2009 A-2 Class Notes

Parallel NOR Flash Embedded Memory M29W256GH, M29W256GLFeatures•Supply voltage–V CC = 2.7–3.6V (program, erase, read)–V CCQ = 1.65–3.6V (I/O buffers)–V PPH = 12V for fast program (optional)•Asynchronous random/page read–Page size: 8words or 16 bytes–Page access: 25, 30ns–Random access: 60ns1, 70, 80ns•Fast program commands: 32-word (64-byte) write buffer•Enhanced buffered program commands: 256-word •Program time–16µs per byte/word TYP–Chip program time: 10s with V PPH and 16s with-out V PPH•Memory organization–Uniform blocks: 256 main blocks, 128-Kbytes or 64-Kwords each•Program/erase controller–Embedded byte/word program algorithms •Program/erase suspend and resume capability–Read from any block during a PROGRAM SUS-PEND operation–Read or program another block during an ERASE SUSPEND operation•Unlock bypass, block erase, chip erase, write to buf-fer and program–Fast buffered/batch programming–Fast block/chip erase •V PP/WP# pin protection–Protects first or last block regardless of block protection settings•Software protection–Volatile protection–Nonvolatile protection–Password protection•Extended memory block–128-word (256-byte) memory block for perma-nent, secure identification–Programmed or locked at the factory or by the customer•Common flash interface–64-bit security code•Low power consumption: Standby and automatic mode•JESD47H-compliant–100,000 minimum PROGRAM/ERASE cycles per block–Data retention: 20 years (TYP)•65nm single-level cell (SLC) process technology •Fortified BGA, TBGA, and TSOP packages •Green packages available–RoHS-compliant–Halogen-free•Automotive device grade (6): temperature –40°C to +85°C (automotive grade certified)•Automotive device grade (3): temperature –40°C to +125°C (automotive grade certified)Note: 1.The 60ns device is available upon customer request.Part Numbering InformationAvailable with extended memory block prelocked by Micron. Devices are shipped from the factory with memory content bits erased to 1. For available options, such as packages or high/low protection, or for further information, contact your Micron sales representative. Part numbers can be verified at . Feature and specifica-tion comparison by device type is available at /products. Contact the factory for devices not found.Table 1: Part Number InformationNotes: 1.80ns if VCCQ = 1.65V to VCC.2.The 60ns device is available upon customer request.3.Automotive qualified, available only with option 6. Qualified and characterized according to AEC Q100 andQ003 or equivalent; advanced screening according to AEC Q001 and Q002 or equivalent.ContentsGeneral Description (7)Signal Assignments (8)Signal Descriptions (23)Memory Organization (24)Memory Configuration (24)Memory Map – 256Mb Density (24)Bus Operations (25)Read (25)Write (25)Standby and Automatic Standby (25)Output Disable (26)Reset (26)Registers (27)Status Register (27)Lock Register (32)Standard Command Definitions – Address-Data Cycles (34)READ Operations (36)READ/RESET Command (36)READ CFI Command (36)AUTO SELECT Operations (37)AUTO SELECT Command (37)Bypass Operations (40)UNLOCK BYPASS Command (40)UNLOCK BYPASS RESET Command (40)Program Operations (41)PROGRAM Command (41)UNLOCK BYPASS PROGRAM Command (41)WRITE TO BUFFER PROGRAM Command (41)UNLOCK BYPASS WRITE TO BUFFER PROGRAM Command (44)WRITE TO BUFFER PROGRAM CONFIRM Command (44)BUFFERED PROGRAM ABORT AND RESET Command (44)PROGRAM SUSPEND Command (44)PROGRAM RESUME Command (45)ENTER and EXIT ENHANCED BUFFERED PROGRAM Command (45)ENHANCED BUFFERED PROGRAM Command (45)ENHANCED BUFFERED PROGRAM ABORT AND RESET Command (48)Erase Operations (49)CHIP ERASE Command (49)UNLOCK BYPASS CHIP ERASE Command (49)BLOCK ERASE Command (49)UNLOCK BYPASS BLOCK ERASE Command (50)ERASE SUSPEND Command (50)ERASE RESUME Command (51)Block Protection Command Definitions – Address-Data Cycles (52)Protection Operations (55)LOCK REGISTER Commands (55)PASSWORD PROTECTION Commands (55)NONVOLATILE PROTECTION Commands (55)NONVOLATILE PROTECTION BIT LOCK BIT Commands (57)VOLATILE PROTECTION Commands (57)EXTENDED MEMORY BLOCK Commands (57)EXIT PROTECTION Command (58)Device Protection (59)Hardware Protection (59)Software Protection (59)Volatile Protection Mode (60)Nonvolatile Protection Mode (60)Password Protection Mode (61)Common Flash Interface (62)Power-Up and Reset Characteristics (66)Absolute Ratings and Operating Conditions (69)DC Characteristics (71)Read AC Characteristics (73)Write AC Characteristics (76)Accelerated Program, Data Polling/Toggle AC Characteristics (83)Program/Erase Characteristics (85)Package Dimensions (86)Revision History (89)Rev. B – 05/13 (89)Rev. A – 05/12 (89)List of FiguresFigure 1: Logic Diagram (7)Figure 2: 44-Pin SO (Top View) (8)Figure 3: 44-Pin SO (Top View) (8)Figure 4: 48-Pin TSOP (Top View) (9)Figure 5: 48-Pin TSOP (Top View) (10)Figure 6: 48-Pin TSOP (Top View) (10)Figure 7: 48-Pin TSOP (Top View) (11)Figure 8: 56-Pin TSOP (Top View) (12)Figure 9: 56-Pin TSOP (Top View) (12)Figure 10: 56-Pin TSOP (Top View) (13)Figure 11: 48-Ball Fortified BGA and 48-Ball TBGA (15)Figure 12: 48-Ball Fortified BGA and 48-Ball TBGA (16)Figure 13: 48-Ball Fortified BGA and 48-Ball TBGA (17)Figure 14: 48-Ball Fortified BGA and 48-Ball TBGA (18)Figure 15: 64-Ball Fortified BGA and 64-Ball TBGA (19)Figure 16: 64-Ball Fortified BGA and 64-Ball TBGA (20)Figure 17: 64-Ball Fortified BGA and 64-Ball TBGA (21)Figure 18: 64-Ball Fortified BGA and 64-Ball TBGA (22)Figure 19: Data Polling Flowchart (29)Figure 20: Toggle Bit Flowchart (30)Figure 21: Status Register Polling Flowchart (31)Figure 22: Lock Register Program Flowchart (33)Figure 23: WRITE TO BUFFER PROGRAM Flowchart (43)Figure 24: ENHANCED BUFFERED PROGRAM Flowchart (47)Figure 25: Program/Erase Nonvolatile Protection Bit Algorithm (56)Figure 26: Software Protection Scheme (61)Figure 27: Power-Up Timing (66)Figure 28: Reset AC Timing – No PROGRAM/ERASE Operation in Progress (67)Figure 29: Reset AC Timing During PROGRAM/ERASE Operation (68)Figure 30: AC Measurement Load Circuit (70)Figure 31: AC Measurement I/O Waveform (70)Figure 32: Random Read AC Timing (8-Bit Mode) (74)Figure 33: Random Read AC Timing (16-Bit Mode) (74)Figure 34: Page Read AC Timing (16-Bit Mode) (75)Figure 35: WE#-Controlled Program AC Timing (8-Bit Mode) (77)Figure 36: WE#-Controlled Program AC Timing (16-Bit Mode) (78)Figure 37: CE#-Controlled Program AC Timing (8-Bit Mode) (80)Figure 38: CE#-Controlled Program AC Timing (16-Bit Mode) (81)Figure 39: Chip/Block Erase AC Timing (8-Bit Mode) (82)Figure 40: Accelerated Program AC Timing (83)Figure 41: Data Polling AC Timing (84)Figure 42: Toggle/Alternative Toggle Bit Polling AC Timing (8-Bit Mode) (84)Figure 43: 56-Pin TSOP – 14mm x 20mm (86)Figure 44: 64-Pin TBGA – 10mm x 13mm (87)Figure 45: 64-Ball Fortified BGA – 11mm x 13mm (88)List of TablesTable 1: Part Number Information (2)Table 2: Signal Descriptions (23)Table 3: 256Mb, Blocks[255:0] (24)Table 4: Bus Operations (25)Table 5: Status Register Bit Definitions (27)Table 6: Operations and Corresponding Bit Settings (28)Table 7: Lock Register Bit Definitions (32)Table 8: Block Protection Status (32)Table 9: Standard Command Definitions – Address-Data Cycles, 8-Bit and 16-Bit (34)Table 10: Read Electronic Signature (37)Table 11: Block Protection (39)Table 12: Block Protection Command Definitions – Address-Data Cycles, 8-Bit and 16-Bit (52)Table 13: Extended Memory Block Address and Data (57)Table 14: V PP/WP# Functions (59)Table 15: Query Structure Overview (62)Table 16: CFI Query Identification String (62)Table 17: CFI Query System Interface Information (63)Table 18: Device Geometry Definition (63)Table 19: Primary Algorithm-Specific Extended Query Table (64)Table 20: Security Code Area (65)Table 21: Power-Up Wait Timing Specifications (66)Table 22: Reset AC Specifications (67)Table 23: Absolute Maximum/Minimum Ratings (69)Table 24: Operating Conditions (69)Table 25: Input/Output Capacitance1 (70)Table 26: DC Current Characteristics (71)Table 27: DC Voltage Characteristics (72)Table 28: Read AC Characteristics (73)Table 29: WE#-Controlled Write AC Characteristics (76)Table 30: CE#-Controlled Write AC Characteristics (79)Table 31: Accelerated Program and Data Polling/Data Toggle AC Characteristics (83)Table 32: Program/Erase Characteristics (85)General DescriptionThe M29W is an asynchronous, uniform block, parallel NOR Flash memory device man-ufactured on 65nm single-level cell (SLC) technology. READ, ERASE, and PROGRAM op-erations are performed using a single low-voltage supply. Upon power-up, the device defaults to read array mode.The main memory array is divided into uniform blocks that can be erased independent-ly so that valid data can be preserved while old data is purged. PROGRAM and ERASE commands are written to the command interface of the memory. An on-chip program/erase controller simplifies the process of programming or erasing the memory by taking care of all special operations required to update the memory contents. The end of a PROGRAM or ERASE operation can be detected and any error condition can be identi-fied. The command set required to control the device is consistent with JEDEC stand-ards.CE#, OE#, and WE# control the bus operation of the device and enable a simple con-nection to most microprocessors, often without additional logic.The M29W supports asynchronous random read and page read from all blocks of the array. It features a write to buffer program capability that improves throughput by pro-gramming a buffer of 32 words in one command sequence. Also, in x16 mode, the en-hanced buffered program capability improves throughput by programming 256 words in one command sequence. The device V PP /WP# signal enables faster programming.The device contains a 128-word (x16) and 256-byte (x8) extended memory block. The user can program this additional space and then protect it to permanently secure the contents. The device also features different levels of hardware and software protection to secure blocks from unwanted modification.Figure 1: Logic DiagramVV A[23:0]V /WP#DQ[14:0]SSSignal Assignments Figure 2: 44-Pin SO (Top View)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 2244 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23RFU RY/BY#A17A7A6A5A4A3A2A1A0CE#V SSOE#D0D8D1D9D2D10D3D11RST#WE#A8A9A10A11A12A13A14A15A16BYTE#V SSDQ15/A-1DQ7DQ14DQ6DQ13DQ5DQ12DQ4V CC Notes: 1.A17 = A[MAX].2.A-1 is the least significant address bit in x8 mode.Figure 3: 44-Pin SO (Top View)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 2244 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23RST# A18 A17 A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0 CE# V SS OE# D0 D8 D1 D9 D2 D10 D3 D11WE#RFUA8A9A10A11A12A13A14A15A16BYTE#V SSDQ15/A-1DQ7DQ14DQ6DQ13DQ5DQ12DQ4V CC Notes: 1.A18 = A[MAX].2.A-1 is the least significant address bit in x8 mode.Figure 4: 48-Pin TSOP (Top View)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 2448 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25A15A14A13A12A11A10A9A8RFURFUWE# RST#RFURFU RY/BY#RFUA17A7A6A5A4A3A2A1A16BYTE#V SSDQ15/A-1DQ7DQ14DQ6DQ13DQ5DQ12DQ4V CCDQ11DQ3DQ10DQ2DQ9DQ1DQ8DQ0OE#V SSCE#A0 Notes: 1.A17 = A[MAX].2.A-1 is the least significant address bit in x8 mode. Figure 5: 48-Pin TSOP (Top View)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 2448 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25A15A14A13A12A11A10A9A8RFURFUWE# RST#RFURFU RY/BY#A18A17A7A6A5A4A3A2A1A16BYTE#V SSDQ15/A-1DQ7DQ14DQ6DQ13DQ5DQ12DQ4V