前 言

前言
小学科学课程是一门以培养小学生科学素养为总体目标的科学
启蒙课程,自教育部规定开设小学科学课程以来,小学科学课程在促
进学生发展方面发挥了巨大的作用。

在新课程改革的背景下,为了满足时代对具有创新精神和实践能力的人才需求,课程以及课程资源的多元化教育思想兴起,校本课程的开发已经成为新一轮课程改革的焦点之一,也是广大教师普遍关注的课题。

本课程的开发，是根据校内外环境资源的分析，以及我校学生在科学素养上的不足，确立课程目标，拟定课程内容，进行资料收集和文字编写，集中了多人的劳动和智慧，以浅显直白的文字，图文并茂的方式呈现给各位学习者。

教材共分为六大板块，从了解简单的百科知识到动手制作有一定难度的科学仪器，从植物世界到动物王国，再到我们赖以生存的家乡，让学生放眼感知这个世界的丰富多彩，最后在“玩”中领会科学的奇妙。

课程安排紧凑，逐层深入，操作性强。

本教材的编写，目的在于带领广大学生走入科学世界的大门，领略科学王国里神奇莫测的知识奥秘，获取打开科学奥秘的钥匙，让人人都能成为具有科学精神的开拓者！。

绪言序言等的‎区别前言（即序言）序言古称“序”或“引”，现在也叫序文‎、叙言、叙文、引言、前言，是说明书籍著‎述或出版意旨‎、编次体例和作‎者情况的文章‎，也可以对作家‎作品进行评论‎，对有关问题进‎行研究阐发。

它是一篇相对‎独立的文章，应该隶属于应‎用文的范畴。

绪论（即绪言）绪言也叫绪论‎、导言，是学术著作开‎头说明全书宗‎旨和内容等的‎部分。

它隶属于作品‎本身，不可独立于作‎品之外。

人民教育出版‎社新版高中《语文》（修订本）第一册第四单‎元选用了四篇‎文章：《〈呐喊〉自序》、《胡同文化》、《〈宽容〉序言》、《〈名人传〉序》。

就文体来看，它们同属于序‎言：《〈呐喊〉自序》是鲁迅先生为‎自己的第一部‎小说集《呐喊》作的序言，《胡同文化》是汪曾祺先生‎为摄影艺术作‎品集《胡同之没》作的序言，《〈宽容〉序言》是荷裔美国人‎房龙为自己的‎作品《宽容》作的序言，《〈名人传〉序》是法国著名作‎家罗曼·罗兰为自己的‎《名人传》作的序言。

在实际教学中‎，我们往往把序‎言同绪言、跋、后记混为一谈‎，其实，它们之间是有‎区别的。

序言这种文体‎的文章我们在‎中学阶段已经‎或将要接触很‎多，除本单元的四‎篇序言外，还有《桃花源记》——陶渊明为自己‎的诗《桃花源诗》作的序，《鲁迅的精神》——瞿秋白为《鲁迅全集》作的序，《〈农村调查〉序言》——毛泽东为自己‎的《农村调查》作的序，《〈黄花冈七十二‎烈士事略〉序》——孙中山为邹鲁‎的《黄花冈七十二‎烈士事略》作的序，《伶官传序》——欧阳修为《伶官传》作的序言，《〈指南录〉后序》——文天祥为自己‎的诗集《指南录》作的序言等。

由于序言和绪‎言均置于卷首‎，都对书的内容‎或成书的目的‎及过程等方面‎情况作概括的‎介绍，不少人认为，绪言是序言的‎一种，其实，它们之间的区‎别是很大的。

从二者概念的‎内涵来看：序言古称“序”或“引”，现在也叫序文‎、叙言、叙文、引言、前言，是说明书籍著‎述或出版意旨‎、编次体例和作‎者情况的文章‎，也可以对作家‎作品进行评论‎，对有关问题进‎行研究阐发。

前言中国共产党从1921年成立以来，为了求得民族独立和人民解放，实现国家的繁荣富强和人民的共同富裕，已经走过了八十年艰辛而辉煌的历程。

中国共产党是伟大的光荣的正确的党。

从党的成立到新中国的诞生，是党领导的新民主主义革命阶段。

从新中国成立到党的十一届三中全会以前，是党领导的从新民主主义转变为社会主义和建设社会主义的阶段。

党的十一届三中全会以来，是党领导的改革开放和社会主义现代化建设的新时期。

党和人民八十年的奋斗、求索，开拓出今天的局面，的确来之不易。

中国的革命是在半殖民地半封建的东方大国进行的。

这一国情，决定了中国的革命和革命胜利后的建设都要走有中国特色的道路。

中国共产党从诞生之日起，就把马克思列宁主义确立为自己的指导思想。

在把马列主义同中国的实际相结合的过程中，经过多次的艰难曲折和对胜利与失败的反复比较，终于实现两次历史性的飞跃，产生了两大理论成果。

第一次飞跃的理论成果是被实践证明了的关于中国革命和建设的正确的理论原则和经验总结，即毛泽东思想；第二次飞跃的理论成果是建设有中国特色的社会主义理论，即邓小平理论。

