美国种族歧视的根源 the cause of the racial discrimination in the U.S.

试析美国种族歧视的历史根源摘要: 美国是一个自我标榜的民主和自由的国家, 但是这种民主和自由是充满了悖论的。

美国一直存在着种族歧视现象。

美国的白人观、黑奴制、黑人意识等三个因素互相影响, 使美国的种族矛盾丛生。

作者简介: 张晓云(1978- ) , 女, 安徽淮北人, 硕士研究生, 研究方向: 美国史。

长期以来, 美国一直标榜自己是最民主、最自由、最理想的社会, 殊不知其本身也是社会问题丛生。

种族歧视便是其根深蒂固的社会痼疾之一。

2000年9 月21 日美国国务院发表的报告承认, 尽管消除种族歧视的法律已经颁布了几十年, 但是种族歧视依然困扰着美国社会。

报告声称:“虽然大多数白人不认为今天的美国有太多的种族歧视问题, 但大多数少数民族在现实生活中的感觉却正好相反。

”[1 ]90年代美国依然出现了一系列的种族歧视的事件, 诸如1991 年洛杉矶警察殴打黑人罗尼·金, 1999 年黑人移民迪亚洛在纽约被4 名白人警察连击几十枪而当场毙命, 得克萨斯州一位名叫詹姆斯·伯德的黑人被绑在汽车上活活拖死, 以及许多犹太人、穆斯林和黑人宗教场所被烧毁等, 充分显示了这一问题的严重性。

报告还注意到, 在美国被关押在监狱里的黑人和被判死刑的黑人比例明显高于白人。

在各州的监狱中, 大约47% 的囚犯为黑人, 16% 的囚犯为拉美裔美国人。

在1977 年至1998 年期间, 黑人仅占美国全国人口的10% 至12% , 但在5709 名被判死刑的人当中, 有41% 是黑人。

为什么种族歧视在美国依然存在。

本文试图做简单的分析。

1美国的白人观美国的白人意识由来已久, 它并不是在接触黑人后才产生的, 而是英国文化中早已沉淀下来的自我认同心理。

对于伊丽莎白时代的英格兰人来说, 白色具有一种特殊的文化上的含义, 它成为人们特别是女性美丽的代表物。

有诗这样赞美女王:“她的脸颊, 她的下颚, 她的勃颈, 她的鼻子, 这就是百合, 这就是玫瑰; 她的双手之白, 洁如鲸骨, 她的指尖, 闪烁着淡紫; 她的胸脯, 光滑如巴黎凝脂, 托起两峰雪花石膏。

种族歧视英文作文（3篇）第一篇:《有关种族歧视(英文)》The terrible toll of racism in the U.S.By Sharon Smith | March 19, 2004 | Page 7HALF OF all Black men in Neployment stands at 37 percent nationong Black Americans that should be setting off alarm bells in election year 2004.Y et even John Kerry, the candidate ajority of Blacks, has issued barely a sound bite. This should e as no surprise, since Black lives, Black votes and Black rights have been devalued since the Founding Fathers. The original U.S. Constitution permitted slavery and counted Black slaves as three-fifths of ining both Congressional representation and taxation, embedding racism in the very foundation of U.S. society. The institution of slavery erican Revolution that cost at least 600,000 lives.But racism outlived slavery and flourished for the next 100 years in the form of Jim Croajority of states, from North Dakota to Texas to California, made it a crime for Blacks to intermingle hospitals to cemeteries, lunch counters to phone booths, military service to marriage.Jim Croassive civil rights struggle stretching over more than t the 1955Montgomery bus boycott to the fight to enforce court-ordered school desegregation in the 1970s. But de facto segregation continued, North and South, and Black anated from the politicalestablishment, injecting racism both the Democratic and Republican Parties scrambled to appear tough on crime, embracing the so-called during that period ajority of them ore than 2 million, African Americans make up just 12 percent of the U.S. population and only 13 percent of drug users, yet account for 35 percent of drug arrests and 53 percent of drug convictions. Blacks are also 43 percent of those on death roated that 30 percent of 12 year-old Black boys e in jail in their lifetimes--far more than any states have laer inmates the right to vote, an estimated 13 percent of all Black men--including one in every three in Alabama andFlorida--have been disenfranchised.Racism, not criminal records, explains the high unemployment rate for Black men today. A recent an applying for a job as a dishan to carry an 18-month prison record on his back, concluded reporter David can explain these statistics:-- Segregation in public schools, the 1950s to the late 1980s, has noost tes more likely than ains--and the ain true:Racial discrimination，or，the color problem，refers mainly to Negroes in the United States，as they constitute one tenth of the total population. The term Negro is applied to people descended or partly descended from slaves transported from Africa long ago. It is noany ericans for fear of offending their non- nigger is no non- ee reference to historical back- ground，the Negro position today couldn't be understood. The black population is about 20 million. Their ancestors erica as slaves in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Nearly all theirdescendants ined to keep the Negroes from being equal in anything but constitutional laent has，gradually pelled the ajority in the South to allo of inequality in voting，education，employment and housing.联邦政府逐渐地迫使在南方占多数的白人允许黑人享有公民权利。

