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American Transcendentalism （时间，主要主张和特征，代表人物，代表作）定义Transcendentalism was a religious and philosophical movement that developed during the late 1820s and '30s[1] in the Eastern region of the United States as a protest against the general state of spirituality and, in particular, the state of intellectualism at Harvard University and the doctrine of the Unitarian church as taught at Harvard Divinity School.美国超验主义：它宣称存在一种理想的精神实体，超越于经验和科学之处，通过直觉得以把握。
时间：1830s-Civil War主要主张：（我觉得主张就是特征就写一起了）The Transcendental ists “placed emphasis on spirit, or the Over-soul, as the most important thing in the universe”（1）The importance of intuition.（直觉）The Transcendentalists believed that individuals can intuitively receive higher truths otherwise unavailable through common methods of knowing.(2) The importance of the individual.(3) The importance of the nature.代表人物：Ralph Waldo Emerson 爱默生代表作Nature (《论自然》)“The American Scholar”（《论美国学者》）”Our Intellectual Declaration of Independence““Divinity School Address”(《神学院毕业班演说》)Essays（《论文集》）Essays: Second Series“Representative Men" (《人类代表》)Henry David Thoreau (梭罗)Walden (1854) (《瓦尔登湖》)Nathaniel Hawthorne (霍桑)Twice –Told Tales《尽人皆知的故事》Mosses from an Old Manse《古屋青苔》The Scarlet Letter （《红字》）The House of the Seven Gables （《带有七个尖角阁的房子》）The Blithedale Romance （《福谷传奇》）The Marble Faun （《玉石雕像》）“Young Goodman Brown”(《好小伙布朗》)Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利.华兹沃斯.朗费罗Voices of the Night (1839) 《夜籁集》-- catch the attentionBallads and Other Poems (1841) 《歌谣及其它》Evangeline (1847) 《伊凡吉林》Hiawatha or The Song of Hiawatha (1855)《海华莎之歌》Imagism （时间，对Image 的定义，主要主张和特征，代表人物，代表作）定义Imagism was poetic movement of England and the united states, flourishing from 1909-1917. Its credo, expressed in some imagist poets, includes the use of precise language, the creation of new rhythms, absolute freedom in choice of subject matter, and the evocation of concrete images.时间：between the years 1909 and 1917特征：(1) “Direct treatment of the 'thing' whet h er subjective or objective;”(2) “To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation;”(3) “As regarding rhythm: to compose in the sequence of musical phrase, not in sequence of a metronome(节拍器).”主张：It came into being as a reaction to the traditional English poetry characterized by cloudy verbiage, and aimed instead at a new clarity and exactness in the short lyric poem.代表人物：Ezra Pound“The Cantos”。
爱默生论自助读后感读完爱默生的《论自助》，我仿佛经历了一场思想的洗礼，内心的波澜久久不能平息。
爱默生在文中强调了个体的独立性和自我依靠的重要性。
他告诉我们，不要盲目追随他人，要有自己的思考和判断。
这让我想起了自己曾经的一段经历，那是一段关于选择大学专业的纠结时光。
当时，身边的人都觉得金融专业热门，就业前景好，纷纷劝我报考。
我的父母也认为这是一条稳妥的道路，他们说：“孩子啊，学金融以后能找个好工作，赚钱多，稳定。
”亲戚朋友们也跟着附和：“就是就是，大家都这么选，准没错。
” 我一度陷入了迷茫，不知道该如何抉择。
可我心里总觉得不太对劲，我对金融其实并没有那么浓厚的兴趣。
我喜欢的是文学，喜欢那些优美的文字，喜欢在书的海洋里遨游，感受不同作者的思想碰撞。
每当我读一本好书，就像是进入了一个全新的世界，那种感觉让我陶醉。
在那段纠结的日子里，我不停地问自己：“我到底想要什么？是为了迎合别人的期待，选择一个自己不喜欢的专业，然后一辈子做着不开心的工作？还是勇敢地追随自己的内心，选择文学，哪怕未来的道路充满了不确定性？”最终，我决定听从自己内心的声音，选择了文学专业。
做出这个决定的时候，身边很多人都不理解，甚至有人说我傻：“文学能当饭吃吗？以后找不到好工作可别后悔！” 但我心里却很坚定，我相信只要我努力，只要我坚持自己的热爱，一定能走出一条属于自己的路。
进入大学后，我发现文学的世界比我想象的还要精彩。
在课堂上，我们探讨古今中外的经典作品，分析作者的写作技巧，感受文字背后的情感力量。
我如饥似渴地阅读着一本又一本的名著，每一次阅读都像是一次心灵的冒险。
为了提高自己的写作水平，我经常参加各种写作比赛。
记得有一次，参加一个校内的征文比赛，我花了好几个星期的时间准备。
每天晚上，当室友们都在玩游戏或者聊天的时候，我一个人坐在书桌前，绞尽脑汁地构思，一遍又一遍地修改。
