初中英语语法学习之介词与介词短语讲义

介词介词是一种表示名词、代词等与句中其他词的关系，它不能单独担任句子成分，必须与名词或代词或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句构成介词短语，才能担任句子成分。

1介词的种类和介词短语的用法（1）介词的种类介词由词形上可分为简单介词和短语介词.简单介词只有一个单词，如:in,on,after等。

短语介词是由两个以上单词集合而成，如:in front of（在…前面）,because of(因为），instead of（代替)等.（2）介词短语的用法①作定语介词短语作定语时，一律后置。

The book on the desk is mine。

桌子上的书是我的。

He bought a house of five rooms。

他买了一所有五个房间的房子.A man in white came into the hall.一个身穿白衣的男人走进了大厅。

②作状语介词短语作状语时,修饰动词、形容词、副词或者整个句子.Classes begin at eight。

（修饰动词）八点钟开始上课。

The school is not far from my house.(修饰形容词）学校离我家不远。

③作表语He is in danger。

他处于危险之中。

It was because of the heavy rain， we couldn’t go out.因为这场大雨，我们出不去了。

④作宾语补足语We made him out of danger。

我们使他脱离了危险.2 表示时间的介词（注意：表示时间的名词前有this，last，next，every等修饰时,其前面不加介词.this morning今天早上；last Monday上周一；every week每周）（1）at,on，inA.at:用于表示时刻、时间的某一点at lunch在午饭时 at breakfast早餐时 at noon正午时 at that time那时at night在夜间 at the moment此刻,目前 at nine(o'clock）在九点钟 at the end of 1999在1999年末 at this time of(the)year在一年中的这个时候We usually have lunch at noon/ at twelve。

初中英语语法专题复习之介词与介词短语英语介词与介词短语语法是英语学习中非常重要的一部分，它涉及到英语语法中的很多方面。

在学习英语介词与介词短语语法时，我们需要掌握基本的介词分类、介词的用法以及介词短语的构成和使用。

一、英语介词的分类英语介词可以分为简单介词和合成介词两类。

简单介词包括:in、on、with、by、for、at、about、under、of等。

合成介词是由两个或多个单词组成的介词，例如:into、within、throughout、inside、outside、without等。

简单介词和合成介词在使用时有不同的用法和含义，需要根据具体语境来确定其使用。

英语中的介词可以分为时间介词、地点介词、方向介词、方式介词、原因介词、结果介词等多种类型。

这些介词在使用时需要特别留意，因为它们的用法和意义各不相同。

例如，“at”表示时间，而“in”表示地点;“on”表示时间或日期，而“to”表示方向或目的等。

在学习英语介词时，我们需要熟练掌握这些基本的规则，以便能够正确地使用介词。

二、英语介词的用法英语介词在使用时有以下用法:表示位置或方向:in、on、at、under、over、beneath等。

表示时间:for、during、after、before、afterwards、subsequently 等。

表示方式或手段:by、through、via、with、in、on等。

表示原因或目的:because、for、in order to、to、in that等。

表示比较或对比:as、like、unlike、compared to等。

表示限制或范围:within、within limits、beyond、outside等。

表示数量或程度:twice、three times、once、twice as much等。

表示空间关系:next to、beneath、above、on the other hand等。

介词、介词短语和短语动词一、考纲内容熟悉介词的基本意义及用法；辨析相近、易混介词的用法；掌握常用介词短语的意义及用法；掌握常用短语动词的形式、意义及用法。

二、命题趋势1.语法填空主要考察介词的基本意义和用法，用时兼顾对介词短语的考察。

2.短文改错主要考察介词的误用。

3.考察介词与名词、形容词或动词搭配的意义和用法。

三、介词（一）介词的分类1.从结构上看，介词可以分为以下几类：简单介词（由一个词构成的介词）、合成介词（两个词合在一起的介词）、短语介词（一个或几个简单介词或其他介词组合在一起的介词）、分词介词（部分动词的-ing形式和过去分词形式）。

