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Part ⅢGrammar & Writing宾语补足语；either...or...和neither...nor...；主谓一致[思维导图]Ⅰ.宾语补足语宾语补足语是用于补充说明宾语的成分。
宾语补足语常常放在宾语之后，和宾语一起构成复合宾语。
1．名词、形容词、副词和介词短语作宾语补足语(1)名词作宾语补足语常见的能接名词作宾语补足语的动词有consider，find，make，elect，name，call，think，choose等。
We made Lin Tao monitor of our class.我们选林涛当我们班的班长。
We think it our duty to help others.我们认为帮助别人是我们的职责。
(2)形容词和副词作宾语补足语常见的能接形容词和副词作宾语补足语的动词有consider，get，make，keep，find等。
Liu Ming finds it important to practise speaking English every day.刘明发现每天练习说英语很重要。
Keep the dog out!让那条狗待在外面！(3)介词短语作宾语补足语常见的能接介词短语作宾语补足语的动词(短语)有regard，treat，look on，consider，take，find等。
We regard labour as a matter of honour.我们认为劳动是光荣的。
I always look on you as my best friend.我总是把你看作我最好的朋友。
2．现在分词、过去分词和不定式作宾语补足语(1)现在分词作宾语补足语表示动作正在进行或状态的持续，常见的能接现在分词作宾语补足语的动词有have，keep，catch，find，leave，hear，see，watch等。
I heard them singing an English song in the classroom.我听见他们正在教室里唱一首英文歌曲。
M3语法复习Grammar 宾语补足语用法宾语补足语是位于宾语之后，说明宾语的状态、特征的成分，多由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式和分词充当。
Pattern: verb +object +object complement1. 名词或名词短语做宾补We call her Jenny.【注意】用作宾语补足语的名词表示独一无二的职位、头衔、称谓时，其前不能用冠词。
John was elected Chairman of the students’ union.In 1864 Lincoln was made President of the United States for the second time.2. 形容词做宾补The sun keeps us warm.He had a strange way of making his class lively and interesting. We found it important for children to follow the table rules.3.副词做宾补They found him out. Have your shoes on.4.介词短语做宾补Make yourself at home.I found everything in good condition.We thought the material of great importance.5.动词不定式作宾语补足语（通常用来表示主动和将来的动作）They wish you to go with them.The teacher told us to do Exercise 1. We helped her (to) repair her bike.【注意】在使役动词 make 等和感官动词 see, watch, notice, observe，hear，feel, find,等后面作宾补的不定式须省略不定符号 to。
Module 3 Unit 3 G rammarPart 1宾语补足语(Object complement)一、定义：用于宾语后，对宾语作出进一步的补充或者说明。
二、结构：动词+宾语+宾语补足语（名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、to do、doing、done或从句）1.Years of hard work made his hands what they are today.2.The reason he did that was to make his family happy.3.We wish all of you to succeed in getting what you want.4.The boy saw the kite up and down.5.The cruel king made his servants work day and night.6.To his surprise, he found his son in pretty good health after the fierce competition.7.The commander kept the soldier waiting for nearly a whole day.8.Did you really see him beaten by his father?注意：1）宾语补足语与某些及物动词后面的双宾语中的直接宾语形式相似，但宾语与宾语补足语之间有主谓逻辑关系，而双宾语无此关系。
2）有些动词后，用带to 的不定式作宾语补足语。
这些常见动词有：ask, tell, invite, force, get, beg, allow, wish, want, prefer, intend, expect, encourage, advise, persuade, permit, cause, teach, like, order, remind, request, warn等。
M3U3宾语补足语与主谓一致精讲精练M3U3 Back to the past Grammar and Usage语法精析一、宾语补足语的概念在英语中有些及物动词，接了宾语意义仍不完整，还需要有一个其它的成分，来补充说明宾语的意义、状态等，这个补充成分称为宾语补足语，简称宾补。
二、宾语补足语的形式：常见的宾语补足语有以下形式：名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，现在分词，过去分词动词不定式。
例如：1. She found him a very clever boy .2. He had a strange way of making his class lively and interesting .3. Last Sun day I saw you out with your sister .4. To her surprise，she found herself in a different world.5.1 saw him doing his homework whe n I passed his win dow.6. When he woke up，he found himself covered with a coat.7. The villagers did not allow them to build a factory there.三、常见的几种宾语补足语：1. 名词作宾补时He makes it a rule to exercise every day.People call the place the Golde nTria ngle.We elected himpresident of the country.注意：当名词表示独一无二的职务、头衔时，作宾补的名词前通常不用冠词。