正是在这两大理论成果的指引下，取得了新民主主义革命的胜利，建立了新中国和社会主义基本制度，开创了改革开放和社会主义现代化建设的新局面。

这是中国共产党八十年历史的本质和主流。

正如江泽民同志指出的，党的历史是“一部蕴含和体现马列主义、毛泽东思想和邓小平理论的活生生的教科书”。

实践证明，中国的革命和建设事业都要由中国共产党来领导，这是历史和人民的选择。

在人类社会迈入充满希望与挑战的新世纪之际，中国共产党迎来了自己的八十华诞。

认真学习、全面研究我们党八十年的历史，并结合世界社会主义事业的曲折历程进行反思，按照江泽民同志提出的“三个代表”的要求，切实搞好党的自身建设，加强和改善党的领导，高举邓小平理论伟大旗帜，我们就一定能够把建设有中国特色的社会主义事业一代又一代地传下去，实现中华民族的伟大复兴。

前言范文15篇前言是文章的开端，也是引导读者进入主题的部分。

在这篇文章中，我将为您提供15篇前言范文，每篇范文都可以作为不同主题文章的开头。

请注意，为了满足字数要求，我将在每篇范文的开头和结尾添加适当内容。

范文 1：人生是一本精彩纷呈的书籍，我们每个人都是其中的作者。

本文将带您踏上一段关于成长、学习和探索的旅程。

希望通过这些故事、观点和经验分享，能给您带来一些启发和思考。

愿它们成为您心灵的指南，引领您走向更美好的未来。

范文 2：科技的发展为我们的生活带来了巨大的变化。

在本篇文章中，我们将探索人工智能、智能家居、虚拟现实等前沿科技的最新应用和趋势。

相信这些信息将让您对科技的发展有更全面的了解，并引发您对未来的思考。

范文 3：环境保护是当今世界所面临的一个重要话题。

本文将围绕着环境保护的重要性、可持续发展等方面展开探讨。

希望通过这篇文章，能够唤起每个人对环境保护的意识，共同努力营造一个更加美好的地球家园。

范文 4：历史是人类文明的长河，它铭记着人类的进步和变革。

本文将回顾历史上一些重要事件和人物，带您穿越时空，感受历史的魅力。

相信在这篇文章中，您将能够更深入地了解历史的意义，并对过去和未来有更加深刻的思考。

范文 5：教育是孩子成长过程中的重要组成部分。

本文将探讨如何培养孩子的创造力、阳光心态和实践能力。

希望这些观点和经验分享能够给家长和教育工作者带来一些启发，使我们能够更好地引导孩子走向成功和幸福的人生道路。

范文 6：职业发展是每个人都面临的重要问题。

在本篇文章中，我们将从求职技巧、职场挑战、职业规划等方面进行讨论。

相信这些分享对于职场新人和即将步入职场的大学生们会有所帮助，带来一点启示和指引。

范文 7：艺术是人类灵魂的抒发与表达。

本文将探讨绘画、音乐、舞蹈等艺术形式的魅力与价值。

相信通过这篇文章，您将更加了解艺术的影响力，也希望它能够激发您对艺术的热爱和创造力的追求。

范文 8：健康是幸福生活的基石。

解题寻根厚书变薄(2009年版)
一《题根》冲着“题海”而作
调查说，当今学生为了应付高考、中考，三年中要做几万道题目.几万道平均到每天是几十道，学生不堪重负！这怎么了得？到头来恐怕是：人才不成，枯柴一把！
题海战术人笑痴，别人抓根你抓枝，抓根九九能归一，抓枝遍野怎收拾？
二“厚书”通过《题根》变薄
“深入浅出，厚积薄发”.深入抓到基因，问题才能浅出；积累达到厚实，薄发才现精纯.一个题根可以繁衍百道题目：厚实；百道题目可以归结一个题根：精纯.
藤千条，花万朵，根上基因储效果.教材厚厚包装重，找到题根书变薄.
三《题根》串接考场“考根”
考题年年“出新”，试题库中的题目何止千万？考题年年“温故”，档案柜中的宗卷实在不多.请读开篇《评十年高考看一个题根》.此题考了十年，只是人们不知道而已！
考题多，款式新，初看一片像森林.林中切莫眼花乱，认得题根识考根.
四《题根》就在各自“跟前”
题根既然如此重要，那到底她藏在哪里，是个什么模样，我们到哪里去找她呢？请看题根《从集合{a，b}的子集说起》，一个例题，贯穿着高中数学的半壁江山！
不必奔西又跑东，题根就在教材中，众里寻他千百度，蓦然回首认弟兄！五《题根》开创“话题”教学
不从概念出发，《题根》通过“话题”创设认知情景，在认知的机遇或遭遇中揭示认知规律.请看题根《瞧沙滩数石沿希腊至今》，看数学是如何从“石子走向计算机”的！
都说数学“冷美人”，抽象过头似失真.概念本在认知后，话题深处考题亲！。

易中天老师说过："无为即有为，不教即家教。

"这道出了家教的真谛：不是不教，不是跟孩子生气较劲，而是要用心教，用合适的方式方法教；不是什么也不做，而是少干预孩子，通过身教和鼓励支持来影响孩子。

经常有人问我，你家孩子这么厉害，考上最好的高中，又奔向最好的大学，看你却很省心，很少为孩子烦恼，你有什么窍门啊？其实，窍门就是易中天老师的那句话。

20年来，作为一个孩子的妈妈，我一直在中学教学的第一线，还是班主任。

我培养了自己优秀的孩子，也带出了一批重点大学的尖子生，感觉最深刻的一点是：没有不好的孩子，只有不好的妈妈；妈妈不生气，是一个心态问题，多花点心思，孩子就会很争气，用心妈妈教出一流的孩子。

