ApplicationJ1054Warning Lamp, Alternating FlashersJ1127Battery CableJ1128LowT ension Primary CableJ1292Automobile, Truck, Truck-Tractor, Trailer, and Motor Coach WiringJ1349Engine Power T est Code, Spark Ignition and DieselJ1318 Strobe Warning LightsJ2498Minimum Performance of the Warning Light System Used on Emergency VehiclesNATIONAL TRUCK EQUIPMENT ASSOCIATION / AMD:AMD STANDARD 001– AMBULANCE BODY STRUCTURE STATIC LOAD TESTAMD STANDARD 002– BODY DOOR RETENTION COMPONENTS TESTAMD STANDARD 003– OXYGEN TANK RETENTION SYSTEM STATIC TESTAMD STANDARD 004– LITTER RETENTION SYSTEM STATIC TESTAMD STANDARD 005– 12-VOLT DC ELECTRICAL SYSTEM TESTAMD STANDARD 006– PATIENT COMPARTMENT SOUND LEVEL TESTAMD STANDARD 007– PATIENT COMPARTMENT CARBON MONOXIDE LEVEL TESTAMD STANDARD 008– PATIENT COMPARTMENT GRAB RAIL STATIC LOAD TESTAMD STANDARD 009– 125V AC ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS TESTAMD STANDARD 010– W ATER SPRA Y TESTAMD STANDARD 011– EQUIPMENT TEMPERATURE TESTAMD STANDARD 012– INTERIOR CLIMATE CONTROL TESTAMD STANDARD 013– WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION GUIDELINESAMD STANDARD 014– ENGINE COOLING SYSTEM TESTAMD STANDARD 015– AMBULANCE MAIN OXYGEN SYSTEM TESTAMD STANDARD 016–PATIENT COMPARTMENT LIGHTING LEVEL TESTAMD STANDARD 017– ROAD TESTAMD STANDARD 018– REAR STEP AND BUMPER STATIC LOAD TESTAMD STANDARD 019– MEASURING GUIDELINES: CABINETS & COMPARTMENTSAMD STANDARD 020– FLOOR DISTRIBUTED LOAD TESTAMD STANDARD 021– ASPIRATOR SYSTEM TEST, PRIMARY PATIENTAMD STANDARD 022– COLD ENGINE START TESTAMD STANDARD 023– SIREN PERFORMANCE TESTAMD STANDARD 024– PERIMETER ILLUMINATION TESTAMD STANDARD 025– MEASURING GUIDELINES: OCCUPANT HEAD CLEARANCE ZONESAMERICAN COLLEGE OF EMERGENCY PHYSICIANS (ACEP):Guidelines for Ambulance EquipmentAMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS (ASTM) STANDARDS:F920 Standard Specification for Minimum Performance and Safety Requirements forResuscitators Intended for Use with HumansF960 Standard Specification for Medical and Surgical Suction and Drainage SystemsD4956 Standard Specification for Retroreflective Sheeting for Traffic ControlD6210 Standard Specification for Fully-Formulated Glycol Base Engine Coolant forHeavy-Duty EnginesB117Standard Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) ApparatusIPC-610D Acceptability of Electronic AssembliesNATIONAL EMSC (EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES FOR CHILDREN)RESOURCE ALLIANCE:COMMITTEE ON AMBULANCE EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIESGuidelines for pediatric equipment and supplies for Basic and Advanced life support ambulancesAUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURERS EQUIPMENT COMPLIANCE AGENCY(AMECA): Approval of Motor Vehicle Safety Equipment (emergency lights and sirens)AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE:Z535.1 American National Standard for Safety ColorsFor assistance in obtaining the referenced documents, contact the Department of Commerce,National T echnical Information Service (NTIS).2.3 ORDER OF PRECEDENCE.In the event of a conflict between the text of this specification and the references cited, the text ofthis specification shall take precedence.3.3.1 GENERAL VEHICULAR DESIGN, TYPES, AND CONFIGURATION.3.1.1 DESIGN.The ambulance and the allied equipment furnished under this specification shall be the OEM’s cur-rent model year commercial vehicle of the T ype and Configuration specified. The ambulance shall becomplete with the operating accessories, as specified. The design of the vehicle and the specifiedequipment shall permit accessibility for servicing, replacement, and adjustment of component partsand accessories with minimum disturbance to other components and systems. The term “heavy-duty,” as used to describe an item, shall mean in excess of the standard quantity, quality, or capacityand represents the best, most durable, strongest, etc., part, component, system, etc., that is commer-cially available on the OEM chassis.3.1.2 TYPE I AMBULANCE (10,001 TO14,000 GVWR).T ype I vehicle shall be a cab chassis furnished with a modular ambulance body.3.1.2.1TYPE I - AD (ADDITIONAL DUTY) AMBULANCE (14,001 GVWR OR MORE).T ype I-AD shall be a Cab-Chassis with modular ambulance body, increased GVWR, storage,and payload.3.1.3 TYPE II AMBULANCE (9201 – 10,000 GVWR).T ype II ambulance shall be a long wheelbase Van, with Integral Cab-Body.3.1.4TYPE III AMBULANCE (10,001 TO 14,000 GVWR).T ype III shall be a Cutaway Van with integrated modular ambulance body.3.1.4.1 TYPE III- AD (ADDITIONAL DUTY) AMBULANCE (14,001 GVWR OR MORE).T ype III-AD shall be a Cutaway Van with integrated modular body, and increased GVWR, storage,and payload.3.1.5 CONFIGURATION OF PATIENT COMPARTMENT.Primary cot shall be loaded to position the patient’s head forward in the ambulance. The primary cotshall be mounted to provide maximum access from the EMSP seat.3.2 VEHICLE, AMBULANCE COMPONENTS, EQUIPMENT, ANDACCESSORIES.The emergency medical care vehicles; including chassis, ambulance body, equipment, devices, med-ical accessories, and electronic equipment shall be standard commercial products, tested and certi-fied