CCDQ11DQ3DQ10DQ2DQ9DQ1DQ8DQ0OE#V SSCE#A0 Notes: 1.A18 = A[MAX].2.A-1 is the least significant address bit in x8 mode.Figure 6: 48-Pin TSOP (Top View)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 2448 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25A15A14A13A12A11A10A9A8A19A20WE#RST#RFU V PP/WP# RY/BY#A18A17A7A6A5A4A3A2A1A16BYTE#V SSDQ15/A-1DQ7DQ14DQ6DQ13DQ5DQ12DQ4V CCDQ11DQ3DQ10DQ2DQ9DQ1DQ8DQ0OE#V SSCE#A0 Notes: 1.A20 = A[MAX].2.A-1 is the least significant address bit in x8 mode.Figure 7: 48-Pin TSOP (Top View)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 2448 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25A15A14A13A12A11A10A9A8A19A20WE#RST#A21 V PP/WP# RY/BY#A18A17A7A6A5A4A3A2A1A16 BYTE#V SSDQ15/A-1 DQ7DQ14 DQ6DQ13 DQ5DQ12 DQ4V CCDQ11 DQ3DQ10 DQ2DQ9DQ1DQ8DQ0OE#V SSCE#A0Notes: 1.A21 = A[MAX].2.A-1 is the least significant address bit in x8 mode. Figure 8: 56-Pin TSOP (Top View)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 2856 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29RFURFUA15A14A13A12A11A10A9A8A19A20WE#RST#A21 V PP/WP# RY/BY#A18A17A7A6A5A4A3A2A1RFURFURFURFUA16BYTE#V SSDQ15/A-1DQ7DQ14DQ6DQ13DQ5DQ12DQ4V CCDQ11DQ3DQ10DQ2DQ9DQ1DQ8DQ0OE#VSSCE#A0RFUV CCQ Notes: 1.A21 = A[MAX].2.A-1 is the least significant address bit in x8 mode.Figure 9: 56-Pin TSOP (Top View)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 2856 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29RFUA22A15A14A13A12A11A10A9A8A19A20WE#RST#A21 V PP/WP# RY/BY#A18A17A7A6A5A4A3A2A1RFURFURFURFUA16BYTE#V SSDQ15/A-1DQ7DQ14DQ6DQ13DQ5DQ12DQ4V CCDQ11DQ3DQ10DQ2DQ9DQ1DQ8DQ0OE#VSSCE#A0RFUV CCQ Notes: 1.A22 = A[MAX].2.A-1 is the least significant address bit in x8 mode.Figure 10: 56-Pin TSOP (Top View)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 2856 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29A23A22A15A14A13A12A11A10A9A8A19A20WE#RST#A21 V PP/WP# RY/BY#A18A17A7A6A5A4A3A2A1RFURFURFURFUA16BYTE#V SSDQ15/A-1DQ7DQ14DQ6DQ13DQ5DQ12DQ4V CCDQ11DQ3DQ10DQ2DQ9DQ1DQ8DQ0OE#VSSCE#A0RFUV CCQ Notes: 1.A23 = A[MAX].2.A-1 is the least significant address bit in x8 mode.Figure 11: 48-Ball Fortified BGA and 48-Ball TBGANotes: 1.A[17] = A[MAX].2.A-1 is the least significant address bit in x8 mode.Figure 12: 48-Ball Fortified BGA and 48-Ball TBGANotes: 1.A[18] = A[MAX].2.A-1 is the least significant address bit in x8 mode.Figure 13: 48-Ball Fortified BGA and 48-Ball TBGANotes: 1.A[20] = A[MAX].2.A-1 is the least significant address bit in x8 mode.Figure 14: 48-Ball Fortified BGA and 48-Ball TBGANotes: 1.A[21] = A[MAX].2.A-1 is the least significant address bit in x8 mode.Figure 15: 64-Ball Fortified BGA and 64-Ball TBGANotes: 1.A[20] = A[MAX].2.A-1 is the least significant address bit in x8 mode.Figure 16: 64-Ball Fortified BGA and 64-Ball TBGANotes: 1.A[21] = A[MAX].2.A-1 is the least significant address bit in x8 mode.3.Pads D8 and F1 are not connected (NC) on the M29W640GT and M29W640GB devices.Figure 17: 64-Ball Fortified BGA and 64-Ball TBGANotes: 1.A[22] = A[MAX].2.A-1 is the least significant address bit in x8 mode.Figure 18: 64-Ball Fortified BGA and 64-Ball TBGANotes: 1.A[23] = A[MAX].2.A-1 is the least significant address bit in x8 mode.Signal DescriptionsThe signal description table below is a comprehensive list of signals for this device fami-ly. All signals listed may not be supported on this device. See Signal Assignments for in-formation specific to this device.Table 2: Signal DescriptionsTable 2: Signal Descriptions (Continued)Memory OrganizationMemory ConfigurationThe main memory array is divided into 128KB or 64KW uniform blocks. Memory Map – 256Mb DensityTable 3: 256Mb, Blocks[255:0]Bus OperationsTable 4: Bus OperationsNotes: 1.Typical glitches of less than 5ns on CE#, WE#, and RST# are ignored by the device and donot affect bus operations.2.H = Logic level HIGH (V IH); L = Logic level LOW (V IL); X = HIGH or LOW.3.If WP# is LOW, then the highest or the lowest block remains protected, depending online item.4.Data input is required when issuing a command sequence or when performing datapolling or block protection.ReadBus READ operations read from the memory cells, registers, or CFI space. To acceleratethe READ operation, the memory array can be read in page mode where data is inter-nally read and stored in a page buffer.Page size is 8 words (16 bytes) and is addressed by address inputs A[2:0] in x16 busmode and A[2:0] plus DQ15/A-1 in x8 bus mode. The extended memory blocks and CFIarea do not support page read mode.A valid READ operation requires setting the appropriate address on the address inputs,taking CE# and OE# LOW, and holding WE# HIGH. Data I/O signals output the value. WriteBus WRITE operations write to the command interface. A valid WRITE operation re-quires setting the appropriate address on the address inputs. These are latched by thecommand interface on the falling edge of CE# or WE#, whichever occurs last. Values ondata I/O signals are latched by the command interface on the rising edge of CE# orWE#, whichever occurs first. OE# must remain HIGH during the entire operation. Standby and Automatic StandbyWhen the device is in read mode, driving CE# HIGH places the device in standby modeand drives data I/Os to High-Z. Supply current is reduced to standby (I CC2), by holdingCE# within V CC ±0.3V.During PROGRAM or ERASE operations the device continues to use the program/erasesupply current (I CC3) until the operation completes.Automatic standby enables low power consumption during read mode. When CMOSlevels (VCC ± 0.3 V) drive the bus and following a READ operation and a period of inac-tivity specified in DC Characteristics, the memory enters automatic standby as internalsupply current is reduced to ICC2. Data I/O signals still output data if a READ operationis in progress. Depending on load circuits connected with data bus, VCCQ, can have anull consumption when the memory enters automatic standby.Output DisableData I/Os are High-Z when OE# is HIGH.ResetDuring reset mode the device is deselected and outputs are High-Z. The device is in re-set mode when RST# is LOW. Power consumption is reduced to standby level independ-ently from CE#, OE#, or WE# inputs.RegistersStatus RegisterTable 5: Status Register Bit DefinitionsNotes: 1.The status register can be read during PROGRAM, ERASE, or ERASE SUSPEND operations;the READ operation outputs data on DQ[7:0].2.For a PROGRAM operation in progress, DQ7 outputs the complement of the bit beingprogrammed. For a READ operation from the address previously programmed success-fully, DQ7 outputs existing DQ7 data. For a READ operation from addresses with blocksto be erased while an ERASE SUSPEND operation is in progress, DQ7 outputs 0; uponsuccessful completion of the ERASE SUSPEND operation, DQ7 outputs 1. For an ERASEoperation in progress, DQ7 outputs 0; upon either operation's successful completion,DQ7 outputs 1.3.After successful completion of a PROGRAM or ERASE operation, the device returns toread mode.4.During erase suspend mode, READ operations to addresses within blocks not beingerased output memory array data as if in read mode. A protected block is treated thesame as a block not being erased. See the Toggle Flowchart for more information.5.During erase suspend mode, DQ6 toggles when addressing a cell within a block beingerased. The toggling stops when the program/erase controller has suspended the ERASEoperation. See the Toggle Flowchart for more information.6.When DQ5 is set to 1, a READ/RESET command must be issued before any subsequentcommand.Table 6: Operations and Corresponding Bit SettingsNotes: 1.Unspecified data bits should be ignored.2.DQ7# for buffer program is related to the last address location loaded.Figure 19: Data Polling FlowchartNotes: 1.Valid address is the address being programmed or an address within the block beingerased.2.Failure results: DQ5 = 1 indicates an operation error; DQ1 = 1 indicates a WRITE TO BUF-FER PROGRAM ABORT operation.Figure 20: Toggle Bit FlowchartNote: 1.Failure results: DQ5 = 1 indicates an operation error; DQ1 = 1 indicates a WRITE TO BUF-FER PROGRAM ABORT operation.Figure 21: Status Register Polling FlowchartLock RegisterTable 7: Lock Register Bit DefinitionsNotes: 1.The lock register is a 16-bit, one-time programmable register. DQ[15:3] are reserved andare set to a default value of 1.2.The password protection mode lock bit and nonvolatile protection mode lock bit cannotboth be programmed to 0. Any attempt to program one while the other is programmedcauses the operation to abort, and the device returns to read mode. The device is ship-ped from the factory with the default setting.Table 8: Block Protection StatusNotes: 1.Nonvolatile protection bit lock bit: when cleared to 1, all nonvolatile protection bits areunlocked; when set to 0, all nonvolatile protection bits are locked.2.Block nonvolatile protection bit: when cleared to 1, the block is unprotected; when setto 0, the block is protected.3.Block volatile protection bit: when cleared to 1, the block is unprotected; when set to 0,the block is protected.Figure 22: Lock Register Program FlowchartNotes: 1.Each lock register bit can be programmed only once.2.See the Block Protection Command Definitions table for address-data cycle details.Standard Command Definitions – Address-Data Cycles Table 9: Standard Command Definitions – Address-Data Cycles, 8-Bit and 16-BitTable 9: Standard Command Definitions – Address-Data Cycles, 8-Bit and 16-Bit (Continued)Notes: 1. A = Address; D = Data; X = "Don't Care;" BAd = Any address in the block; N = Number ofbytes to be programmed; PA = Program address; PD = Program data; Gray shading = Notapplicable. All values in the table are hexadecimal. Some commands require both a com-mand code and subcode.2.These cells represent READ cycles (versus WRITE cycles for the others).3.AUTO SELECT enables the device to read the manufacturer code, device code, block pro-tection status, and extended memory block protection indicator.4.AUTO SELECT addresses and data are specified in the Electronic Signature table and theExtended Memory Block Protection table.5.For any UNLOCK BYPASS ERASE/PROGRAM command, the first two UNLOCK cycles areunnecessary.6.BAd must be the same as the address loaded during the WRITE TO BUFFER PROGRAM3rd and 4th cycles.7.WRITE TO BUFFER PROGRAM operation: maximum cycles = 68(x8) and 36 (x16). UNLOCKBYPASS WRITE TO BUFFER PROGRAM operation: maximum cycles = 66 (x8), 34 (x16).WRITE TO BUFFER PROGRAM operation: N + 1 = bytes to be programmed; maximumbuffer size = 64 bytes (x8) and 32 words (x16).8.For x8, A[MAX:5] address pins should remain unchanged while A[4:0] and A-1 pins areused to select a byte within the N + 1 byte page. For x16, A[MAX:5] address pins shouldremain unchanged while A[4:0] pins are used to select a word within the N + 1 wordpage.9.The following is content for address-data cycles 256 through 258: BAd (FE) - Data; BAd(FF) - Data; BAd (00) - 29.10.BLOCK ERASE address cycles can extend beyond six address-data cycles, depending onthe number of blocks to erase.READ OperationsREAD/RESET CommandThe READ/RESET (F0h) command returns the device to read mode and resets the errorsin the status register. One or three bus WRITE operations can be used to issue theREAD/RESET command.To return the device to read mode, this command can be issued between bus WRITEcycles before the start of a PROGRAM or ERASE operation. If the READ/RESET com-mand is issued during the timeout of a BLOCK ERASE operation, the device requires upto 10μs to abort, during which time no valid data can be read.This command will not abort an ERASE operation while in erase suspend.READ CFI CommandThe READ CFI (98h) command puts the device in read CFI mode and is only valid whenthe device is in read array or auto select mode. One bus WRITE cycle is required to issuethe command.Once in read CFI mode, bus READ operations will output data from the CFI memoryarea (Refer to the Common Flash Interface for details). A READ/RESET command mustbe issued to return the device to the previous mode (read array or auto select ). A sec-ond READ/RESET command is required to put the device in read array mode from autoselect mode.AUTO SELECT OperationsAUTO SELECT CommandAt power-up or after a hardware reset, the device is in read mode. It can then be put inauto select mode by issuing an AUTO SELECT (90h) command or by applying V ID to A9.Auto select mode enables the following device information to be read:•Electronic signature, which includes manufacturer and device code information asshown in the Electronic Signature table.