我给很多父母讲过教子问题，虽然家长们对教育的重视程度越来越高，对孩子寄予的希望也越来越大，但是，由于外界环境对孩子的诱惑，孩子的个性也越来越强，家长们时间有限，感到教子越来越力不从心，发现孩子更难管教了。

其实这就暴露了一个观念的局限，家长满脑子想着管教，约束孩子，其效果会适得其反。

大人在单位和公司不想被人"管教"，孩子不也一样吗？我们不得不承认，同样的期望，不一样的付出，会产生不同的结果。

事实上，家长的出发点是好的，只是方法欠妥，观念不科学，交流不畅，造成不少教育问题和亲子间的摩擦。

家长们这样说：· 现在条件好了，对孩子有求必应，他却经常骗我的钱去玩游戏；· 孩子很不听话，越管越不服，还离家出走过，真恨不得打断他的腿；· 我家姑娘小小年纪不爱学习，就喜欢穿漂亮衣服，爱打扮，没个正经；· 孩子真没用，你说每个学期花上万给他报各种各样的辅导班，成绩一点没长进，钱全打水漂了；· 你说现在孩子活在幸福中不求上进，他又没啥缺点，就是平庸；孩子们这样说：· 我最烦我爸妈给我补这课那课的，压得我喘不过气，学的东西一点没消化。

大人都有周末和假期，凭什么我们就不能好好地放松玩两天；· 我学习上很自觉，会安排自己的学习，但是我有些自卑，因为爸妈总拿我的成绩跟人比，今天学习这个人，明天向那个人看齐，弄得我整天抬不起头来；· 我有很多缺点，喜欢看电视、睡懒觉，但爸妈也是啊！深更半夜还在各看一个电视，周末早上都不起来给我做饭；· 我家里做生意，是有钱，但他们只顾挣钱，小学时还把我丢老家读书，有时一周都见不到面，更别说陪我一起学习，我觉得自己被遗忘了，学习没意思；· 我痛恨老师体罚我、父母惩罚我，我做事有点笨手笨脚，成绩也差，但没人教我，没人鼓励我，我不知道怎么学，只是混日子；老师们则说：· 这孩子没有礼貌，缺少家教，总找借口，还爱顶嘴，真不想管他；· 其实她很正常，在学校很自觉，但听说到家里就发脾气，闹矛盾，这可能是亲子关系存在一些问题；· 有些孩子脑瓜子很聪明，但不爱学习，老爱耍小聪明；· 老师喜欢好学生，因为他们省心，好管理，有些偏爱是不言而喻的；· 有时候我们想帮助一些学生，但学生屡教不改我们就放弃了，而接受老师指导的学生后来都有大进步，所以我们对人肯定有所取舍；这些情况反映了一些共同的心声。