种族歧视观点英语作文Racial Discrimination: A Scourge on Society.Racism, the insidious belief that one race is superiorto another, has plagued human history like a malignant disease. This pernicious ideology, rooted in ignorance and fear, has manifested itself in countless acts of discrimination, violence, and oppression.The Cost of Racial Discrimination.The human cost of racial discrimination is immeasurable. It erodes the very fabric of society, depriving individuals of their dignity, opportunities, and sense of belonging. Discrimination in housing, education, and employment perpetuates systemic inequality, creating a cycle ofpoverty and disadvantage. Acts of violence motivated by racial hatred leave lasting scars on individuals, families, and communities.The Causes of Racial Discrimination.The roots of racial discrimination lie in a complex interplay of historical, social, and psychological factors. History is replete with examples of societies that have constructed elaborate systems of racial hierarchy tojustify their domination over others. Colonialism, slavery, and segregation have left a legacy of racial prejudice that continues to shape attitudes and behaviors today.Social structures and institutions can also perpetuate racial discrimination. Segregated schools, neighborhoods, and workplaces create barriers that limit opportunities for minority groups. Stereotypes and negative media portrayals reinforce harmful beliefs about different races.Psychological factors, such as the need for social identity and the fear of the unknown, can contribute to racial bias. Individuals may subconsciously categorize people into groups based on race and attribute negative qualities to those who are different from themselves.The Consequences of Racial Discrimination.The consequences of racial discrimination are far-reaching and devastating. It undermines social cohesion, erodes trust, and breeds resentment. Discrimination in education leads to lower educational attainment and reduced economic opportunities for minority groups. Discrimination in employment results in lower wages, limited career advancement, and job loss.Racial discrimination also has a significant impact on health. Studies have shown that people of color experience higher rates of chronic diseases, mental health conditions, and infant mortality. The stress of living in a racially hostile environment can take a toll on both physical and mental well-being.The Fight Against Racial Discrimination.Combating racial discrimination requires a multifaceted approach that addresses both its root causes and its manifestations. Education is essential to challengestereotypes and promote understanding. Anti-discrimination laws and policies must be enforced to ensure equaltreatment under the law.Social and economic policies should aim to reduce inequality and create opportunities for all. Media and entertainment can play a role by promoting positive representations of different races and challenging negative narratives.Individual action is also crucial. We must challengeour own biases, refuse to tolerate racism, and actively support organizations and initiatives that work to promote racial justice.The Path to a More Just Society.Eliminating racial discrimination is a long and arduous journey, but it is one that we must undertake together. By working to understand the causes and consequences of racism, by advocating for change, and by fostering a culture of respect and inclusion, we can create a more just andequitable society for all.The fight against racial discrimination is not merely about protecting the rights of marginalized groups, but about upholding the fundamental human dignity of every individual. It is about creating a society where everyone has the opportunity to reach their full potential, regardless of their race or ethnicity.。