有时候写着写着，觉得不满意，就把整篇稿子都推翻重来。
那过程真的很痛苦，好几次我都想放弃，觉得自己不行。
第1单元本杰明•富兰克林1.1 复习笔记I. Introduction to author（作者简介）Benjamin Franklin (1706—1790) was a rare genius in human history. He became everything: a printer, postmaster, almanac maker, essayist, scientist, inventor, orator, statesman, philosopher, political economist, ambassador, —“Jack of all trades.”本杰明·富兰克林(1706—1790)是人类历史上少有的天才。
他是出版家、邮政总长、历书作者、散文家、科学家、发明家、演说家、政治家、哲学家、政治经济学家、大使等等。
1. Life（生平）He was born into a poor family. He was a voracious reader. At 16 he published essays under the pseudonym Silence Dogood. At 17 he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune. He became a printer. He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital, an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania, and the American Philosophical Society. He was a preeminent scientist of his day. He signed the Declaration of Independence. He was one of the makers of the new nation.富兰克林出生于一个贫穷的家庭。
英美文学选读要点总结精心整理[英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。
3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。
4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。
陶洁《美国⽂学选读》笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解（斯蒂芬克莱恩）【圣才出品】第10单元斯蒂芬?克莱恩10.1 复习笔记I. Introduction to author（作者简介）1. Life（⽣平）Stephen Crane was an American novelist, short story writer, poet and journalist. Prolific throughout his short life, he wrote notable works in the Realist tradition as well as early examples of American Naturalism and Impressionism. He is recognized by modern critics as one of the most innovative writers of his generation.斯蒂芬·克莱恩是美国⼩说家、短篇⼩说家、诗⼈、记者。
他在短暂的⼀⽣中著作颇丰，在现实主义传统下写了许多著名作品，也成为美国⾃然主义和印象主义的早期范例。
他被当代批评家认为是同时代最具有创意的作家。
2. Major Works（主要作品）Maggie: A Girl of the Street (1893) 《街头⼥郎麦姬》The Red Badge of Courage (1895) 《红⾊英勇勋章》“The Open Boat” (1897) 《海上扁⾈》The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky (1898)《新娘来到黄天镇》The Blue Hotel (1898) 《蓝⾊旅店》Ⅱ. Selected works（选读作品）◆The Open Boat《海上扁⾈》This story is based on Crane’s personal experiences. While traveling to Cuba to work as a newspaper correspondent during the Cuban insurrection against Spain, Crane was stranded at sea after his ship the Commodore sank off the coast of Florida. Stephen Crane and three others endured the rage of the sea for thirty hours. Billy Higgins a friend of Cranes drowned while swimming to shore. This realistic story of their life-threatening ordeal captures the emotions of four men in a fight against nature.Th e most significant aspect of this struggle lies in the men’s attempts to help one another survive when they are confronted with danger and disaster.故事取材于克莱恩真实的个⼈经历。
自考英美文学选读学习总结Standardization of sany group #QS8QHH-HHGX8Q8-GNHHJ8-HHMHGN#[转帖]英美文学选读学习技巧我是外贸英语大专毕业的，为了拿到本科文凭，我的首选当然是英语专业，第一年我顺利就拿到8份单科毕业证书，今年四月我只剩听说与英美文学最难的二门。
通过今年考试我感受很深，也领悟很多。
我想这里开一个英美文学学习技巧话题，大家能交流一下学习经验或小窍门，为没通过或即将要考英美文学同学提供多一点信息和帮助。
谢谢！首先我想与大家谈论一下参考书，我能理解大家想偷机取巧的想法，参考书必定是比课本薄得多，看上去象精选集，但事实并非如此，实际考题说明一切。
考题不会超大纲，答案自然都在书上。
只不过来年考题会从越来越偏僻角落去选择，所以课本也就越发重要。
我现在都能想象出题老师得意笑容，"我出的题难什么，都在书上"。
当我看完第一遍书时，其过程实在是艰涩痛苦，捏着厚厚书真觉得苦海无涯，望也望不到出头之日。
但奇妙的感觉在后面，当我第二，三，四遍看完，当然到后面是以翻看形式了，书本捏在手上变得越来越薄了。
我认为以课本为基础，在自己脑海中形成的超薄精选集才是正直实用有效的参考书，在网上是下载不到，书店里也买不到。
你所需要做的是把这课本看懂，读透，翻烂。
