城市规划英文介绍

Title: Urban Planning ReportUrban planning plays a pivotal role in shaping the development and sustainability of cities, ensuring they meet the needs of residents while enhancing environmental quality and economic vitality. This report provides an overview of key considerations, strategies, and challenges in urban planning.1.Introduction to Urban Planning:2.Urban planning is the process of designing and shaping cities, towns, and communities. Itencompasses land use, transportation, infrastructure, housing, and environmental sustainability to create functional and livable urban spaces.3.Key Considerations in Urban Planning:o Land Use: Efficient allocation of land for residential, commercial, industrial, and recreational purposes.o Transportation: Designing accessible and sustainable transportation networks, including roads, public transit, and pedestrian infrastructure.o Infrastructure: Planning for essential services such as water supply, sanitation, energy, and telecommunications.o Environmental Sustainability: Incorporating green spaces, energy-efficient buildings, waste management systems, and strategies to mitigate climate change impacts.o Community Engagement: Involving residents, stakeholders, and businesses in the planning process to ensure inclusivity and address local needs.1.Strategies for Effective Urban Planning:o Compact Development: Promoting mixed-use developments to reduce urban sprawl and promote efficient land use.o Smart Growth: Emphasizing sustainable practices that balance economic growth with environmental stewardship.o Transit-Oriented Development (TOD): Designing communities around public transportation hubs to reduce car dependency.o Green Infrastructure: Incorporating parks, green roofs, and urban forests to improve air quality, reduce heat islands, and enhance biodiversity.o Resilience Planning: Preparing cities to withstand and recover from natural disasters and climate change impacts.1.Challenges in Urban Planning:o Infrastructure Deficits: Addressing aging infrastructure and expanding services to meet growing urban populations.o Housing Affordability: Ensuring housing options are accessible to diverse income groups amid rising real estate costs.o Traffic Congestion: Managing traffic flow and reducing reliance on private vehicles through better public transit and active transportation options.o Environmental Degradation: Mitigating pollution, preserving green spaces, and promoting sustainable resource management.o Social Equity: Addressing disparities in access to services, amenities, and economic opportunities across neighborhoods.1.Case Studies and Best Practices:o Highlighting successful urban planning projects that have revitalized neighborhoods, improved public spaces, and fostered economic development.o Learning from cities that have implemented innovative solutions in transportation, housing, and environmental sustainability.1.Future Directions and Recommendations:o Emphasizing the importance of integrated planning approaches that consider social, economic, and environmental factors.o Encouraging collaboration between government agencies, private sectors, and communities to achieve sustainable urban development goals.o Investing in research and technology to advance smart city initiatives, data-driven decision-making, and resilience planning.In conclusion, effective urban planning is essential for creating vibrant, inclusive, and sustainable cities that enhance quality of life for residents while safeguarding the environment for future generations. By addressing current challenges and embracing innovative strategies, cities can become resilient hubs of opportunity and creativity in the face of global urbanization trends.。

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1 专业词汇——城市规划基本术语I10。

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1 城市和城市化居民点settlement城市（城镇）city市municipality，city镇town市域administrative region of a city城市化urbanization城市化水平urbanization level城市群agglomeration都市带megalopolis集合城市、大都市圈conurbation城镇体系urban system卫星城（卫星城镇) satellite town大城市,大都市metropolis10.1。

2 城市规划概述城镇体系规划urban system planning城市规划urban planning城市设计urban design城市总体规划纲要master planning outline城市规划区urban planning area城市建成区urban built—up area开发区development area旧城改建urban redevelopment城市基础设施urban infrastructure城市总体规划master plan, comprehensive planning 分区规划district planning近期建设规划immediate plan城市详细规划detailed plan控制性详细规划regulatory plan修建性详细规划site plan城市规划管理urban planning administration10。

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3 城市规划编制（1）发展战略城市发展战略strategy for urban development城市职能urban function城市性质designated function of city城市规模urban size城市发展方向direction for urban development城市发展目标goal for urban development(2）城市人口城市人口结构urban population structure城市人口年龄构成age composition城市人口增长urban population growth城市人口增长率urban population growth rate城市人口自然增长率natural growth rate of population城市人口机械增长率mechanical growth rate of population 城市人口预测urban population forecast12。

城市规划( urban planning ) 指预测城市的发展并管理各项资源以适应其发展的具体方法或过程，以指导已建环境的设计与开发。

传统的城市规划多注意城市地区的实体特征。

现代城市规划则试图研究各种经济、社会和环境因素对土地使用模式的变化所产生的影响，并制订能反映这种连续相互作用的规划。

城市规划通常包括总体规划和详细规划两个阶段。

在一些大中城市，总体规划和详细规划之间增加城市分区规划。

总体规划( comprehensive planning ) 指综合性的城市规划。

是确定一个城市的性质、规模、发展方向以及制订城市中各类建设的总体布局的全面环境安排的城市规划。

总体规划还包括选定规划定额指标，制订该市远、近期目标及其实施步骤和措施等工作。

详细规划( detailed planning ) 在中国，按城市总体规划的要求，对城市局部地区近期需要建设的房屋建筑、市政工程、园林绿化等作出具体布置的规划，为建筑设计提供依据。

内容包括：选定技术经济指标，提出建筑空间处理要求，确定各项用地的控制性座标、建筑物位置与标高等。

城市分区规划( city district planning ) 在中国，指根据已编制的城市总体规划所做的市内各局部地区的规划。

各区按不同的功能和性质，有各自的规划。

功能规划( functional planning ) 对某些领域[如运输、住房和水质]的需要或活动定出目标，政策和工作程序的规划，通常由政府制订。

住房建设规划( housing program ) 指制订出若干年内分年度建造住房的规划，包括居住区和住房建造的数量以及居住水平等多项指标。

实体规划( physical planning ) 为开发或改造一个地区而预先做出的设计，把现有一切自然和人为的物质条件纳入规划，加以全面考虑，包括基础设施、房屋建筑、最佳开发战略等。

城市性质( designated function of a city ) 在中国城市的总体规划中，根据城市的形成与发展的主导因素确定它在国家和地区的政治、经济、文化中的地位和作用。