•Block protection, which includes the block protection status and extended memoryblock protection indicator, as shown in the Block Protection table.Electronic signature or block protection information is read by executing a READ opera-tion with control signals and addresses set, as shown in the Read Electronic Signaturetable or the Block Protection table, respectively.Auto select mode can be used by the programming equipment to automatically match adevice with the application code to be programmed.Three consecutive bus WRITE operations are required to issue an AUTO SELECT com-mand. The device remains in auto select mode until a READ/RESET or READ CFI com-mand is issued.The device cannot enter auto select mode when a PROGRAM or ERASE operation is inprogress (RY/BY# LOW). However, auto select mode can be entered if the PROGRAM orERASE operation has been suspended by issuing a PROGRAM SUSPEND or ERASE SUS-PEND command.To enter auto select mode by appling VID to A9, see the Read Electronic Signature tableand the Block Protection table.Auto select mode is exited by performing a reset. The device returns to read mode un-less it entered auto select mode after an ERASE SUSPEND or PROGRAM SUSPENDcommand, in which case it returns to erase or program suspend mode.Table 10: Read Electronic Signature。

Medical Power Supplies Edition 1 | 2009Innovating Reliable PowerInnovating Reliable Power 2C ontents PageKM series 15 – 40 W 4CME 150 150 W 710EFE-300M 300W HWS series 30 – 1500 W 13SWS L series 1000 W 16NV-Power medical 180 / 200 W 18NV-Power 350 – 1150 W 22VEGA Lite 550 – 750 W 28VEGA 450 / 650 / 900 W 33ALPHA 1000 – 1500 W 3834Highlights• Small size & lightweight • PCB board mountable • Wide range input• M edical safety certifications (4 kV AC input – output)• C lass II (no ground needed)FeaturesBenefits1 For medical applications an equivalent external fuse should be installed in the neutral line2 Class I applications: An external filter can be added to meet EN55011 Class B – see application notesInput SpecificationsN E W5Output SpecificationsPinout – KM15Pinout – KM401 S ymmetrical loading, from minimum to maximum load2 Output V1 is isolated from output V23 O utput V1 is isolated from 2 outputs V2 & V3Outline Drawings67Read instruction manual carefully, before using the power supply unit.1 O perating period at peak output current is less than 10 sec.(Average output power and current is less than maximum output power and current).2 A t 100/200 V AC, T a=25 °C and maximum output power.3 F or cases where conformance to various safety specs (UL, CSA, EN) are required, to be described as 100 – 240 V AC (50/60 Hz).4 N ot applicable for the inrush current to noise filter for less than 0.2 ms.5 P lease refer to fig. A for measurement of line & load regulation and ripple voltage (measure with JEITA RC-9131 probe).6 85 – 265 V AC, constant load.7 N o load – maximum load, constant input voltage.8 C onstant current limit with automatic recovery.Not operate at overload or dead short condition for more than 30 seconds.9 OVP circuit will shut down output, manual reset (line recycle).10 A t 100/200 V AC nominal output voltage and maximum output current.11 M easured by the each measuring method of IEC, UL, CSA, EN and DENAN (at 63 Hz).Output SpecificationsHighlights• Wide range input• M edical safety certifications (4 kV AC input – output)• C onvection cooled (no fan needed)• U p to 180 W peak power • L ow leakage current 0.3 mAN E WRead instruction manual carefully, before using the power supply unit.12 A t standard mounting.– Load (%) is percent of maximum output power or maximum output current, whichever is greater.– For other mountings, refer to derating curve (B019-01-02_).13 As for DENAN, built to meet at 100 V AC.Output SpecificationsOutline Drawings8Outline Drawings910Quick Selectorpreferred configurationsAdditional variants available “Build to Order” – see below.How to create a Product CodeConfirm availability of created product code with the factory.Input SpecificationsHighlights• Reinforced isolation • S implifies equipment design • F ull digital control• I mproves product performance • H igh efficiency• Minimises heat in system •L ow profile • Fits 1 U applications • 3 years warranty• H igh power density (up to 18 W/in 3)• Less space• T emperature controlled fan option • Quieter operation• D esigned for medical equipment (BF-rated)• 400 W peak power for 10 secondsN E WOutput SpecificationsGlobal SignalsIsolationEnvironmentImmunity EN61000-6-2: 2005Emissions EN61000-6-3: 2007, EN60601-1-2: 2001Highlights• Lifetime warranty • Medical approvals• Universal input (85 – 265 V AC)• High efficiency• Broad 30 W to 1500 W product range • RoHS compliant design• S uitable for medical test equipment and analysersFeaturesBenefitsInput SpecificationsInput Specifications Continuation1 100 / 200 V AC input2 See clause 19.5DV.2 of UL60601 for equipment in proximity of patient3 HWS300-600 2.5 kV AC input to groundHWS30-150/ME are without cover, HWS300-1500 are with coverOutput Specifications4 Peak load for 10 sec. maximum on time, 35 % duty cycle5 200 – 265 AC input6 Using voltage programming input – see installation manual for detailsOutline & Connection DrawingsHighlights• Quiet temperature controlled fan • Low cost • Low profile• Wide operating temperature range • Active power factor correction • Input transient protected IEC61000-4• Medical approvals (IEC60601-1)FeaturesBenefits1 Not available on 3.3 V & 5 V SWS1000L modelsInput SpecificationsN E WInput Specifications ContinuationOutput Specifications2 115 / 230 V AC3 Peak current and power available at 170 – 265 V AC input, 10 sec. max. 35 % duty cycleOutline DrawingsHighlights• Reinforced isolation for IEC60601-1• L ow earth leakage and class B EMC • Medical approval • High efficiency• H igh power density (9.3 W/in 3)• Up to 3 outputs • No minimum load • Fits 1 U applications • 3 years warranty• T emperature controlled fan option • Low profile• Minimises heat in system • Less spaceQuick Selectorpreferred configurationsAbove units available on rapid delivery. Additional variants available “Build to Order” – see below.Available OutputsNotes:1 Follow letters in red by “Y“ for negative output channel 3.2 Follow letters in red by “P“ for positive output channel 4.3 12 – 12.5 V if 24 V channel 3 fitted.4 14.5 – 15 V if 24 V channel 3 fitted. 5 24 – 26 V if 24 V channel 3 fitted.6 1.5 A max. if fitted with “-F“ option.Input SpecificationsHow to create a Product CodeConfirm availability of created product code with the factory. Output SpecificationsIsolationEnvironmentEmissions EN61000-6-3: 2001Safety Approvals* CB certificate and report available on request.Check with factory for status of approvals.Immunity EN61000-6-2: 2001Outline & Connection DrawingsHighlights• High efficiency• High power density (up to 19 W/in 3)• High peak power rating • Up to 8 outputs (6 for NV-350)• No minimum load • Fits 1 U applications • Medical approval • 3 years warrantyInput SpecificationsDual Output ModulesNotes 1 derate linearly from 13 A at 12.5 V to 10 A at 15.5 V 2 derate linearly from 7 A at 25 V to 6 A at 28 V 3 Only one per power supplySingle Output ModulesNotes 4 f or NV3 – derate linearly from 40 A at 5.2 V to 36 A at 5.5 V for NV7 – derate linearly from 40 A at 5 V to 36 A at 5.5 V5 derate linearly from 22.5 A at 8 V to 20 A at 9 V6 f or NV3 – derate linearly from 20 A at 13.2 V to 16.5 A at 15.5 Vfor NV7 – derate linearly from 20 A at 12.5 V to 15.5 A at 15.5 V 7 f or NV3 – derate linearly from 10 A at 25.7 V to 8.5 A at 28 Vfor NV7 – derate linearly from 10 A at 24 V to 8.5 A at 28 V 8 f or NV3, 400 W max (to be confirmed)for NV7, 600 W peak for up to 10 sec, 450 W average9 for NV7 only, 1200 W peak for up to 10 sec, 900 W averageThe extensive range of output modules and options make it possible to achieve almost any combination of Volts and Amps.You can create your own NV-350 or NV-700 configu-ration online at . This method checks your configuration and offers the optimum solution. Alternatively, you can do this manually by using the guide below.1. C alculate total output power to ensure power require-ments are within 350 W or 1150 W, then select required Cooling, Connection and Controls/Signals from thetable above.2. S elect Output Modules from the Module Tables belowensuring that no more that 6 slots (NV-350) or 8 slots (NV-700) in total are used. Example – if you require 13 V 20 A:a) s elect B as closest match for voltage & currentand prefix with voltage eg. 13BHb) repeat for other outputsThis will create a complete product descriptioneg. NV3SSSES5V 13BH 12/15DB which representsa three output NV-350 with Forward air cooling,Screw input terminals, standard leakage filter, ac good, PSU enable & 5 V / 2 A aux supplyOutput 1 = 13 V / 20 AOutput 2 = 12 V / 13 A with screw terminalsOutput 3 = 15 V / 4 A with screw terminalsMax. 350 W continuous output power3. C ontact TDK-Lambda to validate configuration andissue a part number.NV-350 / NV-700 ConfiguringOutput Power1 350 W average2 450 W average3 600 W average4 700 W average5 1150 W average6 250 W for reverse air7 not for reverse air OutputSignals – StandardAll signals referenced to 0 V of channelGlobal Interface Signals with Primary OptionIsolationEmissions EN61000-6-3: 2001, EN60601-1-2: 2001Immunity EN61000-6-2: 2005, EN60601-1-2: 2001Environment1 45 °C for NV7 with input voltage below 100 V AC.Safety ApprovalsPrimary Option 1 +V Standby 2 0 V Standby3 EN/ES & IN/IS Logic 14 EN/ES & IN/IS Logic 05 Global Module Good Collector6 Global Module Good Emitter7 AC good Collector8 AC good EmitterHousing: Molex 51110-0860Crimp pin: 50394Hand crimp tool: 69008-0959DA Module1 +12 V (channel 1)2 +12 V (channel 1)3 +12 V (channel 1)4 0 V (common ch1 / ch2)5 0 V (common ch1 / ch2)6 0 V (common ch1 / ch2)7 –12 V (channel 2)8 –12 V (channel 2)Outside of ChassisOptionEnd ViewPrimary Option / DA ModuleOutput ConnectionsOutline & Connection DrawingsHighlights• Industry leading power density• 1 to 11 outputs• Voltages from 1.8 to 56 V• Current up to 60 A• Screw connection• Worldwide approvals & CB report• Medical approval optionInput SpecificationsOutput SpecificationsNotes 1: shutdown temp varies according to ambient, output power & input V 2: AC fail signal (if fitted) provides 5 ms warning of thermal shutdownOutput Voltages (Single Modules)Output Voltages (Twin Modules) – all 1 Slot WidthOutput Voltages (Single Modules)Twin Output ModulesIsolation/InsulationEnvironmentImmunity BS EN61000-6-2: 2001(Industrial Environment)** Also complies with BS EN61000-6-1: 2001.Emissions BS EN61000-6-3: 2001(Residential, Commercial & Light Industrial Supply)** Also complies with BS EN61000-6-4: 2001.Safety Approvals* C B certificate and report available on request. 