美国种族歧视英文作文英文：Racial discrimination is a serious issue in the United States. As a person of color, I have experienced it firsthand. It is not just about being treated differently because of the color of my skin, but also about the opportunities that are available to me.For example, when I was applying for jobs, I noticed that some employers were not interested in hiring me because of my race. They would either ignore my application or give me a generic rejection letter. It was frustrating because I knew that I was qualified for the position, but my race was holding me back.Another example is when I was in school. I noticed that some teachers would treat me differently than my white classmates. They would assume that I was not as smart or capable as my peers, and as a result, they would notchallenge me academically. It was discouraging because I knew that I was just as capable as my classmates, but my race was getting in the way.中文：种族歧视是美国一个严重的问题。

种族歧视的根源英文版The roots of racial discrimination can be traced back to various factors. Below are some common causes:1. Historical Context: Historically, different races and ethnicities have been treated unequally due to colonization, slavery, and other forms of oppression. These historical injustices have created deep-rooted prejudices and stereotypes, which continue to influence discriminatory behavior.2. Prejudice and Stereotyping: Racial discrimination often stems from prejudice and stereotypes. People may harbor irrational beliefs, negative attitudes, and stereotypes about certain races, which lead to discriminatory actions and behaviors.3. Lack of Education and Awareness: A lack of education and awareness about different cultures and races can contribute to racial discrimination. Limited exposure to diverse communities and experiences can lead to a narrow perspective and a fear of the unknown.4. Socioeconomic Factors: Socioeconomic disparities and unequal distribution of resources often perpetuate racial discrimination. Marginalized communities may face limited access to quality education, employment opportunities, healthcare, and housing, which further fuels discrimination.5. Power Dynamics: Racial discrimination is often driven by power dynamics. Dominant racial groups may perceive themselves as superior and use this power to maintain control and privilege overother racial groups.6. Fear and Insecurity: Racial discrimination can also stem from fear and insecurity. Some people may feel threatened by cultural differences and view diversity as a challenge to their own identity or way of life.7. Lack of Legal Protection and Enforcement: Insufficient legal protection and enforcement against racial discrimination may embolden individuals to engage in discriminatory behavior without facing consequences.8. Media Influence: Media plays a significant role in shaping public opinions and attitudes towards different racial groups. Negative portrayals and stereotypes in media can contribute to racial discrimination by reinforcing biases and prejudices.It is important to address the root causes of racial discrimination to foster a more inclusive and equitable society. This can be achieved through education, legal protections, promoting diversity and inclusion, and challenging stereotypes and prejudices.。

种族歧视英语作文200字英文回答：Racial discrimination is a form of prejudice and discrimination based on a person's race or ethnicity. Itcan take many forms, from overt and violent acts of hate to more subtle and systemic forms of discrimination in housing, education, employment, and criminal justice.Racial discrimination is a serious issue with a longand painful history in the United States. It has had a devastating impact on the lives of millions of people of color, and it continues to be a problem in society today.There is no one solution to racial discrimination. It will require a concerted effort from all of us to create a more just and equitable society. We need to speak out against racism and discrimination in all its forms, and we need to work together to create a more inclusive and welcoming society for all.中文回答：种族歧视是一种基于个人种族或民族的偏见和歧视形式。