城市规划专业英语English in Urban Planning居民点城市市镇市域城市化城市化水平市郊化农村地区城市边缘特大城市都市城市群卫星城SettlementCityMunicipality, cityTownAdministrative region of a city Urbanization Urbanization level SuburbanizationRural areaUrban fringesMegalopolisMetropolisUrban agglomeration Satellite town城市规划城镇体系城镇体系规划城市总体规划纲要城市规划区城市建成区开发区旧城改建城市总体规划分区规划近期建设规划城市详细规划控制性详细规划修建性详细规划Urban planningUrban systemUrban system planningMaster planning outlineUrban planning areaUrban built-up areaDevelopment areaUrban redevelopmentMaster plan, comprehensive planning District planning，zoning Immediate planningDetailed planControlling plan, regulatory detailed planningBuilding plan, residential district detailed planning城市规划管理区域规划城市设计城市社会学城市经济学城市地理学城市基础设施规划城市管理信息系统园林学景观建筑学城市景观规划和设计城市绿地系统规划土地利用规划城市道路系统和交通规划Urban planning administration Regional planningUrban designUrban sociologyUrban economicsUrban geographyUrban infrastructure planningUrban management information system GardeningLandscape architectureUrban landscape planning and design Urban green space system planning Land use planningUrban road system and transportation planning城市发展战略城市职能城市性质城市规模城市发展方向城市发展目标城市人口结构城市人口年龄构成城市人口增长城市人口增长率城市人口自然增长率城市人口机械增长率城市人口预测strategy for Urban development Urban functionDesignated function of cityUrban sizeDirection for urban development Goal for urban developmentUrban population structureAge composition of urban population Urban population growthUrban population growth rate Natural growth rateMechanical growth rateUrban population forecast城市用地居住用地公共设施用地工业用地仓储用地对外交通用地道路广场用地市政公用设施用地绿地特殊用地水域和其他用地保留地城市用地评价城市用地平衡Urban landResidential landPublic facilitiesIndustrial land Warehouse landIntercity transportation land Road and squares Municipal facilitiesGreen spaceSpecially-designated land Waters and miscellaneous Reserved landUrban landuse evaluation Urban landuse balance城市结构城市布局城市形态城市功能分区工业区居住区商业区文教区中心商务区仓储区综合区风景区市中心副中心Urban structure, urban fabric Urban layout Urban morphology, urban form Functional districts Industrial districts Residential districts Commercial districts Institutes districtsCentral business districts (CBD) Warehouse districtsMixed-use districtsScenic zoneCivic centerSub-civic center居住区规划居住小区居住组团城市交通城市对外交通城市交通预测城市道路系统城市道路网城市道路密度网大运量快速交通交通流量交通管制交通拥挤交通瓶颈地段Residential district planning Residential quarter Residential clusterUrban transportation Intercity transportation Urban transportation forecast Urban road systemUrban road networkDensity of urban road network Mass rapid transitTraffic flowTraffic controlTraffic congestionTraffic bottleneck交通岛（转盘）交通枢纽城市交通与停车快速路动脉，干道多车道人行横道人行道步行街市政建设城市给水城市用水城市给水工程给水水源Traffic islandTraffic point cityTraffic and parking Express wayArteryMultiple lane Pedestrian crossing Pavement, sidewalk Pedestrian street Construction work Water supplyWater consumption Water supply engineering Water source水源选择水源保护城市给水系统城市排水城市污水生活污水生产废水生产污水城市排水系统分流制合流制城市排水工程污水处理污水处理厂Water source selection Protection of water source Water supply system SewerageSewageDomestic sewageIndustrial wastewaterPolluted industrial sewageSewerage systemSeparate systemCombined systemSewerage engineeringSewage treatment, wastewater treatmentSewage treatment plant城市供电电源城市用电负荷高压线走廊城市供电系统城市通信城市通信系统城市集中供热城市供热系统城市燃气城市燃气供应系统城市绿化城市绿地系统Power sourceElectrical loadHigh tension corridor Power supply system Communication Communication system District heatingDistrict heating system GasGas supply system Urban forestationUrban green space system公园绿地率工厂绿化广场绿化居住区绿化公共建筑绿化绿带专用绿地防护绿地公共绿地草地ParkRatio of green spaceLandscaping within factory Landscaping of squareLandscaping of residential area Landscaping around public building Green beltSpecified green spaceGreen bufferPublic green spaceLawn城市生态系统城市生态平衡城市环境污染城市环境质量城市环境质量评价城市环境保护历史文化名称历史地段历史文化保护区历史地段保护历史文化名城保护规划自然保护区City ecosystemBalance of city ecosystemCity environmental pollutionCity environmental qualityCity environmental quality assessment City environmental protection Historic cityHistoric siteConservation district of historic site Conservation of historic site Conservation plan of historic site Nature reserve城市防灾城市防洪城市防洪标准城市防洪工程城市防震城市消防城市防空竖向规划城市工程管线综合城市规划法规城市审批程序城市规划用地管理选址意见书Urban disaster preventionUrban flood controlFlood control standardFlood control worksEarthquake hazard protectionUrban fire controlUrban air defenseVertical planningIntegrated design for utilities pipeline Legislation on urban planning Procedure for approval of urban plan Urban planning land use administration Permission notes for location建设用地规划许可证城市规划建设管理建设工程规划许可证建筑面积密度容积率建筑密度道路红线建筑红线人口毛密度人口净密度建筑间距日照标准城市道路面积率绿地率Land use permit Urban planning and development controlBuilding permitTotal floor space per hectare plotPlot ratio, floor area ratioBuilding density, building coverage Boundary line of roadBuilding lineResidential densityNet residential densityBuilding intervalInsulation standardUrban road area ratioGreening rate草图平面剖面立面透视示意图蓝图步行轴城市美学游憩空间建造环境自然环境Sketch, rough map PlanSectionElevation perspective DiagramBlueprintPed axisUrban esthetics EsplanadeBuilt environment Natural environment单一建筑大型建筑高层建筑建筑群住所平民窟雅典宪章居住工作休憩交通服务半径公众参与可持续发展Individual building Mega-structureHigh-rise apartment EdificesDwellingSlums,Athens charter Residence Employment Recreation TransportationService radiusPublic participation Sustainable development人体尺寸街道小品雕塑、喷泉、茶吧景观节点城市要素广场林荫道视觉景观视觉环境视觉景观容量风景园林四大要素Human scaleStreet furnitureSculpture, fountain, tea bar Landscape nodeUrban elementPlazasAvenue，boulevardVisual landscapeVisual environmentVisual landscape capacity Landscape plant, architecture building, topography, water。