2. 不定式作宾补时1) 常接带to 的不定式作宾补的动词：ask/ advise / allow / permit/ forbid/ force / expect /want / wish / cause / warn / tell / order / would like / remindsb( not )to do 等。
名师语法：主谓一致在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须与主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。
寻其规律，大致可归纳为三个原则，即语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致原则。
一、语法一致原则：语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致1．以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。
His father is working on the farm.他父亲正在农场工作。
To study English well is not easy.学好英语不容易。
Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.在太阳底下看书对你的眼睛有害。
What he said is very important for us all.他所说的对我们都很重要。
The children were in the classroom two hours ago.两个小时前孩子们在教室。
注意：①由what，who引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。
What I say is helpful to you.What I bought were three English books.②两个不定式结构或动名词短语作主语时，如果是两个概念，用复数形式；如果是一个问题的两个方面，用单数形式。
Going shopping and working out in the gym are what she does in her spare time.她空闲时间都去购物和体育馆锻炼。
Where and when to hold the sports meet hasn't been decided.在哪儿和什么时间开运动会还没有决定。
Module 3 Unit 3 Back to the pastGrammar and usage（1）Teaching Aims:◆Object complement◆Either… or and neither… norTeaching Points:How to use the object compleme nt / either… or / neither… nor◆Step1Object complement（分层次问题学习A）宾语补足语在英语中有些及物动词，接了宾语意义仍不完整，还需要有一个其它的句子成分，来补充说明宾语的意义、状态等，称为宾语补足语，简称宾补。
*常跟复合宾语的动词有：call, name, make, think, find, leave, keep, nominate (任命), choose, elect (选举), define (定义), regard, see, recognize, treat, take, consider, look up, refer to, accept, acknowledge, describe, depict (描述), represent (表现出), declare (宣称), denounce, employ (雇佣), use, show, organize, express.Step2 Either ... or ...和neither ... nor ...（分层次问题学习B）1. either ... or ...either ... or ... 意为“或者……或者……；不是……就是……”之意。
表示两者之一，连接句子中两个并列的成分。
例如：When the girl is happy, she either sings or dances. 那个女孩高兴时，不是唱就是跳。
此句中either ... or ... 连接两个动词，因为主语是单数第三人称，谓语动词要用其相应的形式。
M3 Unit 3 Grammar(2) —Subject-verb agreement (主谓一致) 一、主谓一致三原则主谓一致是指谓语动词与主语在人称和数上保持一致，主谓一致必须遵循三原则：语法一致原则，意义一致原则，就近一致原则。
1、语法一致原则：指主语是单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式，主语是复数形式，谓语也用复数形式。
如：Tom _______ a good student. 汤姆是个好学生。
They often _______ football on the playground. 他们经常在操场上踢足球。
2、意义一致：指主语形式上为单数，但意义为复数，因此谓语动词用复数形式；或主语形式上为复数，但表示单数意义，这时谓语动词用单数形式。
My family _______ having lunch now. 我们一家人现在正吃午饭。
Twenty dollars _______ too expensive for the book. 这本书20美元太贵了。
3、就近一致：指谓语动词用单数形式还是用复数形式，取决于最靠近它的主语。
如：Not only the teacher but also his students_______ playing football.不仅老师喜欢踢足球，而且他的学生也喜欢踢足球。
There_______ a pen and some books on the desk. 课桌上有一支钢笔和一些书。
二、主谓一致常考题型1. 单数名词(代词)，不可数名词作主语，谓语用单数形式，复数名词(代词)作主语，谓语用复数形式。
如：①The desk _______ Tom’s. 这张桌子是汤姆的。
②Some water _______ in the bottle. 一些水在瓶子里。
③The students _______ playing football on the playground. 这些学生正在操场上踢足球。
M3 Unit 3 Grammar(2) —Subject-verb agreement (主谓一致)一、主谓一致三原则主谓一致是指谓语动词与主语在人称和数上保持一致，主谓一致必须遵循三原则：语法一致原则，意义一致原则，就近一致原则。