International Journal of Hospitality Management 31(2012)236–246Contents lists available at ScienceDirectInternational Journal of HospitalityManagementj o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /i j h o s m anThe impact of the servicescape on the desire to stay in convention and exhibition centers:The case of MacaoNoel Yee-Man Siu a ,Penny Yim King Wan b ,∗,Ping Dong c ,1aDepartment of Marketing,School of Business,Hong Kong Baptist University,Kowloon Tong,Hong Kong bFaculty of Business Administration,University of Macau,Av.Padre Tomás Pereira,Taipa,Macao cDepartment of Marketing,The Chinese University of Hong Kong,Shatin,N.T.,Hong Konga r t i c l e i n f o Keywords:Servicescape Desire to stayConvention and exhibition center Moderating effect Macaoa b s t r a c tThis study examines the important role of the servicescape in relation to customers’cognitive (beliefs about servicescape quality),affective (affect and satisfaction)and behavioral responses (desire to stay)in the context of convention and exhibition centers in Macao.Unlike previous servicescape studies,we include two personal customer characteristics,namely perceived sacrifice and value-for-money consider-ations,as potential moderators of the relationship between customers’satisfaction and the desire to stay.Overall,our results suggest that servicescape elements positively influence customers’perceived quality of the service,their affect,customer satisfaction and desire to stay.Furthermore,this study reveals that value-for-money considerations enhance the positive impact customer satisfaction has on customers’desire to stay in convention centers and that customers’perceived level of sacrifice has a direct effect on their desire to stay.Theoretical and managerial implications are also presented.©2011Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionThe convention and exhibition industry has experienced signif-icant growth over the last few decades and has now become a truly global industry,with as many as 252countries vying for a share of this lucrative market (Union of International Association,2009).During the last ten years,the total number of international meet-ings (including convention and exhibition)held worldwide grew from 5186in 2000to 8294in 2009,representing a growth rate of 60%.Asia was the continent ranked as the third in the num-ber of conventions held there in 2009,just after Europe and North America (ICCA,2009).Along with many other economic regions of Asia,the convention and exhibition industry is playing an increasing role in the economy of Macao.Prior to the opening of the Venetian Macao Resort Hotel,there was just over two hundred thousand square feet of exhibition and convention space in Macao (Nadkarni and Leong,2007).Since the opening of the Venetian in 2007,Macao has now a total capac-ity of almost 1.2million square feet of available convention space,with seating for 29,500(MGTO,2010).Measured by the number of∗Corresponding author.Tel.:+852********/853********;fax:+852********/853********.E-mail addresses:nsiu@.hk (N.Y.-M.Siu),pennywan@umac.mo ,pennywan@ (P.Y.K.Wan),pingdong@.hk (P.Dong).1Tel.:+852********;fax:+852********.international meetings organized,Macao is now the world’s 100th conference destination (ICCA,2009).Confronted with the growing competitive convention and exhibition business,cities which have the convention and exhi-bition facilities are urged to monitor customers’perceptions of their service to enhance repeat visits and customer loyalty.One approach is to improve the servicescape of the convention and exhibition venues.Servicescape is defined as “the environment in which the service is assembled and in which the seller and customer interact,combined with tangible commodities that facil-itate performance or communication of the service”(Booms and Bitner,1981:36).Dimensions of the service environment involve ambient conditions (e.g.temperature,air quality,noise,music,and odor),space/function (yout,equipment,and furnishings),and signs,symbols,and artifacts (e.g.signage,personal artifacts,and style of décor)(Booms and Bitner,1981).The need to improve the servicescape in convention and exhibition venues is imperative because,as Lin (2004)argues,in the hospitality industry guests tend to interact more with the physical environment than with the service agents.Convention literature also points out that facilities,equipment and environment have significant impact on customers’perceived quality of the convention venues (Breiter and Milman,2006;Hultsman,2001;Kuo et al.,2010;Robinson and Callan,2005;Wu and Weber,2005).Frew and Ali-Knight (2009)and Ryu and Jang (2007)have both pointed out that there have been only a few studies relating the atmosphere or servicescape to customer behavior in hospitality service settings.Hospitality servicescape research has mainly been0278-4319/$–see front matter ©2011Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.06.011N.Y.-M.Siu et al./International Journal of Hospitality Management31(2012)236–246237conducted in the context of hotels(Heide et al.,2007),restaurants (Kim and Moon,2009;Liu and Jang,2009),bars(Lin,2010),theaters (Stuart and Tax,2004),festivals(Taylor and Shanka,2002),casi-nos(Lam et al.,2011),or general leisure settings(Wakefield and Blodgett,1994).The existing research on the servicescape related to the convention setting is more focused on areas such as the exhibition attributes which encourage repeat visits(Whitfield and Webber,2010),safety and security concerns(Hilliard and Baloglu, 2008),the relationship between the design elements used and cre-ating an emotional connection for event attendees(Nelson,2009), site and venue selection criteria(DiPietro et al.,2008;Robinson and Callan,2005),the perceived quality and competitiveness of con-vention center facilities by both event organizers and attendees in terms of their attributes and services(Breiter and Milman,2006; Wu and Weber,2005)or the successful factors of a convention (Hultsman,2001).There is a paucity of studies investigating the role and impact of the servicescape on customers’cognitive,affective and behavioral responses in event settings.Owing to the increasing economic significance of the convention and exhibition industry, there is a growing need for research examining the impacts of the servicescape on customers’responses in the context of convention and exhibition centers.This study was designed to better elucidate the role of the servicescape in influencing customers’cognitive(beliefs about servicescape quality),affective(affect and satisfaction) and behavioral responses(desire to stay).The classic“Stimulus-Organism-Response paradigm”framework proposed by Mehrabian and Russell(1974)was applied,with particular reference to the convention and exhibition centers in Macao.Previous ser-vicescape studies have mainly focused on the physical elements of the service environment,but this study looked at two customer personal characteristics—perceived sacrifice and value-for-money considerations—which might be expected to moderate the relation-ship between customer satisfaction and the desire to stay.More specifically,this paper focused on three questions.First,what are the potential antecedents of customers’perceived quality of the servicescape of a convention center and which of these exert the greatest influence?Second,how do customers’personal charac-teristics(perceived sacrifice and value-for-money considerations) moderate the relationship between customer satisfaction and the desire to stay?Third,how do affect and satisfaction mediate in the link between the perceived quality of servicescape and guests’desire to stay?2.Theoretical backgroundThe use of environmental stimuli in evaluating service perfor-mance has its roots in environmental psychology.Mehrabian and Russell(1974)proposed a model of human–environment