2,从意思上考虑，介词可以分为下面三类：弓［导时间短语的介词、弓［导地点状语的介词、弓I导其他短语的介词。

（二）介词（短语）的用法区别1.表示方位的at,in,on,to,beside/by 和near⑴at 一般指在较小的地方例：1 met him at the shop.⑵in 一般指在较大的地方，或在某一范围内例：a. They arrived in Beijing yesterday.b. Shandong Province lies in the east of China.⑶on 一般指在物体的表面，或相邻并接壤的两个地域例：a. The picture is hanging on the wall.b. Mongolia is on the north of China.(4)to表示某范围外接壤或不接壤的两个位置例：Shandong Province is to the southeast of Hebei Province.(5)beside/by译为“在…旁边”例：a. She was standing beside her mother.b. There is a small house by the river.(6)near译为“接近；靠近”例：There is a supermarket near my home.2.表示方位的between和among⑴between在两者或每两者之间例：I stand between Sue and Jane.⑵among在三者或三者以上之间例：The teacher was standing among the students.3.表示方位的across,through,over 和past(1)across从…的表面穿过例：He walked across the square to meet us.⑵through从…的内部穿过例：The guide led us through the forest.⑶over从…的上面跨过例：The thief jumped over the fence and fled away.(4)past在…的旁边经过例：She walked past the shop.4.表示时间的介词⑴表示“在…”的：at,in,ona.at表示在某个时间点、时刻或重大节日例：at 9:00; at noon; at Christmasb.in表示在某段较长的时间内，世纪、朝代或年月；泛指的上午、下午、傍晚等。

初中英语语法专题介词与常见短语介词(preposition 简写prep.)，又称作前置词，表示名词、代词等与句中其它词的关系，在句中不能单独作句子成分。

小编在这里整理了相关资料，快来学习学习吧!初中英语语法专题介词一、概念介词(preposition)表示与名词、代词等其它词的关系，不能单独做句子成分，介词后面的成分称为宾语。

二、分类介词可以用来表示时间、地点、方位、方式、手段等。

①重点词整理解析(at\in\on\by\before\after\until\for\since)at1. at+点钟at one o’clock 在七点钟2. at+the+n’ s (shop) at the baker’s (shop) 在面包店 at the hairdresser’s (shop)在理发店3. at noon/night/midnight 在正午/夜晚/午夜4. at home/work/school/church 在家/上班/上学/做礼拜5. at breakfast/lunch/dinner 在吃早/午/晚饭6. arrive at+小地点 arrive at the airport 到机场7. at+节日 at Spring Festival 在春节期间8. call sb at+号码打...号码找某人9. email sb at+邮件地址发...电子邮件给某人10. call at +地点拜访某个地方11. 其它固定搭配 at the price/speed...of 以...的价格、速度in1. in+年、月 in 2019/May 在2019年五月2. in+季节 in Summer 在夏天3. in the morning/afternoon/evening 在早上/下午/晚上4. in+世纪 in the twenty-first century 在21世纪5. in+颜色表示穿着 the girl in red 穿红色衣服的女孩6. in+语言 in English/Chinese 用英语/汉语7. in+声音 in a weak voice 用微弱的声音8. in+时间段表示将来 in five minutes 五分钟以后 (划线提问用‘how soon’)9. in+地点(大地点) in Qingdao 在青岛10. in+物体在...里面 in the glass 在杯子里11. in+方向 in the west 在西边12. 其它 in front of 在...前面 in the end 最后 in the past few years 在过去的几年里on1. on+具体日期/礼拜 on May 8th 在五月八日 on Wednesday 在周三2. on+ 节日(带Day 的节日) on Mother’s Day 母亲节3. on+地点 on the table(在桌子上) on the train(在火车上)4. call on+sb call on your friend 拜访你的朋友5. 表示方位(毗邻、接壤) Russia is on the north of China. 俄罗斯与中国北部相连。