I don't want to say this is only choice, but it actually is, and an most direct and efficient way. Dont find too much resources, which cant easy your job, but increase your burde n.我看见许多人说背不出，或怎样背。
大家都是这条路上过来的难兄难弟，多半白天要上班，晚上要背书，有段时间我近似绝望，怀疑自己提早进入老年痴呆症，健忘症。
浅析爱默生的《论自助》—人生自主的源泉浅析爱默生的《论自助》—人生自主的源泉In Self-Reliane, Emerson advoated that a man should do everthing aording to his on ill. This thought is losel related ith the idea of onfidene. A onfident man is the one ho alas keeps his on personalit. It is a ver important thought hih Emerson expressed in the orks. It does help the readers to be onfident.As a mater of fat, it is the man’s faith, not the environment that influenes people’s lives.A suessful man is the one ho deepl trusts his inner poer. He is never influened b the environment.D. Shoing no Smpath to the PoorIn Self-reliane, Emerson fundamentall shoed the idea of onfidene and independene. Besides these ideas, he illustrated the idea of “Shoing no smpath to the Poor”. This point of vie agrees ith the onfidene and independene. Emerson indiretl shoed the reason h the man is poor and h no smpath should be shoed to the poor. The poor ondition is not terrible, but the poor mind is a ver serious problem. The man should never help the poor ith mone, but give them a tool to produe ealth b themselves, or teah them to be independent and hallengeable. Emerson’s opinions toards the poor have given the readers a meaningful enlightenment.III．Self-Reliane’s Enlightenment on Toda’s SoietSelf-Reliane gives readers muh help in oping ith their lives. It exerts enlightenment on readers to be onfident and independent. It teahes man to take advaning attitudes toards life. Besides, these ideas enlighten female’s life. It is also of great help for individuals’ progress and a ountr’s development.A. Attitudes toards LifeSelf-Reliane profoundl inspires a man to strengthen his self-onfidene. A oung man said in a forum: “If the are afraid of other’sdifferent suggestion and give up their on thinking, then that’s losing themselves. No matter hat the do, the should keep definite point of vie and independent thinking”..He further explained that everone’s idea is different, no one an make the others’ the same ith he himself, so just think about the objetion but neglet the irrelevant disussion. When the man finishes his aim, all voies have stopped ith it. Eah man should have his virtue in taking ith all problems.The attitudes toards life have to hoies. One is to die and the other is to live. Emerson’s Self-Reliane teahes the readers to follo their on thoughts and take optimisti attitudes toards life. Everthing has to sides, the most important is that hih side the man hooses. A man should be onfident everda, and then eah da is beautiful and ithout orr. Emerson shoed in his orks that eah man should be independent to ope ith his problems, but not alas seek for assistane. The man an learn from the other people, but he should make deisions b himself. Eah suessful man has his on personalit so that he is eas to ahieve his dreams. One a person athes the fundamental idea of self-independene and self-onfidene, he an tell hih is right or rong no matter ho pliated the interpersonal relation is. Then he is likel to rejet to parrot.B. The Female’s