城市规划专业英语urban planning 城市规划town planning 城镇规划act of urban planning 城市规划法urban comprehensive planning 城市总体规划urban detailed planning 城市详细规划Residentiral district detailed planning 修建性详规regulatory detailed planning 控制性详规规划类的专业课程reginal planning 区域规划urban system planning 城镇体系规划urban sociology 城市社会学urban economic 城市经济学urban geograghy 城市地理学urban infrastructure planning 城市基础设施规划(water supply and drainage \electricity supply\road building)（城市供水、供电、道路修建）urban road system and transportation planning 城市道路系统和交通规划urban road cross-section 城市道路横断面urban management information system 城市管理信息系统GIS =geograghy information system 地理信息系统RS=remote sensing 遥感Gardening==Landscape architecture 园林=营造景观学Urban landscape planning and design 城市景观规划和设计Urban green space system planning 城市绿地系统规划Urban design 城市设计~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Land-use planning 土地利用规划The cultural and historic planning 历史文化名城Protection planning 保护规划Urbanization 城市化Suburbanization 郊区化Public participation 公众参与Sustainable development(sustainability) 可持续性发展（可持续性）Over-all urban layout 城市整体布局Pedestrian crossing 人行横道Human scale 人体尺寸Street furniture 街道小品(sculpture fountain tea bar) （雕塑、喷泉、茶吧）Traffic and parking 交通与停车Landscape node 景观节点----------------------------------------------------------------------- Archaeological 考古学的Habitat 住处Aesthetics 美学Geometrical 几何学的Moat 护城河Vehicles 车辆，交通工具,mechanization 机械化merchant-trader 商人阶级urban elements 城市要素plazas 广场malls 林荫道---------------------------------------------- The city and regionAdaptable 适应性强的Organic entity 有机体Department stores 百货商店Opera 歌剧院Symphony 交响乐团Cathedrals 教堂Density 密度Circulation 循环Elimination of water 水处理措施In three dimensional form 三维的Condemn 谴责Rural area 农村地区Regional planning agencies 区域规划机构Service-oriented 以服务为宗旨的Frame of reference 参考标准Distribute 分类Water area 水域Alteration 变更Inhabitants 居民Motorway 高速公路Update 改造论文写作Abstract 摘要Key words 关键词Reference 参考资料----------------------------------------Urban problemDimension 大小Descendant 子孙，后代Luxury 奢侈Dwelling 住所Edifices 建筑群<Athens Charter>雅典宪章Residence 居住Employment 工作Recreation 休憩Transportation交通Swallow 吞咽，燕子Urban fringes 城市边缘Anti- 前缀，反对……的；如：antinuclear反核的anticlockwise逆时针的Pro- 前缀，支持，同意……的；如：pro-American 亲美的pro-educat ion重教育的Grant 助学金，基金Sewage 污水Sewer 污水管Sewage treatment plant 污水处理厂Brain drain 人才流失Drainage area 汇水面积Traffic flow 交通量Traffic concentration 交通密度Traffic control 交通管制Traffic bottleneck 交通瓶颈地段Traffic island 交通岛（转盘）Traffic point city 交通枢纽城市Train-make-up 编组站Urban redevelopment 旧城改造Urban revitalization 城市复苏------------------------------------------Urban FunctionUrban fabric 城市结构Urban form 城市形体Warehouse 仓库Material processing center 原料加工中心Religious edifices 宗教建筑Correctional institution 教养院Transportation interface 交通分界面CBD=central business district 城市中心商业区Public agencies of parking 停车公共管理机构Energy conservation 节能Individual building 单一建筑Mega-structures 大型建筑Mega- 大，百万，强Megalopolis 特大城市Megaton 百万吨R residence 居住用地黄色C commercial 商业用地红色M manufacture 工业用地紫褐色W warehouse 仓储用地紫色T transportation 交通用地蓝灰色S square 道路广场用地留白处理U utilities 市政公共设施用地接近蓝灰色G green space 绿地绿色P particular 特殊用地E 水域及其他用地（除E外，其他合为城市建设用地）Corporate 公司的，法人的Corporation 公司企业Accessibility 可达性；易接近Service radius 服务半径=------------------------------------------------Urban landscapeTopography 地形图Well-matched 相匹配Ill-matchedVisual landscape 视觉景观Visual environment 视觉环境Visual landscape capacity 视觉景观容量Tour industry 旅游业Service industry 服务业Relief road 辅助道路Rural population 城镇居民Roofline 屋顶轮廓线风景园林四大要素：landscape plantarchitecture/buildingtopographywater-----------------------------------------------Urban designNature reserve 自然保护区Civic enterprise 市政企业Artery 动脉，干道，大道Land developer 土地开发商Broad thorough-fare 主干道--------------------------------------------------- Water supply and drainageA water supply for a town 城市给水系统Storage reservoir 水库，蓄水库Distribution reservoir 水库，配水库Distribution pipes 配水管网Water engineer 给水工程师Distribution system 配水系统Catchment area 汇水面积Open channel 明渠Sewerage system 污水系统，排污体制Separate 分流制Combined 合流制Rainfall 降水Domestic waste 生活污水Industrical waste 工业污水Stream flow 河流流量Runoff 径流Treatment plant 处理厂Sub-main 次干管Branch sewer 支管City water department 城市供水部门-------------------------------------------------- UrbanizationSpatial structure 空间转移Labor force 劳动力Renewable 可再生*Biosphere 生物圈Planned citiesBlueprints 蓝图License 执照，许可证Minerals 矿物Hydroelectric power source 水利资源Monuments 纪念物High-rise apartment 高层建筑物Lawn 草地Pavement 人行道Sidewalk 人行道Winding street 曲折的路----------------------------------------A view of Venice Metropolis 都市Construction work 市政建设Slums 平民窟Alleys 大街小巷Populate 居住Gothic 哥特式Renaissance 文艺复兴式Baroque 巴洛克式。