to meet or exceed the requirements of this specification. The ambulance shall comply with allFederal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) and other Federal and state regulations applicableor specified for the year of manufacture. The chassis, components, and optional items shall be as rep-resented in the OEM’s current technical data. The ambulance body, equipment, and accessories shallbe as represented in their respective FSAM’s current technical data. The FSAM shall provide totalstandardization and interchangeability between similar vehicles, equipment, items, and accessoriesspecified for all ambulance units under each contract.DEVICES.3.2.1 MEDICALAll medical devices furnished must be marketed in compliance with Food and Drug Administration(FDA) regulatory requirements.MATERIALS.O VERED3.3 RECAll equipment, material, and articles required under this specification are to be new or fabricatedfrom new materials produced from recovered materials. The term “recovered materials” means mate-rials that have been collected or recovered from solid waste and reprocessed to become a source ofraw materials, as opposed to virgin raw materials. None of the above shall be interpreted to meanthat the use of used or rebuilt products is allowed.3.4 VEHICLE OPERATION, PERFORMANCE, AND PHYSICALCHARACTERISTICS.3.4.1 OPERATION AND PERFORMANCE.All requirements in Section 3.4 shall be met with the ambulance loaded at curb weight plus totalusable payload. The vehicle shall be capable of operating safely and efficiently under the environ-mental conditions outlined.O NS.O NDITI3.4.2 TEMPERATUREC3.4.2.1EXTERIOR.The ambulance and equipment shall be operable in ambient temperature ranging from 0°F to 95°F. 3.4.2.2INTERIOR.The interior of the ambulance patient compartment must be maintained at a minimum temperatureof 50°F when the ambulance is prepared for immediate response. This requirement does not applyto ambulances that are fully operational but being held in reserve or ambulances that are notfully operational.3.4.3 NOISE AND SOUND LEVEL LIMITS,EXTERIOR.Unless more stringent sound levels are regulated by the states and municipalities where the ambu-lance will be based, the exterior noise level produced by the vehicle, except siren, shall not exceedfederal regulations.3.4.4 VEHICLE PERFORMANCE.The ambulance shall provide a smooth, stable ride. When available from the OEM, automatic vehiclestability control (AVSC) shall be furnished.3.4.5 SPEED.The vehicles shall be capable of a sustained speed of not less than 65 mph over dry, hard surfaced,level roads, at sea level, and passing speeds of 70 mph when tested under normal ambient conditions.O N.3.4.6 ACCELERATIVehicle shall have a minimum average acceleration, at sea level, of 0-55 mph within 25 seconds. T estshall be performed under normal ambient conditions.3.4.7 GRADEABILITY.The vehicle shall be capable of meeting the following performance requirements. The determinationshall be made by actual test or OEM’s certified computer prediction.ATSPEED.3.4.7.1 GRADEABILITYMinimum gradeability at speed shall be 55 mph on a 3% (1.72°) grade.3.4.7.2 MINIMUM LOW SPEED GRADEABILITY.The minimum low speed gradeability shall be 5 mph on a 35% (19.3°) grade.3.4.8 FUEL RANGE.The ambulance shall be capable of being driven for at least 250 miles without refueling.3.4.9 FO RDING.The vehicle shall be capable of three fordings, without water entering patient and equipment com-partments while being driven through a minimum of 8" of water, at speeds of 5 mph, for a distance of at least 100'.3.4.10 VEHICLE PHYSICAL DIMENSIONAL REQUIREMENTS.3.4.10.1 LENGTH.Overall length of the ambulance (OAL) shall be specified by the purchaser, including bumpers, rearstep and bumper guards.3.4.10.2 WIDTH.The overall width of ambulance bodies having dual rear wheels shall be a maximum of 96",excluding mirrors, lights, and other safety appurtenances.The ambulance body sides, on a chassis with dual rear wheels, shall be symmetrical and within+/- 2.5" of the overall width of the tires (outside sidewalls). The 2.5" allowance is not cumulative; itapplies individually to each side. Tires shall not extend beyond the fenders.3.4.10.3HEIGHT.The purchaser shall specify the overall height of the ambulance when loaded to curb weight. Thisincludes roof-mounted equipment, but excludes two-way radio antenna(s).3.4.10.4 ANGLE OF APPROACH, RAMP BREAKOVER AND DEPARTURE.With the exception of the OEM’s furnished and installed components, the ambulance shall provide not less than the following clearance, measured in accordance with SAE J689.Approach angle 20°Ramp breakover 10°Departure angle 10°3.4.10.5 TURNING RADIUS.T urning radius shall not be greater than the OEM standard.3.4.10.6 FLOOR HEIGHT.The finished floor (loading) height shall be a maximum of 34”.3.5 VEHICLE WEIGHT RATINGS AND PAYLOAD.WEIGHT.3.5.1 CURBNon-permanently mounted equipment is considered to be part of the payload, not the curb weight.CAPACITY.O AD3.5.2 PAYLEach ambulance’s payload capacity shall be determined by completing the payload calculation formin Figure 2. The payload value of Figure 2, item 9 shall be displayed on the certification and