1、语法一致原则：指主语是单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式，主语是复数形式，谓语也用复数形式。
如：Tom_______ a good student. 汤姆是个好学生。
They often _______ football on the playground. 他们经常在操场上踢足球。
2、意义一致：指主语形式上为单数，但意义为复数，因此谓语动词用复数形式；或主语形式上为复数，但表示单数意义，这时谓语动词用单数形式。
My family_______ having lunch now. 我们一家人现在正吃午饭。
Twenty dollars_______ too expensive for the book. 这本书20美元太贵了。
3、就近一致：指谓语动词用单数形式还是用复数形式，取决于最靠近它的主语。
如：Not only the teacher but also his students _______ playing football.不仅老师喜欢踢足球，而且他的学生也喜欢踢足球。
There_______ a pen and some books on the desk. 课桌上有一支钢笔和一些书。
二、主谓一致常考题型1. 单数名词(代词)，不可数名词作主语，谓语用单数形式，复数名词(代词)作主语，谓语用复数形式。
如：①The desk_______ Tom’s. 这张桌子是汤姆的。
②Some water_______ in the bottle. 一些水在瓶子里。
③The students_______ playing football on the playground. 这些学生正在操场上踢足球。
必修三Unit3 Back to the past 语言点一．课程回顾（一）疑问词引导的名词性从句：1.连接代词和连接副词引导的名词性从句。
2.连接代词和连接副词的选择。
3.名词性从句的引导词的区别。
（二）it的用法1.非人称代词：天气,时间，环境，距离等2.形式主语3.形式宾语5.强调句型1.____he does has nothing to do with me.A. whateverB. No matter whatC. ThatD. If2. The manager came over and asked the customer how____A. did the quarrel came about B .the quarrel had come aboutC. had the quarrel come aboutD. had the quarrel come about3. Energy is ____makes thing work.A. whatB. somethingC. anythingD. that4.It was Tom_____ phoned Lily last night.5.It was not what he said it but the way he said it____annoyed me.二. 体系说明三.知识框架I.核心词汇①________ vt.兴建，创建②________ vi.涌流，倾泻vt.倒出(液体)③unfortunate adj.不幸的，遗憾的→________ adv.不幸地，遗憾地，可惜地④destroy vt.毁坏，摧毁→________ n．毁灭，摧毁⑤________ adj.富有的，富裕的→wealth n．财富；财产⑥________ adj.文化的→culture n．文化⑦explode vi.爆炸→________ n．爆炸，爆裂⑧extreme adj.极度的；极端的→________ adv.极其；极端；非常⑨________ n．解决办法，解答→solve vt.解决；解答⑩________ n．表达；表情，神色；词语→express vt.表示；表达n．快车；速递2．常考词汇①civilization n．________②ceremony n．________③march vi.&n.________④trial n．________⑤unfortunate adj.________⑥decorate vt.________⑦cultural adj.________⑧remains n．________典例分析:用所给单词的适当形式填空1．With their natural resources they are potentially a very________(wealth) country. 2．________(found) in 1935 in Ohio，Alcoholics Anonymous is now a worldwide organization.3．The sweat was ________(pour) down her face by the end of the race.4．The gloves were designed for ________(extreme) cold climates.5．The plane crashed，its bombs ________(explode) as it hit the ground. 6．Under the pressure of the public，the ________ had to change his ________ at last; the murderer was sentenced to death.(judge)7．It is time someone made him ________ of the effects of his actions.If so，he can gradually raise public moral ________．(aware)8．He got a little ________ because of poverty，so he always ________ his children to value the chance of study.(educate)9．With the difficult problem remaining to be ________，we need to come up with a better ________ without delay.(solve)10．Due to the ________ hurricane，lots of villages and crops were ________ and many people were left homeless.(destroy)开心词场→核心单词串记Fortunately，sailor Tom was aware of some basic knowledge，he fled from the explosion ruin.He survived from the disaster and then went to the USA.There Tom made a fortune by dealing in wood and leather.Five years ago，he complained about his low salary and resigned his job.After many trials and researches，he gradually found the way to make money.Recently he declared he would donate the majority of his wealth to the society.He is the glory to his family.