高考化学方程式大全
- 格式:doc
- 大小:1.63 MB
- 文档页数:23
高中化学方程式总结第一部分金属一、碱金属
1.钠
Na
4Na+O2=2Na2O
2Na+O2点燃Na2O2
Cl2+2Na点燃2NaCl
2Na+S=Na2S(爆炸)
2Na+2H2O=2NaOH+H2↑
2Na+H2△
2NaH
2Na+2NH3=2NaNH2+H2
4Na+TiCl4(熔融)=4NaCl+Ti Na2O
Na2O+H2O=2NaOH
2Na2O+O2△
2Na2O2
Na2O+SO3=Na2SO4
Na2O+CO2=Na2CO3
Na2O+2HCl=2NaCl+H2O
Na2O2+2Na=2Na2O(此反应用于制备Na2O)
2Na2O2+2H2O=4NaOH+O2↑(此反应分两步Na2O2+2H2O=2NaOH+H2O2;2H2O2=2H2O+O2↑。H2O2的制备可利用类似的反应)
2Na2O2+2CO2=2Na2CO3+O2
Na2O2+H2SO4(冷、稀)=Na2SO4+H2O2
NaH
NaH+H2O=NaOH+H2↑
NaOH
2NaOH+Si+H2O=Na2SiO3+2H2↑
6NaOH+3S △
2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O
2NaOH+2Al+2H2O=2NaAlO2+3H2↑
2NaOH(过量)+CO2=Na2CO3+H2O
NaOH+CO2(过量)=NaHCO3
2NaOH+SiO2=Na2SiO3+H2O(常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃)
2NaOH+Al2O3=2NaAlO2+H2O
2NaOH+Cl2=NaCl+NaClO+H2O NaOH+HCl=NaCl+H2O
NaOH+H2S(足量)=NaHS+H2O
2NaOH+H2S(少量)=Na2S+2H2O
3NaOH+AlCl3=Al(OH)3↓+3NaCl
NaOH+Al(OH)3=NaAlO2+2H2O
NaOH+NH4Cl
△
NaCl+NH3↑+H2O
2NaOH+P2O5=2NaPO3+H2O
6NaOH+P2O5=2Na3PO3+3H2O
NaAlO2
2NaAlO2+CO2+3H2O=2Al(OH)3↓+Na2CO3
3NaAlO2+AlCl3+6H2O=4Al(OH)3↓
NaCl、NaClO、NaBr、NaI
NaCl+H2SO4(浓)
△
NaHSO4+HCl↑
H2SO4(浓)+2NaCl Na2SO4+2HCl
2NaI+Cl2=2NaCl+I2
NaBr+H3PO4(浓)=NaH2PO4+HBr
NaI+H3PO4(浓)=NaH2PO4+HI
Na2CO3、NaHCO3
Na2CO3+SiO2高温Na2SiO3+CO2
Na2CO3+HCl=NaHCO3+NaCl
NaHCO3+HCl=NaCl+H2O+CO2
3Na2CO3+2AlCl3+3H2O=2Al(OH)3↓+3CO2↑+6NaCl 3Na2CO3+2FeCl3+3H2O=2Fe(OH)3↓+3CO2↑+6NaCl 3NaHCO3+AlCl3=Al(OH)3↓+3CO2↑
3NaHCO3+FeCl3=Fe(OH)3↓+3CO2↑
NaHCO3+HCl=NaCl+CO2↑+H2O
2NaHCO3
△
Na2CO3+CO2↑+H2O
3Na2CO3+2Br2+H2O=2NaHCO3+2NaBrO+2NaBr+CO2↑
NaHCO3+Br2=NaBr+HBrO+CO2↑
NaNO3、NaNO2
2NaNO3
△
2
+O2↑
H2SO4(浓)+NaNO3
△
NaHSO4+HNO3↑
KClO3+6HCl=KCl+3Cl2↑+3H2O