Self-RelianeIt is knon that man and oman are born of inequalit in human histor. No matter ho suessful the omen’s liberation is, this bias ill forever oup people’s minds. With the development of soiet, some female people ith spirits of self-support fierel objet this thought. Women have their on forte in most time hile the men don’t have. It is aepted that omen’s soial status is highl improved. Aording to the investigation, the femaleoffiers or managers are highl inreased and aount a large proportion among the total. Besides this, most omen aept more advaned eduation than the male. Hoever, the prejudie originated from the histor seems never to disappear from people’s minds. Some omen are still suffering from the prejudie in suh a developed soiet. In modern soiet, the omen possess so man soial protools. For instane, there is a popular saing that “Ladies First”, and the national la also safeguards the female’s rights and interests. Someone thinks the meaning implied in this phenomenon is that the soiet takes omen as the eak, for the people ho need protetion are to some extent eaker than those ho an dealith problems b themselves.Hoever, although a small part of girls an’t live on their on, most omen are XXre of the risis, and most of them an deal ith their lives pletel and independentl. On Emerson’s vies, hether a man or oman is, heshe should depend on themselves exept the general assistane from eah other. As an important part in human being, omen should have their on understanding, their on areers and orlds. Some girls ho seek fortune or reliane from men are severel looked don upon b soiet. Those omen seem to lead a perfet life, but their inner hearts are too void. The aknoledge that the are orrupted and forsaken b soiet. Whereas, the are relutant to esape from this orrupted living irle one the abandon themselves to it. Moreover, the often searh protetion, responsibilit from men. But most omen are advaning in mind. It seems that omen take more and more signifiant roles in a famil, even in the soiet. Most omen often support for their families hih testifies their high abilit. From Emerson’s ideas in Self-Reliane, all omen should on the self-relianeof idea, of eonom, and of abilit. He advoated the omen to strive for the soial status and make ontributions to the soiet.C. The Influene on IndividualsTo be a self-independent person an absolutel hange one’s humble life even in the bakard soiet. Generall, the poor people are inlining to be self-reliant for oerion of life. It is ell knon that the rihest man, Li Jiaheng, is the business toonin Hong Kong. It is an evident example that the poor man is ambitious and self-improving so that he an bee an unmon person in later time. Another famous person is the head of board of Meng Niu enterprise, Niu Gengsheng. He as sold out for 50 Yuan hen he as in infan not beause his parents abandoned hi m but beause the ouldn’t raise him. In suhkind of living ondition, he studied and orked hard to be a suessful man. All men are intelligent and brave, but notall men an make suess. Some people often plain about destin. The ise think that suess originates from one’s spirit. The genius is onl but mon people ith knoledge and virtue. Helen Keller, the everlasting pride