The silence before the eruption在美国，黑人等少数民族始终是二等公民，在政治、经济、教育等问题上受到不同程度的歧视。

黑人占美国总人口的13％，但在各级经选举的公职里黑人只占5％。

国家规定警察中有色人种必须占相当比例，但实际上各地的警察中黑人很少，而高级警官中黑人更少。

美国最大的500家企业中没有黑人当首席执行管和总裁，华尔街上的大投资公司中黑人高级职员也凤毛麟角。

黑人和白人之间，教育水平、就业率、平均工资等方面都有明显差异，由此形成的种族贫富差异和黑人的贫困化则是人人皆知。

司法中的种族歧视也极为严重。

在美国，被关押在监狱里的黑人和被判死刑的黑人比例明显高于白人。

在各州的监狱中，大约47％的囚犯为黑人，16％的囚犯为拉美裔。

1977年至1998年，黑人仅占美国全国人口的10％至12％，但在5709名被判死刑的人当中，有41％是黑人。

据联合国发表的一份调查报告，在美国，犯有同样的罪，黑人及有色人种往往受到比白人重2至3倍的惩罚，杀害白人被判死刑的黑人是杀害黑人被判死刑的白人的4倍In the United States, blacks and other minorities are second-class citizens in the political, economic, educational, and other matters are subject to different levels of discrimination. Blacks accounted for 13% of the total population of the United States, but at all levels of elected Office in black only accounts for 5%. The State police in color must be a substantial proportion, but actually in black around the police rarely, and senior police officers in black people less. United States of the 500 largest enterprises in black when the CEO and President, the Wall Street investment company on the big black officers also in rarity. Between blacks and whites, educational level, employment rates, average wages, etc. all have significant differences, thus forming a racial differences between rich and poor and the black people of poverty is known. Justice of racial discrimination also extremely serious. In the United States, was imprisoned in the prison of blacks and sentenced to death by black proportion is significantly higher than whites. In State prison, about 47% of the prisoners for black, 16% of the prisoners is Hispanic. 1977 to 1998, blacks accounted for United States national population of 10% to 12%, but in 5709 name penalty people, 41% were black. According to the United Nations published a report, in the United States, committing the same offence, black and coloured people tend to be heavier than whites in 2 to 3 times the punishment, killing the white man was sentenced to death for killing black blacks was sentenced to death by 4 times that of whitesIn the past it was widely believed that the low level of Negro education, crime rates are high, long as social unrest molecular identity against anti-union discrimination. Therefore affect black employment and competitiveness, which in turn caused the black people living in poverty and a series of disaster. Due to the prolonged absence of job opportunities, get social assistance, many blacks driven, forced to take the "desperation", theft, robbery, drug trafficking, prostitution, crime means to support themselves. Causing people to Blacks more exacerbated the negative impact of racial discrimination. Why form a vicious circle ...由于种种原因黑人给社会秩序带来一定影响，人们却无法无法否定黑人创造的无与伦比的艺术。

反对种族歧视英语作文Title: Standing Against Racial DiscriminationIn today's world, where diversity and globalization are becoming increasingly prevalent, racial discrimination remains a persistent and urgent issue. It is a deeply rooted social evil that undermines the principles of equality, justice, and humanity. Therefore, it is essential for us to come together and stand firmly against racial discrimination.Racial discrimination is a form of prejudice that is based solely on a person's skin color, ethnic origin, or racial group. It manifests itself in various forms, including but not limited to unequal treatment in employment, education, housing, and healthcare. This kind of discrimination leads to a lack of opportunities, poverty, and social exclusion, ultimately hindering the progress and development of entire communities.The root causes of racial discrimination are complex and multifaceted. They range from historical legacies of colonization and slavery to modern-day biases and stereotypes. However, the key to overcoming this social evil lies in our ability to recognize and reject these biases, and to promote a culture of inclusivity and respect.As individuals, we can take several steps to combat racial discrimination. First, we should be mindful of our own biases and prejudices, and strive to overcome them through education and self-reflection. Second, we should actively promote equality andinclusivity in our daily lives, whether it's in our workplaces, schools, or communities. We can do this by speaking out against unfair treatment, supporting diverse voices, and creating opportunities for everyone to succeed.On a societal level, governments, institutions, and organizations play a crucial role in combating racial discrimination. They can implement policies and programs that promote equality and inclusivity, such as anti-discrimination laws, diversity training, and outreach programs. They can also encourage dialogue and cooperation among different racial groups, fostering a culture of mutual understanding and respect.In conclusion, racial discrimination is a pervasive and destructive social evil that requires our collective efforts to overcome. By recognizing and rejecting biases, promoting inclusivity and respect, and implementing policies and programs that promote equality, we can create a world where everyone is treated fairly and has the opportunity to succeed. It is our responsibility and duty to stand against racial discrimination and create a more just and inclusive society for all.反对种族歧视在当今世界，多样化和全球化日益盛行，但种族歧视仍然是一个持久且紧迫的问题。