payloadsignage as shown in Figure 1. The label shall be located in a conspicuous location in the ambulance.The required minimum payload per vehicle without optional equipment shall be as follows:1.Single rear wheeled, van ambulances (T ype II)—1500 lbs.2.Dual rear wheeled, modular ambulances (T ype I or III)—1750 lbs.3.Additional duty modular ambulances (T ype I AD or III AD)—2,250 lbs.The ambulance shall not be operated in an overloaded condition. EMSPs should determine that theactual load, to be placed on the vehicle, does not exceed the total usable payload as manufactured.Any additional items attached to, or carried on the vehicle by the EMSP will reduce the combinedweight of occupants and cargo that comprise the total usable payload.Additional weight added, resulting from specified options, will reduce the available minimum payloadper vehicle.Occupant weight shall be accommodated at 150 lbs. for each designated seating position and theprimary patient.FIGURE 1 – Certification & Payload SignageThe label shall be mounted on the body (module) interior in a conspicuous location.•The label shown here is suggested format.•Deviations in dimensions are acceptable.•All text must be included.CERTIFIED “STAR OF LIFE” AMBULANCEDate of Manufacture________________________________________________________________ Mfg By____________________________________________________________________________ Address___________________________________________________________________________ City_________________________________________________State________Zip______________ This ambulance conforms to Federal Specification KKK-A-1822 in effect on the datethe ambulance was contracted for.Final Stage Ambulance Manufacturers ID Number______________________________________ VIN_______________________________________________________________________________ OEM Chassis Model, Y ear of Manufacture_____________________________________________ Vehicle T y pe_______________________________________________________________________NOTICE: THIS VEHICLE, AS MANUFACTURED, CONFORMS TO THE PA YLOAD REQUIREMENTS OFTHE FEDERAL AMBULANCE SPECIFICATION KKK-A-1822. USERS SHALL NOT LOAD VEHICLES ABOVE THE GVWR, GAWRs OR EXCEED THE TOTAL USABLE PA YLOAD LISTED BELOW.TOTAL USABLE PA YLOAD ___________________lbs.(TOTAL REMAINING WEIGHT CAPACITY OF OCCUPANTS AND CARGO USER MA Y ADD)FIGURE 2 – Payload Calculation FormThe completed form shall be included in the handbook of instructions.•The form shown here is suggested format.•Deviations in dimensions are acceptable.•All text must be included.CUSTOMER USABLE PA YLOAD INFORMATIONFinal Stage Ambulance Manufacturer's Name:__________________________________________ OEM Chassis Y ear, Make, Model:______________________________________________________1) Ambulance Model, T ype, Prod. #:__________________________________________________2)OEM GA WR – Front:_________lbs3)OEM GA WR – Rear:__________lbs4)OEM GVWR:__________lbs5)Minimum Payload Per KKK-A-1822:__________lbs6)Curb Weight –AS BUIL T–Front Axle:__________lbs7)Curb Weight – AS BUIL T–Rear Axle:__________lbs8)T otal Curb Weight – AS BUIL T:__________lbs9)CUSTOMER USABLE T otal Payload AS BUIL T(item 4 minus item 8):__________lbs10)CUSTOMER USABLE Front Axle Payload AS BUIL T(item 2 minus item 6):__________lbs11)T otal Weight of Permanently mounted Options Specified (only requiredif item 9 does not meet or exceed item 5):__________lbs12)Payload of Basic KKK Vehicle (item 9 plus item 11) (only required if item9does not meet or exceed item 5):__________lbs3.5.3 GROSS VEHICLE WEIGHT RATING (GVWR).The combination of the vehicle’s curb weight and total usable payload weight shall not exceed theambulance GVWR.O N.3.5.4 WEIGHTDISTRIBUTIPurchasers and FSAMs shall locate vehicle-mounted components, equipment, and supplies to providea vehicle that is laterally balanced and within the GVWR and each gross axle weight rating (GA WR).The right and left wheel(s) of each axle of a completed ambulance shall be weighed to determine hor-izontal and lateral weight distribution. The weight distribution of a properly loaded ambulance on alevel surface shall permit conformance to the FMVSS braking requirements in accordance with thestatements provided by the OEM. All specifications and requirements for weight distribution andcenter of gravity of the OEM shall take precedence over the requirements contained in this sectionwhere the OEM’s requirements are more restrictive or comprehensive.•The weight between the right and left side of a given axle, when on a level surface, shall be within 5%.•When loaded to the GVWR and within the GA WR for each axle, the front to rear weight distribu-tion shall have not less than 20% of the total weight on the front axle, and not less than 50% normore than 80% on the rear axle.