英语国家社会与文化知识要点汇总

Part One True or False1、Britain is no longer an imperial country.T2The stereotype of the English gentlemen never applied the majority of the British people. T3、Northern Ireland is part of Great Britain. F4、Most people in Scotland speak the old Celtic language ，called “Gaelic ”. F5、Ireland is part of Great Britain. F6、Most British people are Protestants while most Irish people are Catholics. T7、The divine right of the king(君权神授) means the sovereign derived his authority from his subjects .8、As the king in the theory had God in his side ，it was thought that he should exercise absolute power.FF9、Britain ，like Israel ，has a written constitutions of the sort which most countries have. F10、In the UK ，a government cannot stand for longer than five years except in exceptionalcircumstance.T11、There are two(three) national parties in the UK according to the text. F12、The majority of Britain’s recent immigrants have mainly come from North(South) Asiaand Caribbean countries.13、By the 1880’s the British economy was dominant in the world.14、Another reason for British decline is the loss of its colonies ，especially India ，whichgained its independence in 1947.FT T 15、The service industry in the U.K. employs 70% of the total work force. T16、Much early British literature was concerned with Christianity ，and Anglo-Saxonsproduced many versions of Bible.17、William Shakespeare is a great poet and much known of his life.18、The purpose of British education is not only to provide children with literacy and theother basic skills but also to socialize children.19、The state seldom interferes with the decision of when ，where ，how and what childrenare taught.20、When the Second World War ended ，Britain no longer was the largest military powerin Western Europe.21、According to the text ，the most important single factor which influences British policy-makers is its history.22、The Prime Minister and Cabinet decide on the general direction of Britain’s foreignpolicy.23、The British host a large American military presence and there are 63 American militarybases in the UK.24、On an average day ，an overwhelming majority of Britons over the age of 15 read anational or local paper.TFTFFTTT T 25、The Advertising Code ensures that advertisements are legal ，decent ，honest andtruthful ；have a sense of responsibility for consumer and society ；and respect theprincipals of fair competition.T26、The tabloids are smaller format newspapers with color photos and catchy headlines.They often called “the gutter press ”.T27、The tradition of having Sunday off derived from the Christian Church. T28The origin of Browning lies in the victory celebration ceremony by the ancient warriors. T给大家推荐一个英语微信群Empty Your Cup英语微信群是目前学习英语最有效的方法，群里都是说英语，没有半个中文，而且规则非常严格，是一个超级不错的英语学习环境，群里有好多英语超好的超牛逼的人，还有鬼佬和外国美眉。

Unit 3 The Government of the United Kingdom1.女王的职责？/女王的作用？○1To represent Britain at home and abroad.○2To set standards of good citizenship and family life.2.女王的角色？○1Legally head of the executive(行政部门)○2An integral part of the legislature○3Head of the judiciary(司法部)○4Commander in chief of the armed forces○5“Supreme governor” of the Church of England○6Confidante to the Prime Minister3. 公众对女王的态度？4. 议会的职能？○1Pass laws○2Provide the means of carrying on the work of government by voting fortaxation○3Scrutinize government policy, administration and expenditure○4Debate the major issues of the day5.上、下议院？Lords are below the Crown, and are usually called peersDifference: ○1sources ○2term ○3salaryUnit4 Politics, Class and Race1.选举的时间？Every 5 years2.选举的过程？(1) Delivering voting card(2) The electoral campaigns(3)“Opinion polls”(4) Election day: voting and counting3.什么时候可以提前？○1The government loses a “vote of no confidence” in the H ouse ofCommons ○2The Prime Minister decides that the government is currently very popular4.什么人有资格参加选举？○1Anyone who is eligible to vote with 500 pounds as deposit○2Joining one of the big parties and applying to be chosen as theircandidate in one of the constituencies provide a greater chance towin.5.选举中什么过程对候选人关键？6.政党主张？(1) The Labour party: ○1a socialist party○2believe a society should be relatively equal in economic terms○3government should play a redistribute role: transferring wealth fromricher to poorer○4government should provide a range of public services available to all,such as health, education and public transport(2) The Conservative party: ○1a party of individual○2protect the individual’s right to acquire wealth an d to spendit how they choose○3Hold a fatherly sense of obligation to the less fortunate○4The difference with The Lobour party is one of degree, notabsolute.(3) The Liberal party: ○1a party of the “middle”○2Comparatively flexible and pragmatic in their balance ofthe individual and the social○3Emphas ize the need for change in Britain’s constitutionalarrangements to make government more democraticand accountable7.阶级有什么？判定标准？(1) working-class: manual workers (blue workers)(2) middle-class: office workers (white workers)○1Lower middle-class: unskilled office workers or skilled well paidmanual workers○2upper middle-class: having relatively high incomes and high statusprofessions (lawyer/doctor)8.移民问题对英国的影响？Positive: Increase the variety and interest within British cultureE.g. Restaurant food、TV programs、books、musicNegative: ○1Ethnic relations are tensed: the local people view thenew comers as a threat to their way of living.○2Despite much official action to minimize racism, bothsubtle and overt oppression remains○3The situation of the immigrant population isunpleasant:They face problems of unemployment，under-representation in politics and unfair treatmentby police and justice system.Unit 5 The UK Economy1.英国经济从二战后衰退的原因？○1Britain has gone heavily into debt in order to financethe war ○2As the era of empire was over, Britain lost its colonies which used to be raw material bases and big markets for British people○3Still maintain a substantial and expensive military presence in many overseas location○4As Britain’s industry survived comparatively unaffected in the German bombing duri ng the war, Britain lacked the investment in modern equipment and new products2.… … 生产的情况？□1Primary industry: (1) Agriculture (2) Fishing(3) Mining: ○1Oil and gas ○2Coal○3New renewable energy sources□2Secondary industries: (1) Manufacturing industry: Pharmaceuticals、Chemicals、high-technology engineeringindustry、Aerospace、Food and drink(2) Electronics industry□3Tertiary industriesUnit 7 British Education System1.英国教育？公立，私立？(1) State sector: ○1They are founded by local and centralgovernment ○2They provide free education for students(2)Private sector: ○1They receive the money through the privatesector、tuition rates with some government assistance2.教育阶段？（1）Pre-primary schooling(2) Primary school: 5-11, pupils mainly attend state sector primary schools（3）Secondary school: ○111-19, include comprehensive schools (综合学校) andgrammar schools（文法学校）○2Comprehensive schools: the most popular secondaryschools in Britain today; admit children withoutreference to their academic abilities; provide ageneral education○3Grammar schools: select children through“the11-plus”; lay emphasis advanced academicsubjectsUnit 4 The political System in the United States1.制约关系？怎样发挥作用？The three branches of the federal government(1) It is a way of restricting government power and preventing its abuse(2) In the three-part national government, this system works in many ways to keep serious mistakes from being made by one branch or another2. 政党？政党主张？（1）The Democratic Party: donkey; more liberal; In the 1930s, PresidentFranklin Roosevelt started the New Deal in order to solve theDepression. Provided paid employment for people building dams androads and public building and Social Security.(2) The Republican Party ：elephant; more conservative; Republicans placemore emphasis on private enterprise and often accuse the Democrats ofmaking the government too expensive and of creating too many laws thatharm individual initiativeUnit 5 American Economy当前经济状况做分析？成功之处：American farmers are virtually unrivaled in producing crops cheaply and in quantity. America ag ricultural produce’s output is huge. Bountiful resources、the geographical size of the country, population trends and strong domestic demand are responsible for the successes of American business and industry. More and more people are employed in service industries in the US.危机：The problems are deep-seated, revealing defects in the free market and US government financial policies.Unit 8 Education in the United States(1)Gradu ate schools in America award master’s and doctor’s degrees(2)An undergraduate student has to earn a certain number of credits(120) in order to receive adegree at the end of four years of college(3)About 25% of all schools of higher education in the US are privately operated by religiousorganizations.(4)Income sources: student tuition endowments and government funding(5)Flourishing reason: ○1They offer the best libraries and facilities for scientific research○2Access to “mainframe” c omputer and to modern labs attracts leading scientists○3Students enroll to study with the expertsUnit 9 Social problems in the United States1.当前美国移民？(1)Housing(2)Busing and other programs(3)education(4) family income2.贫困问题？Lots of Americans are living at or below the official poverty line. Their incomesaren’t insufficient to meet basic requirement of food, clothing and shelter. The unequal distribution of wealth and income.3.吸毒带来的影响？（1）crime (2) automobile accidents (3) effects on individuals(4) economic losses4. 犯罪的原因？Young people:(1) less skillful than older adults in avoiding being arrested(2) They tend to commit crimes, they are highly visible to the policeBlack population:(3) most of them are poor or unemployed(4) racial discrimination。