Town PlanningPurpose of Town Planning: Town Planning aims at providing a quality living environment, facilitating economic development, and promoting the health, safety, convenience and general welfare of the community by guiding and controlling development and the use of land. Following the principle of sustainable development, town planning seeks to bring about an organized, efficient and desirable place for the community to live and work in. As land suitable for development in Hong Kong is scarce, there is a need to strike a balance in utilizing the limited land resource to meet the competing demands for housing, commerce, industry, transport, recreation, nature conservation, heritage preservation and other community needs.Planning Organisations: The Planning and Lands Branch of the Development Bureau is in charge of the policy portfolios of planning, land use, buildings and urban renewal in Hong Kong. Taking directives from the Development Bureau, the Planning Department (PlanD) is responsible for formulating, monitoring and reviewing land use at the territorial level. PlanD also prepares district/local plans, area improvement plans, the Hong Kong Planning Standards and Guidelines as well as undertakes actions against unauthorized land uses.The principal body responsible for statutory planning in Hong Kong is the Town Planning Board (TPB). It is formed under the Town Planning Ordinance (TPO) and served by the PlanD. Comprising predominantly non-official members, the TPB oversees the preparation of draft statutory plans, considers representations to such draft plans and considers applications for planning permission and amendments to plans. There are two standing committees under the TPB, namely, the Metro Planning Committee and the Rural and New Town Planning Committee. Under the TPO, the TPB may also appoint a committee among its members to consider representations to draft statutory plans.Planning System: Hong Kong’s planning system comprises development strategies at the territorial level and various types of Statutory and Departmental Plans at the district/local level. Guiding the preparation of these plans is the Hong Kong Planning Standards and Guidelines, relevant development related policy and principles and community views.Territorial Development Strategy:The strategy aims at providing a broad planning framework to guide future development and the provision of strategic infrastructure in Hong Kong. It also serves as a basis for the preparation of district plans. The findings of Hong Kong 2030: Planning Vision and Strategy (the HK2030 Study), a study to formulate the planning framework for Hong Kong up to 2030, were promulgated in October 2007. The HK2030 Study has adopted sustainable development as its over-arching goal. The recommended strategy, focusing on the three broad directions of providing a quality living environment, enhancing economic competitiveness and strengthening links with the Mainland, aims to help Hong Kong achieve its vision as “Asia’s world city”.With increasing economic integration and social interaction between Hong Kong and the Mainland, cross-boundary surveys are commissioned regularly to collect statistical information on various aspects of cross-boundary activities, e.g. travel pattern and behaviour, Hong Kong residents’ experience of and aspirations for taking up residence in the Mainland. The findings of these surveys provide valuable input for the planning of cross-boundary infrastructure and the formulation of development strategies. The planning study titled Coordinated Development of the Greater Pearl River Delta Townships, jointly commissioned by Hong Kong, Guangdong and Macao to formulate a regional development framework, was completed and its findings were promulgated in October 2009.Statutory Plans:Two types of statutory plans are prepared and published by the TPB under the provisions of the TPO. In 2005, the TPO was amended to streamline the plan-making process and planning approval procedures, enhance the openness and transparency of the planning system and strengthen planning enforcement control in the rural New Territories.The first type is Outline Zoning Plan (OZP) which shows the land use zones, development parameters and major road systems of an individual planning area. Areas covered by OZPs are in general zoned for uses such as residential, commercial, industrial, green belt, open space, government/institution/community uses or other specified purposes. Attached to each OZP is a Schedule of Notes showing the uses which are always permitted (Column 1 uses) in a particular zone and other uses for which prior permission from the TPB must be sought (Column 2 uses).The second type is Development Permission Area (DPA) Plan. DPA Plans are prepared to provide interim planning control, and development guidance for rural areasin the New Territories until more detailed OZPs are prepared. DPA Plans indicate broad land use zones and are also accompanied by Schedules of Notes showing Column 1 and 2 uses. DPA Plans are effective for a periodof 3 years and will be replaced by OZPs.Information on statutory plans, related guidelines and procedures as well as the agenda and decisions of the open meetings of the TPB and its Committees can be accessed online from the TPB website at .hk/tpb/ and the Statutory Planning Portal at .hk/. The public may also observe those open meetings in the Public Viewing Room located in North Point Government Offices, 333 Java Road, North Point, Hong Kong.Departmental Plans: Outline Development Plans and Layout Plans are administrative plans prepared within the framework of the statutory plans. With a much larger scale, these departmental plans show more detailed level planning parameters e.g. site boundaries, location of access points and footbridges, specific types of government or community uses to facilitate the coordination of public works, land sales and land reservation for specific uses.Views from the public are essential considerations for the formulation of development strategies and preparation of plans. Public engagement in the form of public forums, workshops, exhibitions, etc. has become a very important component of the planning process.Hong Kong Planning Standards and Guidelines: It is a reference manual setting out the criteria for determining the scale, location and site requirements of various land uses and facilities. It is used in the preparation of town plans and planning briefs and is a tool that helps to regulate development.Urban Renewal and Regeneration: The Urban Renewal Authority (URA) is a statutory body established in 2001 to speed up the renewal of old urban areas and to execute the Urban Renewal Strategy formulated by the Government. PlanD co-ordinates with the URA under the statutory provisions in the planning of urban renewal and regeneration projects for the improvement of the old urban areas.The Government has launched a review of the Urban Renewal Strategy in 2008 in three stages – envisioning, public engagement and consensus building, and is scheduled for completion in 2010. The Strategy will provide a broad policy guidance for urban renewal in Hong Kong.New Town and New Development Areas: Large-scale new town development in the New Territories began in the early 1970s. PlanD’s District Planning Offices have worked closely with the Civil Engineering and Development Department’s Development Offices to prepare plans and oversee the development of these new towns. At present, nine new towns, namely, Tsuen Wan, Sha Tin, Tuen Mun, Tai Po, Yuen Long, Fanling/Sheung Shui, Tseung Kwan O, Tin Shui Wai and North Lantau are in various stages of development and will accommodate about four million people upon full development. However, large-scale new towns will not be pursued in the foreseeable future. Instead, medium-scale new development areas such as Kai Tak and new development areas in the New Territories will be developed.Planning Enforcement: The Town Planning Ordinance provides the Planning Authority with enforcement power against unauthorized developments (UDs) within the DPAs or the replacement OZPs. Within these areas, all developments are unauthorized unless the development is either in existence before the gazettal of the DPA Plans, permitted under the Plan or covered by valid planning permissions.PlanD’s Central Enforcement and Prosecution Section is responsible for undertaking enforcement and prosecution actions against the UDs. They investigate complaints and referrals from the public or other Government departments, and carry out regular patrols to identify possible UDs. Once a UD is confirmed, statutory enforcement and prosecution actions will be taken as appropriate. Topical Studies: PlanD also carries out a wide range of topical studies. In the light of a slower population growth projected for the next 30 years, greater planning efforts are now focused on improving the quality of the living environment and local area improvements, particularly for the older urban cores and the harbourfront.For local areas, the Pedestrian Plans for Causeway Bay, Tai Po Market and Kwun Tong, Area Improvement Plan for Tsim Sha Tsui and the Area Improvement Plan for Shopping Areas of Mongkok have been completed. Two studies on enhancing the rural township of Lau Fau Shan and Sha Tau Kok and surrounding areas are in progress. Other ongoing studies include a feasibility study on Urban Climatic Map and Standards for Wind Environment, and Air Ventilation Assessment studies for specific areas and sites.The harbour planning framework formulated under the Harbour Plan Study is now being reviewed to take into account the changing public aspirations of the harbourfront. The review is conducted in close association with the Harbour-front Enhancement Committee, an advisory committee representing a wide range of interests in the community. The harbour planning principles and guidelines have been completed and promulgated. For the waterfront areas, the Kai Tak Planning Review has been completed. and The Urban Design Study for the New Central Harbourfront is near completion and the Hong Kong Island East Harbourfront Study is ongoing.In order to formulate a planning framework to guide the future use of the large area to be released from the Frontier Closed Area, PlanD commenced a planning study titled Land Use Planning for the Closed Area to examine the development and conservation potentials of the area. The study is scheduled for completion in 2010. With a view to formulating a planning framework for the Kwu Tung North, Fanling North and Ping Che/T a Kwu Ling NDAs to address the long term housing and employment needs in Hong Kong, the North East New Territories New Development Areas Planning and Engineering Study was launched in June 2008.ThePlanning and Engineering Study on Development of Lok Ma Chau Loop, a joint effort of Hong Kong and Shenzhen, commenced in June 2009. The main objective of the Study is to formulate a comprehensive plan for development and implementation of the developments and infrastructure in the Loop as well as the area in its vicinity for the mutual benefits of both Hong Kong and Shenzhen.The Planning Study on Liantang/Heung Yuen Wai Cross-boundary Control Point and its Associated Connecting Road in Hong Kong which aims to examine the planning, land, traffic, environmental and engineering issues of the new crossing and its associated connecting road has been completed. Implementation of the new crossing has commenced and is expected to complete in 2018.Planning Information: There is a Hong Kong Planning and Infrastructure Exhibition Gallery located at G/F, Murray Road Multi-storey Car Park Building showcasing Hong Kong’s planning proposals and major infrastructure projects. For more information on town planning, please visit PlanD’s website at .hk/or visit the two Planning Enquiry Counters located at:- 17/F, North Point Government Offices,333 Java Road, North Point, Hong Kong- 14/F, Sha Tin Government Offices,1 Sheung Wo Che Road, Sha Tin, New TerritoriesFor enquiries, please call 2231 5000, fax to 2877 0389 or e-mail to enquire@.hk.Published by the Information Services Department, Planning Department Home Page address:Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government .hkGovHK Website: .hkInformation contained in this publication may be freely used.No acknowledgement is necessary.January 2010。