•The FSAM shall locate the center of gravity (CG) of the vehicle according to the requirements set by the OEM to determine and assure that the CG of the completed ambulance does not exceedany maximum horizontal and/or vertical limits.T o meet the above weight distribution requirements, consideration shall be given by the purchaserand FSAM to locate equipment and components to permit inherently proper lateral balance,front/rear axle loading, and center of gravity position.3.5.5 RATINGS.Vehicle and component ratings shall be the OEM’s published ratings and shall not be raised above the OEM’s rating.3.5.6 CAB TO AXLE (CA), TYPE I AND III VEHICLES.Cab to axle (CA) dimension of the vehicle chassis shall permit a minimum of 50% of the outside bodylength (including cab extensions) forward of the rear axle centerline, in addition to any cab to bodyclearance. Bodies designed with wheel openings shall have the rear wheels centered,within +/- 2" of those openings.3.6 CHASSIS, POWER UNIT, AND COMPONENTS.3.6.1 CHASSIS-FRAME.The chassis shall include the OEM’s ambulance preparation package when available. The chassis-frame and components shall be constructed to withstand the strains of on-off road service and any specialservice and equipment requirements specified. All chassis (including cab) components shall be as repre-sented in the OEM’s technical data.LUBRICATIO N.3.6.2 VEHICLEThe chassis components, devices, accessories, and added equipment requiring lubrication shall be fully equipped with lubrication fittings, as provided by the OEM or equipment manufacturer.3.6.3 POWER UNIT, ENGINE.UNIT.3.6.3.1 P O WERThe power unit shall meet or exceed the required vehicle performance specified at not more than theengine manufacturer’s recommended operating engine speed. The OEM’s diesel engine and power trainshall be provided. The OEM’s block heater shall also be furnished.3.6.3.2 ENGINE LOW TEMPERATURE STARTING.The engine shall start satisfactorily without the aid of engine block preheating devices (except glowplugs) or combustion air preheater at 0°F. The determination shall be made by actual test or OEM’scertification.3.6.4 POWER UNIT COMPONENTS.3.6.4.1 OIL FILTER.The oil filter shall be the OEM’s standard for the engine offered.3.6.4.2 AIR FILTER.The air filter shall be the OEM’s standard for the engine offered.3.6.4.3 AIR POLLUTION CONTROL.Vehicles destined for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam andAmerican Samoa shall comply with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations governingControl of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles and New Motor Vehicle Engines in effect on date ofmanufacture of the engine.3.6.4.4 FUEL SYSTEM.The fuel system shall conform to all applicable FMVSS, FMCSR, CARB, and EPA requirements.The fuel system components shall be installed, connected, and routed in accordance with all OEM’sguidelines. A permanent label at the fuel filler opening shall be furnished specifying the specific typeof fuel required.3.6.4.5 C O O LINGSYSTEM.A coolant overflow recovery tank and compensating system shall be furnished. The cooling systemshall be protected with an OEM solution of extended life antifreeze/coolant. Coolant to be the OEM’srecommended type and mixture. The FSAM shall provide the OEM maximum size cooling system forthe engine provided. The cooling system design shall maintain the engine at safe operating tempera-tures at all drivable altitudes and grades encountered during on and off road vehicle use.SYSTEM.3.6.4.6 EXHAUSTThe exhaust shall discharge at the vertical side(s) of the ambulance at a maximum distance of 1"beyond the side of the module and be angled /positioned to project the exhaust away from the door(s)to minimize fumes and contaminants entering the interior. On modular vehicles, the tailpipe outletshall not terminate within 12" of the vertical axis of the fuel tank filler opening(s) when located on thesame side. Modifications or extensions made to the OEM exhaust system shall meet or exceed OEM’srequirements in terms of backpressure, components, design, and workmanship.TRAIN.3.6.5 DRIVE3.6.5.1 DRIVE TRAIN COMPONENTS.The drive train and component’s torque capacity shall meet or exceed the maximum torque devel-oped in the lowest gear ratio by the engine.3.6.5.2 AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION.The OEM’s automatic transmission shall be provided. The transmission shall provide not lessthan four speeds forward and one reverse and shall be equipped with the OEM’s heaviest dutytransmission fluid cooler.3.6.5.3 DRIVELINE.The driveline (driveshaft, U-joints, etc.) shall be balanced and supported to perform throughout thedesign speed range without whipping or vibrating.3.6.5.4 BRAKE SYSTEMS, SERVICE AND PARKING.OEM’s heaviest duty, power assisted brakes, linings, and parking brake shall be furnished on the OEM chassis offered. Antilock brake systems shall be furnished when available from the OEM.3.6.5.5 SPECIAL TRACTION (REAR END) DIFFERENTIAL.All ambulances shall have a positive traction, limited slip differential or automatic, locking typedifferential, unless not furnished with the OEM’s AVSC system.3.6.5.6 SUSPENSION.Vehicle shall be equipped with laterally matched sets (front and rear) of spring, torsion, or air suspen-sion system components. Components shall have a rated capacity in excess of the load imposed oneach member. Only corrections permitted by the OEM to compensate for lean due to normal springtolerance variations are permitted. Correction of lean due to imbalance is not permitted.。