英语国家社会与文化入门基础Unit1Unit 1一、判断1、Britain is no longer an imperial country.（T）英国不再是一个帝国主义国家。

2、The Commonwealth of Nations includes all European countries.（F）英联邦的国家包括所有欧洲国家。

3、1 in 10 of the British population are of non-European ethnicity.（F）十分之一个非欧洲的英国人口的种族。

4、The stereotype of the English gentleman never applied to the majority of British people.（T）刻板印象的英国绅士永远适用于大多数的英国人。

5、When people outside the UK talk about England,they mistake it as Britain sometimes.（T）当英国以外的人谈论英国,有时他们的错误这是英国。

6、The scots and Welsh have a strong sence of being British.（F）苏格兰和威尔士有强烈的感觉是英国人。

7、Scotland was never conquered by the Romans.（T）苏格兰从未被罗马人征服。

8、MMost people in Scotland speak the old Celtic language,called"Gaelic".（F）大多数人在苏格兰古老的凯尔特语言,称为“盖尔语”。

9、Scotland was unified with England through peaceful means.（T）苏格兰与英格兰通过和平方式统一。

10、Wales is rich in coal deposits.（T）威尔士有丰富的煤炭储量。

Unit OneIntroduction& Unit 1The Society and Culture of Major English-Speaking Countries课程名称：英语国家社会与文化本课内容：The Society and Culture of Major English-Speaking Countries授课时间：90分钟教学目的:通过本节课的教学，使学生了解英语国家社会与文化课程的主要内容与要求，了解文化的概念；同时对英国有一个总体上的了解。