of human being, as deprivedof both sight and hearing after the terrible illness intheth month after she as born. Hoever, she as not defeatedb disastrous life hih happened to her in her oung age. No one an imagine ho a dumb and deaf girl transformed her life thoroughl b her persistent hard ork and persevering spirit, et Helen Keller did it. Her adversit and great ahievements stimulates the mon people to ork hard and to be self-supported. Helen’s remarkable suess as partl due to the assistane, Miss Sullivan ho apanied her in the hole life, but largel due to her on persistent and dauntless faith.She learned several languages in her life and reatedmirales one b one. The ver diffiulties hih annot be done bmon people ere broken through b Helen Keller. Her name as set as a smbolization of persistent ill. As the tremendous spiritual poer, her legendar life deepl enourages the people to onquer the misfortune. Mark Tain said: “Helen Keller as the fous of Ameria inth entur”. These examples prove that independene and self-support an hange one’s life thoroughl.The valuable ideas hih Emerson shoed in Self-Reliane are a great help for individuals’ development. These ideas make eah one to be onfident and independent. Man people’s suess is fundamentall due to these to qualities.D. The Influene on CountriesAs the strongest ountr in the orld, Ameria has its on individualities. This ountr onl enjos a histor of 200 ears. In parison ith the other European ountries, it is full of innovation and has its on personalit. The tehnolog, eapons, prehensive strength are alas in the first plae. The Amerias are realisti. Mone is vital in their minds so that all Amerians are up to their ears for ork. Mone an be used for fame, soial status, even presiden in this ountr. The are demorati, liberal, outspoken and petitive. Take the Amerian hildren for example. The an ork to support themselves hen the are oung and also ope ith their problems b themselves ithout an help from parents. All Amerians have formed these habits from earl time so that their ountr is the best self-improvement among all ountries.Almost ever person believes the ountr should support them ith the perfet sstem so that the an improve their living onditions, but the ideas in Self-Reliane suggest that the high life and ell-being an onl be aquired through a man’s on efforts. The people often take a high expetation toards the funtion of las. If the las ork ell, then the an insure people to enjo their onahievements and redue individual sarifies. Hoever, the best strit la annot hange the sluggish persons to industrious persons or the poor to the rih. These hanges an be ahieved onl through one’s on onduts and ativities. The histor proved that the poer of ountr is not deided b soial sstem but b people’s qualities and personalities.The spirit of Self-Independene in Emerson’s Self-Reliane promotes a ountr’s advanement. The strong and prosperous ountr is made up of onfident and independent individuals. Self-Reliane’s enlightenment effetivel helps the progress of soiet.ConlusionFrom above, “The Confidene” is the basi thought and the ore point in Emerson’s Self-Reliane. In the ork, “The Independene” and “The Personalit” are main i deas. ‘Shoing no Smpath to the