SGS CONSUMER TESTING SERVICESCalifornia: Formaldehyde Emission Requirements to be Lowered for Composite Wood ProductsThe Airborne Toxic Control Measure (ATCM) to control formaldehyde emissions from composite wood products drafted by California Air Resource Board (CARB) was approved on April 18, 2008 by the Office of Administrative law. The first emission standards will be effective on January 1, 2009.HARDLINESNO. 060/08 SEPTEMBER 2008SAFE GUARDSThe airborne toxic control measure establishes new standards to reduce formaldehyde (HCHO) emissions from composite wood products, and finished goods that contain composite wood products that are sold, offered for sale, supplied, used or manufactured for sale in California 1. This regulation applies to manufacturers,distributors, importers, fabricators and retailers. The composite wood products covered are hardwood plywood, particleboard, and medium density fiberboard. The standard requirements will be implemented in a 2-phase system. Phase 1 will be effective on January 1, 2009 and Phase 2 will be 2010 – 2012 (Table 1).Table 1. P1 and P2 formaldehyde Emission Standards for HWPW, PB and MDF Phase 1 and Phase 2 Formaldehyde Emission Standards for Hardwood Plywood(HWPW),Particleboard (PB), and Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF) Phase (P)MethodHWPW-VC (ppm) HWPW-CC (ppm) PB (ppm)MDF (ppm)Thin MDP (ppm) Effective Date1Primary ASTM E1333-96 (2002)or Second ary ASTM D6007-0020.080.180.210.21Jan 1, 20090.08July 1, 2009 2 0.05Jan 1, 20100.090.11Jan 1, 20110.13Jan 1, 20120.05July 1, 2012 1.‘Airborne Toxic Control Measure to Reduce Formaldehyde Emissions from Composite Wood Products’, § 93120-93120.12, Title 17, California Code of Regulations; /toxics/compwood/compwood.htm and references thereinUltra-Low Emitting Formaldehyde (ULEF) Resin Emission Target and Cap Values(ppm) for Particleboard (PB) and Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF) 2PB (ppm) MDF (ppm) Thin MDF (ppm)ULEF-Target 0.05 0.06 0.08 ULEF-cap0.080.090.11There are provisions for manufacturers of HWPW, PB and MDF with ultra-low emitting formaldehyde (ULEF) resins. For HWPW to qualify for approval to test less frequently, formaldehyde emissions must be no higher than the Phase 2 standards (Table 1) subject to certain conditions. For PB and MDF, all data must be no higher than the ULEF-cap values (Table 2), again under certain conditions.Sell-through provisions and dates are provided for Manufacturers, Distributors, Importers, Fabricators and Retailers not meeting the formaldehyde emission standards in P1 or P2. For US retailers of HWPW, PB and MDF, the sell through provision allows up to 12 months to clear inventory without penalty. For US retailers of finished goods containing HWPW-VC, HWPW-CC, PB, MDF or thin MDF, the sell through provision allows up to 18months to clear inventory. Throughout our global network of laboratories, we are able to provide a range of services, including analytical testing and consultancy for the emission of formaldehyde. Our laboratories in Hong Kong, Guangzhou and Shanghai have applied for certification as a the third party certification laboratory for the ATCM ³. Please do not hesitate to contact us for further information.Products meeting the above emission limits must be certified by a CARB approved third party certification program unless they are approved Ultra Low Emission Formaldehyde (ULEF) or No Added Formaldehyde (NAF) products. There are specific exemptions allowed from ATCM. Some of the key exemptions include,• products sold outside California,,• products used in manufactured homes that are subject to Federal HUD requirements,• goods purchased outside California and moved to California as part of household move,• specific product exemption for finger joint lumber, certain hardwood and plywood items meeting applicable ANSI and ASTM standards, •windows containing less than 5% composites.NoteTable 2. ULEF value resin emission targets and cap values for PB and MDFAbbreviationRemarkHWPW-VCHardwood Plywood – Veneer Core HWPW-CCHardwood Plywood – Composite Core PB ParticleboardMDF Medium Density BoardThin MDF Thin Medium Density Board with a maximum thickness of 8 mm ULEF ResinsUltra-Low-Emitting