inter-action in which consumers’responses to various environmental stimuli(e.g.sights,sounds,and smells)generate“approach-versus-avoidance”behaviors through emotional responses such as pleasure,arousal and dominance.Scholars have published robust empirical evidence of the influence of servicescape elements on customers’loyalty intentions(Foxall and Yani-de-Soriano,2005), but surprisingly little research has investigated the relative impor-tance of different servicescape dimensions by including multiple environmental factors to capture the dynamics of environmental influences and customers’behavioral intentions(Lee and Brand, 2005).This study was designed tofill that gap.2.1.The notion of servicescape and perceived qualityThis study builds on the work of Bitner(1992)and of Wakefield and Blodgett(1996).In their models,environmental dimensions are shown to impact on the overall quality of a servicescape.Envi-ronmental psychologists(e.g.Holahan,1982)have argued that people respond to their environments holistically.Though indi-viduals perceive discrete stimuli,it is the totality of stimuli that determines their responses to the environment.The dimensions of a servicescape are usually defined independently,but they are per-ceived by customers as a holistic pattern of interdependent stimuli (cf.Bitner,1992).In Bitner’s framework,such a holistic pattern is reflected in the perceived servicescape construct,which is influ-enced by three prominent environmental dimensions.In the study of Wakefield and Blodgett(1996),they attempted to identify the key environmental elements that determine perceived quality of servicescape.Elaborated from the model of Mehrabian and Russell (1974),we argue that perceived quality of servicescape is regarded as cognitive response of customers.According to Bitner(1992:60),the servicescape is comprised of three distinct environmental dimensions:(1)ambient conditions, (2)space/function and(3)signs,symbols,and artifacts.Wakefield and Blodgett(1996)later added the cleanliness of the facility as an important element of the servicescape,and it is especially impor-tant for convention services,as customers are expected to spend several hours at a stretch in the service setting.Several more recent studies,however,have employed one or several of these environ-mental factors to assess the effect of the servicescape on customers’responses,in isolation from other environmental cues(e.g.Morin et al.,2007).To reflect the holistic environmental impact of a delib-erately designed convention and exhibition setting,Bitner’s more comprehensive model was used in this study with the addition of cleanliness as potential antecedents that determine customers’perceptions of servicescape quality.2.1.1.Ambient conditionsAccording to Bitner(1992),ambient conditions mainly include temperature,lighting,music,aroma,and air quality.Several studies have shown the importance of ambience to the perceived quality of the servicescape in convention and exhibition settings.In a study of conference delegates in the United Kingdom,Robinson and Callan (2005)found that venue ambience was considered as the second most important attribute in determining quality perceptions,just after“competence”.Weise(2008:15)also documented the effects of temperature in both meeting and event spaces.The effects of music on customers’moods(Mattila and Wirtz,2001),purchase intentions(Areni and Kim,1993),as well as on service outcomes (Morin et al.,2007)have also been documented extensively in servicescape studies.Moreover,research has shown that pleasant aromas in a service setting can generate higher levels of physiolog-ical arousal(Lorig and Schwartz,1988)and encourage customers to spend more time in the servicescape(Morrin and Ratneshwar, 2003).It is therefore argued that all of the above ambient condi-tions affect customers’evaluations of the quality of servicescape. Thus,we hypothesize that:H1.Ambient conditions have a positive effect on the perceived quality of servicescape.2.1.2.Spatial layoutSpatial layout refers to the way the furnishings and equip-ment,service areas,and passageways are arranged,as well as the spatial relationships among these elements(Bitner,1992).A well designed layout will provide convenient entry,exit and access to various kinds of customer facilities.This,in turn will positively enhance customers’perceptions of an effective and professional service environment,and improve customer satisfaction with the whole service experience.But a really well planned servicescape layout will not only fulfill functional needs,it may even help ful-fill customers’hedonic or pleasure needs(Wakefield and Blodgett,238N.Y.-M.Siu et al./International Journal of Hospitality Management31(2012)236–2461996).Aubert-Gamet(1997)has shown how layout is strongly related to the sense of crowding or spaciousness.Hultsman’s later study(2001)confirmed that layout was considered the second most important exhibit hall attribute after the rental fee.Indeed,the members of the International Association of Exhibitions and Events rate exhibit space as the most important criterion for an attractive event or exhibition venue(DiPietro et al.,2008).This makes spatial layout a good indicator of service providers’efforts towards their customers.It is thus hypothesized that:H2.Spatial layout has a positive effect on the perceived quality of servicescape.2.1.3.FunctionalityBitner(1992:66)defined functionality as“...the ability of same items to facilitate performance and the accomplishment of goals”. It is of vital importance for convention and exhibition service providers to create a functional physical environment,as customers are observing and experiencing the environment’s facilities inten-sively.Several studies have shown that meeting facilities such as modern audio-visual equipment are one of the most important attributes determining the success of a meeting or convention and customer satisfaction,apart from the destination city’s capac-ity to host an international event(Crouch and Louviere,2004; Whitfield,2010).Customers’evaluations of the functional and aesthetic qualities of the facilities strongly affect their attitudes towards the servicescape.Apart from functionality and perfor-mance,the amenity and comfort of facilities will strongly affect customers’physical experience(Wakefield and Blodgett,1996). In an experimental study,Arneill and Devlin(2002)showed that individuals tend to assess overall quality according to their visual interpretation of the furnishings of a specific context.Wu and Weber(2005)later documented that ventilation,state-of-the-art audio-visual equipment,comfortable seating,adequate restrooms and helpful staff were the most important attributes of a convention venue as perceived by attendees.A well-maintained facility was cited as the second most important attribute of a convention center in a study by Breiter and Milman(2006).We therefore hypothesize that:H3.Functionality has a positive effect on the perceived quality of servicescape.2.1.4.Spatial signs,symbols and artifactsSigns and symbols incorporate explicit and implicit elements (Bitner,1992).These elements are intended to be an informative means of communicating product or service information,directing customer behavior or even for transmitting the cultural values of afirm.The signs,symbols and artifacts included in a setting help customers form theirfirst impression of the overall servicescape and the servicefirm’s ability to offer high-quality service.They have also a profound impact on whether customers believe that a company is trustworthy or not(Bitner,1992).Nguyen and Leblanc (2002)found that visual symbols in part set the atmosphere within a servicescape.Clear location signs within a convention venue and clearly signedfire exists and routes are dimensions of access con-sidered important to conference delegates(Robinson