Poor” represents “The Confidene” and “The Independene”. These four ideas largel enlighten man people to form the habits of self-independene. The spirit of self-reliane is the foundation stone of everone’s suess. What’s more, it plas an important role in a ountr’s prosperit. The spirit of self-reliane greatl helps the progress of soiet. There ill be more and more readers to researh and stud Self-Reliane and more and more people ould possess the idea of self-reliane in future.Bibliograph Taojie. Seleted Reading in Amerian Literature. Beijing: Higher Eduation Press, 201X. 奥格曼荻诺. 世界上最伟大的推销员. 深圳：海天出版社,1996. 丁惠中等. 认识你自己. 北京：华文出版社, 201X. 戴尔卡耐基.发掘人性的优点. 北京：海潮出版社, 2001. 冯丽莎. 改变扭转命运. 北京：中国社会出版社, 201X. 宫学萍. 穷人与富人 .杂文选刊，201X,（12）. 贺璞. 穷人到底缺什么. 北京：北京科学技术出版社, 2006. 李建科. 成功者想得和你不一样 .哈尔滨：哈尔滨出版社, 2006.内容简介：传播学视域下网络政治文化研究作为能够直接影响人们政治行为且相对稳定的心理过程与心理特征，政治文化需要在较长的历史时期内形成，并需要在社会成员的政治社会化参与和政治实践中不断完善。
吴伟仁《美国文学史及选读》（重排版）笔记和考研真题详解目录第一部分 殖民地时期的美国文学 第1章 约翰·史密斯 1.1 复习笔记 1.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第2章 威廉·布拉德福德和约翰·温思罗普 2.1 复习笔记 2.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第3章 约翰·科顿和罗杰·威廉姆斯 3.1 复习笔记 3.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第4章 安妮·布雷兹特里特和爱德华·泰勒 4.1 复习笔记 4.2 考研真题与典型题详解第二部分 理性时代和革命时期文学 第5章 本杰明·富兰克林 5.1 复习笔记 5.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第6章 托马斯·佩恩 6.1 复习笔记 6.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第7章 托马斯·杰斐逊 7.1 复习笔记 7.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第8章 菲利普·弗瑞诺 8.1 复习笔记 8.2 考研真题与典型题详解第三部分 浪漫主义文学 第9章 华盛顿·欧文 9.1 复习笔记 9.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第10章 詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏 10.1 复习笔记 10.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第11章 威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特 11.1 复习笔记 11.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第12章 埃德加·爱伦·坡 12.1 复习笔记 12.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第13章 拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生 13.1 复习笔记 13.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第14章 亨利·戴维·梭罗 14.1 复习笔记 14.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第15章 纳撒尼尔·霍桑 15.1 复习笔记 15.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第16章 赫尔曼·麦尔维尔 16.1 复习笔记 16.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第17章 亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗 17.1 复习笔记 17.2 考研真题与典型题详解第四部分 现实主义文学 第18章 沃尔特·惠特曼 18.1 复习笔记 18.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第19章 艾米莉·狄金森 19.1 复习笔记 19.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第20章 哈丽雅特·比彻·斯托 20.1 复习笔记 20.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第21章 马克·吐温 21.1 复习笔记 21.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第22章 欧·亨利 22.1 复习笔记 22.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第23章 亨利·詹姆斯 23.1 复习笔记 23.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第24章 杰克·伦敦 24.1 复习笔记 24.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第25章 西奥多·德莱塞 25.1 复习笔记 25.2 考研真题与典型题详解第五部分 20世纪美国文学 第26章 埃兹拉·庞德 26.1 复习笔记 26.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第27章 埃德温·阿林顿·罗宾逊 27.1 复习笔记 27.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第28章 罗伯特·弗罗斯特 28.1 复习笔记 28.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第29章 卡尔·桑德堡 29.1 复习笔记 29.