教学意义:帮助学生了解主要英语国家的社会与文化概貌，如地理、历史、政治、经济、社会生活和文化传统等方面的基本知识。

教学重点:文化的概念；英国基本情况。

教学难点:英国概况教学方式：以电子课件为主，辅以少量板书的课堂讲授。

教学内容: (详见下页）1.什么是文化？2．英国国土与人民英国的不同名称及其区域3. 伦敦概况教学方法：采取教师教授为主，结合学生课堂讨论。

时间分配: What is culture? (10 分钟.);What’s th e relation between Culture and society? (10 分钟);Why should we learn culture (10 分钟);UK- a complicated country with a complicated name(40 分钟)A Brief Idea about London. (20 分钟)课堂板书:1. Culture-the foundation of communication2. The four parts of UK3. Main cities of EnglandLondonBirmingham-second largest city of England.Liverpool-second largest port of EnglandManchester- industrial and commercial centre.课后作业: Exercises in Unit 1Unit OnePart One1.What is culture?Culture-the foundation of communicationCulture is very abstract and complicated. Concretely speaking, it refers to all the aspects of social life, such as, the values, the practices of a society and social conventions, education, politics, art or literature,language,ideas,etc.文化即是人们所思,所言(言语和非言语),所为,所觉的总和.文化是无处不在的,具体说来,包括社会生活的一切方面,如:价值观念,生活行为方式,社会规范等,乃至艺术,政治,经济, 教育,修养,文学,语言,思想等.2. What’s the relation between Culture and society?1)Culture is a separate idea from society, although culture and society areinterrelated and cannot exist without each other.2)Culture is a system of values (or beliefs) and norms (or behaviour). A societyis a system of interrelationships which connect or bind individuals together.3. Why should we learn culture?1)Requirement of communication2) Language and culture are inseparable3)Culture acquisition is important for the study of literature.Part TwoUK- a complicated country with a complicated nameⅠStatus in the worldEffects of its Imperial Past--“an empire in which the sun never set”（日不落帝国）:1.one of five permanent members of the UN Security Council, a founding memberof NATO, and of the Commonwealth,2. Member of European Union and the Group of seven3.The make-up of the British population (Immigration has produced a populationof which 1 in 20 are of non-European ethnicity.)II. The effects of its imperial past* The days of empire ended after World War II1. The effects were mainly encountered in the close relationships which exist with the 50 or more colonies of that empire, and which maintain links through Commonwealth of Nations. But more important international relation is its membership in the European Union since 1973.2. The makeup of the British population--- immigration from India, Pakistan, or Caribbean (西印度群岛与中南美洲海域) countries in the 1950s and1960s. 1/20 are non-European ethnicity.III.The features of British society:1.a multiracial societyRacial, gender, class, regional and economic differences in the societya multi-racial society: most are Christians and because of immigration, many are Muslims;gender difference: male and female live different livesclass difference: the class structure of UK society is relatively obvious (A white-collar worker’s lives are very different from a blue-collar worker’s.) economic and regional difference within each of the 4 countries:-- difference between highland and lowland Scots-- difference between north and south England (South is on average more wealthy than the north)2. a society with class-structure3. a society with difference of region difference: highland and lowland Scots，north and south England，the capital and provinces.Part ThreeMain cities of England1. London2. Birmingham-second largest city of England.3. Liverpool-second largest port of England4. Manchester- industrial and commercial centre.London--cultural,bussness,and financial centre1. One of the most famous cities of the world, London is England's capital and a favourite for tourists from all over the world who flock there in their millions. It has a history stretching back almost 2000 years, A population of 7.5 million people, and some of the most famous tourist attractions in the world.2.London Attractions:Big Ben and the Houses of Parliament.The Tower of London,Tower Bridge,St Paul's Cathedralthe River ThamesCountless fascinating museums, art galleries and famous theatres.The English Royal Family reside in London at Buckingham Palacewhere you can see the famous 'Changing of the Guard'and muchmore.3. A significant role of LondonWhen a man is tired of London, you are tired of life for there is in London all that life can afford.—Samuel Johnson London is dominant in UK in all sorts of ways.1)It is the largest city in the country with abo ut one seventh of the nation’spopulation.2)It is seat of government.3)It is the cultural centre.4)It is the business centre.5)It is the financial centre of the nation.6)London is a huge weight in Britain’s economic and cultural life, and to someextent the rest of the country lives in its shadow.For reference英国历代国王与王后Geographical features1.Geographical positionThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK) is situated north-west of the European continent between the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea. It has a total land area of 244,100 square kilometres, of which nearly 99% is land and the remainder inland water. From north to south it is about 1,000 kilometres long.(1) Northwest of Europe(2) North Atlantic Ocean(3) Separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel2.Geographical features(1) An island country, surrounded by sea(2) Highlands in the north and west(3) Lowlands in the east and southeastA. Part of the great European PlainB. Level land and fertile soilC. farming(4) 3 natural zones in ScotlandA. the highlands in the northB. the central lowlandsC. the southern uplands. Rivers and LakesImportant role of rivers in the country’s economy1.Important Rivers(1)the Severn RiverA.the longest in the countryB.only 338 kilos long(2)the Thames RiverA.the 2nd longestB.the most important riverC.336 kilos longD.Oxford and London are on the river(3)River ClydeA.the most important in ScotlandB.important commercial waterway2.the Lake District(1)in northwest England and North Wales(2)popular tourist attractions(3)the home of the Lake PoetsA.William WordsworthB.Samuel Taylor ColeridgeC.Robert SoutheyClimate1.Typical feature of Britain’s climate“Other countries have a climate; in England we have weather.”The statement is often made by Englishmen to describe the peculiar meteorological conditions of their country.A maritime type of climate(1)rainy---abundant rainfallThe uncertainty about the weather tends to make the Englishmen cautious.“A foreigner may laugh when he sees the Englishman setting forth on a brilliantly sunny morning wearing a raincoat and carrying an umbrella, but he may well regret his laughter later in the day!”(2)changeable and unpredictable, no clear cut of 4 seasons“In no country other than England, it has been said, can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day! Day may break as a balmy spring morning; an hour or so later black clouds may have appeared from nowhere and the rain may be pouring down. At midday conditions may be really wintry with the temperature down by about eight degrees or more centigrade. And then, in the late afternoon the sky will clear, the sun will begin to shine, and for an hour or two before darkness falls, it will be summer.”(3)Mild: no extremesIn England one can experience almost every kind of weather except the most extreme.temperature: 4-6℃ in winter, 12-17℃ in summer2.Factors influencing the climate(1)the surrounding waters(2)the prevailing south-west winds(3)the North Atlantic Drift (warm current)3.Rainfall(1) a steady reliable rainfall throughout the year(2)uneven distribution of rainA. a water surplus in the north and westB. a water deficit in the south and eastUnit TwoThe History of England课程名称：英语国家社会与文化本课内容：The Society and Culture of Major English-Speaking Countries授课时间：90分钟教学目的:通过本节课的教学，使学生了解英国历史，尤其是英格兰的历史；掌握主要历史事件及人物。

