罗宾斯《管理学》第九版

第一章管理与组织导论一、谁是管理者？（1）管理者的定义管理者是这样的人，他通过协调和监督他人的活动达到组织目标。

他的工作不是取得个人成就，而是帮助他人完成任务。

管理者的工作可能意味着协调一个部门的工作，也可能意味着监督几个单独的个人,还可能包含一个团队的活动.(2）组织中管理人员的等级层次管理人员按层次分为基层管理者，中层管理者,高层管理者.1)基层管理者是最底层的管理人员，他们管理着非管理雇员所从事的工作，即生产产品和提供服务.2)中层管理者包括所有处于基层和高层之间的各个管理层次的管理者,这些管理者管理着基层管理者。

3)高层管理者是处于或接近组织顶层的管理人员，他们承担着制定广泛的组织决策、为整个组织制定计划和目标的责任.二、什么是管理？管理通过协调和监督他人的活动，有效率和有效果地完成工作。

管理活动强调效率和效果。

效率是指“正确地做事”，即不浪费资源,以尽可能少的投入获得尽可能多的产出;效果是指“做正确的事”，即所从事的工作和活动有助于组织达到其目标.效率注重过程，效果注重结果.因此，管理当局不能只是关注达到和实现组织目标，也就是关注效果，还要尽可能有效率地完成工作.三、管理者做什么？（1）管理的四个职能1）计划是指定义目标,制定战略以获取目标，以及制定计划和协调活动的过程。

2）组织是指安排工作以实现组织目标的职能。

它包括决定应该从事哪些任务，应该由谁来从事这些任务，这些任务怎么分类和归集，谁向谁报告，以及在哪一级作出决策的过程。

3）领导是指同别人一起或者通过别人去完成组织目标,包括激励下属，帮助解决群体冲突、影响工作中的个体或团队，选择最有效的沟通渠道等。

4）控制是指监控，比较，纠正。

为了保证达成目标和工作按照预定的轨道进展,管理者必须监控、评估工作绩效，实际的绩效必须与预先设定的目标进行比较，如果存在任何显著的偏差，管理当局的职责就是使工作绩效回到正常的工作轨道上来。

（2）明茨伯格的管理角色理论(09简述）管理角色是指特定的管理行为类型。

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笔记_管理学_罗宾斯_第九版全
第Ⅱ篇定义管理者的领域
第三章组织文化与环境：约束力量
三、环境
3、组织及其环境：
①一个组织是一个与其具体环境相互作用，相互依存的系统，并随时注意其一
般环境的潜在作用。

②具体环境供应商、顾客、竞争者、政府、压力集团。

③一般环境
㈠经济条件：利益、通胀率、可支配收入的变动、证券市场指数以及一般商业周期。

㈡政治条件：包括一个组织在其中经营的所在国的总体稳定性及政府首脑对工商企业的作用所持的具体态度。

㈢社会条件：管理当局必须使其经营适应所在社会变化中的社会预期
㈣技术条件
４、环境对管理时间的影响
环境的高度不确定性，限制了管理当局的选择及决定自身命运的自由．
补充：技术的变化要关心：1。