介词与介词短语英语知识点总结介词是一种用来表示名词与其他词或短语之间关系的词类。

常见的介词有in, on, at, for, with等。

1. 位置关系：- 在某位置：in, on, atin表示在物体或空间内部，on表示在物体表面，at表示在具体位置或某地。

例句：He is in the room. She is sitting on the chair. They are waiting at the bus stop.- 离开某位置：from, off, out offrom表示离开某一具体位置，off表示从某一表面离开，out of表示从某一空间或物体内部离开。

例句：He is coming from the airport. The cat jumped off the table. She took her phone out of her bag.2. 时间关系：- 表示具体时间：in, on, atin表示在某一段时间内，on表示在某一具体日期或星期，at 表示在某一具体时间。

例句：We will have a meeting in the afternoon. I will see him on Monday. The movie starts at 7 o'clock.- 表示时间段：during, forduring表示在某一整个时间段内，for表示在某一时间段的持续时间。

例句：He slept during the night. I will stay here for a week.3. 关系连接：- 表示原因：because of, due tobecause of表示由于，due to表示由于（正式用语）。

例句：He couldn't come because of the rain. The event was canceled due to bad weather.- 表示目的：for, tofor表示为了某一目的，to表示向某一目的地或对象。

介词一;介词的分类1.简单介词;是指单个的介词如： in; on; at; on; to; with等2.合成介词;是指两个简单介词合在一起构成的介词如： into; onto; without; inside3.短语介词;是指一个或两个简单介词与一个或几个其他词类的词组合;在意义和作用上相当于一个简单介词的短语如： instead of 代替 because of因为according to按照 in front of 在...的前面二;表示时间的介词1.at表示具体的时间点如：at eight o’clock联想： at构成的固定短语：at first首先 at least至少at present目前 at noon在中午at the age of在...岁时 at the moment在目前;现在at the same time同时 at school 在上学at the end of在......末如： In some western countries shops are closed___________ weekends.2.in用于年;月;季节;上午;下午;晚上等..in March在三月 in spring在春天in 2008在2008年 in the morning/afternoon/evening注意： in表示在某一季节或某一月份时;一般不加冠词;但季节和月份的意义一旦具体化;就要加定冠词the..如： The weather is a little in May.An earthquake happened in Sichuan in the May of 2008.In summer children are happy because they can swim.联想：in构成的固定短语：hand in上交 in fact事实上in surprise吃惊地 in search of寻找in public当众 in the end最后;终于in no time立刻;马上 in a minute立刻;马上in front of在...前面 in a word一句话;总而言之in good health身体健康的 do well in在...方面干的不错be interested in对...感兴趣 in common共同的show great interest in对......感兴趣in the last/past several years在过去的几年里3.表示具体的某一天或某一天的早晨;晚上等;用on..如： In the morning I often get up at six o’clock but________Sunday morning; I get up at seven.A traffic accident happened near our school _________ the night of May 2nd; 2014.联想：on构成的固定短语：on board乘坐车;飞机 on duty值班;值日on earth到底 on fire着火on foot 步行 on hire雇佣on holiday度假 on time按时be on show展览 on the right在右边on the other hand另一方面 a book on history一本关于历史的书on one’s way to在某人去...的路上4.表示时间的since; for; by; during; until1since自从后跟具体的过去时间;for后接一段时间..for和since短语所在的句子应用现在完成时;谓语动词要用延续性动词..如：Great changes have taken place in my hometown since the year 2000.We have lived in the city for about five years.(2)by+时间点;意为“到...为止”;如果by后面跟的是将来的时间点;用一般将来时或将来完成时;如果by后面跟一个过去的时间点;用过去完成时..如： I will finish eating by nine o’clock.By the end of last week; we had finished learning Unit5.(3)during+时间段;与延续性动词连用;表示某期间的动作..如：She had trained hard during the four years to get ready for London Olympic Games.(4)until+时间点;意为“道...为止”;句中的谓语动词若是非延续性动词;构成句型not...until直到...才如： We stayed there until the sunset.We didn’t go home until the sunset.(5)表示时间前后的before; afterbefore在...之前; after在...之后如：We must hand in our homework before class.After half past eleven we can relax ourselves.注意：before作为介词;还可以表示“面临;面对”如：What should you do before so many difficultiesI had nothing to say before her.三．表示方位;地点;行为对象等的介词1.表示方位的介词in; to; onin表示包含关系;意为“在......