1 Only for “L” type leakage variants.Check with Technical Sales for status of approvals.The extensive range of output modules and options make it possible to achieve all popular combinations of Volts and Amps. The “online” configurator is the best way to achieve the optimum configuration, however you can also create your own VEGA configuration from this datasheet by using the guide below.Web Configurator1. Visit the TDK-Lambda website, select “VEGA Configurator” and follow the online instructions.2. Enter your required Volts / Amps, and any additional functions (if required)3. E nter preferred type of cooling, input connection, lower leakage current (if required)and controls & signal functions (if required)4. C onfigurator will select the most suitable modules and options and give a unique part number.Configuring from Datasheet1. C alculate total output power to determine VEGA 550 W (560 W at 150 V AC and above) or 750 W (900 W at 150 V ACand above) and select converter, then select required cooling, connection, leakage current and controls/signals from the table above.2. Select Output Modules and Options from the available Output Voltages Tables.E xample – if you require 5 V / 18 A with output inhibit:a) select 5L1S as closest match for voltage and currentb) add suffix N for output inhibit eg 5L1SNc) repeat for other outputsEnsure you do not select more than a total of 5 slots width of module.This will create a complete product description eg:V5FSSF 5L1S 12/12H3/3S 24C5S which represents a four output 550 W VEGA with Forward air,Screw input terminals, 1.5 mA Earth Leakage, AC Fail, Global Inhibit & 5 V / 100 mA aux supply.Output 1 = 5 V / 35 A with output inhibit, Module Good and Current Share optionOutput 2 = 12 V / 10 AOutput 3 = 12 V / 6 AOutput 4 = 24 V / 10 A3. Contact TDK-Lambda to validate configuration and issue a part number.Outline & Connection Drawings• Industry leading power density • Up to 11 outputs• V oltages up to 62 V Array• C urrent up to 114 A• Screw, fast-on or IEC connection • Worldwide approvals & CB report• Medical approval option• 3 years warranty• AC or DC input versionsInput SpecificationsOutput SpecificationsNotes: 1. shutdown temp varies according to ambient, output power & input V 2. AC fail signal (if fitted) provides 5 ms warning of thermal shutdownOutput Specifications ContinuationOutput Voltagesa) F1, F2 and W2 modulesnot for VEGA 900b) 38 V max. for 900 Wc) O nly availablefor VEGA 900d) 5.1 V max. for 900 We) 3.4 V max. for 900 Wf) 8 V max. for 900 Wg) 15 V max. for 900 Wh) 28 V max. for 900 Wi) 18 V max. for 900 Wj) 30 V max. for 900 Wk) 7.5 V max. for 900 Wl) 12.5 V max. for 900 Wm) 19 V max. for 900 Wn) 3.4 V max. for 900 Wo) “N” option not availablep) 24 V max. for 900 Wq) 40 V max. for 900 Wr) 60 V max. for 900 Ws) 36 V max. for 900 Wt) 52 V max. for 900 Wu) 15.5 V max. for 900 W* see configuring guideIsolation/InsulationEnvironmentSafety Approvals* CB certificate and report available on request. 1 Only for L, R and T leakage variants. Not applicable to VEGA DC.Check with Technical Sales for status of approvals.Immunity BS EN61000-6-2: 2001Industrial Environment**also complies with BS EN61000-6-1: 2001Emissions BS EN61000-6-3: 2001Residential, Commercial & Light Industrial Supply**also complies with BS EN61000-6-4: 2001The extensive range of output modules and options make it possible to achieve almost any combination of Volts and Amps. The “online” configurator is the best way to achieve the optimum configuration, however you can also create your own VEGA configuration from this datasheet by using the guide below.Web Configurator1. Visit the TDK-Lambda website, select “VEGA Configurator” and follow the online instructions.2. Enter your required Volts / Amps, type of output connection and any additional functions (if required).3. E nter preferred type of cooling, input connection, lower leakage current (if required)and controls & signal functions (if required).4. Configurator will select the most suitable modules and options and give a unique part number.Notes: a) Not available for VEGA 900. b) Thermocoupled sample recommended to ensure adequate cooling – consult sales. c) xFW and xEW options increase leakage current by 90 μA. Replace “x” with required output voltage (5FW = 5 V aux supply). d) Not available for VEGA DC.Configuring from Datasheet1. C alculate total output power to determine VEGA 450 W, 650 W or 900 W and select converter, then selectrequired Cooling, Connection, Leakage Current and Controls / Signals from the table above.2. S elect Output Modules and Options from the Output Voltages tables.Example – if you require 5.2 V / 18 A with output inhibit:a) select B1H as closest match for voltage and current and prefix with voltage (eg 5.2B1H)b) add suffix S or F for Screw or Fast-on connection (eg 5.2B1H S)c) add suffix N for output inhibit (eg 5.2B1HS N)d) repeat for other outputsEnsure you do not select more than a total of 5 slots width of module. This will create a complete product description eg:V6FSSF 5L1S 12/12H3/3S 24C5S which represents a four output 650 W VEGA with Forward air, Screw input terminals, 1.5 mA Earth Leakage, AC Fail, Global Inhibit & 5 V / 100 mA aux supply with the following outputs:Output 1 = 5 V / 35 A with output inhibit, Module Good and Current Share optionOutput 2 = 12 V / 10 AOutput 3 = 12 V / 6 AOutput 4 = 24 V / 10 A3. Contact TDK-Lambda to validate configuration and issue a part number.Outline & Connection DrawingsHighlights• 1 to 16 outputs• Standard or configurable• No minimum load• Rapid connection• Wide range input• EN61000-3-2 compliant• Class B conducted Input SpecificationsOutput SpecificationsGeneralEnvironmentStandard Electrical Specification – Standard Models* Modules in parallel.** Total output power must not exceed: 1000 W for ALPHA 1000.See next section for information on 1500 W models.Configured ModelsTo meet your requirements it is possible to configure an ALPHA power supply using any of the standard ALPHA models and converters. 1500 W (CA1500) models can accommodate up to 8 slots and 1000 W (CA1000) models up to 7 slots. To ensure ALPHA meets your exact requirements please contact Technical Sales or visit our Website.* R emote sense not available on twin output modules (E, H and P).Note: 1. Derate 0.25 V / A above 40 V.OptionsOutline & Connection Drawings41Innovating Reliable Power 42“Power supply” to us is more than just an electronic device. It is the fundamental basis of the safety and reliability of our customers’ products. This is why we support you with everything from design, EMC stan-dards and safety certification to serial production, so that we are confident of offering you the best possible solution in every aspect.More detailed information:Visit our website and discoverthe many possibilities offered by TDK-Lambda. Browse throughthe latest product highlights and download our catalogues and documentations.43Innovating Reliable Power。

TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2009)-GRADE FOUR- TIME LIMIT: 130 MIN Part I DICTATION (10MIN)PARTⅡLISTENING COMPREHENSION (20 MIN)SECTION A TALKFive Bad Study Habits1.Taking linear notesStudents try to write down (1) of a lectureSOLUTION:a)R evisit the information and put it into a chart or (2)b)R eview your notes from days pastc)R eflect and make (3) between key conceptsd)C reate a fill-in-the-blank test from your notes2.Highlighting the bookAbuse highlighter without doing reading (4)SOLUTION:a)U se highlighted information to create a practice examb)P ut highlighted words onto (5) and practice them3.Rewriting notesStudents assume that (6) is good for memorizationSOLUTION:a)R eview notes in the shrinking outline methodsb)(7)4.Rereading the chapterReread the chapter before an examSOLUTION:(8) rereading chapters into the active steps and practice tests5. Memorizing definitionsStudents learn the definitions by heartSOLUTION:a)G ive yourself a short essay practice testb)E xplain the definition and (9) of a termc)(10) the term to othersd)T est and retest yourselfSECTION B CONVERSA TIONSCONVERSATION ONE1. A.Because he was in a big hurry. B.Because he didn’t check the product.C.Because the box was tightly sealed.D.Because the scratch was invisible.2. A. the customer made it himself. B. there was definitely not one then.C. the customer should have checked.D. the customer was making trouble.3. A. annoyed B. surprised C. indifferent D. worried4.A. Five. B. Four. C. Three. D. Two.5.A. the customer makes no more complaints. B. the customer can produce the receipt.C. the customer is still unhappy with it.D. the customer brings it back within a week. CONVERSATION TWO6. A. the menu. B. the place. C. the reception. D. the campaign.7.A. Friday next week. B. Thursday next week.C. April 30th.D. This week.8. A.It is held annually. B.It is held at headquarters.C.30 people will attend it.D.It will offer a new menu.9. A.He wants people to communicate while eating.B.He wants to create an intense atmosphere.C.He is lack of funds for the campaign.D.He wants to create an intense atmosphere.10. A.The number of participants hasn’t been confirmed.B.The man is the woman’s old customer.C.The man knows the woman very well.D.The woman will send the man confirmation early this week.PART III LANGUAGE KNOWLEDGE (10 MIN)11. What a nice day! How about the three of us _____ a walk in the park nearby?A. to takeB. takeC. takingD. to be taking12. If there were no subjunctive mood, English _____ much easier to learn.A. could have beenB. would beC. will beD. would have been13. She _____ fifty or so when I first met her at a conference.A. had beenB. must beC. has beenD. must have been14. _____ the boss says, it is unreasonable to ask me to work overtime without pay.A. WhateverB. WheneverC. WhicheverD. However15. A new laptop costs about _____ of a second-hand one.A. the price of three timesB. three times the priceC. as much as the three times priceD. three times more than the price16. We consider ______ he should have left without telling anyone beforehand.A. strange whyB. it strange whatC. it strange thatD. that strange17. It is going to be fine tomorrow. _______.A. So is it.B. So it is.C. So it does.D. So does it.18. Little _____ about her own safety, though she herself was in great danger.A. she caredB. she may careC. may she careD. did she care19. The couple had no sooner got to the station _____ the coach left.A. whenB. asC. untilD. than20. Aren't you tired? I ____ you had done enough for today.A. should have thoughtB. must have thoughtC. might have thoughtD. could have thought21. During the TV interview, the singer announced that he was going to _____ his new album soon. A. release B. renew C. relieve D. rehearse22. After working for the firm for ten years, he finally _____ the rank of deputy director.A. achievedB. approachedC. attainedD. acquired23. Come on, Jack, tell me the story. Don't keep me in ______.A. suspenseB. suspendingC. suspensionD. suspender24. The football match was _____ because of the heavy rain.A. called overB. called upC. called outD. called off25. We had a good time there, and the food was plentiful and _____.A. conduciveB. wholesomeC. helpfulD. appreciative26. It was strange