and Callan, 2005).Any favorable impression created by signs and/or symbols in a service setting will tend to induce desirable moods among cus-tomers,thus positively influencing their perceptions of the quality of the overall servicescape.Hence,H4.Spatial signs,symbols and artifacts have a positive effect on the perceived quality of servicescape.2.1.5.CleanlinessCustomers who come to a commercial service setting generally expect a hygienic and clean environment.It is reasonable to assume that a clean and tidyfloor in a convention and exhibition center will encourage customers’approach behavior.Breiter and Milman (2006)have reported that the overall cleanliness of the convention center was perceived to be the most important aspect of a facil-ity by exhibition attendees.In the study of Robinson and Callan (2005),conference delegates rated“competence”,which included the cleanliness of the facilities,as the most important attribute of a convention venue.Similar to other people-processing services, convention and exhibition service providers should not only pay attention to pre-event preparations,they should also monitor the environment continuously until the end of a function,since per-ceived cleanliness has a significant impact on customers’overall servicescape quality perceptions.Thus,we hypothesize that:H5.Cleanliness has a positive effect on the perceived quality of ser-vicescape.2.2.AffectIt has been demonstrated that aspects of a servicescape can cre-ate either positive or negative affect among customers(Kim and Moon,2009;Lin,2004;Mehrabian and Russell,1974).Previous research on service marketing has found evidence of the role that affect can play in service evaluation.For instance,Richins(1997) recognized the important role of feelings in consumers’decision making and developed a scale to measure the levels of emotion in consumption experiences.As with other products or services,customers visit a conven-tion and exhibition center in the hope of receiving certain benefits from the service provider,of which pleasurable experiences are one component(Bignéet al.,2008).It is postulated that a favorable eval-uation of overall servicescape quality should then lead to a positive affective response.Thus,H6.Customers’positive evaluations of servicescape quality evoke positive affective responses.2.3.SatisfactionStudies by Schwarz and Clore(1983)have shown that people often base their judgments of an object on the affective responses they are experiencing at the moment of judgment.A group led by Babin found a consistent relationship between positive affect and customer satisfaction(Babin et al.,1994).A major aim of con-vention and exhibition services is to create enjoyable feelings,and customers are likely to evaluate such kinds of service from an affec-tive perspective.A substantial amount of research has shown that affect is a significant component of consumer behavior influencing consumers’decision-making processes in both the product(Adaval, 2001)and service(Babin and Babin,2001)domains.In the conven-tion context,Kuo et al.(2010)found that the top four attributes, namely comfortable seating,high-quality of sound-proofing con-ference room,conference rooms equipped with professional video and audio facilities,as well as clean and neat restrooms,had the greatest influence on attendees’satisfaction and their perceptions of the value of the convention venue.Given that convention and exhibition center customers are inclined to rely on their“on-the-spot”affective feelings to assess service performance,it is hypothesized that:H7.Customers’affective/emotional responses determine their level of satisfaction towards a service.N.Y.-M.Siu et al./International Journal of Hospitality Management31(2012)236–2462392.4.Desire to stayAccording to Mehrabian and Russell(1974),individuals react to places in terms of two general and opposite forms of behav-ior:approach and avoidance.Bitner(1992)suggests that positive responses to overall perceived quality result in approach behavior (e.g.attraction,stay/explore,spend money and return)which are the cognitive result of experiencing a satisfactory service environ-ment(Bignéet al.,2005).Robust research results have documented that emotional responses have a significant impact on behavioral intentions in contexts such as shopping malls(Wakefield and Baker, 1998),restaurants(Kim and Moon,2009)and theme parks(Bignéet al.,2005).A positive relationship between conference attendees’evaluation of the educational benefits they gained,satisfaction and behavioral intentions was also reported in a study by a group led by Severt(Severt et al.,2007).Desire to stay is one of the main approach behaviors and is worthwhile studying in the context of the convention and exhibition industry.It is therefore hypothesized that:H8.Customer satisfaction has a positive effect on customers’desire to stay in a facility.2.5.Personal factorsCertain personal characteristics are likely to moderate any relationship between customers’satisfaction and their behavioral responses,as satisfaction alone appears to be a poor indicator of customer loyalty and repeat purchases(Kirkby and Nelson, 2003).This study tested the importance of perceived sacrifice and value-for-money as moderators of the linkage between customer satisfaction and desire to stay.2.5.1.Perceived sacrificePerceived sacrifice describes a customer’s perceived non-monetary costs related to a consumption experience.According to Baker et al.(2002),perceived sacrifice includes psychic,con-venience,and time/effort costs.These non-monetary costs exert a critical impact on customers in such a way that a great level of perceived sacrifice can lead to customers to prolong current consumption rather than repeating it in the future.Harris and Ezeh(2008)found in their research that the perceived sacrifice of customers negatively moderated the relationships between sev-eral servicescape elements(i.e.music,aroma,customer orientation and employee credibility)and customer loyalty.Whereas in the convention and exhibition context,it is worthwhile investigat-ing whether customers’perceived sacrifice moderates the positive association between customer satisfaction and the desire to stay. Specifically,it is argued that perceived sacrifice reinforces the pos-itive impact of satisfaction on the desire to stay,as customers wish to minimize the level of perceived sacrifice they experience.Thus, it is hypothesized that:H9.The level of customers’perceived sacrifice positively moderates the relationship between satisfaction and the desire to stay.2.5.2.Value-for-money considerationsValue-for-money considerations are another concern that may moderate the relationship between customer satisfaction and the desire to stay.Bignéet al.