「英语国家社会与文化」期末考试要点Part I Blank Filling (每小题1 分，共35 分)1.Britain is a constitutional monarchythe head of state-Queen elizabeth IIthe head of government—prime minister2.The official name of UK—United Kingdom of Great Britain and northern Ireland3.The defensive fortification in northern England built from AD 122—Hadrian f s Wall4.The flag of the united kingdom—Union Jack，Red Cross of Saint patrick - IrelandThe Cross of saint George - England TheCross of saint Andrew - Scotland5.British civil wars (1455-1485)—Wars of the Roses6.The United States of Americtm is a federal constitutional republic,the capital district—Washington, D・C・states-50 个(除Alaska State 和Hawaii State 之外的48 个在本土)7.The fist permanent settlement in north America—Jamestwon (English 1607)8.The national government after the war of independence was won・-the United States Constitution was ratified in 1788, the new republic's first Senate, House of Representatives, and president—George Washington—took office in 1789・9.In 1492, the discovery of Columbus~In 1942, Christopher Columbus, under contract to the Spanish Crown, reached "La Florida *10.Mayflower—the Pilgrim ship that in 1620 made the historic voyage from England to the New World. Mayflower master Christopher Jones11.In 1063, Martin Luther King for civil rights12.British favorite public sport—football13.Rugby school is one of the oldest independent schools in Britain -rugby14.OXBRIDGE-the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge15・ On December 7, 1941, Japanese attacked on pearl harbor ,which led the pacific war broke out. The United States entered the wa「formally, and isolationism vanished over night16.Symbols of the American Two parties are the elephant and donkey , which represents the Republican and the Democratic Party17.b ride 新娘groom 新郎bridesmaid 伴娘the best man 伴郎bride's father 新娘的爸爸priest神职人员(男)18.I n the 1980s, when the conservative party under Margaret Thatcher was in power, and extensive program of privatization was carried out.19.Adam Smith the wealth of nations20.New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) on Wall Street21.Detroit —motor citySan Francisco ・・the center of tech no logy developme ntLos Angeles “ takes lead in the country^ film and television industriesHollywood the capital of motion pictures in the worldBoston •・the city where most famous universities are locatedNew York ・・the center of financial, publishing, broadcasting, and advertising industriesPart II Definitions (每小题3 分，共15 分)1.Norman conquest: The Norman conquest of England was the I lth-century invasion and occupation of England by an army of Norman, Breton, and French soldiers led by Duke William II of Normandy, later William the Conqueror.2.Henry VIII: Henry VIII was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He was Lord, and later assumed the Kingship, of Ireland, as well as continuing the nominal claim by the English mon archs to the Kin gdom of France ・ He was the second mon arch of the Tudor dynasty. Besides his six marriages, Henry VIII is known for his role in the separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church for his divorce・3.A-level: The General Certificate of Education Advaneed Level, is an academic qualification offered by educational institutions to students completing secondary or pre-university education .It requires studying an offered A・level subject over a two-year period and sitting for an examination at the end of each year (AS and A2, respectively), proctored by an official assessment body・Most students study three or four A-level subjects simultaneously during Year 12 and Year 13 (ages 16 -18), either in a sec on dary education institution or in a Sixth Form College, as part of their further education.4.The American War of Independence: began as a war between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Thirteen Colonies, but gradually grew into a world war between Britain on one side and thenewly formed United States, France, Netherlands, Spain, and Mysore on the other. The war was from April 19, 1775 to September 3, 1783, was the result of the political American Revolution and began in Lexington, the eastern north America. At last, through signing Peace of Paris, British recognized the United States of America. American independenee was achieved.5.Academy Awards: commonly known as The Oscars, are a set of awards given annually for excellence of cinematic achievements・ Organized and overseen by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, the awards are given each year at a formal ceremony. The awards were first given in 1929, is the oldest award ceremony in the media, and also one of the most prominent award ceremonies in the world.6.The Declaration of Independence: The Declaration of Independenee is a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776 in Philadelphia, which announced that the thirteen American colonies, then at war with Great Britain, regarded themselves as independent states, and no longer a part of the British Empire. The national birthday, the Independence Day is celebrated on July 4.7.The "Lost Generation^: The "Lost Generation11 is used for the period from the end of World War I to the beginning of the Great Depression. In the United States it is used for the generation of young people who came of age during and shortly after World War I, alternatively known as the World War 1 gen eratio n. In Britain the term was originally used for those who died in the war, and often implicitly referred to upper-class casualties who were perceived to have died disproportionately, robbing the country of a future elite・& Baby boomer: In the United States, a baby boomer is a person who was born during the demographic Post-World War II baby boom between the years 1946 and 1964.9.GCSE: The General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) is an academic qualification awarded in a specified subject, generally taken in a number of subjects by students aged 14 - 16 in secondary education in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. It was introduced in 1986 (with the first examinations taking place in 1988) replacing the former O Level / CSE qualifications. As well as amalgamating the two fomer exami nation systems, one of the main cha nges was to allow students to complete Course Work during their two years of study, which was marked by their teachers and contributed to their final examination grade・10.The Gunpowder Plot of 1605: The Gunpowder Plot of 1605, in earlier centuries often called the Gunpowder Treason Plot or the Jesuit Treason，was a failed assassination attempt against King James I of England and VI of Scotland by a group of provincial English Catholics led by Robert Catesby.11.The New World: The New World is one of the names used for the Western Hemisphere, specifically the Americas, certain Atlantic and Pacific oceanic idands to which the closest continental shelf is that of the Americas (such as Bermuda), and sometimes Oceania (Australasia). The term originated in the early 16th century after Europea ns made landfall in, what would laterbe called, ,f the Americas/1 in the age of discovery, expanding the geographical horizon of the people of the Middle Ages, who had thought of the world as consisting of Africa, Asia, and Europe only: collectively now referred to as the Old World.Part III Answers & Answer (每小题4分，共20分)Part IV Short Essays (每小题io 分，共30 分)L What were the consequences of the norman conquest?1)Elite replacementA direct consequence of the invasion was the almost total elimination of the old English aristocracy and the loss of English control over the Catholic Church in England・2)English emigrationFollowing the conquest, many Anglo-Saxons, including groups of nobles, fled the country for Scotland, Ireland, or Scandinavia. Some of the English migrants were settled in Byzantine frontier regions on the Black Sea coast, and established towns with names such as New London and New York・3)Gove「nmental systemsAll of England was divided into administrative units called shires, with subdivisions; the royal court was the center of government, and royal courts existed to secure the rights of free men.4)LanguageOne of the most obvious effects of the conquest was lhe introduction of Anglo-Norman, a northern dialect of Old French, as the language of the ruling classes in England, displacing Old English. French words entered the English language, and a further sign of the shift was the usage of names common in France instead of Anglo-Saxon names・5)Immigration and intermarriageAn estimated 8000 Normans and other continentals settled in England as a result of the conquest. Within a century of lhe invasion, interinarriage between the native English and lhe Norman immigrants had become common.6)SocietyThe major change was the elimination of slavery in England, which had disappeared by the middle of the 12th century.2.What were the reasons that the industrial revolution was initiated in Britain?1)England had experienced all of the forerunners of industrialization in the previous century: an agricultural revolution, cottage industry, and an expanded commercial revolution. These developme nts had built surplus capital and an inf「ast「uctu「e (shippi ng, ban king, in