范围内”;on表示相邻关系;接壤；to表示相隔关系..如：China is________ the east of Asia.Japan is ________ the east of China.Russia is ________ the north of China.2.表示“上下”等方位的介词over; under; above; below; on(1)over在......正上方;其反义词为under如：There is a football under the desk.I looked up and saw a plane flying over my head.(2)above表示“在......上方”;非垂直关系; 其反义词为below如：The plane is flying above the clouds.(3)on在......之上;指两者表面接触..其反义词也为under3.表示“前后”的介词和短语介词（1）in front of 在......前面;指在范围之外的前面;和before意义接近..如：There are some bikes in front of the teaching building.(2)behind是in front of 的反义词;意为“在......后面”(3)in the front of表示在范围之内的前面;其反义词组是at the back of4.by; beside在......旁边；between在两者之间; among在三者及以上之间（1）by和beside意义相近如：Do you know the man who is standing by the windowLucy sits beside me. She is my deskmate.(2)between指两者之间;也表示三者或多者中的每两者之间；among指三个或三个以上的事物或人之间..注意：between表示两者之间;只要构成双方关系;就可以用between如：There are so many desks in the classroom that there is hardly any room to move between them. 教室里有这么多张课桌;几乎没有空间从它们中间穿过..5.across; through穿过across从表面穿过;through穿越;穿透;透过;指从物体内部穿过..如：1When you go________ the road; you must be careful.2Which river runs________ Shanghai3 --I left my keys in the room yesterday. I had to get in________ the window.--It’s dangerous to do that.A. inB. throughC. overD. to6.表示里外的in; inside; into; onto; out of; outside(1)in在......之内如：My keys are in my pocket.注意：外来物“在树上”;用in;树上结出的东西“在树上”;用on如：There are some birds________ the tree.Autumn comes and some red apples________ the apple trees come into people’s eyes.(2)inside在......里面;到......里面..反义词为outside如：ListenSomeone is talking in a low voice inside the door.Don’t stay outside.(3)into到......内..强调空间或状态的转换..反义词为out of如： Why not go into the house and have a lookHe looked out of the window and saw some people coming back from work.注意: out of 还有“脱离;失去”等意义..如: He has been out of work for long.Fish can’t live long out of water.7.表示“靠近”的near; next to; aroundnear在......附近next to在......旁边around在......周围如： There is a park near our neighborhood.I didn’t remember to phone until near the end of the week.The mouse is next to my computer.That patient is next to death.The flowers and applause掌声 are always around the winners.注意：around 还表示“大约”;同义词：about如：It was around/about twelve o’clock in the evening.8.表示运动方向的for; to; towards(1)for常接在leave; start等动词之后;表示运动的方向或目的地..如： They’ll leave for Beijing to attend the meeting next month. (2)to跟在go; come; return; move等动词之后;表示目的地;它既表示运动方向;又包含运动结果..如：When did you return to Guangzhou after the summer holiday(3)towards朝;向..只说明运动的方向;没有“到达”的意思如： The teacher is coming towards the classroom now.9.表示行为对象的to; at一般来说;at 同某些动词连用;表示攻击目标;含有某种程度的恶意；to则只表示方向;并无恶意..如： I threw the ball to him and he threw it at the dog.He came________me and said hello to me.A dog came________her and she was frightened受惊吓的..10.最高级结构中表示范围的of; in同类比较时;若主语和范围一致;一般用of; of后多为数词或可数名词复数；将某人/某物置于集体或环境中进行比较时;用in; in后一般是可数名词的单数..如：She is the most beautiful girl ________ the three sisters.Tom is the tallest boy________ the class.四．表示“除......之外”的介词1.besides除......之外还如： Five others were late besides me.There will be five of us for dinner; besides John.2.but; except除......之外..but常与否定词连用如： No one but we knows about the news.He has few friends except you in this school.He has few friends except you in this school.They all went to sleep except me.3.except for表示从整体中排除;除......