城市规划专业英语来源:smthBBS·unban planning城市规划town planning城镇规划act of urban planning城市规划法urban comprehensive planning城市总体规划urban detailed planning城市详细规划Residentiral district detailed planning修建性详规regulatory detailed planning控制性详规规划类的专业课程reginal planning区域规划urban system planning城镇体系规划urban sociology城市社会学urban economic城市经济学urban geograghy城市地理学urban infrastructure planning城市基础设施规划(water supply and drainage\electricity supply\road building)（城市供水、供电、道路修建)urban road system and transportation planning城市道路系统和交通规划urban road cross-section城市道路横断面urban management information system城市管理信息系统GIS=geograghy information system地理信息系统RS=remote sensing遥感Gardening==Landscape architecture园林=营造景观学Urban landscape planning and design城市景观规划和设计Urban green space system planning城市绿地系统规划Urban design城市设计·Land—use planning土地利用规划The cultural and historic planning历史文化名城Protection planning保护规划Urbanization城市化Suburbanization郊区化Public participation公众参与Sustainable development（sustainability）可持续性发展(可持续性）Over—all urban layout城市整体布局Pedestrian crossing人行横道Human scale人体尺寸（sculpture fountain tea bar)（雕塑、喷泉、茶吧）Traffic and parking交通与停车Landscape node景观节点·Brief history of urban planning Archaeological考古学的Habitat住处Aesthetics美学Geometrical几何学的Moat护城河Vehicles车辆,交通工具，mechanization机械化merchant—trader商人阶级urban elements城市要素plazas广场malls林荫道·The city and regionAdaptable适应性强的Organic entity有机体Department stores百货商店Opera歌剧院Symphony交响乐团Cathedrals教堂Density密度Circulation循环Elimination of water水处理措施In three dimensional form三维的Condemn谴责Rural area农村地区Regional planning agencies区域规划机构Service-oriented以服务为宗旨的Frame of reference参考标准Distribute分类Water area水域Alteration变更Inhabitants居民Motorway高速公路Update改造论文写作Abstract摘要Key words关键词Reference参考资料·Urban problemDimension大小Descendant子孙,后代Luxury奢侈Dwelling住所Edifices建筑群<Athens Charter〉雅典宪章Residence居住Employment工作Recreation休憩Transportation交通Swallow吞咽,燕子Urban fringes城市边缘Anti- 前缀，反对……的；如：antinuclear反核的anticlockwise逆时针的Pro—前缀，支持，同意……的；如：pro-American亲美的pro—education重教育的Grant助学金,基金Sewage污水Sewer污水管Sewage treatment plant污水处理厂Brain drain人才流失Drainage area汇水面积Traffic flow交通量Traffic concentration交通密度Traffic control交通管制Traffic bottleneck交通瓶颈地段Traffic island交通岛(转盘）Traffic point city交通枢纽城市Train—make—up编组站Urban redevelopment旧城改造Urban revitalization城市复苏·Urban FunctionUrban fabric城市结构Urban form城市形体Warehouse仓库Material processing center原料加工中心Religious edifices宗教建筑Correctional institution教养院Transportation interface交通分界面CBD=central business district城市中心商业区Public agencies of parking停车公共管理机构Energy conservation节能Individual building单一建筑Mega—structures大型建筑Mega—大，百万，强Megalopolis特大城市Megaton百万吨R residence居住用地黄色C commercial商业用地红色M manufacture工业用地紫褐色W warehouse仓储用地紫色T transportation交通用地蓝灰色S square道路广场用地留白处理U utilities市政公共设施用地接近蓝灰色G green space绿地绿色P particular特殊用地E水域及其他用地（除E外，其他合为城市建设用地) Corporate公司的，法人的Corporation公司企业Accessibility可达性；易接近Service radius服务半径·Urban landscapeTopography地形图Well—matched相匹配Ill—matchedVisual landscape视觉景观Visual environment视觉环境Visual landscape capacity视觉景观容量Tour industry旅游业Service industry服务业Relief road辅助道路Rural population城镇居民Roofline屋顶轮廓线风景园林四大要素：landscape plantarchitecture/buildingtopographywater·Urban designNature reserve自然保护区Civic enterprise市政企业Artery动脉,干道,大道Land developer土地开发商Broad thorough—fare主干道·Water supply and drainageA water supply for a town城市给水系统Storage reservoir水库，蓄水库Distribution reservoir水库,配水库Distribution pipes配水管网Water engineer给水工程师Distribution system配水系统Catchment area汇水面积Open channel明渠Sewerage system污水系统,排污体制Separate分流制Combined合流制Rainfall降水Domestic waste生活污水Industrial waste工业污水Stream flow河流流量Run off径流Treatment plant处理厂Sub-main次干管Branch sewer支管City water department城市供水部门·UrbanizationSpatial structure空间转移Labor force劳动力Renewable可再生＊Biosphere生物圈Planned citiesBlueprints蓝图License执照,许可证Minerals矿物Hydroelectric power source水利资源Monuments纪念物High-rise apartment高层建筑物Lawn草地Pavement人行道Sidewalk人行道Winding street曲折的路·A view of Venice Metropolis都市Construction work市政建设Slums平民窟Alleys大街小巷Populate居住Gothic哥特式Renaissance文艺复兴式Baroque巴洛克式。

城市规划英文Urban PlanningUrban planning is the process of designing and organizing the physical layout and infrastructure of a city. It focuses on creating sustainable, livable, and efficient cities that meet the needs of its residents. Urban planners work closely with architects, engineers, and policymakers to make decisions about land use, transportation systems, public services, and amenities.The main goal of urban planning is to create a city that promotes the well-being and quality of life of its residents. This involves ensuring that there is sufficient housing, employment opportunities, and public transportation. It also involves creating green spaces, such as parks and gardens, to improve the aesthetics and environmental sustainability of the city.One of the key challenges in urban planning is balancing the needs of different stakeholders. For example, developers may prioritize economic growth and profitability, while residents may prioritize affordable housing and access to public services. Urban planners must consider the needs and interests of all parties involved to create a city that is equitable and sustainable.In addition, urban planning also takes into account the long-term impacts of development. It considers factors such as population growth, climate change, and technological advancements to ensure that cities are prepared for future challenges. This involves anticipating future trends and making strategic decisions to future-proof the city.There are several key principles of urban planning that guide the decision-making process. First, planners must consider the existing context and culture of the city. They must understand the history, heritage, and identity of the city to ensure that new development is in harmony with the existing built environment.Second, urban planning emphasizes the importance of public participation. Planners must engage with the community and gather input and feedback to ensure that the city reflects the needs and aspirations of its residents. This can be done through public consultations, surveys, and community meetings.Third, urban planning aims to create mixed-use and walkable neighborhoods. This means that residential, commercial, and recreational spaces are integrated together, allowing residents to access amenities and services easily. It also promotes pedestrian-friendly streets, bike lanes, and public transportation to reduce reliance on private cars and promote healthy and sustainable modes of transportation.Finally, urban planning strives to create a sustainable and resilient city. This involves incorporating green infrastructure, such as renewable energy, green roofs, and rainwater harvesting systems. It also involves designing buildings and public spaces that are energy-efficient and environmentally friendly. By doing so, urban planners can mitigate the impacts of climate change and create a city that is both environmentally and economically sustainable.In conclusion, urban planning is a multidisciplinary field that isessential for creating sustainable, livable, and efficient cities. It involves making decisions about land use, transportation systems, public services, and amenities to meet the needs of residents. By considering the interests of different stakeholders and anticipating future challenges, urban planners can create cities that are equitable, sustainable, and resilient.。