surance, joint stock companies)・2)England already had a handcraft textile industry using wool, but with the availability of cotton from overseas markets as an alternative raw material・3)The scientific revolution in England prepared the way for new inventions to be applied to industry.4)A spreading shortage of wood (used for energy, for shipbuilding and construction) stimulated a search for alternatives.5)England was rich in supplies of coal for energy and iron for construction.6)England had a long, irregular coastline with many rivers and natural harbors which providedeasy transportation by water to many areas・7)England's population grew rapidly in the 18th century, providing a labor force for industry.3.What were the influences of the industrial revolution in Britain?1)Economical ConsequencesIts industrial productivity increased dramatically. Britain was by 1830 the "workshop of the world". Britain became the most advaneed industrial country and also the financial center in the world. The country underwent a process of mass urbanization. Many new cities sprang up, such as Manchester, Leeds, Birmi ng ham and Sheffield ・In 1850, the urba n population was half of the whole population in Britain・2)Political ConsequencesThere emerged two new contrary classes: the industrial proletariat vs. the industrial bourgeoisie. Political conflicts between them worsened4.What do you think are the difference between British and Chinese education?1)On Primary EducationFor the British education, there are two sections in primary schools一an infant section and a junior section. Before their elementary schooling some children attend Nursery Schools, which are run by an in dividual person or a company. But most small children stay at home with their mothers. After two years in the infants' school the child enters a junior school.China has adopted a nine-year compulsory schooling system. Students have to complete both the primary school program and the junior middle-school program・ Student must pass the entrance examination for senior middle schools or middle-level technical schools・2)On Secondary Education (equal middle school in China)The secondary is about 7 years in Britain from 11 to 19, and there are two complete education systems at this stage, the state school and the independent schools・At this stage of education, there are various schools・They are grammar schools, comprehensive secondary schools, secondary modern schools and “public schools"・The first three schools belong to the state system, while public schools belong to the category of in dependent schools ・ Very few grammar schools are secondary schools belong to the old system・ All there schools are products of various periods in history.In China, high school education include two parts:3-year junior high school program and senior high school. From junior high school, students begin to learn a variety of scienee subjects. Physical education is enthusiastically encouraged・ Senior high school education is a continuation of junior high school. Students take up specific subjects in either scienee or humanity subjects. The purpose is for them in preparation for the national university entrance examination. Examinations are designed separately for science and arts students.3)On Higher EducationThese are over forty universities in Britain. They can be divided into five types: old universities, the four Scottish universities, and Open Universities and the one independent university. Apart from the universities these are polytechnics and colleges of higher education for those who fail to get universities or who choose more practical courses・Higher education in China is to train specialists for all the sectors of the country s development. Universities, colleges and institutes offer four-year or five-year undergraduate programs as well as special two-or three-year programs. Students who have completed a first degree may apply to enter graduate schools. Un iversity admission is operated on a centralized en roll me nt system, in which admissions committees at the provincial level are under the Ministry of Education. Admission is granted on the basis of academic, physical and moral qualifications. Special allowances are made for minority nationality and overseas Chinese candidates\4)On Adult EducationOne of the most far reaching changes to schools in England in the last few years has been the enormous growth in the number of adults other than teachers working in classrooms. These other adults in the classroom carry out a wide range of tasks. Some have specialist qualifications whereas others do not. In the great majority of cases they will be working under your direction. For some overseas trained teachers, this is the first time another adult has been present in the classroom for which you have responsibility・This area of the site provides guidance on the effective management of other adults in the classroom.5・ Give names of famous rock & roll singers.Bon Jovi The Beatles Linkin Park Rolling Stones (主唱Mick Jagger)Bob Dylan Avril Lavigne Cold Play6.List American holidays that are not traditionally celebrated in China.Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr. Inauguration Day Memorial Day Columbus Day Thanksgiving Day Veterans Day7・ In what way do you think the lifestyle of English and American people is different from that of the Chinese?& What is the government structure in the U.S? (3 branches of US political system)「Legislative Branch C ongressConstitution Executive Branch President Vice presidentL Judicial Branch SupremeCourt9・ What were the characteristics of the Victorian era?The era is often characterized as a long period of peace, known as the Pax Eritannica，and economic, colonial, and industrial consolidation, temporarily disrupted by the Crimean War, although Britain was at war every year during this time. Towards the end of the century, the policies of New Imperialism led to increasing colonial conflicts and eventually the Anglo-Zanziba 「War and the Boer War. Domestically, the agenda was increasingly liberal with a number of shifts in the direction of gradual political reform and the widening of the voting franchise.10.What were the characteristics of the Elizabeth age?This period is gen erally regarded as the greatest in the history of English literature ・ Historically, vve note in this age the tremendous impetus received from the Renaissance, from the Reformation, and from the exploration of the New World・It was marked by a strong national spirit, by patriotism, by religious toleranee, by social content, by intellectual progress, and by unbounded enthusiasm.Such an age, of thought, feeling, and vigorous action, finds its best expression in the drama; and the wonderful development of the drama, culminating in Shakespeare, is the most significant characteristic of the Elizabethan period. Though the age produced some excellent prose works, it is essentially an age of poetry; and the poetry is remarkable for its variety, its freshness, its youthful and romantic feeling. Both the poetry and drama were permeated by Italian influence, which was dominant in English literature from Chaucer to the Restoration. The literature of this age is often called the literature of the Renaissance, though, the Renaissance itself began much earlier, and for a century and a half added very little to English literary possessions.11.The main newspaper or magazines in the U.SThe Los Angeles TimesThe New York TimesWashing to n PostThe Wall Street JournalTIMEPeopleReader^ Digest12.The main newspaper or magazines in UKThe TimesThe Daily TelegraphThe GuardianThe MirrorNature13.What do the brides wear in a western wedding?Something Old, Something New, Something Borrowed, Something Blue.Something old must be something that has belonged to a happily married woman to ensure the transfer of happiness・Something new is no「mally the gown or shoes・Something borrowed should be gold to ensure future wealth and fortune・Something blue, symbolizes modesty, fidelity, and love・14> How do wars influence people?1)On soldiersSoldiers subject to combat in war often suffer mental and physical injuries, including depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, disease, injury, and death・2)On civiliansMciny wars have been accompanied by significant depopulations, along with destruction of infrastructure and resources (which may lead to famine, disease, and death in the civilian population). Civilians in war zones may also be subject to war atrocities such as genocide, while survivors may suffer the psychological aftereffects of witnessing the destruction of war.3)On the economyOnce a war has ended, losing nations are sometimes required to pay war reparations to the victorious nations. In certain cases, land is ceded to the victorious nations. For example, the territory of Alsace-Lorraine has been traded between France and Germany on three different occasions ・4)On the artsWar leads to forced migration causing potentially large displacements of population. Among forced migrants there are usually relatively large shares of artists and other types of creative people, causing so the war effects to be particularly harmful for the country^ creative potential in the long-run.。