Formaldehyde Resins are resins formulated such that average formaldehyde emissions are consistently below the Phase 2 emission standards2.Concentrations must be based on correlations with the primary or secondary test method ³ /toxics/compwood/tpc.pdfFOR ENQUIRIES:Global Competences Support Centre: gcsc@HingWo Tsang + 852 2774 7420 or : HingWo.Tsang@Asia – Hong Kong. Tel: +852 2334 4481 Fax: +852 2144 7001 mktg.hk@Australasia _ Perth. Tel: +61 (0) 3 9790 3418 Fax: +61 (0) 3 9701 0988 au.cts@Europe – London —UK. Tel: +44(0) 20 8991 3410 Fax: +44 (0) 20 8991 3417 gb.cts.sales@ Africa & Middle East – Turkey. Tel: +90 212 225 0024 Fax: +90 212 296 47 82 sgs.turkey@ Americas – USA. Tel: +1 973 575 5252 Fax: +1 973 575 1193 @ Global Competences Support Centre: gcsc@If you wish to unsubscribe to this technical bulletin, go here: Unsubscribe © 2008 SGS. All rights reserved. This is a publication of SGS, except for 3rd parties’ contents submitted or licensed for use by SGS. SGS neither endorses nor disapproves said 3rd parties contents. This publication is intended to provide technical information and shall not be considered an exhaustive treatment of any subject treated. It is strictly educational and does not replace any legal requirements or applicable regulations. It is not intended to constitute consulting or professional advice. The information contained herein is provided “as is” and SGS does not warrant that it will be error-free or will meet any particular criteria of performance or quality. Do not quote or refer any information herein without SGS’s prior written consent.FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONSWhat services will SGS provide to their clients?• Expert advice regarding CARB TPC (third party certification) services,• Evaluation as to how the regulation can effect them,• Having their overseas or domestic materials suppliers certified,• Having their product tested as a final check before distribution.What products and materials are covered by CARB?All products that contain the following materials to be sold in the state of California:• Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF) products, examples include • Furniture• Household products• Toys and juvenile furniture• Construction products• Plywood• ParticleboardIt is important to note that only the materials (i.e., MDF board) are tested and certified. The finished product (i.e., table or chair) are not evaluated. A finished product may be composed of several materials that require CARB certification. It will be important for retailers/fabricators to check carefully to ensure that all listed materials are in compliance.What is involved in certification?• Testing• Large Chamber (ASTM E1333)• Small chamber (ASTM D6007)• Field Services• Audit• Inspection for mill testing• Record Keeping• LabelingThe testing, performed initially in large chambers, is designed to record the formaldehyde emissions of the manufactured material. Once the material has passed, testing must be repeated quarterly to keep the certification current. This will allow the manufacturer to label the product as meeting the current CARB emission requirements for formaldehyde. The third part certification agency (TPC) will be required to audit the manufacturers QA records and to assist the manufacturer with record keeping of all CARB related QA activities.How will I know that a product/ material is certified?• Labels• Record KeepingAll listed and certified materials should be labeled as such; however, the best way to ensure compliance will be through checking records that are sent with each shipment of materials to the fabricator. CARB requires that a chain of custody be maintained through final sale of the product containing listed materials. What if there is a question concerning certification of a finished product?This is a grey area that will be worked out over time. CARB does not have a current procedure to test a finished product to check for compliance. The current thinking is that there will be a method for stripping and testing the product in total as opposed to disassembling the product and testing the individual components. We will keep all of our clients informed as to the progress of this procedure.。