城市规划英文City PlanningCity planning is the process of designing and organizing a city’s physical layout and infrastructure. It aims to create efficient, functional, and sustainable urban environments that meet the needs and improve the quality of life for its residents. This article will explore the various aspects of city planning and highlight its importance in shaping the development and growth of cities.One of the primary goals of city planning is to address the increasing urbanization trend and its associated challenges. As more people move from rural areas to cities in search of better opportunities, city planners must ensure that the city’s infrastructure can accommodate the growing population. This includes the construction of housing, transportation systems, and utilities such as water, electricity, and sewerage.Another crucial aspect of city planning is land use zoning. Land is a limited resource, and proper allocation and management are essential for creating sustainable and well-designed cities. Planners divide land into different zones for residential, commercial, industrial, and recreational purposes. This helps prevent haphazard development and ensures that each zone has the appropriate facilities and amenities to support the activities conducted within it. Transportation planning is an integral part of city planning. The design and management of transportation systems within a city directly impact its accessibility, mobility, and overall efficiency. Planners must consider various modes of transportation, includingroads, railways, public transport, and pedestrian-friendly pathways. They need to ensure that these systems are interconnected and well-integrated, reducing congestion and improving the flow of people and goods.Sustainability is a key principle in modern city planning. Planners aim to create environmentally friendly and energy-efficient cities that minimize resource consumption and promote renewable energy sources. This includes incorporating green spaces and promoting a healthy urban environment, reducing pollution and improving air quality. Sustainable city planning also considers climate change resilience, ensuring that cities are better prepared to withstand and recover from natural disasters.Another important consideration in city planning is social equity. Planners work towards creating inclusive cities that provide equal access to opportunities, services, and amenities for all residents, irrespective of their income, ethnicity, or background. This includes the provision of affordable housing, educational institutions, healthcare facilities, parks, and recreational spaces that benefit everyone and foster social cohesion.In conclusion, city planning plays a vital role in shaping the development and growth of cities. It involves a comprehensive and interdisciplinary approach to design and manage urban environments that are sustainable, livable, and socially inclusive. By addressing various aspects such as land use, transportation, sustainability, and social equity, city planners strive to create cities that meet the needs and improve the quality of life for their residents.。

现代城市规划与智慧城市建设（英文中文双语版优质文档）Cities are symbols and important signs of the development of human society, and are also the main places for human activities. In the process of rapid urbanization, modern urban planning and smart city construction have become hot topics of concern. This article will focus on the relevant content of modern urban planning and smart city construction.1. Modern urban planningModern urban planning refers to the rational planning and management of cities in the process of urbanization development according to the functional needs of the city, the needs of social development and the characteristics of the natural environment, so as to achieve the goals of urbanization and sustainable social development.1. The development history of urban planningThe development process of urban planning can be divided into the following stages:(1) Early urban planning (17th to 18th centuries)Early urban planning was mainly aimed at the internal planning of the city, focusing on the planning and design of urban streets, public facilities and buildings.(2) Urban garden planning (18th century to 19th century)Urban landscape planning is a development based on early urban planning, focusing on the planning and design of urban greening and garden landscape, adding beauty and environmental protection to the city.(3) Modern urban planning (from the 20th century to the present)Modern urban planning takes urban functions as the core, pays attention to the balance of social, economic and environmental factors, comprehensively considers the various needs of the city and the future development trend, and realizes the sustainable development of the city.2. Characteristics of modern urban planningModern urban planning has the following characteristics:(1) Pay attention to urban functions and services, and realize the diversified and sustainable development of the city.(2) Pay attention to the balance of society, economy and environment, and realize the sustainable development of the city.(3) Pay attention to the humanized design of the city and improve the quality of life in the city.(4) Pay attention to the informatization and intelligence of the city, and realize the digital transformation of the city.3. Challenges and future development of modern urban planningModern urban planning faces the following challenges:(1) Urban planning problems brought about by the rapid development of urbanization.(2) Contradictions and conflicts between different stakeholders during the implementation of urban planning.(3) The urban planning and management system is not perfect and flexible enough.Future direction:(1) Strengthen the construction of urban planning management system, improve urban planning laws and related rules and regulations.(2) Strengthen the coordination between urban planning and social, economic and environmental factors to achieve sustainable urban development.(3) Strengthen the informatization and intelligence of urban planning, and improve the efficiency of urban management and service levels.2. Smart city constructionSmart city refers to the use of advanced information technology and intelligent equipment to integrate, optimize and manage various resources in the city, so as to improve the management efficiency of the city, the quality of life of residents and the sustainable development of the city.1. The development history of smart citiesThe development process of smart cities can be divided into the following stages:(1) Smart City 1.0 Era (2000-2010)The smart city 1.0 era is mainly characterized by urban informatization, focusing on the integration and sharing of information from various departments in the city.(2) Era of Smart City 2.0 (2010-2015)The era of smart city 2.0 mainly focuses on the intelligentization and digital transformation of the city, and the construction of the city's digital infrastructure and cloud platform.(3) Era of Smart City 3.0 (2015 to present)The era of smart city 3.0 mainly focuses on the smart and intelligent construction of cities, promotes the integration and optimization of various urban resources, and realizes the digital transformation of cities.2. Characteristics of smart citiesA smart city has the following characteristics:(1) Pay attention to the application of information technology and intelligent equipment to realize the integration and optimization of various urban resources.(2) Pay attention to the intelligent and digital transformation of the city, improve the efficiency of urban management and the quality of life of residents.(3) Pay attention to the sustainable development of the city and realize the coordinated development of the city's ecology, economy and society.3. Challenges and future development of smart citiesSmart cities face the following challenges:(1) The investment in urban informatization construction and intelligent construction is large, requiring a lot of financial and social resources.(2) The construction of smart cities requires the coordinated operations of multiple city departments, and it is necessary to solve the problems of data sharing and privacy protection among different departments.(3) The construction of smart cities needs to solve the popularization and security issues of smart devices to prevent hacker attacks and personal information leakage.Future direction:(1) Strengthen the informatization and intelligent construction of smart cities, improve the efficiency of urban management and the quality of life of residents.(2) Promote the deep integration of smart cities and new technologies, such as artificial intelligence, Internet of Things, big data, etc., to achieve more efficient urban management and smarter public services.(3) Pay attention to the sustainable development of smart cities and realize the coordinated development of urban ecology, economy and society.(4) Strengthen public safety protection in the construction of smart cities to ensure the safety of citizens' lives and properties.(5) Explore the international cooperation and shared development of smart cities, and promote the development of global smart city construction.城市是人类社会发展的象征和重要标志，同时也是人类活动的主要场所。

城市中心区规划（City Center Area Planning）要做好一个城市规划，就要充分了解规划用地的信息，并把规划用地的优势发挥出来，而一个城市规划最重要的就是其中心区的规划.一个好的中心区规划，往往可以使整个城市规划变得出彩。

所以我写个这个关于城市中心区规划的文章。

To do a urban planning, we need to fully understand the information of the planning land, and to exploit the advantages of planning land. The most important one of urban planning is its central area planning, a good central area planning, often the make whole the urban planning become excellent. So I write this articles about the City Center planning .规划用地位于新安江沿岸，傍山依水，风景宜人，其周围有优秀的旅游资源，所以建设一个以旅游为城市性质的城市是个很好的选择。

The land of planning is near the Xin'anjiang it coast hillside and surrounded by water,the scenery there is very beautiful, it has excellent tourism resources around, so the city to build tourism as its nature is a good choice.在以旅游为城市性质的前提下，城市中心区位置的考虑应以满足居民使用需求的同时兼顾旅游及因旅游而拉动的商业发展。