方向 2。

速度
笔记_管理学_罗宾斯_第九版09。

罗宾斯《管理学》第九版试题罗宾斯《管理学》第九版试题Chapter 10 – Organizational Structure and DesignTrue/False QuestionsA MANAGER’S DILEMMA1. According to the boxed feature, ―A Manager’s Dilemma,‖ Nokia was once involved in industries rangingfrom paper to chemicals and rubber.True (moderate)2. According to the boxed feature, ―A Manager’s Dilemma,‖ Nokia has been competing in thetelecommunications industry since 1965.False (moderate)DEFINING ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE3. Organizational design is the organization's formal framework by which job tasks are divided, grouped, and coordinated.False (difficult)4. The concept of work specialization can be traced back a couple of centuries to Adam Smith's discussion ofdivision of labor.True (moderate)5. The degree to which tasks in an organization are divided into separate jobs is division of labor.True (moderate)6. Historically, many organizations have grouped work actions by function departmentalization.True (moderate)7. Grouping jobs on the basis of product or customer flow istermed customer departmentalization.False (moderate)8. Geographic departmentalization has greatly increased in importance as a result of today’s competitivebusiness environmentFalse (moderate)9. A group of individuals who are experts in various specialties and who work together is a cross-functional team.True (moderate)10. Authority is the individual's capacity to influence decisions.False (difficult)11. Authority is synonymous with responsibility.False (easy)12. Responsibility is the rights inherent in a managerial position.False (easy)13. A manager's span of control refers to the number of subordinates who can be effectively and efficientlysupervised.True (moderate)14. The classical view of unity of command suggests that subordinates should have only one superior to whom they report.True (easy)15. The trend in recent years has been toward smaller spans of control.False (easy)16. When decisions tend to be made at lower levels in anorganization, the organization is said to bedecentralized.True (moderate)17. Decentralization describes the degree to which decision making is concentrated at a single point in theorganization.False (moderate)18. In the last 35 years, there has been a trend of organizations moving toward increased decentralization.True (easy)19. Appropriate organizational structure depends on four variables: the organization's strategy, size, technology, and degree of environmental uncertainty.True (difficult)20. Standardization refers to the degree to which jobs within the organization are standardized and the extent towhich employee behavior is guided by rules and procedures.False (moderate)ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN DECISIONS21. An organic organization tends to be characterized by high specialization, extensive departmentalization,narrow spans of control, high formalization, a limited information network, and little participation indecision-making by low-level employees.False (moderate)22. An organic organization would likely be very flexible.True (moderate)23. Innovators need the efficiency, stability, and tight controls of the mechanistic structure.False (easy)24. The relationship between organizational size and structure tends to be linear.False (difficult)25. Joan Woodward attempted to view organizational structure from a technological perspective.True (moderate)26. Woodward demonstrated that organizational structures adapted to their technology.True (moderate)27. Woodward's findings support that there is "one best way" to organize a manufacturing firm.False (moderate)28. The strength of the functional structure is that it focuses on results.False (moderate) it is the strength of divisional structure.\\\\\\\29. According to the text, a functional structure creates strategic business units.False (moderate)COMMON ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGNS30. Project structures tend to be rigid and inflexible organizational designs.False (easy)Multiple ChoiceA MANAGER’S DILEMMA31. Accordi ng to t he company profile in ―A Manager’s Dilemma,‖ the organizational structure of Nokia is best described as ______________.a. mechanisticb. organic (moderate)c. centralizedd. formalized32. The factor contributing the most to Nokia’s success in the mobile phone industry according to the company profile in ―A Manager’s Dilemma‖ is ______________.a. new product development (moderate)b. government subsidiesc. national trade barriersd. weak competition33. ______________ is the process of creating an organization's structure.a. Human resource managementb. Leadingc. Organizing (moderate)d. Planninge. DepartmentalizationDEFINING ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE34. According to the text, a(n) ______________ is the formal framework by which job tasks are divided,grouped, and coordinated.a. mission statementb. environmental scanc. internal