EPA法案和CARB法规的异同EPA甲醛释放量法案是基于CARB法规建立的联邦法律，将管控范围由加州扩大到了全美范围。

EPA法案和CARB法规在产品甲醛释放量限值和企业内部质量控制方法上保持不变。

表一甲醛释放量限值表二法规认可的企业内部质量控制方法EPA法案在适用范围、企业检测方法与美国气候箱法之间的对应关系、胶合板检测频率、记录要求、标签要求、不合格品的控制等方面上，对CARB法规进行了补充和完善。

具体情况如下：1.适用范围EPA法案适用于美国全联邦，而CARB法规只适用于美国加州。

除硬木胶合板、刨花板和中密度纤维板以外，EPA法案加入了贴面产品，贴面产品是指将木质单板或禾本科植物（如：竹子）单板贴到刨花板，中密度纤维板、胶合板或由其组成的芯层上所得到的产品。

贴面产品的甲醛释放量限值依据硬木胶合板（Hardwood plywood）的0.05ppm，但使用酚醛树脂胶粘剂或不含甲醛的胶黏剂将木质单板或是禾本科植物（如：竹子）单板贴到芯层上，且芯层材料符合EPA法规中的甲醛释放量限值要求的贴面产品除外。

EPA法案在2016年12月12日公布，给硬木胶合板、中密度纤维板和刨花板1年的缓冲期，即2017年12月12日强制性执行，而给层压产品的缓冲期是7年。

也就是说， 2023年12月12日起，使用脲醛树脂胶或三聚氰胺改性的脲醛树脂胶贴面的层压产品必须满足EPA法案中的硬木胶合板的甲醛释放量限值要求。

在法规出台后，EPA又发布了一个通告，将硬木胶合板、中密度纤维板和刨花板强制性实施时间由2017年12月12日延迟到2018年3月22日，而将层压产品的时间由2023年12月12日延迟到2024年3月22日。

2.记录的要求EPA法案将对认证企业的相关记录保存期限由CARB法规的2年延长到3年，并要求达到可追溯性。

除了CARB法规要求的日常检测结果、生产工艺、销售、运输等记录外，EPA 法案要求认证企业对标签的使用进行严格控制并做记录。

硬木胶合板(HWPW)、刨花板(PB)和中密度纤维板(MDF)CARB认证制造商的要求加利福尼亚州CARB法规规则号：新的一章：93120.1-93120.12，标题号：17有毒空气控制测量以减少木质人造板中的游离甲醛释放93120章中包括1-12节，其内容是关于有毒空气控制测量以减少木质人造板中的游离甲醛释放。

目的：关于空气中有毒物质的控制测量是为了减少在加利福尼亚州销售、供应、使用或制造的木质人造板及含有木质人造板的制品中的甲醛的释放量。

范围：本项法规所指的木质人造板产品包括：硬木胶合板、刨花板、中密度纤维板适用性：本项测量适用于：（1）在加利福尼亚州销售、供应、使用或制造的硬木胶合板、刨花板和中密度纤维板的制造商；（2）在加利福尼亚州销售、供应、使用或制造的硬木胶合板、刨花板和中密度纤维板的销售商；（3）在加利福尼亚州销售、供应、使用或制造的木质人造板及含有木质人造板的制品的进口商；（4）应用硬木胶合板、刨花板和中密度纤维板制造其他产品在加利福尼亚州销售、供应的组装制造商；（5）在加利福尼亚州销售、供应、使用或制造的木质人造板及含有木质人造板的制品的零售商；（6）在93120.1章中的标题17中定义了第三方认证。

关于空气中有毒物质的控制测量不适用于加利福尼亚州以外的制造、销售、组装、进口、待售、供应的硬木胶合板、刨花板和中密度纤维板和含有木质人造板的制品。

§ 93120.1 定义该节有45项定义，分别对规则中提及的机构、名词术语等作了规定，例如对“甲醛”是这样定义的：“甲醛”是一种在室温下无色的气体，在高浓度下有强烈的刺激性气味，会刺激眼、鼻和肺（即CAS No.50-00-0）。

又例如对硬木胶合板(HWPW)的定义，它是指各层由硬木单板组成的胶合板(HWPW-VC)或以其他人造板如刨花板或中纤板为芯板，表板为硬木单板组成的胶合板(HWPW-CC)。

等等。

§ 93120.2 硬木胶合板、刨花板和中密度纤维板的甲醛释放标准该标准分两阶段实施，即分别为Phase 1 (P1)和Phase 2(P2)，对各种板材的实施的时间分别从2009年、2010年、2011年和2012年开始。

美国加州65标准美国加州65标准是指加州提出的一项关于化学品安全的法规，旨在保护公众免受有害化学品的危害。

该标准要求在加州销售或分发的产品中，如果含有被列入加州65号法案的化学品，则必须在产品上贴上警示标签，以提醒消费者注意潜在的危险。

这项标准的提出得到了广泛的支持，因为它可以帮助消费者更好地了解产品中的化学成分，从而做出更明智的购买决策。

同时，对于生产商来说，遵守这项法规也可以提高其产品的透明度和可信度，有利于树立企业良好的形象。

根据加州65标准，对于被列入法案的化学品，必须在产品上以明显的方式标明“这种产品可能含有导致癌症、生殖毒性或其他严重健康危害的化学物质”，并提供有关该化学品的更多信息。