1.英语语言发展阶段：古英语--中古英语--现代英语：古英语-old English主要是日耳曼部落讲的凯尔特语，语法性浓厚。

中古英语-Middle English罗曼底征服事件后，人种混合，语言混合，英语渐渐取代法语成为主要语言。

语法形态简化。

现代英语-文艺复兴，印刷术，伦敦方言成为标准英语。

语音变化巨大。

趋势-简化语法，简化单词。

变体-美国英语（主导），澳大利亚英语，加拿大英语，南非英语，印度英语。

2.英美国家概况之历史篇：美国历史（重要事件列出）：最早的美国人是印第安人；英国在1607在美国建立殖民地，并逐渐建立13个殖民地。

1776年圣诞节美军挫败英军，1783年巴黎和约英国承认美国独立。

美国宪法前十条是«人权法案»，保护个人权利。

英美最后一次交火是1812年的英美战争。

美国内战期间，林肯发表【解放奴隶宣言】，1863葛底斯堡演说民有民享民治（the government of the people,by the people and for the people）.1903年，莱特兄弟发明第一架飞机。

第一次世界大战，美国宣布中立，但实际上是支持同盟政策。

20ce20ys,美国是物质上成功但精神挫败迷惘的时期。

罗斯福的新政措施目的在于拯救美国民主制度和资本主义制度。

20ce30ys,美国奉行孤立主义外交政策。

目的是远离欧洲和亚洲的战争。

二战期间，美国外交政策针对英国和前苏联，想赢得战争，阻止苏联扩张。

美苏英三国首脑会晤三次，第一次1943德黑兰会议决定“霸王行动”向法国进攻。

第二次1945年雅尔塔会议，决定建联合国组织。

第三次1945波茨坦会议，确定欧洲格局暂时分配。

1946年，美国电报出现遏制苏联政策，1949年，杜鲁门公开遏制政策。

同年，美国签订北约（The North Atlantic Treaty).1945年以来，美国经济进入25年的繁荣期。

1962古巴导弹危机，在位肯尼迪。

Text英国可以说是世界上最古老的代表的民主国家，可以在1000年追查根源。

其他国家也有长期的政治历史，但这些历史是由突发期显着，而经常是暴力，改变。

虽然英国也拥有了政治不稳定的时期相比，说，法国，美国，还是中国的国家建设进程一直是一个进化，而不是革命。

这种长期，不间断的历史仍然十分明显，在英国目前的政治体制和政治文化。

The Monarchy政府机构，是最古老的君主（由国王规则）。

这可以追溯到撒克逊人谁的，直到1066年诺曼征服公元5世纪的统治。

本女王伊丽莎白二世，是国王的直系后裔埃格伯特，谁团结在他的829统治英格兰。

君主的权力，主要是来自国王的“神权古代学说”。

有人认为，主权来自他从上帝的权威，不能从他的臣民。

由于这种神圣的权利，尽管有不同的家庭之间，有时谁坚持战斗，他们以合法的王位继承人，君主制的实际存在，很少受到质疑。

对于1000年英国有世袭的国王或女王作为国家元首，但有一个短暂的例外。

在17世纪有一个在英格兰与共和党的“圆颅内战”（即所谓的，因为男人不顾流行时尚和头顶的头发很短）由奥利弗克伦威尔，谁想要废除君主制，并要求领导保皇党谁它继续。

在罢黜国王查理一世在1642年，成功地圆颅党和公正十八年前的君主统治恢复。

虽然在理论上国王对他的球队的上帝在实践中，即使在中世纪，人们认为他不应该行使绝对的权力。

相反，主权应该愿意接受著名男性的意见。

国王是否愿意做领导之间的国王和教会一样强大，拥有土地的封建贵族，其他强大的集团的许多战役。

这是一个封建贵族和教会的反对约翰王（1199年至1216年的一些帮派）的政策。

这种反对如此强烈，国王最终给予了他们的自由和政治权利宪章，但其中世纪的大宪章拉丁名称命名。

大宪章放在国王的能力，他的皇室权力滥用的一些限制。

这仍然被视为英国的官方对公民权利的重要体现。

The Parliament这个词的“议会”的动词“来到往下谈”，即，讨论或交谈。

这个词是第一次使用在1236年正式描述封建贵族和县和偶尔的国王召见城镇代表聚会，如果他想筹集资金。

术语翻译维多利亚女王Queen Victoria 伊丽莎白女王 Queen Elizabeth 迪斯尼乐园 Disneyland 天佑女王 God Save the Queen 君主立宪制 constitutional monarchy 星条旗 The Star-Spangled Banner 英国上议院 House of lords 英国下议院 House of commons 美国参议院 US House of Representatives 美国众议院 US Senate 嘉德勋章 The Most Noble Order of the Garter印度之星勋章 The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India执政党 Ruling party 反对党 Opposition Party影子内阁 Shadow Cabinet 国务卿 Secretary of State唐宁街 Downing Street 唐人街 Chinatown圣帕特里克 St. Patrick's Day 圣乔治 St George’s Day沙夫茨伯里大街 Shaftesbury avenue 圣安德鲁St Andrews自由女神 Statue of Liberty英国首相 Prime Minister, First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service西敏寺 Westminster Abbey 圣米迦勒 Michaelis天主教 Catholic Church 东正教 Orthodox Church清教 Puritan 新教 Protestantism杜莎夫人蜡像馆 Madame Tussaud's 圣公会 Anglican Church华尔街 Wall Street 百老汇 Broadway帝国大街 Britannia Street帝国大厦 The Empire state building2 伦敦电影节:London Film FestivalABC：American Broadcasting Company （美国广播公司）VOA：Voice of America（美国之音）CNN：Cable News Network（美国有线电视新闻网）英国首相：David William Donald Cameron（戴维·卡梅伦）副首相：Nick Clegg（尼克・克莱格）美国总统：贝拉克·奥巴马（Barack Obama）美国副总统：约瑟夫·拜登（Joseph Robinette）澳大利亚英国女王伊丽莎白二世（Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II）总理：托尼·阿博特（Tony Abbott）加拿大：英国女王伊丽莎白二世（Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II）加拿大总理：史蒂芬·哈珀（Stephen Harper）英国外交大臣：威廉·黑格（William Hague）美国外交部长及国务卿：约翰·福布斯·克里（John Forbes Kerry）澳大利亚外交部长:Julie Bishop (朱莉·毕晓普)加拿大现任外交官：罗伯特·道格拉斯·尼克尔森（Robert Douglas Nicholson）英美单词拼写差异：1,英语单词中不发音的词尾-me,-ue在美语拼写中被删除.英语拼法美语拼法公斤kilogramme——kilogram 方案programme——program目录catalogue——catalog 对话dialogue——dialog序言prologue——prolog 独白monologue——monolog类似的analogue——analog2,英语中的以-our结尾的单词,在美语中删去了不发音的字母u.英语拼法美语拼法举止、行为behaviour——behavior 颜色colour——color特别喜爱的favourite——favorite 风味flavour——flavor荣誉honour——onor 劳动labour——labor幽默humour——humor3,英语中以-re结尾,读音为/e/的单词,在美语中改为-er结尾,读音不变.英语拼法美语拼法中心centre——center 纤维fibre——fiber公尺metre——meter 剧场theatre——theater升litre——liter4,英语中某些以-ence为结尾的单词,在美语中改为-ense结尾,读音仍为/ns/.英语拼法美语拼法防御defence——defense 犯法行为offence——offense执照licence——license 托词pretence——pretense5英语中一些以－ise为结尾的单词，在美语中改为－ize结尾，读音仍这/z/.