resource analysisd. organizational structure (moderate)35. Which of the following is not one of the six key elements in organizational design?a. work specializationb. departmentalizationc. chain of commandd. bureaucratic design (difficult)e. span of control36. Work specialization is also known as ______________.a. departmentalization.b. centralization.c. span of control.d. formalization.e. division of labor. (easy)37. The term ______________ is used to describe the degree to which tasks in an organization are divided intoseparate jobs.a. work ethicsb. managerial capitalismc. social responsibilityd. work specialization (moderate)38. When did the idea of enlarging, rather than narrowing, job scope begin?a. 1950sb. 1960s (moderate)c. 1970sd. 1980se. 1990s39. Which of the following is not an example of the classical viewof division of labor?a. assembly-line productionb. Burger Kingc. Taco Belld. TQM (moderate)e. Kentucky Fried Chicken40. ______________ is the basis on which jobs are grouped inorderto accomplish organizational goals.a. Departmentalization (moderate)b. Centralizationc. Formalizationd. Coordinatione. Efficiency41. A local manufacturing organization has groups of employees whoare responsible for sales, marketing,accounting, human resources, etc. These are examples of what concept?a. authorityb. chain of commandc. empowermentd. departmentalization (moderate)e. social grouping42. Grouping sporting equipment in one area, men's clothing in another area, and cosmetics in a third area, is anexample of what kind departmentalization?a. customerb. product (easy)c. geographicd. processe. outcome43. Sales responsibilities divided into the southwest, midwest, southern, northern, and western regions would bean example of ______________ departmentalization.a. productb. geographic (easy)c. processd. outcomee. customer44. Grouping activities on the basis of customer flow is______________.a. functional departmentalization.b. product departmentalization.c. geographical departmentalization.d. process departmentalization. (moderate)e. technological departmentalization.45. What type of departmentalization expects that each department will specialize in one specific phase of the process or product production?a. productb. geographicc. process (easy)d. outcomee. customer46. What kind of departmentalization would be in place in a government organization where different publicservice responsibilities are divided into activities for employers, children, and the disabled?a. productb. geographicc. processd. outcomee. customer (moderate)47. Which of the following is not a form of departmentalization suggested by your text?a. functional departmentalizationb. product departmentalizationc. geographical departmentalizationd. process departmentalizatione. technological departmentalization (difficult)48. Today's competitive business environment has greatly increasedthe importance of what type ofdepartmentalization?a. geographicb. customer (difficult)c. productd. processe. outcome49. According to the text, managers are using ______________, which are groups of individuals who areexperts in various specialties and who work together.a. specialized teamsb. cross-demanded teamsc. cross-functional teams (moderate)d. simple structured teams50. Which of the following is a contemporary addition to thehistorical view of departmentalization?a. increased rigidityb. cross-functional teams (moderate)c. enhanced centralizationd. elimination of product departmentalizatione. addition of sales departmentalization51. Bringing together the company's legal counsel, research engineer, and marketing specialist for a project isan example of a(n) ______________.a. empowered team.b. process departmentalization.c. product departmentalization.d. cross-functional team. (moderate)e. continuous improvement team.52. The ______________ is the continuous line of authority that extends from upper organizational levels to thelowest levels and clarifies who reports to whom.a. chain of demandb. chain of command (easy)c. demand hierarchyd. continuous design structure53. To whom a worker reports concerns which aspect of organizational structure?a. chain of command (moderate)b. departmentalizationc. pay structured. line of commande. authority framework54. ______________ entitles a manager to direct the work of a subordinate.a. Responsibilityb. Legitimate powerc. Rankd. Operating responsibilitye. Authority (moderate)55. ______________ is the obligation to perform assigned activities.a. Authorityb. Responsibility (easy)c. Chain of commandd. Unity of commande. Formalization56. The ______________ principle (one of Fayol’s 14 principles of management) helps preserve the concept ofa continuous line of authority.a. unity of demandb. unity of command (moderate)c. demand structured. continuous demand57. Span of control refers to which of the following concepts?a. how much power a manager has in the organizationb. the