这些警示标签通常以醒目的方式展示，以便消费者能够轻松识别并了解产品中的潜在风险。

在实际应用中，这项标准对于各行各业都有一定的影响。

例如，在食品行业，对于含有可能致癌物质的食品，生产商必须在包装上做出相应的标识，以便消费者在购买时能够做出知情决策。

在化妆品和个人护理产品领域，同样需要对含有有害成分的产品进行警示标识，并提供相关信息。

此外，在建筑材料、汽车零部件等领域，也需要严格遵守这项标准，确保产品的安全性和透明度。

尽管加州65标准在保护消费者健康方面发挥了积极作用，但也引发了一些争议。

一些人认为，警示标签可能会导致消费者产生恐慌情绪，甚至对某些产品的销售造成负面影响。

此外，一些生产商也担心，过多的警示标签可能会影响产品形象和市场竞争力。

总的来说，美国加州65标准对于化学品安全意识的提高起到了积极的推动作用。

它促使生产商更加关注产品成分的安全性，也提醒消费者在购买时要对产品成分有所了解。

然而，在实施过程中，还需要平衡好产品安全和消费者权益之间的关系，以确保标准的有效实施，为公众提供更安全的消费环境。

nhtsa 标准清单NHTSA（National Highway Traffic Safety Administration）是美国国家公路交通安全管理局的简称。

作为美国联邦政府机构，NHTSA的使命是在公路交通安全和消费者保护方面提供领导和服务，以减少交通事故的发生和伤亡。

为了实现这一目标，NHTSA制定了一系列标准，以确保车辆的安全性和合规性。

以下是NHTSA标准的清单。

1. FMVSS（Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards）：这些标准规定了美国车辆制造商必须满足的基本安全要求。

它们涵盖了各种方面，包括安全带、碰撞气囊、制动系统、灯光和车身结构等。

2. NCAP（New Car Assessment Program）：这是一个评估新车安全性能的计划。

通过进行碰撞试验和其他测试，NCAP评估车辆在各种交通事故情况下的表现，并给出相应的安全等级。

3. CRASH（Crashworthiness）：这一标准涉及车辆的结构强度和撞击保护能力。

它确保车辆在碰撞发生时能够保护车内乘员的安全。

4. Rollover Resistance（侧翻抵抗）：这个标准的目标是减少车辆侧翻的风险，并提高在侧翻事故中乘员的保护水平。

标准考虑了车辆的动力学特性、车身结构和悬挂系统等因素。

5. Child Passenger Safety（儿童乘客安全）：这一标准确保儿童在汽车中乘坐安全座椅时得到适当的保护。

它规定了座椅的设计、安装和使用要求，以保护儿童免受碰撞和其他意外事件的伤害。

6. Electrical Safety（电气安全）：这一标准确保车辆的电气系统的安全性和可靠性。

它涵盖了电池、电缆、安全开关和其他相关部件的要求，以防止电气故障引发火灾或其他危险情况。

7. Distracted Driving（分心驾驶）：这一标准致力于减少车辆司机因分心而导致的交通事故。

它规定了使用电子设备、通信装置和其他可能干扰驾驶的设备的限制，以确保驾驶员专注于驾驶任务。

美国产品安全标志加拿大产品安全标准德国乃至整个欧洲产品安全标志，主要侧重于元器进入欧盟市场产品的通件比利时产品安全标志意大利产品安全标志英国产品安全标志韩国产品安全标志日本产品安全标志新加坡安全标志北欧四国产品安全标志奥地利产品安全标志中国产品安全标志德国整机产品安全标志国际电工委员会通用标准荷兰产品安全标志澳大利亚产品安全标志瑞士产品安全标志CE 标志GS 标志EMC 标志欧洲共同市场安全标志德国安全认证标志德国电磁兼容认证标志UL 标志CB证书和测试报告LVD北美安全认证标志全球性相互认证体系低电压指令PSE 标志CCC 标志Nordic标志日本产品安全认证标志中国强制认证北欧四国安全认证标志CE 标志GS 标志EMC 标志欧洲共同市场安全标志德国安全认证标志德国电磁兼容认证标志UL 标志CB证书和测试报告LVD北美安全认证标志全球性相互认证体系低电压指令PSE 标志CCC 标志Nordic标志日本产品安全认证标志中国强制认证北欧四国安全认证标志CE标志 - 欧洲共同市场安全标志在欧盟市场，“CE”标志属强制性认证标志，不论是欧盟内部企业生产的产品，还是其他国家生产的产品，要想在欧盟市场上自由流通，就必须加贴“CE”标志，以表明产品符合欧盟《技术协调与标准化新方法》指令的基本要求。

这是欧盟法律对产品提出的一种强制性要求。

对于欧盟通过的技术标准接轨指令的产品必须佩带欧盟CE标志.至今,欧盟市场已执行以下技术标准接轨指令：加贴“CE”标志的相关要求“CE”标志无处不在，由新方法指令所涉及的所有产品在投放市场前都必须加贴“CE”标志所有从其他国家进口的使用过的产品及所有经过重大修改的产品（可视为新产品）上市前都要求加贴“CE”标志“CE”标志必须加贴在显要位置上“CE”标志最低高度不得少于5mm，如果缩小或扩大应按比例进行“CE”标志取代各成员国的符合标志，它表明产品符合欧洲指令（取代所有国家法规）的唯一标志GS标志 - 德国安全认证标志GS标志是被欧洲广大顾客接受的安全标志。