Ⅱ.重点短语→识记·思考·运用1．动词＋副词＋介词①rise up ________起义；反抗②come down ________患(病)2．动词＋副词/介词①take________夺取；接管，接替，接任②cut ________砍倒；削减；删节③think ________．..as...把……看作……；认为……是……3．介词短语①________ good condition状况良好；情况很好②________ memory of纪念③ahead ________ 在……之前；比……强/好4．其他①be decorated________被装饰②take________发生；举行③________ doubt无疑，确实④stand ________ one’s path阻碍(某人)⑤have enough ________ sb 受够了某人用左栏所给短语的适当形式填空1．After the death of the famous composer，some famous musicians held a concert ________ him.2．All of a sudden，a warm feeling of sympathy________in my heart.3．Who will ________ the company now that Tom has resigned?4．The inside of the house is ________，but its outside is in need of repair. 5．When visiting another country，you should ________ those differences and respect them.6．According to the report，people ________ illnesses more easily when under stress. 7．T ake it easy! If you want to change your mind，we won’t ________．Ⅲ.经典句式→识记·思考·运用1．Near the city was a volcano.(1)表示地点、方向、时间等的介词短语放在句首时，若句子的主语是名词而不是人称代词时，往往用全部倒装结构。
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一）名词性从句--that，if whether引导名词性从句：名词性从句就是具有名词特点的从句。
它包括主语、宾语、同位语以及表语从句，掌握名词性从句首先需要掌握它的引导词.引导名词性从句的连接词分为三类，即连接代词、连接副词、以及连词。
1）连接代词有what,whatever，which，whichever，who，whoever，whom,whomever，whose.2）连接副词有why,when，where，how等.3）连词有that，whether，if。
一、引导名词性从句的连词1．that无词义，在句子中不作成分，只起连接作用,在宾语从句中可以被省略。
2．whether，if 的区别：whether 通常可以引导所有的名词性从句，而if通常只引导宾语从句，引导主语从句时不能放在句首。
二、主语从句1．主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句,通常放在句子的谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子的末尾。
在口语中it作形式主语时，that可以省略。
It doesn’t matter so much whether you will come or not.你来不来没有关系.2．that 引导主语从句在句首不能省略。
That he suddenly fell ill last week surprised us all.上周他突然生病使大家都很惊讶。
宾语补足语考情分析宾语补足语在高考中所占比重较大。
几乎在所有的高考语篇中都会有宾语补足语出现，阅读理解、完形填空中还会出现针对宾语补足语的考查点，在语法填空和短文改错中一般也会出现一个有关宾语补足语的考点。
另外，在书面表达中恰当地使用宾语补足语，能使作文增分不少。
在英语中，有些动词后除了有一个宾语外，还需要一个成分来补充说明宾语的情况，这样，句子意思才能完整，这种成分在英语中被称为宾语补足语。
一、可以接宾语补足语的动词1.感官动词feel,hear,listen to,see,watch,notice,observe,look at(一感二听五看)及find 等既可以接现在分词又可以接过去分词充当宾语补足语。
2.表示“使，让”的动词get，have等既可以接现在分词又可以接过去分词充当宾语补足语。
3.表示“意愿”的动词如：like，want，wish，expect等可接过去分词充当宾语补足语。
温馨提示1.set,start,catch常跟现在分词作宾语补足语。
2.下列动词后的不定式作宾补时省略to：一感(feel)二听(listen to,hear)三让(let，make，have)四看(see，watch,observe，notice)。
I can't have you say so.我不能让你这么说。
You should try your best to make him understand that.你应该尽最大的努力让他明白那件事。
We observed the students do the physical experiment.我们观察了学生做物理实验。
二、宾语补足语的几种类型1.名词(包括名词性物主代词）作宾语补足语I can't understand why people elected her monitor.我不明白人们为什么选她当班长。
2.形容词(短语）作宾语补足语Please keep the windows open.We need more fresh air.请让窗户开着。
我们需要更多的新鲜空气。
Your hair is too long.Go to the barber's and cut it short.你的头发太长了。
去理发店把它剪短。
3.不定式(短语）作宾语补足语I often ask him to help me with my English.我经常让他在英语方面帮助我。
Iheard him sing songs in the next room last night.我昨天晚上听见他在隔壁唱歌了。
4.现在分词（短语）作宾语补足语I caught her stealing in the bookshop.我抓住她在书店行窃。
We often hear him practicing speaking English.我们经常听见他在练习说英语。
5.过去分词（短语）作宾语补足语When they got there,they found the bank robbed.当他们到达那儿的时候，他们发现银行被抢了。