(2005)have called for research consider-ing the contribution that value-for-money deliberations may make to service outcome variables.The concept of“value-for-money”weighs the quality of provision,process or outcome against its monetary cost(Harvey,2004).This construct has been widely stud-ied in the context of health services(Pearson and Rawlins,2005) and drug prices(Henry et al.,2005).According to Zeithaml(1988:14),customer value is defined as“the customer’s overall assess-ment of a product based on perceptions of what is perceived and what is given”.Drawing on these two definitions,value-for-money considerations in this study refer to a customer’s overall assess-ment of the perceived value of a service as worth the money.In a study reported by DiPietro,value for money was rated as the sec-ond most important criterion among event association members in selecting a convention venue(DiPietro et al.,2008).It was ranked fourth by conference delegates in the study of Robinson and Callan (2005).Customers who care more about value-for-money might be expected to express a greater desire to stay than those who are less inclined to consider whether or not a service offers good value-for-money(Fig.1).Hence,H10.The level of a customer’s value-for-money considerations pos-itively moderates the relationship between satisfaction and the desire to stay.3.MethodsThis research explored the role of the servicescape in Macao’s exhibition industry.One of the largest and most popular convention halls in Macao was selected for study.It frequently hosts a wide variety of exhibitions.In July2010alone there were three different types of exhibitions held,namely the grand exhi-bitions of animation,car and jewelry.This allows researchers to collect data from a variety of exhibitions within a specific time frame.3.1.Measurement scalesBoth qualitative and quantitative approaches were adopted in this study.Based on the literature review,the hypotheses were formed and a preliminary questionnaire wasfirst developed to examine how respondents perceived the relationships among con-structs describing servicescape elements,perceived servicescape quality,affect,satisfaction,customers’personal factors,and their desire to say in the facility.This questionnaire consisted of seven sections.Section1includes background questions designed to identify target respondents.In Sections2–4,the respondents were asked to evaluate servicescape elements of the convention center, and to report their perceptions of the quality of the convention center and affective feelings towards it.The23items in these sections were adapted from the work of Wakefield and Blodgett (1996)and Bitner(1992),and they coveredfive dimensions of ser-vicescape quality.The4items measuring cleanliness and3items about perceived quality of the servicescape were adapted from Wakefield and Blodgett(1996)and revised tofit the conventional center context.Affect was measured using4items adapted from a study by Mehrabian and Russell(1974),with“bored/excited”,“sleepy/energetic”,“angry/happy”and“annoyed/pleased”as the bi-polar adjectives used.In Section5,the respondents were asked to state whether they were satisfied with the convention center, and the measurement items for satisfaction were slightly modified from those of Oliver(1980).In addition,customers’levels of per-ceived sacrifice were measured with4items adapted from the work of Baker’s group(Baker et al.,2002).Value-for-money considera-tions associated with their visit to the center were measured by3 items adopted from Sweeney’s work(Sweeney et al.,1999).Section 6was designed to assess the respondents’desire to stay in the cen-ter,which was measured by3items from Cronin and Taylor(1994). The last section collected demographic information.All the con-structs were measured on7-point Likert response scales anchored with“strongly disagree”(1)and“strongly agree”(7),except the measurement for affect,which used the bipolar,anchored scale specified above.240N.Y.-M.Siu et al./International Journal of Hospitality Management 31(2012)236–246Fig.1.The hypothesized model.3.2.Procedure and sampleThe study was conducted in two stages.In stage one,in-depth interviews were conducted to investigate the reliability and validity of the statements in the questionnaire and to further modify the statements retained.As a result of that exploratory qualitative research,some items were revised to better accom-modate the convention center context.In stage two,the survey was administered outside the convention facility near the shut-tle bus stops.Respondents were approached to answer the survey questions immediately after they had visited the convention cen-ter.Data were collected during the animation,car and jewelry exhibitions held in July 2010,which were open to the public and attracted a large number of young people.Also,a question was included asking respondents whether they came to the exhibi-tion center for business or for leisure purposes to control for the influence of different purposes for visiting the exhibition center.Quota sampling was conducted using the non-probability sam-pling technique.The aim was to represent in the sample the main characteristics of the entire visitor population.In this case,gender was used as quota sampling criterion,since gender is con-sidered as an important demographic characteristic which can account for a large percentage of the variance in attitudes and behavioral factors (Johnson et al.,2003).According to the Macau Statistics (2009),around 47.7%of the populations are male and 52.3%are female,so quotas were based on these proportions.Specifically,173males and 189females were surveyed for this study.Coupons for a fast food restaurant were given to encourage participation.4.Data analysis and results 4.1.Sample profileA total of 782visitors were invited to participate in the study.Of these,362agreed to participate.Twenty-five of them were dis-carded due to missing values or inconsistent answers,leaving 337usable responses for analysis,yielding a response rate of 43%.The sample covered a large range of age groups:16–25years (59.1%),26–35(23.7%),36–45(14.5%),46–55(2.4%)and above 56(0.3%).Men were 54.9%and women 45.1%.The self-described occupations of the respondents were classified as either service staff and sales-persons (21.4%),students (40.1%),administrative and white collarworkers (22.2%)and others (12.2%).The high proportion of students was due to the nature of the conventions (animation,car and jew-elry shows)at which the study was conducted.Most respondents (79.5%)claimed monthly family incomes over MOP10,000(about US$1250).Table 1shows the respondents’demographics in detail.4.2.Reliability and exploratory factor analysisThe rule of thumb in exploratory factor analysis is to have at least 5observations per variable (Hair et al.,2006),so an exploratory fac-tor analysis was conducted with a sub-sample of 135respondents.Each measurement scale was submitted to a reliability test using SPSS 16.0software.Cronbach’s alpha for each construct was found to be above the acceptable level of 0.7recommended by Nunnally (1978),ranging from 0.73to 0.96.Two items (“Visiting the con-vention center was stressful”;and “I had to make a huge effort in order to receive the services offered by the convention center”)did not contribute significantly to measuring their intended perceived sacrifice construct,and so were deleted.To accommodate the mul-tidimensional nature of the servicescape measurements,varimax rotation was applied in assessing the internal construct validity.The Bartlett’s test of Sphericity ( 2=2284.73(300),p <0.01)and KMO (Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy:0.901)were both significant,indicating that it was appropriate to con-duct factor analysis.A six-factor solution for servicescape,in which the functionality items were significantly loaded on two specific dimensions measuring the equipment functions and overall func-tions in the convention center respectively,emerged from the 27items with each factor’s Eigen value greater than 1.0,explaining 75.94%of the total variance.This result is slightly different from the hypothesized factorial structure.The factor loadings for each factor solution were also checked by evaluating the component matrix,two items measuring spatial layout (i.e.“The facility lay-out makes it easy to get to the kind of food service you want”;“The facility layout makes it easy to get to the restrooms”)were deleted because they were significantly loaded on two different ser-vicescape dimensions.Eventually,the remaining 25items,together with measurements for the other constructs,were then subjected to confirmatory factor analysis to further investigate the unidimen-sionality,reliability and construct validity of all the constructs.Apart from servicescape elements (i.e.ambient conditions,spa-tial functionality,signs and symbols,and cleanliness),all the other items were clearly loaded on their corresponding constructs.。