种族歧视racial discrimination美国是一个移民国家。

外来移民对美利坚民族的形成与发展、美利坚合众国的诞生与繁荣，有着深远的影响。

在其发展进程中，也一直伴随着不和谐的音符，这就是种族歧视。

The United States is a country of immigrants. To the united nation's formation and development, the birth of the United States of America and prosperity, Immigration has made a profound impact. In its development process, it also has been accompanied with not harmonious musical notes, which is the racial discrimination.美国的种族歧视有着深远的历史渊源，尤其是对黑人的歧视。

随着黑人法典和奴隶法的废除，以及一系列黑人公民权利法的制定，美国黑人的政治和社会地位一度有所改善；然而，1877年，南方重建时期结束，种族主义者大肆反击，人权再度恶化；直到1909年，人权运动开始有组织的进行，例如Martin Luther King发表《我有一个梦想》的演讲，黑人的处境才真正意义上有所改善。

分析当今的美国种族现状，仍然存在诸多的问题。

由此看来，这是条漫长的道路。

America's racial discrimination has a profound historical origin, especially to the discrimination of blacks. With the black code and the slave law abolished, and a series of black civil rights law drafted, the American black political and social statuswas improved; However, in 1877, the period of the reconstruction was end, racist counterattacked the society that made the situation of the human rights turn bad again; Until 1909, the human rights movement was organized, such as Martin Luther King had published a speech called《I have a dream》,which made black’s situation improved. Analysis the current situation of the race in America, there are still many problems. It seems that it's a long way.隐形的种族歧视现象大量存在。

美国种族歧视英语作文Racial discrimination is a deeply rooted issue in the United States, affecting the lives of millions andperpetuating social inequality. It manifests in various forms, from systemic bias to overt acts of prejudice.The history of America is marred by the legacy of slavery and segregation, which has left an indelible mark on thesocial fabric. Despite significant strides in civil rights,the struggle for racial equality continues, with disparitiesin education, employment, and criminal justice.Education is a pivotal area where the impact of racial discrimination is evident. Students of color often face alack of representation in curricula and unequal opportunities for academic success, which can limit their potential and perpetuate a cycle of inequality.In the workplace, racial discrimination can take the form of hiring biases, wage gaps, and limited career advancement opportunities for people of color. This not only affects individuals but also contributes to a broader economic disparity.The criminal justice system is another area where racial discrimination is starkly apparent. Disproportionate rates of incarceration and harsher sentencing for people of color highlight the systemic issues that need to be addressed.Addressing racial discrimination requires a multifaceted approach, including education, policy reform, and community engagement. It is essential to foster a society where everyone is treated with dignity and respect, regardless of their race.The fight against racial discrimination is not just a moral imperative but also a path to a more just and equitable society. It is a collective responsibility that demands action, empathy, and a commitment to change.In conclusion, racial discrimination remains a critical issue in the United States, impacting every aspect of lifefor people of color. It is a complex problem that requires a concerted effort to dismantle the structures that perpetuate it and to build a society based on fairness and equality.。

种族歧视的根源英语作文80词English: The root of racial discrimination lies in ignorance, fear, and prejudice. Ignorance about different cultures, traditions, and historical backgrounds can lead to stereotyping and discrimination. Fear of the unknown and unfamiliar can also fuel discrimination and prejudice. Additionally, the perpetuation of discriminatory attitudes and beliefs through social, cultural, and political institutions can further entrench racial discrimination. Addressing these root causes involves promoting education and understanding of diverse cultures, challenging discriminatory beliefs and attitudes, and advocating for inclusive and equitable social and political systems.中文翻译: 种族歧视的根源在于无知、恐惧和偏见。

对不同文化、传统和历史背景的无知会导致对其进行刻板印象和歧视。

对未知和不熟悉的恐惧也会加剧歧视和偏见。

此外，社会、文化和政治机构对歧视性态度和信念的持续传播也会进一步巩固种族歧视。

解决这些根本问题涉及促进对多元文化的教育和理解，挑战歧视性信念和态度，并倡导包容和公平的社会和政治制度。

Racial discrimination in America，this is my content. first is The root of the racial discrimination，I think that the root of racial discrimination in the following aspects。

Institutional racism，From President Truman began, the U.S. government was committed to black rights legislation。

