语言学复习提纲

1 1. Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.

2. The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality, i.e., its grammatical well-formedness. The grammaticality of a sentence

is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.

3. Connotative meaning is what is communicated by virtue of what language refers to.

4. Antonymy refers to the relation of oppositeness of meaning.

5. An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.

6. Vowel is a major category of sound segments, produced without obstruction of the vocal tract so that air escapes in a relatively unimpeded

way through the mouth or the nose

7. Bound morpheme refers to those which cannot occur alone and must appear with at least one other morpheme.

8. Consonant is a major category of sound segments, produced by a closure in the vocal tract, or by narrowing which is so marked that air

cannot escape without producing audible friction.

9. Perlocutionary act concerns the consequential effects of a locution on hearer.

10. Displacement is the ability of language to refer to context removed from the speaker’s immediate situation.

11. Componential analysis is a way to analyze word meaning. It was proposed by structural semanticists. The approach is based on the belief

that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components, which are called semantic features.

12. Context consists of the knowledge that is shared by the speaker and the hearer. The shared knowledge is of two types: the knowledge of the

language they use, and the knowledge about the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the

situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.

13. The meaning of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract

meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.

14. The meaning of a sentence is often considered as the abstract, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication.

15. Performatives were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable. Their function is to perform a particular

speech act.

1、语言学的主要分支是什么。每个分支的研究对象是什么？Linguistics mainly involves the following branches: General linguistics, which is the

study of language as a whole and which deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic

study. Phonetics, which studies the sounds that are used in linguistic communication.Phonology, which studies how sounds are put together and

used in communication.Morphology, which studies the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words.Syntax, which studies how

morphemes and words are combined to form sentences .Semantics, which is the study of meaning in language.Pragmatics, which is the study of

meaning not in isolation, but in context of use. Sociolinguistics, which is the study of language with reference to society.Psycholinguistics,

which is the study of language with reference to the workings of mind.Applied linguistics, which is concerned about the application of linguistic

findings in linguistic studies; In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language

teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. Other related branches are anthropological linguistics,

neurological linguistics, mathematical linguistics, and computational linguistics.

2、现代语言学与传统语法有什么区别？Traditional grammar is prescriptive; it is based on “high” (religious, literary) written language . It sets

models for language users to follow. But Modern linguistics is descriptive; its investigations are based on authentic, and mainly spoken language

data. It is supposed to be scientific and objective and the task of linguists is supposed to describe the language people actually use, whether it is

“correct” or not.

3、什么叫共时研究？什么叫历时研究？The description of a language at some point in time is a Synchronic study; the description of a language as it

changes through time is a diachronic study. A synchronic study of language describes a language as it is at some particular point in rime, while a

diachronic study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time.

4、人类语言的甄别性特征是什么？ 1) Arbitrariness It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. For instance, there

is no necessary relationship between the word dog and the animal it refers to. The fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in