城市规划英语City planning is the process of designing and organizing the physical layout of a city to ensure its functionality and sustainability. It involves the careful consideration of various factors, such as population growth, transportation, infrastructure, and land use. The goal of city planning is to create a livable and harmonious urban environment that meets the needs and desires of its inhabitants.One of the important aspects of city planning is population growth. As the population of a city increases, it is crucial to plan for adequate housing, facilities, and services. This includes the construction of new residential areas, schools, hospitals, and commercial centers. City planners also need to ensure that there is enough open space for recreational activities, such as parks and playgrounds, to improve the quality of life for residents.Transportation is another critical factor in city planning. A well-designed transportation system is essential for efficient movement of people and goods within the city. This includes the development of road networks, public transportation, and cycling and walking paths. City planners must also consider the impact of transportation on the environment and prioritize sustainable modes of transport, such as electric vehicles and bike-sharing programs.Infrastructure plays a crucial role in city planning as well. This includes water supply, sewage systems, electricity grids, and telecommunications networks. City planners must ensure that these systems are designed and implemented in a way that meets the current and future needs of the city's residents. Additionally, theymust consider the sustainability and resilience of these systems, taking into account potential risks and challenges such as natural disasters and climate change.Land use is another important aspect of city planning. Efficient land use ensures that available space is used in the most effective and sustainable way. This includes designating areas for residential, commercial, industrial, and recreational purposes. City planners must also consider the preservation of historical sites, green spaces, and wildlife habitats. The goal is to strike a balance between development and conservation.In conclusion, city planning is a complex and multifaceted process that requires careful consideration of various factors. It involves the design and organization of a city's physical layout, with the aim of creating a livable, functional, and sustainable urban environment. City planners must consider population growth, transportation, infrastructure, and land use to ensure the long-term success and well-being of the city and its residents.。

城市规划英语作文Urban planning is a complex and multifaceted discipline that involves the strategic development and design of urban spaces to meet the needs of current and future populations. It encompasses a wide range of considerations, including economic, environmental, social, and cultural factors. Here is an essay on urban planning:The Art of Urban Planning: Shaping the Future of CitiesUrban planning is more than just the physical arrangement of buildings and roads; it's a science that seeks to create a harmonious balance between human needs and the environment. It is a field that requires a deep understanding of various aspects such as transportation, housing, public spaces, and economic development.Transportation and MobilityA well-planned city prioritizes efficient transportation systems. This includes public transit options like buses, trains, and trams that are accessible and affordable. Urban planners must consider how to reduce traffic congestion and encourage the use of sustainable modes of transport, such as cycling and walking. This not only improves air quality but also promotes a healthier lifestyle for residents.Housing and Community DevelopmentProviding adequate housing is a fundamental aspect of urban planning. Planners must ensure that there is a mix of housing types to cater to different income levels and family sizes. This includes creating affordable housing options, which are essential for maintaining social cohesion and preventing the displacement of lower-income residents.Public Spaces and GreeneryPublic spaces are vital for the well-being of urban residents. They include parks, squares, and recreational areas thatoffer a respite from the hustle and bustle of city life.Urban planners aim to incorporate green spaces into the cityscape, as they contribute to mental health, reduce heat island effects, and improve air quality.Economic Development and SustainabilityThe economic health of a city is closely tied to its physical infrastructure. Urban planners work to attract businesses and industries that can provide jobs and stimulate economic growth. Sustainable practices, such as the use of renewable energy and the promotion of green buildings, are increasingly important in the planning process.Cultural and Historical PreservationCities are not just about the present; they are also areflection of the past. Urban planners must respect and preserve the cultural and historical heritage of a city. This involves protecting landmarks, promoting local arts, and ensuring that new developments complement rather than overshadow existing structures.ConclusionUrban planning is a dynamic and evolving field that requires a forward-thinking approach. It is about creating cities that are not only functional but also livable, sustainable, and inclusive. As urban populations continue to grow, the role of urban planners becomes ever more critical in shaping the future of our cities.This essay provides a brief overview of the key areas that urban planners focus on to create well-rounded and thriving urban environments.。

城市规划的英语作文Urban planning is a critical component of modern city management, aimed at creating sustainable, efficient, and livable environments for residents. It involves the strategic development and design of the physical and social aspects of cities, towns, and villages.The Importance of Urban PlanningUrban planning is essential for addressing the challenges of rapid urbanization. It ensures that cities can accommodate growing populations without compromising the quality of life. Planners must consider various factors, including housing, transportation, economic development, and environmental sustainability.Sustainable DevelopmentOne of the primary goals of urban planning is to promote sustainable development. This involves creating cities that are economically viable, socially inclusive, and environmentally responsible. Planners must balance the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.Transportation and InfrastructureA well-planned city has efficient transportation systems thatreduce congestion and pollution. Planners often incorporate public transit, cycling lanes, and pedestrian-friendly paths to encourage alternative modes of transportation. Infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and utilities must also be strategically placed to support the city's growth.Housing and Community DevelopmentUrban planners work to provide adequate housing for all income levels. They create zoning laws and building codesthat ensure safety and affordability. Community development initiatives may include the revitalization of neighborhoods, the creation of public spaces, and the provision of amenities such as schools, parks, and healthcare facilities.Economic GrowthEconomic vitality is another key aspect of urban planning. Planners work with businesses and government to attract investment, create jobs, and foster innovation. They may develop commercial zones, industrial parks, and business districts to support economic activity.Environmental ConsiderationsPreserving the environment is a crucial part of urban planning. Planners must consider the impact of development on natural resources, wildlife habitats, and ecosystems. Strategies may include the preservation of green spaces, the implementation of green building practices, and the promotion of renewable energy sources.ConclusionUrban planning is a multifaceted discipline that requires a deep understanding of social, economic, and environmental issues. It is a collaborative effort involving architects, engineers, developers, and community members. By carefully considering the needs of the present and the future, urban planners can create cities that are vibrant, sustainable, and enjoyable places to live.。