that she would _____ such an absurd idea.A. allowB. stickC. takeD. entertain27. The scientists have made an _____ study of the viruses that cause the disease.A. exhaustedB. exhaustingC. exhaustiveD. exhaustion28. Do you own your apartment or are you a ______ ?A. tenantB. customerC. clientD. proprietor29. Last Sunday she came to visit us out of the blue. The italicized phrase meansA. unexpectedlyB. unhappilyC. untidilyD. unofficially30. The young employee has a(n)______ quality ---- he is totally honest.A. respectableB. admirableC. decentD. approachablewhen you are going to the cleaners, your credit card when you are shopping...Such absent-mindedness may be 31 to you; now British and German scientists are developing memory glasses that record everything the 32 sees.The glasses can play back memories later to help the wearer remember things they have forgotten such as where they left their keys. And the glasses also 33 the user to "label" items so that information can be used later on. The wearer could walk around an office or a factory identifying certain 34 by pointing at them. Objects indicated are then given a 35 label on a screen inside the glasses that the user then fills in.It could be used in 36 plants by mechanics looking to identify machine parts or by electricians wiring a 37 device.A spokesman for the project said: "A car mechanic for 38 could find at a glance where a part on a certain car model is so that it can be identified and repaired. For the motorist the system could 39 accident black spots or dangers on the road."In other cases the glasses could be worn by people going on a guided tour, 40 points of interest or by people looking at panoramas where all the sites could be identified.PART V READING COMPREHENSION [35MIN]SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONSPASSAGE ONEDo you realize that every time you take a step, the bones in your hip are subjected to forces between four and five times your body weight? When you are running, this force is increased further still. What happens if through disease a hip-joint ceases to be able to resist such forces? For many years hip-joints and other body joints have been replaceable either partially or completely. It is after all a simple ball and socket joint; it has certain loads imposed on it; it needs reliability over a defined life; it must contain materials suitable for the working environment. Any engineer will recognize these as characteristic of a typical engineering problem, which doctors and engineers have worked together to solve, in order to bring a fresh lease of life to people who would otherwise be disabled.This typifies the way in which engineers work to help people and create a better quality of life. The fact that this country has the most efficient agricultural industry in the world is another good example. Mechanical engineers have worked with farmers and biologists to produce fertilizers, machinery and harvesting systems. This team effort has now produced crops uniformly waist high or less so that they are better suited to mechanical harvesting. Similar advances with other crops have released people from hard and boring jobs for more creative work, whilst machines harvest crops more efficiently with less waste. Providing more food for the rapidly increasing population is yet another role for the mechanical engineer.41. According to the passage, when would most weight be imposed on hip-joints?A. When one is walking.B. When one is running.C. When one is standing.D. When one is lying down.42. According to the context, "This team effort'" in Paragraph Two refers toA. mechanical engineers.B. doctors and engineers.C. biologists, doctors and farmers.D. farmers, biologists and engineers.PASSAGE TWONowadays, a cellphone service is available to everyone, everywhere. Probably thousands of people have already been using it, but I just discovered it, so I'm going to claim it and also name it: Fake Foning.The technology has been working well for me at the office, but there are infinite applications. Virtually in any public space.Say you work at a big university with lots of talky faculty members buzzing about. Now, say you need to use the restroom. The trip down the hall will take approximately one hour, because a person can't walk into those talky people without getting pulled aside for a question, a bit of gossip, a new read on a certain line of Paradise Lost.So, a cellphone. Any cellphone. Just pick it up. Don't dial. Just hold that phone to your face and start talking. Walk confidently down the hall engaged in fake conversation, making sure to tailor both the topic and content to the person standing before you whom you are trying to evade.For standard colleague avoidance, I suggest fake chatting about fake business:"Yes, I'm glad you called, because we really need to hammer out the details. What's that? Yes, I read Page 12, but if you look at the bottom of 4, I think you can see the problem begins right there."Be animated. Be engaged in your fake fone conversation. Make eye contact with the people passing, nod to them, gesture keen interest in talking to them at a later time, point to your phone, shrug and move on.Shoppers should consider fake foning anytime they spot a talky neighbor in the produce department pinching (用手捏) unripe peaches. Without your phone at your face, you'd be in for a 20-minute speech on how terrible the world is.One important caution about fake foning. The other day I was fake foning my way past a colleague, and he was actually following me to get my attention. I knew he wanted to ask about a project I had not yet finished. I was trying to buy myself some time, so I continued fake foning with my doctor. "So I don't need the operation? Oh, doctor, that is the best news."And then: Brrrrrrng! Brrrrrmg! Brrrrrmg! My phone started ringing, right there while it was planted on my face. My colleague looked at me, and I at him, and naturally I gasped. "What is the matter with this thing?" I said, pulling the phone away to look at it, and then putting it back to myear."Hello? Are you still there?"Oops.43. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?A. Cellphone service is popular among people.B. Cellphone has much use in office.C. Fake foning is a new cellphone service.D. Fake foning is a new discovery.44. What is fake foning?A. A strategy to avoid people.B. A device newly produced.C. A service provided everywhere.D. A skill of communication.45. After his phone suddenly began ringing, the authorA. immediately started talking to the caller.B. immediately started talking to his colleague.C. put the phone away and stopped talking.D. continued with his fake conversation.PASSAGE THREEIt was late in the afternoon, and I was putting the final touch on a piece of writing that I was feeling pretty good about. I wanted to save it, but my cursor had frozen. I tried to shut the computer down, and it seized up altogether. Unsure of what else to do, I yanked (用力猛拉) the battery out.Unfortunately, Windows had been in the midst of a delicate and crucial undertaking. The next morning, when I turned my computer back on, it informed me that a file had been corrupted and Windows would not load. Then, it offered to repair itself by using the Windows Setup CD.I opened the special drawer where I keep CDs. But no Windows CD in there. I was forced to call the computer company's Global Support Centre. My call was answered by a woman in some unnamed, far-off land. I find it annoying to make small talk with someone when I don't know what continent they're standing on. Suppose I were to comment on the beautiful weather we've been having when there was a monsoon at the other end of the phone? So I got right to the point."My computer is telling me a file is corrupted and it wants to fix itself, but I don't have the Windows Setup CD.""So you're having a problem with your Windows Setup CD." She has apparently been dozing and, having come to just as the sentence ended, was attempting to cover for her inattention.It quickly became clear that the woman was not a computer technician. Her job was to serve as a gatekeeper, a human shield for the technicians. Her sole duty, as far as I could tell, was to raise global stress levels.To make me disappear, the woman gave me the phone number for Windows' creator, Microsoft. This is like giving someone the phone number for, I don't know, North America. Besides, the CD worked; I just didn't have it. No matter how many times I repeated my story, we came back to the same place. She was calm and resolutely polite.When my voice hit a certain decibel (分贝), I was passed along, like a hot, irritable potato, to a technician."You don't have the Windows Setup CD, ma'am, because you don't need it," he explained cheerfully."Windows came preinstalled on your computer!""But I do need it.""Yes, but you don't have it." We went on like this for a while. Finally, he offered to walk me through the use of a different CD, one that would erase my entire system. "Of course, you'd lose all your e-mail, your documents, your photos." It was like offering to drop a safe on my head to cure my headache. "You might be able to recover them, but it would be expensive." He sounded delighted. "And it's not covered by the warranty (产品保证书)!" The safe began to seem like a good idea, provided it was full.I hung up the phone and drove my computer to a small, friendly repair place I'd heard about.A smart, helpful man dug out a Windows CD and told me it wouldn't be a problem. An hour later, he called to let me know it was ready. I thanked him, and we chatted about the weather, which was the same outside my window as it was outside his.46. Which of the following is the author's opinion about the woman at the Global Support Centre?A. She sounded helpful and knowledgeable.B. She was there to make callers frustrated.C. She was able to solve her computer problem.D. She was quick to pass her along to a technician.47. According to the passage, the solution offered by the technician wasA. effective.B. economical.C. unpractical.D. unacceptable.PASSAGE FOURNot long ago, a mysterious Christmas card dropped through our mail slot. The envelope was addressed to a man named Raoul, who, I was relatively certain, did not live with us. The envelope wasn't sealed, so I opened it. The inside of the card was blank. Ed, my husband, explained that the card was both from and to the newspaper deliveryman. His name was apparently Raoul, and Raoul wanted a holiday tip. We were meant to put a check inside the card and then drop the envelope in the mail. When your services are rendered at 4 a.m., you can't simply hang around, like a hotel bellboy expecting a tip. You have to be direct.So I wrote a nice holiday greeting to this man who, in my imagination, fires The New York Times from his bike aimed at our front door, causing more noise with mere newsprint than most people manage with sophisticated black market fireworks.With a start, I realized that perhaps the reason for the 4 a.m. wake-up noise was not ordinary rudeness but carefully executed spite: I had not tipped Raoul in Christmases past. I honestly hadn't realized I was supposed to. This was the first time he'd used the card tactic. So I got out my checkbook. Somewhere along the line, holiday tipping went from an optional thank-you for a year of services to a Mafia-style protection racket (收取保护费的黑社会组织).Several days later, I was bringing our garbage bins back from the curb when I noticed an envelope taped to one of the lids. The outside