英语拼法美语拼法组织organise——organize, actualise——actualize实现realise——realize 创作improvise ——improvize专攻Specialise——specialize 现代化modernise——modern ize受欢迎 Popularise——popularize6一些以l结尾的单词变形时，美式不双写l;英式双写l旅游travelling——traveling 吵架quarrelling——quarreling英国大学四种种类：1、Ancient university Red brick university2、New university3、Modern university4、Open university英国中学的四种种类：私立学校（independent school）普通中学（comprehensive school）文法学校（grammar school）学院制中学（academy）三位一体教义：the union of three persons (Father, Son, and Holy Ghost) in one Godhead, or the threefold personality of the one Divine Being.星座：白羊座----Aries 金牛座----- Taurus 双子座----- Gemini 巨蟹座----Cancer 狮子座---- Leo 处女座----Virgo 天秤座-----Libra 天蝎座----Scorpio 射手座---- Sagittarius 山羊座---- Capricorn 水瓶座----- Aquarius双鱼座------Pisces生肖：1. Rat 鼠2. Ox 牛3. Tiger 虎4.Rabbit 兔5.Dragon 龙6.Serpent 蛇7.Horse 马8.Goat 羊9.Monkey 猴10.Rooster 鸡11.Dog 狗12. Swine 猪希腊罗马诸神：宙斯(Zeus) 天神赫拉(Hera) 天后雅典娜(Athena) 智慧女神，女战神阿波罗(Apollo) 太阳神潘(Pan) 山林之神维纳斯(Venus）萨坦Saturn 丘比特(Cupid)美国两大新闻社：美国联合通讯社The Associated Press (AP)合众国际社United Press-International(UPI)两大财团：摩根财团(Morgan Financial Group)第一花旗银行财团First Nation city bank Financial Group两大航空公司：美国航空(American Airlines)美国联合航空公司（United Airlines）1.贵族头衔公爵：duke 候爵：Marquis 伯爵：earl 子爵：viscount 男爵：baron 2.祝酒词Bottoms up 干杯！Prosit 祝妳健康！祝妳成功！Bon appetite 喫好！Sainte 干杯！Down the hatch! 干杯！3.英语期刊种类Sorts of periodicals 各种各样的期刊Commercial periodicals 商业期刊Catchall periodicals 包罗万象的期刊Technical periodicals 科技期刊Special periodicals 专业期刊Entertaining periodicals 娱乐性期刊4.莎士比亚作品Hamlet 哈姆雷特Romeo and Juliet罗密欧与朱丽叶As You Like It 皆大欢喜Much Ado about Nothing无事生非The Taming of the Shrew驯悍记5.狄更斯作品《荒凉山庄》Bleak House 《艰难时世》Hard Times《小杜丽》 Little Dorrit 《美国纪行》American Notes《圣诞颂歌》A Christmas Carol6.海明威作品《老人与海》The Old Man and the Sea 《岛在湾流中》Islands in the Stream《伊甸园》The Garden of Eden 《曙光示真》True At First Light《在我们的时代里》In Our Time7.英国酒吧的种类Public bar or pub 大众酒吧Saloon bar 雅座酒吧private bar 私人酒吧lounge bar 高級酒吧Beer garden 啤酒花園8.剧院的种类（3种）1 .State--owned theatres :Opera House National Theatre2. Commercial theatres :Theatre Piccadilly TheatreTheatre3．Experimental theatres4.2英国美国电影分级：美国G级：General Audiences: All ages admittedPG级(Parental Guidance Suggested: Some material may not be suitable for children.R级 Restricted: Under 17 requires accompanying parent or adult guardian 英国U级 General Audiences: All ages admittedPG"级 Parental GuidanceUC级 Especially suitable for children to watch12级 Suitable for more than 12 years old or adult15级 Suitable for more than 15 years old or adult18级 Suitable for more than 18 years old or adult4.3 七宗罪：傲慢（Pride），嫉妒（Envy），暴怒（Wrath），懒惰（Sloth），贪婪（Greed），饕餮（Gluttony），以及贪欲（Lust）Pride is the feeling that they have that they are better or more important than other people.Envy is the feeling you have when you wish you could have the same thing or quality that someone else has.Wrath is strong fierce anger especially based on the desire to punish sb for harm done to oneself.Sloth is laziness, especially with regard to work.Greed is the desire to have more of something, such as food or money, than is necessary or fair.Gluttony is the act or habit of eating too much and being greedy.Lust is a feeling of strong sexual desire for someone.4.4．美国主要政党1. Republican Party（共和党）Alexander HamiltonSecretary of the TreasuryFederalistsFederal PartyThe WhigsGrand Old Party2. Democratic Party （民主党）Thomas JeffersonSecretary of StateAnti--FederalistDemocratic –Republican Party4.5--英国的桂冠诗人：本·琼森（Ben Jonson）1619—1637威廉·达韦南特（Sir William D'Avenant）1638—？约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden）1668—1689托马斯·沙德韦尔（Thomas Shadwell）1689—1692内厄姆·泰特（Nahum Tate）1692—1715尼古拉斯·罗（Nicholas Rowe）1715—1718劳伦斯·尤斯登（Laurence Eusden ）1718—1730科利·西伯（Colley Cibber）1730—1757威廉·怀特黑德（William Whitehead ）1757—1785托马斯·沃顿，(Thomas Warton) 1785—1790亨利·詹姆斯·派伊（Henry James Pye）1790—1813罗伯特·骚塞，(Robert Southey) 1813—1843威廉·华兹华斯，(William Wordsworth) 1843—1850阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生，(Alfred Tennyson) 1850—1892 (丁尼生死后，4年没有选定桂冠诗人)阿尔弗雷德·奥斯丁（Alfred Austin）1896—1913罗伯特·布里吉斯（Robert Bridges ）1913—1930约翰·梅斯菲尔德（John Masefield）1930—1967塞西尔·戴·刘易斯（Cecil Day Lewis）1968—1972约翰·贝杰曼（John Betjeman）1972—1984泰德·休斯（Ted Hughes）1984—1998安德鲁·姆辛（Andrew Motion）1999—2009卡罗尔·安·达菲（Carol Ann Duffy）2009年5月被任命为桂冠诗人，任期为十年。