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第30章 华莱士·史蒂文斯 30.1 复习笔记 30.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第31章 托马斯·斯特恩斯·艾略特 31.1 复习笔记 31.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第32章 F．斯科特·菲茨杰拉德 32.1 复习笔记 32.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第33章 欧内斯特·海明威 33.1 复习笔记 33.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第34章 约翰·斯坦贝克 34.1 复习笔记 34.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第35章 威廉·福克纳 35.1 复习笔记 35.2 考研真题与典型题详解弘博学习网————各类考试资料全收录内容简介《美国文学史及选读》（吴伟仁主编）一直被用作高等院校英语专业英国文学教材，被许多院校指定为英语专业考研必读书和学术研究参考书。
S e l f-R e l i a n c e By Ralph Waldo Emerson (1817-1862)通常认为，美德完全是意外之举，而非规则。
人跟他的品德是两码事。
人做的那些所谓的善举，如见义勇为、扶危济困之类，就跟他们必须为不参加日常的游行而缴纳罚金作为抵偿一样。
他们干这种事只算是他们在这个世界上生活的一种赔罪或掩饰——好比病人和精神病患者交的巨额的伙食费一样。
他们的美德就是苦修赎罪。
我不想赎罪，我只想生活。
我只为生活而生活，并非为了观赏。
我更希望它能低调一些，好能真实而平等，而不愿意它光彩照人，动荡不安。
我希望它健康甜美，不必去忍受饥饿和病痛。
我要的是“你是个人”这样主要的证据，而不是脱离了人只论及他的行动。
我知道，对于那些所谓的高明行动，无论我是做了还是避免，于我本身来说其实无关紧要。
我拒绝在我已经拥有权力的地方再购买特权。
我虽然无德无能，却是一个真实的存在，因此没必要为了让我自己或我的同伴安心而要求别人给予保证。
（类比、比喻：analogy ）人们所想的事与我无关，我必须做的只是与我有关的事。
这一规定，在现实生活和精神生活中同样至关重要，所以伟大和渺小完全可以据此来区分。
因为你总会发现一些这样的人，他们觉得他们比你还清楚你自己的职责是什么，因此，这一规定显得更加严厉了。
在世界上，以世人的观点生活很容易；在隐居时，以自己的想法生活也不难；可是伟人之所以是伟人，就在于他能在无数俗人之中完美的保持了特立独行的个性。
（排比：parallel construction）因为不顺从，世人就对你处处不满，大加鞭笞。
因此一个人必须学会判断别人的脸色。
无论在街上还是朋友的客厅里，他都会遭人白眼。
假如这种反感像他自己一样也来自鄙视和抵触，他不如耷拉着脸回家算了。
但是人民生气的脸孔跟他们欢喜的脸孔一样，并没有什么深层的原因，而只是随着社会舆论的导向而被操纵着转换。
不过比起议院和学校的不满，群情激愤要可怕多了。
一个有丰富阅历的坚强人物，忍受有教养的阶级的愤怒算不上难事。
他们的愤怒有所节制，因为他们本身胆小如鼠，本来就不堪一击。
但是，如果在他们阴沉的愤怒之外再加上人民的愤怒，如果再有被鼓动起来的无知的穷人，如果还有被激发起来嗷嗷咆哮，龇牙咧嘴的社会最底层的野蛮势力，那么就只能需要极大的胸怀和宗教修养大显身手，把它大事化小小事化了的对待了。
尽管人的行为千差万别，但是总会存在着一种一致性，这样，任何一个行动都会在它们的关键时刻显得实实在在。
因为都是出于同一个意愿，所以无论行为看上去有多大差别，结果必将是和谐统一的。
在一定距离、一定高度的时候，那种行为上的多样性就看不出来了。
一种趋势让它们都连为一体了。
最好的船只的航线也都是蜿蜒曲折的。
如果从远处看这条航线，它就趋于笔直了。
你真正的行动会解释明白你自己，也会解释明白你其他的真正行动。
墨守陈规不能解释任何事情。
独立行动吧，你独立做的事情从现在开始就会证明你的正确。
伟大诉诸于未来。
如果我今天确信自己做对了事情，并且蔑视别人的眼光，那就表明我先前的正确行为正在为今天的自己做辩护。
不管未来什么样，现在就把事情做对。
如果你能永远蔑视外表，那么你就能永远把事情做对。
人格的力量是不断积累的。
以前的种种善举都会让今天的我们受益。
是什么造就了议会和战场中的英雄们让人心潮澎湃的威严。
是因为过去曾经拥有的光辉岁月和辉煌战绩。
这些光辉岁月和辉煌战绩汇成一束光辉，把勇往直前的行动者照亮。
仿佛一队看得见的天使在护送着他。
正是这个东西让查塔姆伯爵声如雷鸣，让华盛顿的举止威严，让美国进入了亚当斯的眼睛。
荣誉之所以让我们充满敬意，是因为它不是转瞬即逝的东西。
它一直是传统的美德。
今天我们之所以崇拜它，恰恰因为它不属于今天。
我们对它热爱、敬仰，只因为它不是为捕捉我们的热爱与敬仰所布下的陷阱，而是自力更生，因而具有一种古老纯洁的血统，即使在一个年轻人身上表现出来，也是这样。
（暗喻：metaphor）Themes爱默生的作品深深地吸引着读者, 特别是《论自助》这篇文章。
它来自于爱默生的散文集,表达了他的超验主义思想。
“相信自己”是它的核心点。
爱默生反对一切形式的模仿作品。
他认为人应该相信自己, 真正的人应该学会如何拒绝随波逐流。
如果一个人害怕民意, 而迫使他做一些改变,他将可能失去导致他成功的创新能力。
如果一个人不想让他自己或社会失望, 就必须遵守在他内心的原则。
但人们谁遵守权威、传统或当前的系统, 意味着打破了这个原则。
最重要的是, 他相信个人主义、独立和自力更生。
他的作品是不容易被理解的。
他重建了文学写作技能的共同形象, 赋予作品新的想法。
一般来说, 读者有一个共同的观点, 即他的思想是特殊的, 独一无二的。
Throughout the essay he gives a defense for his famous catch-phrase “trust thyself.” This argument follow s three major points: the self-contained genius, the disapproval of the world, and the value of self-worth. Throughout this essay, Emerson argues against conformity with the world. He gives an archetype for his own transcendental beliefs, but also argues f or his slogan “trust thyself.” For someone to transcend their current state, one must lean only on their own understanding, hold a certain level of disregard for the opinions and currents of society, and most importantly hold a respect for self regardless of circumstances and society's