1-2 The Pre-Industrial RevolutionWelcome to this first session.In today's session, we'll explore some of the ideas that dominated the design of settlements prior to the dawn of the Industrial Age.In the 19th century, when industrialization came to cities,everything changed.But before that there was a long continuity of ideas about how to design cities.It's totally foolish to imagine that we could explore several thousand years of history of cities in just one brief session.However, what we can do is to talk about the leading ideas, the things that dominated the design of settlements for that long period of time and help you recognize them in your communities.Many of you who live in cities that date back 100s of years, and the traces of earlier settlements can be seen by just by walking around in your city. But those of you who live in more recent cities, will also probably be surprised to see the number of ideas of contemporary cities that have their roots in what had happened in earlier cities.Human's may have been designing and planning settlements since the dawn of civilization.Many of the earliest settlements were created in informal ways.People simply gathered around the camp fire, built houses around it and and the settlements emerged from that kind of informal process.But beginning at least 3000 years ago people began deliberately designing settlements.As civilizations grew and became more stable and amassed resources, conscious ideas entered into the design of places.The first idea is the wall.Defense became essential, and for over2,000 years,the design of fortifications became a critical part of planning cities. Even after fortifications came down, and the moat was drained, the idea of creating limits to the city remained.The second idea is the grid.As land ownership was dispersed to families and people there was a need to subdivide property in some logical way and record it on maps.There was a need also to define public areas like streets and squares.A grid plan was the easiest way to map on the ground and the easiest to subdivide.Gridiron cities were created by the Greeks as they settled Asia Minor 500 years BC.And, grids were the favorite form of new cities when the Europeans conquered the Americas in the 15th century.As this map of Lima, Peru shows.The third idea is the axis.Some parts of the city have been more important than others throughout history.And some people have been more important than others.Even in a gridiron city like Bejing, the importance of the Emperor was reinforced by creating a central axis and only he was permitted to walk along.In Renaissance Rome, Pope Sixtus, the Fifth, used the axes of a way of uniting the separate and districts of the city and the residue of the monuments that have been left behind, and by creating important plazas and buildings.The fourth idea is the city square.InEuropean cities, public squares were Created to become the living room of the city.A place for all important events.Often they started as open market places.And as markets moved indoors, they became spaces used for multiple purposes.The Piazza Ducale, in Vigevano,Italy, is typical of such central spaces.But in England, in parts of Northern Europe, city squares could also be green spaces, offering relief from the dense city.This idea was carried over into the new world, in the design of new cities.The final idea I'll discuss here is the cloister. Places for worship in the homes of religious deities had a special role in the pre-industrial city. Spaces were created for monasteries,houses of worship, temples and other kinds of shrines and these were often given prominent locations in the city.Bangkok's many wats were the landmarks that defined the character of that city, and do to this day.Church's often defined the skylines of American cities and marked the center of neighborhoods and districts of the city.The sacred spaces were often accompanied by schools, and meeting houses, and residents for all those who they served.All five of these elements can be found in cities with long histories.So let's take a look at how they found their place in the design of a sampling of important cities,from antiquity to the 19th century.In the year 1800, the largest and probably the most important city in the world was Chang-An,in central China, located along the Silk Road.It had over a million people.It was the seat of the Tang Dynasty and had legations from all the important countries of the world.It also housed the political and economic structure of China.Today, Chang-An is known as Xian.The design of Chang-An actually began much earlier, with some of the walls and many of the temples built in100 BC.When the T ang Dynasty made it its capital,it became the prototype for all Chinese cities,including the prototype for Beijing.The original wall of Chang-An was five kilometers by six kilometers, and the city had 11 gates.A central axi s, led to the administrator city and ultimately to the Imperial Palace.The city had a grid plan, with each very large block subdivided into larger or smaller lots, depending on the stature of the occupant.There were two markets near the gates of the city.And hundreds, literally hundreds of T aoist, Buddhist and other temples scattered throughout the city,almost one on every block.Modern day Xian occupies only about one-third of the original city of Chang-An.But it remains one of the few large walled cities in the world with gates in their original locations.The grand axis of the city remains with the drum tower occupying a key locationalong it.The large main streets remain but the life of the city exists on thestreets and alleyways between them, much as it did more than a thousand years ago.The diversity of blocks within the grid is maintained,including the Muslim quarter, which is quite unique for cities in China.Today's Beijing shows the unmistakable elements of Chang-An.Now let's jump to the 12th and 13th centuries inEurope.Most European cities invested heavily in building fortifications to defend their population, secure those who fled the land around the city in the face of invading armies.An example is Klagenfelt, Austria, notable for it sorderly planning of the streets and squares in the town.Roads connect the gates of the town for quick mobilization of troops.But there was also a need to secure their territory.Throughout much of France and the remnants of the Roman Empire, noblemen such as Raymond the 7th of Toulouse built new towns on the perimeter of the lands they controlled.These towns called bastides were also designed as a grid plan.Montpazier is one of the best preserved and we can see today just how it functioned.The market square is located at the precise center, surrounded by the administrative buildings and shops.The church occupies an adjacent block with its cloistered green.While much of the wall has been abandoned,some of the gates remain, and the town is still largely occupied.A real revolution in city design began in Rome in the 16th century.After the fall of the Empire, Rome fell into ruins, and was almost deserted.But with the relocation of the papacy back to Rome and the ambition of the popes who lodged there and we should say, the money collected from the Christian realm all over Europe, were almost ready for a transformation. Pope Sixtus, the Fifth provided the impetus.Although he reigned for only five years, Sixtus the Fifth laid down a new street plan for the city connecting major monuments.It involved axis and view corridors which connected the city visually.New piazzas were added, including the Piazza del Papolo,with its twin churches and vistas to the distance.Sixtus' axis set the stage for the creation of the17th century, St. Peters Square, one of the greatest achievements in city design in history and the icon of Baroque city planning.Sometimes disaster provides the opportunity for changes in city design.In 1666, much of central London burned to the ground.And architects and designers of the day were quick to rush in with their proposals as to how it should be rebuilt.Unfortunately, it was rebuilt pretty much the way it was before.But the schemes by Christopher Wren and John Evelyn had far-reaching influence on the design of new settlements in the New World. Less than 15 years later, William Penn, a Quaker, was given a large land grant by the King, on the Delaware River shores of its American Colony.It was probably as much to get rid of Penn and his colleagues, who were constantly needling the king.He called upon a surveyor to lay out a new settlement.Thomas Holme clearly had in mind the unsuccessful schemes for London.Thomas Holme proposed a settlement with a gridiron plan running from the Delaware river to the Schuykill river about two miles away.There would be two major streets, roughly in the cardinal directions,and five squares.One in each quadrant, and one in the center called city square.The blocks and lots would be large enough so that every one living there could have a small orchid or keep animals on their property.William Penn saw it as creating a Greene Country Towne.Philadelphia was slow to develop.20 years after its founding, only a few blocks have been occupied, and it took fully two centuries to fill out the plan from river to river.But they stuck with the plan.Public buildings were added as they were needed,and streets became lively places for residents to meet.And housing which began as townhouses with large green spaces behind, evolved, became more dense, taller and while the blocks remain the same.It was not until the turn of the 20thcentury that city square was built upon, when a new City Hall and Courthouse was constructed.In its time, they were the largest public buildings in America.Philadelphia's Four Squares remain the outdoor center of its four center city neighborhoods and they're loved by all.I lived a block from Ritten house Square and considered it my outdoor living room.There were many others wonderful designs for the new settlements in the Americas.At Savannah, Georgia, Charles Oglethorpe created a plan in 1733for a city where virtually every housefaced a Square.Savannah remains today one of the mostliveable cities in the country.In Australia,Colonel William Light laid out a city quite similar to Philadelphia in 1823, and he surrounded it with a green belt.When it came time to expand, rather than consume the green belt, North Adelaide was added as another free-standing city.Adelaide remains one of the most livable cities in Australia.The combination of all of these ideas in pre-industrial cities was the design for Washington,the national capital that replaced id by Charles L'Enfant, it had a gridiron plan.A monumental axes that emphasized the importance of public buildings and monuments.Public squares and monuments were for both the federal city and the everyday city,and blocks that varied depending upon whether they were commercial areas or residential blocks.Washington would later become recast as the greatest example of the city beautiful movement in America.But that's a story for another session and I will say no more about Washington.What we see through this brief excursion through the history of the ideas about city design, is that many ideas we take for granted today,actually has their origins in pre-industrial cities dating back to antiquity.The early plans for cities provide the armature for future design.They can of course be modified, as Rome was by Sixtus the 5th, o Paris was through Baron Von Houseman's efforts.Or many other American cities were changes through urban renewal and redevelopment in the1970s and 1980s.But the form of a city is in its DNA,inherited from previous generations.It's important to understand where those ideas came from.In the next session, Johnathan Barnett will discuss how some of those changes that occurred to cities as a result of industrialization.You're welcome to join him.。