The teacher spoke loudly in order to make himsef heard.为了让别人听到自己说话，这位老师说话声音很大。
6.由as引出的宾语补足语We consider him as a great scientist.我们认为他是个伟大的科学家。
Marx took English as a useful tool in the struggle of life.马克思把英语当作人生斗争中的一件有用的工具。
7.介词短语作宾语补足语Please make yourself at home.请随意。
The cold kept me in bed for three days.这次感冒使我在床上待了三天。
8.副词作宾语补足语He ordered them away.他命令他们离开。
When we got there,we found him out.当我们到达那儿的时候，我们发现他出去了。
9.从句作宾语补足语We will soon make our school what your school is now.我们不久就要把我们学校变成你们学校目前的样子。
导师点睛不定式作宾语补足语表示动作的全过程，现在分词作宾语补足语表示宾语正在进行的动作，过去分词作宾语补足语表示动作的完成，有时含有被动意义。
当宾语为动词不定式短语、动名词短语或宾语从句且其后跟有宾语补足语时，常用it作形式宾语，放在宾语补足语之前，而将真正的宾语放在后面。
They found it impossible to finish the work in such a short lime.（后面的不定式短语为真正的宾语）他们觉得在这么短的时间内完成这项工作是不可能的。
I find it no use arguing with him.(后面的动名词短语为真正的宾语）我发现和他争吵没有用。
His parents thought it strange that their son hadn't written to them for too long.他的父母认为他们的儿子太久没给他们写信很奇怪。
温馨提示有三个介词也可以接宾语补足语：with，without，like。
He lay there thinking,with his hands behind his head.他躺在那里思考着，双手放在头后。
主谓一致考情分析主谓一致是语法填空和短文改错不可或缺的组成部分。
这部分内容其实十分简单，只要牢记以下的一些基本规则，就可游刃有余了。
句子中谓语动词和主语在人称和数上的统一性叫主谓一致。
具体用法如下：1.“a number of+名词复数”作主语，谓语用复数；“the number of+名词复数”作主语，谓语用单数。
A number of pupils like reading picture books.很多学生喜欢看图画书。
The number of students in our class is 55.我们班有55名学生。
2.“..……的几分之几”和…的百分之几”作主语时，其谓语用单数或复数取决于of 后的名词。
About three fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.地球表面约四分之三是海洋。
40 percent of the students in our class are girls.我们班40%的学生是女生。
3.“many a 或more than one+单数名词”作主语时，其谓语用单数形式。
More than one student has visited the exhibition.不止一个学生看过展出。
4.并列主语如果指的是同一人、同一物或同一概念，谓语动词用单数，这时and 后面的名词前没有冠词。
The seretan ofthe Party branch and director of the factory often works with the workers. 这位党支部书记兼厂长经常和工人一起工作。
5.成对的名词，如：bread and butter涂有黄油的面包、a knife and fork刀叉、cofee and milk加牛奶的咖啡，虽然有and连接，但仍表示单一概念，作主语时，谓语用单数。
A horse and cart was in the distance.一辆马车在远处。
There is a watch and chain on the table.桌子上有一块手表。
War and peace is a constant theme in history.战争与和平是历史上一个永恒的主题。
6.由and连接的并列单数主语的前面有each，every或no修饰时，其谓语用单数。
No student and no teacher is invited to the party.没有学生和老师受邀参加聚会。
In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education.在我们国家每个男生和女生都有权利接受教育。
7.主语是单数，其后跟由together with,along with(与....……道）,as well as（和；也），no less than(和....……一样），rather than(而不是）,with,like,but,except,besides,including等引起的短语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。
He as well an his sister is a League member.他和姐姐一样是团员。
I,together with my classmates,am going to attend the lecture on history.我，和我的同班同学一起，打算去听历史讲座。
8.在定语从句中主语是关系代词who，that或which，从句谓语动词的数应与先行词的数一致。
He,who is your teacher,will teach you everything he knows.他，作为你的老师，会教你他所知道的一切。
9.主语是复数形式的名词，如clothes,trousers.glasses(眼镜)，compasses（圆规），scissors,shoes,socks,gloves等时，谓语用复数。
但当这类词中表示成双的东西的名词前有a pair of修饰时，谓语用单数。
My trousers are being washed now.我的裤子现在正在洗。
There is a pair of shoes in the box.盒子里有一双鞋子。
10.表示度量、价格、时间的复数名词词组作主语时一般被看作一个整体，谓语用单数。
Ten dollars is not enough.十美元不够。
Three months has pased since he left.自从他离开后，三个月过去了。
11.主语是family,team,group,crowd,class,committee等集合名词时，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语用单数形式，如果指的是每个成员时，谓语用复数。
police,cattle 等集合名词作主语时，谓语用复数。
His family are all music lovers.他的家人都是音乐爱好者。