geographic dispersion of a manager's subunits ofresponsibilityc. how many subordinates a manager can effectively and efficiently supervise (moderate)d. the number of subordinates affected by a single managerial ordere. the amount of time it takes to pass information down through a manager's line of command58. Other things being equal, the wider or larger the span of control, the more ______________ theorganizational design.a. bureaucraticb. democraticc. effectived. efficient (difficult)e. classical59. Wider spans of control may be viewed as more efficient, but eventually, wider spans tend to have whateffect on organizations?a. reduced effectiveness (difficult)b. increased turnoverc. loss of managerial powerd. customer dissatisfactione. rigid chains of command60. An organization that spends money on maintaining a well-trained work force can expect which of thefollowing span-of-control outcomes?a. increased contempt for managementb. increased voluntary turnoverc. centralized authorityd. less direct supervision (moderate)e. increased need for managerial-level employees61. A high-tech manager who supervises the development of a new computer chip needs ______________compared to a manager who supervises the mailing of unemployment insurance checks at the localgovernment office.a. about the same span of controlb. a narrower span of control (difficult)c. a wider span of controld. a more informal span of controle. elimination of the span of control62. In general, span of control is ______________ for managers.a. increasing (easy)b. decreasingc. staying the samed. significantly decreasinge. no longer important63. ______________ describes the degree to which decision making is concentrated at a single point in theorganization.a. Decentralizationb. Centralization (moderate)c. Transnationalismd. Cross sectional analysis64. If lower-level employees provide input or are actually given the discretion to make decisions, theorganization is ______________.a. formalized.b. centralized.c. decentralized. (easy)d. mechanistic.e. organic.65. Recently, there has been a distinct trend toward ______________.a. smaller spans of control.b. decentralized decision-making. (moderate)c. decreased flexibility.d. emphasis on chain of command.e. mechanistic organizations.66. Which of the following factors WOULD NOT influence an organization to have a higher degree ofcentralization?a. Environment is stable.b. Company is geographically dispersed. (difficult)c. Company is large.d. Decisions are significant.e. Organization is facing a crisis.67. ______________ refers to the degree to which jobs within the organization are standardized and the extentto which employee behavior is guided by rules and procedures.a. Standardizationb. Centralizationc. Chain of commandd. Strategye. Formalization (moderate)68. All of the following factors indicate that a decentralized organization would be most effective EXCEPTwhen ______________.a. the environment is complex.b. decisions are relatively minor.c. the organization is facing a crisis. (difficult)d. the company is geographically dispersed.e. effective implementation of strategies depends on managers having involvement and flexibilityto make decisions.69. Which of the following factors describes an environment in whicha high degree of decentralization isdesired?a. Environment is complex, uncertain. (moderate)b. Lower-level managers do not want to have a say in decisions.c. Decisions are significant.d. Company is large.e. Organization is facing a crisis or the risk of company failure.70. The ______________ organizational structure is characterized by high specialization, extensivedepartmentalization, narrow spans of control and high formalization.a. mechanistic (easy)b. organicc. contingencyd. adhocracye. functional71. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a mechanistic organization?a. high specializationb. wide spans of control (moderate)c. high formalizationd. limited information networke. extensive departmentalization72. What type of organizational form follows classical principles such as unity of command?a. organicb. linearc. decentralizedd. mechanistic (moderate)e. adhocracyORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN DECISIONS73. Which of the following would likely be found in mechanistic organizations?a. wide span of controlb. empowered employeesc. decentralized responsibilityd. few rules and/or regulationse. standardized job specialties (difficult)74. All of the following are characteristics of an organic organization EXCEPT:a. narrow spans of control. (moderate)b. cross-hierarchical teams.c. free flow of information.d. low formalization.e. cross-functional teams.75. In the early years of Apple Computers, its desire for highly proficient and creative employees who operatedwith few work rules was an example of what type of organization?a. bureaucraticb. mechanisticc. volatiled. nouvellee. organic (difficult)。