NaNO 2+NH 4Cl =NaCl+N 2↑+2H 2O Na 3PO 4、NaH 2PO 4、Na 2HPO 4 Na 3PO 4+HCl =Na 2HPO 4+NaCl Na 2HPO 4+HCl =NaH 2PO 4+NaCl NaH 2PO 4+HCl =H 3PO 4+NaCl Na 2S 、NaHS Na 2S+Cl 2=2NaCl+S ↓
3Na 2S+8HNO 3(稀)=6NaNO 3+2NO+3S ↓+4H 2O 3Na 2S+Al 2(SO 4)3+6H 2O =2Al(OH)3↓+3H 2S ↑ Na 2SO 4、Na 2SO 3、Na 2S2O 3
3Na 2SO 3+2HNO 3(稀)=3Na 2SO 4+2NO ↑+H 2O 2Na 2SO 3+O 2=2Na 2SO 4
Na 2S 2O 3+H 2SO 4=Na 2SO 4+S+SO 2+H 2O Na 2SO 3+SO 2+H 2O =2NaHSO 3
2NaHSO 3 △
2SO 3+SO 2↑+H 2O Na 2SiO 3
Na 2SiO 3+2HCl =H 2SiO 3↓+2NaCl C 6H 5ONa
C 6H 5ONa+CO 2+H 2O =C 6H 5OH+NaHCO 3
2.钾 K K+O 2
△
2
2K+2H 2O =2KOH+H 2↑ K 2O 、K 2O 2 K 2O+H 2O =2KOH K 2O+CO 2=K 2CO 3 2K 2O 2+2CO 2=K 2CO 3+O 2 2K 2O 2+2H 2O =4KOH+O 2 KOH
2KOH+CO 2=K 2CO 3+H 2O KOH+CO 2=KHCO 3 K 2CO 3
K 2CO 3+2HCl =2KCl+CO 2↑+H 2O K 2CO 3+CaCl 2=CaCO 3↓+2KC K 2CO 3+2AgNO 3=Ag 2CO 3↓+2KNO 3 KHCO 3 KHCO 3+HCl =KCl+CO 2↑+H 2O 2KHCO 3 △
K 2CO 3+CO 2↑+H 2O
KClO 3 2KClO 3
△
2KCl+3O 2↑
KClO 3+6HCl =KCl+3Cl 2↑+3H 2O
KClO 3+5KCl+3H 2SO 4=3Cl 2↑+3K 2SO 4+3H 2O KI
2KI+Cl 2=2KCl+I 2 KI+AgNO 3=AgI ↓+KNO 3 KAl(SO 4)2
2KAl(SO 4)2+6NaOH =K 2SO 4+3Na 2SO 4+2Al(OH)3↓ 2KAl(SO 4)2+3Ba(OH)2=K 2SO 4+3BaSO 4↓+2Al(OH)3↓
KAl(SO 4)2+2Ba(OH)2=KAlO 2+2BaSO 4↓ KSCN
3KSCN+FeCl 3=Fe(SCN)3+3KCl KH
KH+H 2O =KOH+H 2↑
3.锂 Li
Li+O 2
△
2O
2Li+2H 2O =2LiOH+H 2↑ Li 2O
Li 2O+CO 2=Li 2CO 3 Li 2O+H 2O =2LiOH LiOH
2LiOH+CO 2=Li 2CO 3↓+H 2O LiOH+CO 2=LiHCO 3 Li 2CO 3
Li 2CO 3+2HCl =2LiCl+CO 2↑+H 2O LiHCO 3
LiHCO 3+HCl =LiCl+CO 2↑+H 2O 2LiHCO 3
△
Li 2CO 3+CO 2↑+H 2O
二、常见金属 1.镁 Mg 2Mg+O 2
点燃
2MgO
Mg+2H 2O =2Mg(OH)2↓+H 2↑
Mg+Cl 2 点燃
MgCl 2 2Mg+CO 2 点燃
2MgO+C Mg+S =MgS
Mg+Br 2=MgBr 2 3Mg+N 2=Mg 3N 2
Mg+2HCl =MgCl 2+H 2↑ Mg+H 2SO 4=MgSO 4+H 2↑ 2Mg+TiCl 4(熔融)=Ti+2MgCl 2 Mg+2RbCl(熔融)=MgCl 2+2Rb MgO