opinions.Trust Your Own Inner Voice.......Emerson urges his readers to retain the outspokenness（坦白）of a small child who freely speaks his mind. A child he has not yet been corrupted by adults who tell him to do otherwise.He also urges readers to avoid envying or imitating others viewed as models of perfection; instead, he says, readers should take pride in their own individuality and never be afraid to express their own original ideas.In addition, he says, they should refuse to conform to the ways of the popular culture and its shallow ideals; rather they should live up to their own ideals, even if doing so reaps them criticism and denunciation（谴责）.Avoid Consistency as an End in Itsel f.......Being consistent is not always wise. An idea or regimen to which you stubbornly cling can become outmoded tomorrow.Emerson and Transcendentalism.......Emerson believed every human being has inborn knowledge that enables him to recognize and understand moral truth without benefit of knowledge obtained through the physical senses. Using this inborn knowledge, a gift of God, an individual can make a moral decision without relying on information gained through everyday living, education, and experimentation. One may liken this inborn knowledge to conscience or intuition.超验主义的主要思想观点有三。
首先，超验主义者强调精神，或超灵，认为这是宇宙至为重要的存在因素。
超灵是一种无所不容、无所不在、扬善抑恶的力量，是万物之本、万物之所属，它存在于人和自然界内。
其二，超验主义者强调个人的重要性。
他们认为个人是社会的最重要的组成部分，社会的革新只能通过个人的修养和完善才能实现。
因此人的首要责任就是自我完善，而不是刻意追求金玉富贵。
理想的人是依靠自己的人。
其三，超验主义者以全新的目光看待自然，认为自然界是超灵或上帝的象征。
在他们看来，自然界不只是物质而已。
它有生命，上帝的精神充溢其中，它是超灵的外衣。
因此，它对人的思想具有一种健康的滋补作用。
超验主义主张回归自然，接受它的影响，以在精神上成为完人。
这种观点的自然内涵是，自然界万物具象征意义，外部世界是精神世界的体现。
Summary of the Essay.......However, if you want to be a man, you must be a nonconformist. Unfortunately, though, we let others have too much influence over us. These may be men of vanity（虚荣）and malice（恶意，怨恨，预谋）who take up philanthropic（仁慈的，博爱的）or noble causes–a bigot（顽固者）, for example, who says he supports abolition but keeps black people at a distance. He loves from afar........Many men think virtue is the exception rather than the rule. They perform acts of charity（慈善）as if they were paying a fine or doing a penance（苦行，忏悔）."I do not wish to expiate（赎罪）, but to live. My life is for itself and not for a spectacle. I much prefer that it should be of a lower strain, so it be genuine and equal, than that it should be glittering and unsteady.".......I do not need or want the approval of other men. What I believe I should do is what concerns me, not what other people think I should do. Of course, it is not easy to follow your own inner voice, for there are always those who will try to make you conform to the public will. It is easy in the world to live after the world’s opinion; it is easy in solitude（独居）to live after our own; but the great "man is he who in the midst of the crowd keeps with perfect sweetness the independence of solitude.".......I wish we could do away with consistency and conformity. Men who listen to themselves rather than to the common herd are true men. And it is true men who leave their mark on history. .......If all men became self-reliant, then all of their activities and institutions would be better: religion, education, the way they live, the way they think.。