To Johnson's presidency, pass from the law except for racism finally. In the United States today, although legal racial discrimination was cancelled, but institutionalized racism remained intact. Next is relevant policy provide the basis for racial discrimination，The United States parties from their respective interests, formulated a series of related policies and harm the interests of black people。

The last is black performance for racial discrimination provides an excuse，In the black areas, the excessive crime every moment will happen，at the same time Black will also do the drug trade. Review of the history, we can find the most miserable is black slaves trade，It is the most strong performance of racial discrimination。

种族歧视英文议论文作文英文：As a global issue, racial discrimination has been along-standing problem that affects individuals andsocieties in various ways. It is a topic that has sparked heated debates and discussions, and it continues to be a pressing issue in today's world.Racial discrimination can take many forms, including unequal treatment, prejudice, stereotypes, and evenviolence against individuals or groups based on their raceor ethnicity. This can happen in various settings, such as education, employment, housing, and healthcare. For example, a study conducted by the American Psychological Association found that black Americans are more likely to be perceived as aggressive or dangerous compared to their white counterparts, leading to unfair treatment anddiscrimination in many aspects of their lives.Furthermore, racial discrimination can also have a significant impact on an individual's mental and emotional well-being. Constant exposure to discrimination and prejudice can lead to feelings of anger, sadness, and helplessness, and can contribute to the development of mental health issues such as anxiety and depression. This can create a cycle of disadvantage and inequality for individuals who are targeted by racial discrimination.In addition, racial discrimination can also have far-reaching implications for society as a whole. It can lead to social unrest, division, and conflict, and can hinder the progress and development of a community or a nation. For instance, the history of racial discrimination in the United States has resulted in deep-seated social and economic disparities that continue to impact the country today.中文：作为一个全球性问题，种族歧视是一个长期存在的问题，影响着个人和社会的各个方面。

学院本科生毕业论文题目Analysis of the American RacialDiscrimination againstBlacks on Contemporary分析二十一世纪美国对黑人的种族歧视系别外国语言文学系专业英语姓名指导教师截稿日期2012 年 5 月ContentsAcknowledgements (ⅰ)Abstract (ⅱ)I. Introduction ...... . (1)II.The Forms and Reasons of Racial Discrimination against Black People (2)2.1The Forms of Racial Discrimination against Black People ...................... (2)2.1.1 The Field of Education (2)2.1.2 Labor Market...................................................................... (3)2.1.3 Criminal Justice System (4)2.2The Reasons of Racial Discrimination against Black People (4)2.2.1 Political Reason (4)2.2.2 Cultural Reason (5)2.2.3 Economical Reason (5)2.2.4 Reasons on Black People Themselves (6)III.The Way of Blacks and G overnment’s Fight against Racial Discrimination (6)3.1 Famous Black Leaders against Racial Discrimination (6)3.2 The Way of Blacks and G overnment’s Fight against Racial Discrimination (7)3.3 International Organizations Fight against Racial Discrimination (9)IV. Conclusion (10)References ................................................................... ............. (11)AcknowledgementsI must show my sincere thanks to those who offered me a large number of help during the course of my research.First, I must show my thanks to my supervisor Mr. Tang whose encouragement, enthusiastic instruction, valuable advice have a huge influence on my research, which have greatly contributed to the completion of my thesis.Second, I am also grateful to those Chinese and foreign translators. With the help of them, I got plenty of abundant and useful referential materials, without them I couldn’t complete my research smoothly.Finally, I also give my thanks to my dear teachers and classmates whose encouragements greatly support me lead to success. Thanks a lot again.Analysis of the American Racial Discriminationagainst Blacks on ContemporaryAbstract: Racial discrimination in America can date back to European slave trade period. It is a deep social problem in the United States because blacks and other minor ethnic groups are living in the bottom of the American society.Racial discrimination is a very serious social problem in American and still exists nowadays. There are many reasons cause human historical racial discrimination. Cultural、historical and political factors are the sources of American black racial discrimination. However, blacks to have the rights with whites there are many people in America always are busy with fighting against racial discrimination.Key words:American racial discrimination against摘要:美国种族歧视可以追溯到欧洲奴隶贸易时期。