第一章管理与组织导论1.管理者：通过协调和监督他人的活动达到与别人一起或者通过别人实现组织目标的目的人。

他的工作可能意味着监督几个单独的个人，还可能包含一个团队的活动。

2.非管理雇员：指在组织中直接从事一项工作和任务，并且没有人向其报告的成员。

3.管理者的分类：1) 基层管理者：指最低层的管理人员。

他们管理着非管理雇员所从事的工作，即生产产品和提供服务。

这样的管理者通常称为主管、区域经理、部门经理、生产线线长或工长。

2) 中层管理者：包括所有处于基层和高层之间的各个管理层次的管理者，他们管理着基层管理者，可能具有地区经理、项目主管、工厂厂长或事业部经理的头衔。

3) 高层管理者：即处于或者接近组织顶层的管理者，他们承担着制定广泛的组织决策，为整个组织制定计划和目标的责任。

他们的典型代表头衔经常是执行副总裁、总裁、管理董事、首席运营官、首席执行官或董事会主席。

4.管理：通过协调和监督他人的活动，能够有效率和有效果地完成工作。

简述：管理的定义及含义？管理是在特定的组织内外环境下，通过对组织的资源进行有效地计划、组织、领导、控制而实现组织目标的过程。

包括以下几个方面的含义：①管理存在于组织之中，是为了实现组织目标而服务的。

管理依存于组织的集体活动，管理的目的是有效地实现组织的目标。

明确的设定目标是管理的起点。

②管理由计划、组织、领导和控制这样一系列相互关联，连续进行的活动所构成的，这些活动称为管理的职能。

③管理活动既强调目的又注重过程。

强调目的就是要选择“做正确的事”，关系到管理活动的效果问题；注重过程则重视“正确地做事”，关系到管理活动的效率问题，在效果与效率两者之中，效果是本，效率是标，有效地管理就是标本兼重，“正确地去做适当的事情”。

④管理工作要通过综合运用组织中的各种资源来实现组织的目的，管理工作是在一定的环境条件下展开的。

环境既提供了机会，也构成了威胁。

5.效率：指“正确地做事”，以尽可能少的投入获得尽可能多的产出，即不浪费资源。

《管理学》罗宾斯第九版核心内容笔记（林凯整理）整理者简介：林凯，拥有9年跨国公司工作经历，现为企业管理博士生，主要研究方向：商业模式创新；微博：/52linkai第Ⅰ篇绪论第1章管理与组织导论主要概念管理者(manager): 通过协调其他人的活动，从而达到与别人一起或者通过别人实现组织目标的人。

基层管理者(first-line managers): 最底层的管理人员，管理着非管理雇员所从事的工作。

中层管理者(middle managers): 所有处于基层和高层之间的各个管理层次的管理者。

高层管理者(top managers): 承担着制定广泛的组织决策，为这个组织制定计划和目标的管理者。

管理(management): 通过协调和监督他人的活动，有效率和有效果地完成工作。

效率(efficiency): 是指以尽可能少的投入获得尽可能多的产出。

效果(effectiveness): 通常是指“做正确的事”，即所从事的工作和活动有助于组织达到其目标。

管理职能（亨利.法约尔，Henri Fayol）计划(planning)职能: 包括定义目标、制定战略以获取目标，以及制定计划和协调活动的过程。

组织(organizing)职能: 包括决定应该从事哪些任务，应该由谁来从事这些任务，这些任务怎么分类和归集，谁向谁报告，以及在哪一级作出决策的过程。

领导(leading)职能: 包括激励下属、帮助解决群体冲突、影响工作中的个体或团队、选择最有效的沟通渠道，或者以任何方式处理雇员的行为问题的过程。

控制(controlling)职能：评估和监控活动、比较与目标的偏差和纠正偏差的过程。

管理角色(management roles): 指特定的管理行为类型。

(亨利.明茨伯格，Henry Mintzberg)人际关系角色(interpersonal roles): 指涉及人与人(下级和组织外的人)的关系以及其他具有礼仪性和象征性职责的角色，包括挂名首脑、领导者和联络者。