英语国家社会与文化总结1.多元社会：英语国家，如美国、加拿大、澳大利亚和英国等，是多元社会的代表。

这些国家由于历史的原因，吸引了来自世界各地的移民，形成了种族、宗教、语言和文化上的多样性。

这种多元性使得英语国家成为一个开放包容的社会，让人们能够在其中享受到丰富的文化体验，同时也促进了社会的进步和发展。

2.社交礼仪：英语国家注重社交礼仪，礼貌、尊重和互惠关系被视为社会交往的基本原则。

例如，在英国，人们通常会在打招呼时向对方问候，如"你好"或"请问有什么可以帮到你的"。

在美国，人们更倾向于直接地称呼对方的名字，并在表达意见时注重礼貌和谦逊。

这些社交礼仪的遵守，有助于促进人与人之间的友好交流和相互理解。

3.高度重视教育：英语国家普遍高度重视教育，并且提供了世界上一流的教育资源。

这些国家致力于发展全人教育，注重培养学生的创造力、批判性思维和团队合作能力。

此外，英语国家也非常注重职业教育和技能培训，使学生能够获得实用的知识和技能，为他们未来的职业生涯做好准备。

4.崇尚个人主义：英语国家与许多其他社会文化相比，更加崇尚个人主义。

人们在追求自我实现和个人利益的同时，也注重个人的独立和权利。

这种个人主义的特点在英国和美国尤为明显，人们普遍享有言论自由和选择的权利，他们鼓励人们追求自己的梦想，并追求个人和家庭的成功。

5.体育文化：英语国家对体育文化有着深厚的热爱和传统。

足球、橄榄球、板球和篮球等运动在英语国家非常流行，并且体育比赛常常成为人们社交娱乐的重要组成部分。

这种体育文化的存在，不仅有助于促进人们的健康和身体素质，也有助于建立团队精神和英勇精神。

总之，英语国家的社会和文化是多元性、社交礼仪、教育重视、个人主义和体育文化等多个方面的综合体现。

了解和理解这些特点，有助于更好地融入和适应英语国家的社会环境，并促进跨文化交流和交往的成功。

朱永涛《英语国家社会与⽂化⼊门》笔记和考研真题详解-上册-第3章英国政府【圣才出品】第3章英国政府3.1 复习笔记I. Monarchy in history1. Origin2. Divine right of the King3. One short ousted period4. Magna CartaII. The history of Parliament1. Origin2. History3. Acquisition of powerIII. The birth of the Prime Minister and Cabinet1. Birth of Cabinet2. Birth of Prime MinisterIV. The British government and Constitution1. Government system2. The ConstitutionV. Parliament Today1. Functions2. Status3. InstitutionsI. Monarchy in history（历史上的皇室）1. Origin（起源）(1) It dates back to the Saxons who ruled from the 5th century AD until the NormanConquest in 1066.(2) King Albert united the England under his rule in 829.(1) 皇室起源于公元五世纪⾄1066年诺曼征服前统治英格兰的撒克逊⼈。

(2) 国王阿伯特在829年统⼀了英格兰岛。

2. Divine right of the King（君权神授）(1) It held that the sovereign derived his authority from God, not from his subjects.(2) This ancient doctrine was where the power of the Monarchy largely derivedfrom.(1) “君权神授”指国王的权利是上帝赐予的，⽽不是来源于国王的⽀持者。