每个女人一生至少要在男人身上傻一次。

许多时尚清傲的女子眼光挑剔，目标远大，在情场上自信满满，实际上却一点不了解男人：男人平时都在想什么？他们最关注哪些问题？对女人有什么要求？他们喜欢什么样的女人？男人的恋爱观和婚姻观到底是什么样的......对这些问题，女人的情报库苍白得像一张白纸。

这样的女子在男人身上栽了跟头，满脑子想的便是我心无人怜，红颜又薄命，走错了胡同，误入了狼巢，让那些"臭男人"占尽了便宜。

她们恨死了男人，却丝毫不去反省自身的问题。

男人现在也不容易呢，他们表面衣着光鲜，可内里一肚子的苦水：工作压力大，领导天天刁难，同事时时算计，客户一个比一个精明，没好伺候的！男人搏斗在21世纪充满阴谋诡计的名利场，都特想找个墙角歇斯底里地吼上一嗓子：我很累，我很烦！事业于外，爱情于内，男人在外面受了多少罪，就想在里面找补多少回来，自然就想在女人身上证明自己其实很棒，建设自己的伟光正形象。

有份关于两性潜意识的调查很支持这种心理：70%的才子流氓们发生外遇或频繁更换女友的原因，并非碗里的那个"她"不及格，也不是他想始乱终弃--而是希望通过这种大胆的行为体验自己的优秀。

女同胞听到这里可能不满意了：啊呸，男人真不是东西！有多少女人没讲过这句话呢？大概很少吧。

我们在网上搜索"男人真不是东西"，结果很是惊人，相关网页有1亿个，可见自以为在男人身上吃了亏、遭了罪的女人有多少！在她们眼里，背叛是男人一脉相承的血统，博爱是男人自鸣得意的宣言，自由是男人妄想天真的口头禅，见异思迁是男人一贯无德的风尚，吃着碗里的看着锅里的是男人永远无法改变的本性！总而言之，言而总之：女人离不开男人，可又提防着男人，无数的女人在内心呐喊：我想嫁的好男人在哪里？其实，一个巴掌拍不响，很多始乱终弃、有缘无分的悲剧，或者冷眼相对形同陌路的不来电，男人当然有问题，但女人的责任也往往要占到三四成。

第一部分前言随着科学技术的迅猛发展和经济的全球化，人类社会的物质文化生活水平从整体上有了很大提高，人类的许多疾病得到了根治，健康状况大为改善。

但是，现代生产和生活方式造成的体力活动减少和心理压力增大，对人类健康造成了日益严重的威胁。

人们逐渐认识到，健不仅是没有疾病和不虚弱，而且是在身体、心理和社会发展方面都保持完美的状态。

人类比以往任何时候都更加关注自己的健康状况和生活质量。

由于国民的健康对国家的发展、社会的进步和个人的幸福都至关重要，而体育课程又是增进国民健康的重要途径因此，世界各国都高度重视体育课程的改革。

《中共中央国务院关于深化教育改革全面推进素质教育的决定》指出："健康体魄是青少年为祖国和人民服务的基本前提，是中华民族旺盛生命力的体现。

学校教育要树立健康第指导思想，切实加强体育工作。

"《全日制义务教育普通高级中学体育(1～6年级)体育与健康(7～12年级)课程标准(实验稿)》(以下简称《标准》)正是在这一思想的指导下制订的。

《标准》突出强调要尊重教师和学生对教学内容的选择性，注重教学评价的多样性，使课程有利于激发学生的运动兴趣，养成坚持体育锻炼的习惯，形成勇敢顽强和坚韧不拔的意志品质，促进学生在身体、心理和社会适应能力等方面健康、和谐地发展，从而为提高国民的整体健康水平发挥重要作用。

一、课程性质（一）课程性质体育与健康课程是一门以身体练习为主要手段、以增进中小学生健康为主要目的的必修课程是学校课程体系的重要组成部分，是实施素质教育和培养德智体美全面发展人才不可缺少的重要途径。

它是对原有的体育课程进行深化改革，突出健康目标的一门课程。

（二）课程价值体育与健康课程对于提高学生的体质和健康水平，促进学生全面和谐发展，培养社会主义现代化建设需要的高素质劳动者，具有极为重要的作用。

1．增进身体健康通过本课程的学习，学生能够提高对身体和健康的认识，掌握有关身体健康的知识和科学健身方法，提高自我保健意识；坚持锻炼，增强体能，促进身体健康；养成健康的行的生活方式。