之外;前后不是一类事物..如： The care is really wonderful except for its price.The composition is quite good except for a few spelling mistakes.五．表示方式;手段或工具的介词1.by; in; on表交通方式by bike=on a bike; by car=in a car如：Do you usually come to school by bike2.by; in with表示手段或工具（1）by表示用某种方式或手段..名此前不加冠词..如： This pair of shoes is made by hand.The old man had to make money by selling vegetables.(2)in表示使用某种语言;用墨水;颜色;颜料等..名此前不加冠词..如： Can you say it in EnglishPlease write it in ink; not in pencil.(3)with后跟具体的工具如： People here build houses with stones.I like to write with a ball pen.拓展：with常用来表示伴随;意为“有;带有”;其反义词为without如：This is a house with a garden.Fish can’t live without water.六．引出动词不定式逻辑主语的介词..1.一般情况下用for sb. to do sth如：It’s necessary for us to learn English.It’s difficult for children to read such a book.2.表示品质;性格;特征的形容词后用of sb. to do sth.; 这类句型中动词不定式的逻辑主语和形容词构成主系表结构..如：It’s foolish of him to make such a decision.It’s kind of you to give me so much help.七．其它介词的用法1.as作为;as for至于如： ________students we should work hard.He works________ a teacher in this school.________him; I know nothing.2.thanks to 同because of;意为“因为;由于”如：Thanks to your help; I am good at my lessons.Because of the weather; we have to put off the sports meet.八．介词的省略1.in的省略be busy in doing sth忙于做某事have difficulty/trouble in doing sth.做某事有困难in this/that way以这种/那种方法spend...in doing sth. 花费......做某事have a good time in doing sth. 做某事很高兴waste... in doing浪费......做某事There’s no use/good in doing sth.做某事有用/没有好处2.for的省略for+时间段里的for;在口语中可以省略;尤其是在肯定句中..但是在否定句中或在句首一般不可以省略..如：The rain lasted for a whole afternoon.He has been waiting for three hours.We haven’t seen each other for a long time.For a whole month; there is no rain.九．常用介词短语1.常与with连用的短语do with处置;对付go on with继续......agree with同意......be busy with忙于keep/catch up with跟上fill...with....用......装满......be familiar with...熟悉......be popular with...受......欢迎be angry with sb.生某人的气cover...with....用......覆盖........ help...with...在......方面帮助...... get on well with与......相处的好be strict with sb.对某人要求严格be pleased with sb.对某人感到满意2.常与at 连用的短语look at看knock at敲at last最后at once立刻laugh at嘲笑......shoot at朝......射击work at致力于......be good at擅长......be weak at不擅长......arrive at到达某地小地方be amazed at对......感到吃惊3.常与on连用的短语get on上车turn on打开try on试穿put on穿上call on 号召depend on依靠;取决于live on 依赖........生活spend...on...在......上花费......4.常与of连用的短语hear of听说take care of照料look out of朝外看a kind of一种a type of一种be fond of喜欢instead of代替......think of认为;考虑all kinds of各种各样的be proud of为......而骄傲be confident of对......有信心be tired of对......感到厌烦be made of由......制成能看出材料be scared/afraid/terrified of...害怕......5.常与from连用的短语come from来自于be far from距离......远hear from收到......的来信across from在......的对面be different from与......不同borrow... from...从......借来......be made from由......制成看不出原料6.常与for连用的短语look for寻找for example例如be late for迟到be fit for适合wait for等候pay for为......付款for a while一会儿as for至于;关于be sorry for为......感到抱歉send for派人去请......leave for离开去......ask for请求;向......要...... thanks for为......感谢......get ready for为......做好准备be famous/known for以......而闻名7.常与to连用的短语get to到达turn to翻到pay attention to注意listen to听according to根据......be next to在......隔壁be friendly to对......友好to one’s joy使某人高兴的是be polite to sb. 对某人有礼貌to one’s surprise使某人惊讶的是。