第一章管理与组织导论1.管理者：通过协调和监督他人的活动达到与别人一起或者通过别人实现组织目标的目的人。

他的工作可能意味着监督几个单独的个人，还可能包含一个团队的活动。

2.非管理雇员：指在组织中直接从事一项工作和任务，并且没有人向其报告的成员。

3.管理者的分类：1) 基层管理者：指最低层的管理人员。

他们管理着非管理雇员所从事的工作，即生产产品和提供服务。

这样的管理者通常称为主管、区域经理、部门经理、生产线线长或工长。

2) 中层管理者：包括所有处于基层和高层之间的各个管理层次的管理者，他们管理着基层管理者，可能具有地区经理、项目主管、工厂厂长或事业部经理的头衔。

3) 高层管理者：即处于或者接近组织顶层的管理者，他们承担着制定广泛的组织决策，为整个组织制定计划和目标的责任。

他们的典型代表头衔经常是执行副总裁、总裁、管理董事、首席运营官、首席执行官或董事会主席。

4.管理：通过协调和监督他人的活动，能够有效率和有效果地完成工作。

简述：管理的定义及含义？管理是在特定的组织内外环境下，通过对组织的资源进行有效地计划、组织、领导、控制而实现组织目标的过程。

包括以下几个方面的含义：①管理存在于组织之中，是为了实现组织目标而服务的。

管理依存于组织的集体活动，管理的目的是有效地实现组织的目标。

明确的设定目标是管理的起点。

②管理由计划、组织、领导和控制这样一系列相互关联，连续进行的活动所构成的，这些活动称为管理的职能。

③管理活动既强调目的又注重过程。

强调目的就是要选择“做正确的事”，关系到管理活动的效果问题；注重过程则重视“正确地做事”，关系到管理活动的效率问题，在效果与效率两者之中，效果是本，效率是标，有效地管理就是标本兼重，“正确地去做适当的事情”。

④管理工作要通过综合运用组织中的各种资源来实现组织的目的，管理工作是在一定的环境条件下展开的。

环境既提供了机会，也构成了威胁。

5.效率：指“正确地做事”，以尽可能少的投入获得尽可能多的产出，即不浪费资源。

第一章1.是的。

他也要进行计划，组织，领导，控制。

他是一个领导者和监听者。

他拥有沟通技能和人际技能。

2.因为每一个组织都有自己的目标，目标的体现就表现在员工的绩效，所以说管理者的最基本的职责是关注员工的工作绩效。

还应注重效率。

3.职位候选人的技能分为技术技能，人际技能和概念技能。

作为雇主他不可能同时所有能力，所以雇主需要聘请其他人来帮忙。

这给我的启示是要提升自己各方面的能力。

4.没有的。

管理是一门艺术，每个人都有自己的特色，没有最佳的。

如果有最佳的，人们不就都往这方面发展了，那有什么意思。

5.新型组织的动态，灵活性，根据任务定义工作，团队导向等特征有兴趣。

因为这些特征可以促使企业更灵活，能够根据市场情况更快的作出反应。

有利于提高雇员的劳动积极性，促进雇员间的团队意识，合理高效地完成任务。

但我对雇员参与决策制定，在任何地点、任何时间工作，工作日长没有限制等特征不感兴趣。

因为如果过多的给予员工太多的自由，不仅不会使他们的工作效率上升，反而还会让他们感到没有压力，进而变得懒散，工作效率反而会下降。

并且过于宽松的环境也不利于管理者的管理。

而雇员参与决策的制定在一定程度上可以团结员工，但却会带来很大的弊端，因为雇员的思考方向是有利于自己的，而不会考虑整个企业的发展，并且雇员无法了解企业的整体情况，不能作出最好的决策。

不过总体上来说，新型组织在原有的基础上取得了很大的进步。

6.在今天的环境中，单从效率和效果而言，效果对组织更重要。

因为效果通常是指“做正确的事”，即所从事的工作和活动有助于组织达到其目标。

而效率是指以尽可能少的投入获尽可能多的产出。

在如今的社会中，具有高效率和高效果则企业将立于不败之地，正如UPS。

但要在二者择其一时，效果显然更重要，如果所做的工作不能达到组织的目标，那么所做的事就等于白做，即使是再高的效率也没用。

就像以前中国的很多企业虽然资源利用率低，但只要能达到顾客的要求，它们仍然能够在市场上生存。