of the envelope said MICKEY. It had to be another tip request, this time from our garbage collector. Unlike Raoul, Mickey hadn't enclosed his own Christmas card from me. In a way, I appreciated the directness. "I know you don't care how merry my Christmas is, and that's fine," the gesture said. "I want $30, or I'll 'forget' to empty your garbage bin some hot summer day."I put a check in the envelope and taped it back to the bin. The next morning, Ed noticed that the envelope was gone, though the trash hadn't yet been picked up: "Someone stole Mickey's tip!" Ed was quite certain. He made me call the bank and cancel the check.But Ed had been wrong. Two weeks later, Mickey left a letter from the bank on our steps. The letter informed Mickey that the check, which he had tried to cash, had been cancelled. The following Tuesday morning, when Ed saw a truck outside, he ran out with his wallet. "Are youMickey?"The man looked at him with scorn. "Mickey is the garbageman. I am the recycling." Not only had Ed insulted this man by hinting that he was a garbageman, but he had obviously neglected to tip him. Ed ran back inside for more funds. Then he noticed that the driver of the truck had been watching the whole transaction. He peeled off another twenty and looked around, waving bills in the air. "Anyone else?"Had we consulted the website of the Emily Post Institute, this embarrassing breach of etiquette (礼节) could have been avoided. Under "trash/recycling collectors" in the institute's Holiday Tipping Guidelines, it says: "$10 to $30 each." You may or may not wish to know that your pet groomer, hairdresser, mailman and UPS guy all expect a holiday tip.48. From the passage, we learn that the authorA. didn't like Raoul's way of delivering the paper.B. didn't realize why Raoul delivered the paper that way.C. didn't know that Raoul came very early in the morning.D. didn't feel it necessary to meet Raoul when he came.49. Which of the following is CORRECT about Mickey, the garbage collector?A. He wrote a letter to the couple afterwards.B. He failed to collect the money from the bank.C. He wanted the couple to send him a Christmas card.D. He collected both the cheek and the garbage that day.50. Ed's encounter with the recycling team shows thatA. Ed was desperate to correct his mistake.B. Ed only wanted to give money to Raoul.C. Ed was unwilling to tip the truck driver.D. Ed no longer wanted to give them money. SECTION B SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONSPASSAGE ONE51. What do engineers regard the replacement of hip-joints as?52. What does “This team effort” in Paragraph Two refer to?PASSAGE TWO53. What is the tone of the passage?PASSAGE THREE54. Why did the author shut down her computer abruptly?PASSAGE FOUR55. Why did the newspaper deliveryman put a blank card inside the envelope?PART VI WRITING (45 MIN)Tourism is a booming business in China. However, some people worry that too many tourists may bring harm to the environment, while others don't think so. What is your opinion? Write on ANSWER SHEET THREE a composition of about 200 words on the following topic: Will Tourism Bring Harm to the Environment?You are to write in three parts.In the first part, state specifically what your opinion is.In the second part, provide one or two reasons to support your opinion.In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks.。

2009年专八真题及答案In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-fillingtask on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking.Writing Experimental ReportsI.Content of an experimental report, e.g.--- study subject/ area--- study purpose--- ____1____II.Presentation of an experimental report--- providing details--- regarding readers as _____2_____III.Structure of an experimental report--- feature: highly structured and ____3____--- sections and their content:INTRODUCTION ____4____; why you did itMETHOD how you did itRESULT what you found out____5____ what you think it showsIV. Sense of readership--- ____6____: reader is the marker--- ____7____: reader is an idealized, hypothetical, intelligent person with little knowledge of your study--- tasks to fulfill in an experimental report:? introduction to relevant area? necessary background information? development of clear arguments? definition of technical terms? precise description of data ____8____V. Demands and expectations in report writing--- early stage:? understanding of study subject/area and its implications? basic grasp of the report's format--- later stage:? ____9____ on research significance--- things to avoid in writing INTRODUCTION:? inadequate material? ____10____ of research justification for the studySECTION B INTERVIEWIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your coloured answer sheet. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10seconds to answer each of the following five questions.Now listen to the interview.1. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?A. Toastmasters was originally set up to train speaking skills.B. Toastmasters only accepts prospective professional speakers.C. Toastmasters accepts members from the general public.D. Toastmasters is an exclusive club for professional speakers.2. The following are job benefits by joining Toastmasters EXCEPTA. becoming familiar with various means of communication.B. learning how to deliver messages in an organized way.C. becoming aware of audience expectations.D. learning how to get along with friends.3. Toastmasters' general approach to training can be summarized asA. practice plus overall training.B. practice plus lectures.C. practice plus voice training.D. practice plus speech writing.4. Toastmasters aims to train people to be all the following EXCEPTA. public speakers.B. grammar teachers.C. masters of ceremonies.D. evaluators5. The interview mainly focuses onA. the background information.B. the description of training courses.C. the requirements of public speaking.D. the overall personal growth.SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your coloured answer sheet. Questions 6 and 7 are'based on the foUowing news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the news.6. Which of the following is the main cause of global warming?A. Fossil fuel.B. Greenhouse gases.C. Increased dryness.D. Violent storm patterns.7. The news item implies that ______ in the last report.A. there were fewer studies doneB. there were fewer policy proposalsC. there was less agreementD. there were fewer objectivesQuestions 8 and 9 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the news.8. The cause of the Indian train accident wasA. terrorist sabotage.B. yet to be determined.C. lackof communications.D. bad weather.9. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?A. The accident occurred on a bridge.B. The accident occurred in New Delhi.C. There were about 600 casualties.D. Victims were rescued immediately.Question 10 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10seconds to answer the question.Now listen to the news.10. What is the main message of the news item?A. Young people should seek careers advice.B. Careers service needs to be improved.C. Businesses are not getting talented people.D. Careers advice is not offered on the Intemet.PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of 20 multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your coloured answer sheet.TEXT AWe had been wanting to expand our children's horizons by taking them to a place that was unlike anything we'd been exposed to during our travels in Europe and the United States. In thinking about what was possible from Geneva, where we are based, we decided on a trip toIstanbul, a two-hour plane ride from Zurich.We envisioned the trip as a prelude to more exotic ones, perhaps to New Delhi or Bangkok later this year, but thought our 11- and 13-year-olds needed a first step away from manicured boulevards and pristine monuments.What we didn't foresee was the reaction of friends, who warned that we were putting our children "in danger," referring vaguely, and most incorrectly, to disease, terrorism or just the unknown. To help us get acquainted with the peculiarities of Istanbul and to give our children a chance to choose what they were particularly interested in seeing, we bought an excellentguidebook and read it thoroughly before leaving.Friendly warnings didn't change our planning, although we might have more prudently checked with the U.S. State Department's list of troublespots. We didn't see a lot of children among the foreign visitors during our six-day stay in Istanbul, but we found the tourist areas quite safe, very interesting and varied enough even to suit our son, whose oft-repeated request is that we not see "every single" church and museum in a given city.Vaccinations weren't needed for the city, but we were concemed about adapting to the water for a short stay. So we used bottled water for drinking and brushing our teeth, a precaution that mayseem excessive, but we all stayed healthy.Taking the advice of a friend, we booked a hotel a 20-minute walk from most of Istanbul's major tourist sites. This not only got us some morning exercise, strolling over the Karakoy Bridge, but took us past a colorful assortment of fishermen, vendors and shoe shiners.From a teenager and pre-teen's view, Istanbul street life is fascinating since almost everything can be bought outdoors. They were at a good age to spend time wandering the labyrinth of the Spice Bazaar, where shops display mounds of pungent herbs in sacks. Doing thiswith younger children would be harder simply because the streets are so packed with people; itwould be easy to get lost.For our two, whose buying experience consisted of department stores and shopping mall boutiques, it was amazing to discover that you could bargain over price and perhaps end up with two of something for the price of one. They also learned to figure out the relative value of the Turkish lira, not a small matter with its many zeros.Being exposed to Islam was an important part of our trip. Visiting the mosques, especially the enormous Blue Mosque, was our first glimpse into how this major religion is practiced. Our children's curiosity already had been piqued by the five daily calls to prayer over loudspeakers in every corner of the city, and the scarves covering the heads of many women.Navigating meals can be troublesome with children, but a kebab, bought on the street or in restaurants, was unfailingly popular. Since we had decided this trip was not for gourmets, kebabs spared us the agony of trying to find a restaurant each day that would suit the adults' desire to try something new amid children's insistence that the food be served immediately. Gradually, we branched out to try some other Turkish specialties.Although our son had studied Islam briefly, it is impossible to be prepared for every awkward question that might come up, such as during our visits to the Topkapi Sarayi, the Ottoman Sultans' palace. No guides were available so it was do-it-yourself, using our guidebook,which cheated us of a lot of interesting history and anecdotes that a professional guide could provide. Next time, we resolved to make such arrangements in advance.plex, with its imperial treasures, its courtyards and its harem. The last required a bit of explanation that we would have happily lef~to a learned third party.11. The couple chose Istanbul as their holiday destination mainly becauseA. the city is not too far away from where they lived.B. the city is not on the list of the U.S. State Department.C. the city is between the familiar and the exotic.D. the city is more familiar than exotic.12. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?A. The family found the city was exactly what they had expected.B. Their friends were opposed to their holiday plan.C. They could have been more cautious about bringing kids along.D. They were a bit cautious about the quality of water in the city.13. We learn from the couple's shopping experience back home thatA. they were used to bargaining over price.B. they preferred to buy things outdoors.C. street markets were their favourite.D. they preferred fashion and brand names.14. The last two paragraphs suggest that to visit places of interest in IstanbulA. guidebooks are very useful.B. a professional guide is a must.C. one has to be prepared for questions.D. one has to make arrangements in advance15. The family have seen or visited all the following in Istanbul EXCEPTA. religious prayers.B. historical buildings.C. local-style markets.D. shopping mall boutiques.TEXT BLast month the first baby-boomers turned 60. The bulky generation born between 1946 and1964 is heading towards retirement. The looming "demographic cliff" will see vast numbers ofskilled workers dispatched from the labour force.The workforce is ageing across the rich world. Within the EU the number of workers aged between 50 and 64 will increase by 25% over the next two decades, while those aged 20-29 willdecrease by 20%. In Japan almost 20% of the population is already over 65, the highest share inthe world. And in the United States the number of workers aged 55-64 will have increased bymore than half in this decade, at the same time as the 35- to 44-year-olds decline by 10%.Given that most societies are geared to retirement at around 65, companies have a loomingproblem of knowledge management, of making sure that the boomers do not leave before theyhave handed over their expertise along with the office keys and their e-mail address. A survey ofhuman-resources directors by IBM last year concluded: "When the baby-boomer generationretires, many companies will find out too late that a career's worth of experience has walked outthe door, leaving insufficient talent to fill in the void."Some also face a shortage of expertise. In aerospace and defence, for example, as much as40% of the workforce in some companies will be eligible to retire within the next five years. At the same time, the number of engineering graduates in developed countries is in steep decline.A few companies are so squeezed that they are already taking exceptional measures. Earlierthis year the Los Angeles Times interviewed an enterprising Australian who was staying inBeverly Hills while he tried to persuade locals to emigrate to Toowoomba, Queensland, to workfor his engineering company there. Toowoomba today; the rest of the developed world tomorrow?If you look hard enough, you can find companies that have begun to adapt the workplace to older workers. The AARP, an American association for the over-50s, produces an annual list ofthe best employers of its members. Health-care firms invariably come near the top because they are one of the industries most in need of skilled labour. Other sectors similarly affected, says the Conference Board, include oil, gas, energy and government.Near the top of the AARP's latest list comes Deere & Company, a no-nonsenseindustrial-equipment manufacturer based in Illinois; about 35% of Deere's 46,000 employees areover 50 and a number of them are in their 70s. The tools it uses to achieve that –flexible working, telecommuting, and so forth - also coincidentaUy help older workers to extend their working lives. The company spends "a lot of time" on the ergonomics of its factories, making jobs there less tiring, which enables older workers to stay at them for longer.Likewise, for more than a decade, Toyota, arguably the world's most advanced manufacturer, has adapted its workstations to older workers. The shortage of skilled labour available to the automotive industry has made it unusually keen to recruit older workers. BMW recently set up a factory in Leipzig that expressly set out to employ people over the age of 45.Needs must when the devil drives.Other firms are polishing their alumni networks. IBM uses its network to recruit retired people for particular projects. Ernst & Young, a professional-services firm, has about 30,000 registered alumni, and about 25% of its "experienced" new recruits are former employees who return after an absence.But such examples are unusual. A survey in America last month by Ernst & Young found that "although corporate America foresees a significant workforce shortage as boomers retire, it is not dealing with the issue." Almost three-quarters of the 1,400 global companies questioned by Deloitte last year said they expected a shortage of salaried staff over the next three to five years. Yet few of them are looking to older workers to fill that shortage; and even fewer are looking to them to fill another gap that has already appeared. Many firms in Europe and America complain that they struggle to find qualified directors for their boards - this when the pool of retired talent from those very same firms is growing by leaps and bounds.Why are firms not working harder to keep old employees? Part of the reason is that the crunch has been beyond the horizon of most managers. Nor is hanging on to older workers the only way to cope with a falling supply of labour. The participation of developing countries in the world economy has increased the overall supply - whatever the local effect of demographics in the rich countries. A vast amount of work is being sent offshore to such places as China and India and more will go in future. Some countries, such as Australia, are relaxing their immigration policies to allow much needed skills to come in from abroad. Others will avoid the need for workers by spending money on machinery and automation.16. According to the passage, the most serious consequence of baby-boomers approaching retirement would beA. a loss of knowledge and experience to many companies.B. a decrease in the number of 35- to 44- year-olds.C. a continuous increase in the number of 50-to 64-year-olds.D. its impact on the developed world whose workforce is ageing.17. The following are all the measures that companies have adopted to cope with the ageing workforce EXCEPTA. making places of work accommodate the needs of older workers.B. using alumni networks to hire retired former employees.C. encouraging former employees to work overseas.D. granting more convenience in working hours to older workers.18. "The company spends 'a lot of time' on the ergonomics of its factories" (Paragraph Seven) means thatA. the company attaches great importance to the layout of its factories.B. the company improves the working conditions in its factories.C. the company attempts to reduce production costs of its factories.D. the company intends to renovate its factories and update equipment.19. In the author's opinion American firms are not doing anything to deal with the issue of theageing workforce mainly becauseA. they have not been aware of the problem.B. they are reluctant to hire older workers.C. they are not sure of what they should do.D. they have other options to consider.20. Which of the following best describes the author's development of argument?A. introducing the issue---citing ways to deal with the issue---~describing the actualstatus---offering reasons.B. describing the actual status--- introducing the issue---citing ways to deal with theissue---offering reasons.C. citing ways to deal with the issue---introducing the issue----describing the actualstatus---offering reasons.D. describing the actual status--offering reasons---introducing the issue---citing ways todeal with the issue.TEXT C(1) The other problem that arises from the employment of women is that of the working wife.It has two aspects: that of the wife who is more of a success than her husband and that of the wife who must rely heavily on her husband for help with domestic tasks. There are various ways in which the impact of the first difficulty can be reduced. Provided that husband and wife are not in the same or directly comparable lines of work, the harsh fact of her greater success can be obscured by a genial conspiracy to reject a purely monetary measure of achievement as intolerably crude. Where there are ranks, it is best if the couple work in different fields so that the husband can find some special reason for the superiority of the lowest figure in his to the most elevated in his wife's.(2) A problem that affects a much larger number of working wives is the need to re-allocate domestic tasks if there are children. In The Road to Wigan Pier George Orwell wrote of the unemployed of the Lancashire coalfields: "Practically never ... in a working-class home, will you see the man doinga stroke of the housework. Unemployment has not changed this convention,which on the face of it seems a little unfair. The man is idle from morning to night but the woman is as busy as ever - more so, indeed, because she has to manage with less money. Yet so far as myexperience goes the women do not protest. They feel that a man would lose his manhood if, merely because he was out of work, he developed in a Mary Ann3) It is over the care of young children that this re-allocation of duties becomes really significant. For this, unlike the cooking of fish fingers or the making of beds, is an inescapably time-consuming occupation, and time is what the fully employed wife has no more to spare of than her husband.(4) The male initiative in courtship is a pretty indiscriminate affair, something that is tried on with any remotely plausible woman who comes within range and, of course, with all degrees of tentativeness. What decides the issue of whether a genuine courtship is going to get under way is the woman's response. If she shows interest the engines of persuasion are set in movement. The truth is that in courtship society gives women the real power while pretending to give it to men. (5) What does seem clear is that the more men and women are together, at work and awayfrom it, the more the comprehensive amorousness of men towards women will have to go, despiteall its past evolutionary services. For it is this that makes inferiority at work abrasive and, more indirectly, makes domestic work seem unmanly, if there is to be an equalizing redistribution of economic and domestic tasks between men and women there must be a compensating redistribution of the erotic initiative. If women will no longer let us beat them they must allow us to join them as the blushing recipients of flowers and chocolates.21. Paragraph One advises the working wife who is more successful than her husband toA. work in the same sort of job as her husband.B. play down her success, making it sound unimportant.C. stress how much the family gains from her high salary.D. introduce more labour-saving machinery into the home.22. Orwell's picture of relations between man and wife in Wigan Pier (Paragraph Two) describes a relationship which the author of the passageA. thinks is the natural one.B. wishes to see preserved.C. believes is fair.D. is sure must change.23. Which of the following words is used literally, NOT metaphorically?A. Abrasive (Paragraph Five).B. Engines (Paragraph Four).C. Convention (Paragraph Two).D. Heavily (Paragraph One).24. The last paragraph stresses that if women are to hold important jobs, then they mustA. sometimes make the first advances in love.B. allow men to flirt with many women.C. stop accepting presents of flowers and chocolates.D. avoid making their husbands look like "Mary Anns".25. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about the present form of courtship?A. Men are equally serious about courtship.B. Each man "makes passes" at many women.C. The woman's reaction decides the fate of courtship.D. The man leaves himself the opportunity to give up the chase quickly.TEXT DFrom Namche Bazaar, the Sherpa capital at 12,000 feet, the long line threaded south,dropping 2,000 feet to the valley floor, then trudged down the huge Sola-Khumbu canyon until it opened out to the lush but still daunting foothills of Central Nepal.It was here at Namche that one man broke rank and leaned north, slowly and arduouslyclimbing the steep walls of the natural amphitheater behind the scatter of stone huts, then past Kunde and Khumjong.Despite wearing a balaclava on his head, he had been frequently recognized by the Tibetans,and treated with the gravest deference and respect. Even among those who knew nothing about him, expressions of surprise lit up their dark, liquid eyes. He was a man not expected to be there. Not only was his stature substantially greater than that of the diminutive Tibetans, but itwas also obvious from his bearing - and his new broadcloak, which covered a much-too-tightarmy uniform - that he came from a markedly loftier station in life than did the average Tibetan. Among a people virtually bereft of possessions, he had fewer still, consisting solely of a rounded bundle about a foot in diameter slung securely by a cord over his shoulder. The material the bundle was wrapped in was of a rough Tibetan weave, which did not augur that the content wasof any greater value - except for the importance he seemed to ascribe to it, never for a moment releasing his grip.His objective was a tiny huddle of buildings perched halfway up an enormous valley wallacross from him, atop a great wooded spur jutting out from thelower lap of the 22,493-foot AmaDablum, one of the most majestic mountains on earth. There was situated Tengboche, the most famous Buddhist monastery in the Himalayas, its setting unsurpassed for magnificence anywhere on the planet.From the top of the spur, one's eyes sweep 12 miles up the stupendous Dudh Kosi canyonto the six-mile-long granite wall of cliff of Nuptse at its head. If Ama Dablum is the Gatekeeper,then the sheer cliff of Nuptse, never less than four miles high, is the Final Protector of the highest and mightiest of them all: Chomolongma, the Mother Goddess of the World, to the Tibetans; Sagarmatha, the Head of the Seas, to the Nepalese; and Everest to the rest of us. And over the great barrier of Nuptse She demurely peaks.It was late in the afternoon - when the great shadows cast by the colossal mountains were descending into the deep valley floors - before he reached the crest of the spur and shuffled to a stop just past Tengboche's entrance gompa. His chest heaving in the rarefied air, he removed his hand from the bundle--the first time he had done so - and wiped grimy rivulets of sweat from around his eyes with the fingers of his mitted hand.His narrowed eyes took in the open sweep of the quiet grounds, the pagoda-like monastery itself, and the stone buildings that tumbled down around it like a protective skirt. In the distance the magic light of the magic hour lit up the plume flying off Chomolongma's 29,029-foot-high crest like a bright, welcoming banner.His breathing calmed, he slowly, stiffly struggled forward and up the rough stone steps tothe monastery entrance. There he was greeted with a respectful nameste -"I recognize the divinein you" - from a tall, slim monk of about 35 years, who hastily set aside a twig broom he had been using to sweep the flagstones of the inner courtyard. While he did so, the visitor noticedthat the monk was missing the small finger on his left hand. The stranger spoke a few formal words in Tibetan, and then the two disappeared inside.Early the next morning the emissary - lightened of his load - appeared at the monastery entrance, accompanied by the same monk and the elderly abbot. After a bow of his head, which was returned much more deeply by the two ocher-robed residents, he took his leave. The two solemn monks watched, motionless, until he dipped over the ridge on which the monastery sat, and out of sight.Then, without a word, they turned and went back inside the monastery.26. Which of the following words in Paragraph One implies difficulty in walking?A. "threaded".B. "dropping".C. "trudged".D. "daunting".27. In the passage the contrast between the Tibetans and the man is indicated in all the following aspects EXCEPTA. clothing.B. height.C. social status.D. personal belongings.28. It can be inferred from the passage that one can get ______ of the region from the monastery.A. a narrow viewB. a hazy viewC. a distant viewD. a panoramic view29. Which of the following details shows that the man became relaxed after he reached the monastery?A. "...he reached the crest of the spur and shuffled to a stop..."B. "...he removed his hand from the bundle..."C. "His narrowed eyes took in the open sweep of the quiet grounds..."D. "...he slowly, stiffly struggled forward and up the rough stone steps..."30. From how it is described in the passage the monastery seems to evokeA. a sense of awe.B. a sense of piety.C. a sense of fear.D. a sense of mystery.PART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (10 MIN)There are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answer to each question. Mark your answers on your coloured answer sheet.31. The Head of State of New Zealand isA. the governor-general.B. the Prime Minister.C. the high commissioner.D. the monarch of the United Kingdom.32. The capital of Scotland isA. Glasgow.B. Edinburgh.C. Manchester.D. London.33. Who wrote the Declaration of Independence and later became the U.S. President?A. Thomas Jefferson.B. George Washington.C. Thomas Paine.D. John Adams.。

achemso—Support for submissions to American Chemical Society journals∗Joseph Wright†Released2009/02/03AbstractThe achemso bundle provides a L A T E X classfile and B ib T E X stylefile in accordance with the requirements of the American Chemical Society.The files can be used for any documents,but have been carefully designed and tested to be suitable for submission to acs journals.The bundle also includes the natmove package.This package is loaded by achemso,and provides automatic moving of superscript citations after punctuation.Contents1Introduction12The classfile22.1Class options (2)2.2Manuscript meta-data.22.3Bibliography notes (4)2.4Floats (4)2.5Special sections.....53The packagefile53.1Altering the behaviour ofnatbib (5)3.2Package options (5)4The BibT E X stylefiles6 5Change History6 6Index6 7References71IntroductionSupport for B ib T E X bibliography following the requirements of the American Chemical Society(acs),along with a package to make these easy to have been available since version one of achemso.The re-write from version1to version 2made a number of improvements to the package,and also added a number of new features.However,neither version one nor version two of the package was targeted directly at use for submissions to acs journals.This new release of achemso addresses this issue.The bundle consists of four parts.Thefirst is a L A T E X2εclass,intended for use in submissions.It is based on the standard article class,but makes various ∗Thisfile describes version v3.1a,last revised2009/02/03.†E-mail:joseph.wright@1changes to facilitate ease of use.The second part is the L A T E X package,which isloaded by the class.The package contains the parts of the bundle which might beappropriate for use with other document classes.1Thirdly,two B ib T E X stylefilesare included.These are used by both the class and the package,but can be useddirectly if desired.Finally,an example document is included;this is intended toact a potential template for submission,and illustrates the use of the classfile.2The classfileThe classfile has been designed for use in submitting journals to the acs.It usesall of the modifications described here(those in the package as well as those inthe class).The accompanying example manuscript can be used as a template forthe correct use of the classfile.It is intended to act as a model for submission.When submitting communications to J.Am.Chem.Soc.,the class will automa-tically lay the document out in the publication style.This allows the author tojudge the length of text submitted more accurately.Changing the manuscriptin the demonstration document to communication will illustrate the effect.2.1Class optionsThe class supports a limited number of options,which are specifically-targeted at journalsubmission.The class uses the keyval system for options,in the form key=value.The most important option is journal.This is the name of the target journal forthe publication.The package is designed such that the choice of journal will setup the correct bibliography style and so on.The journals currently recognised bythe package are summarised in Table1.If an unknown journal is specified,thepackage will fall-back on the journal=jacsat option.The second option is the manuscript option.This specifies the type of manuscriptpaper in the manuscript.The values here are article,note,communication,review,letter and perspective.The valid values will depend on thevalue of journal.The manuscript option determines whether sections andan abstract are valid.The value suppinfo is also available for supportinginformation.Other options are provided by the package,but when used with the class these are silently ignored.2.2Manuscript meta-dataWhen using the achemso class,the\title macro takes an optional argument.\titleThis is intended for a short version of the title,for use in running headers.Thetitle in the running headers is designed to ensure that print-outs of the manuscriptare easily identified.Inspired by REVT E X4,the achemso class alters the method for adding au-\author\affiliation \alsoaffiliation \altaffiliation\email thor information to the manuscript.Each author should be given as a separate \author command.These should be followed by an\affiliation,which applies to the preceding authors.The\affiliation macro takes an optional argument,for a short version of the affiliation.2At least one author should be 1For example,when writing a thesis.2This will usually be the university or company name.2Table1:Values for journal optionJournal Setting Acc.Chem.Res.achre4 ACS Chem.Biol.acbcct ACS Nano ancac3 Anal.Chem.ancham Biochemistry bichaw Bioconjugate Chem.bcches Biomacromolecules bomaf6 Biotechnol.Prog.bipret Chem.Res.Toxicol.crtoec Chem.Rev.chreay Chem.Mater.cmatex Cryst.Growth Des.cgdefu Energy Fuels enfuem Environ.Sci.Technol.esthag Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.iecred Inorg.Chem.inoraj J.Agric.Food Chem.jafcau J.Chem.Eng.Data jceaax J.Chem.Inf.Model.jcisd8 J.Chem.Theory Comput.jctcce b.Chem.jcchff J.Med.Chem.jmcmar J.Nat.Prod.jnprdf .Chem.joceah J.Phys.Chem.A jpcafh J.Phys.Chem.B jpcbfk J.Phys.Chem.C jpccck J.Proteome Res.jprobs J.Am.Chem.Soc.jacsat Langmuir langd5 Macromolecules mamobx Mol.Pharm.mpohbp Nano Lett.nalefd Org.Lett.orlef7 Org.Proc.Res.Dev.oprdfk Organometallics orgnd73followed by an\email macro,containing contact details.All authors with ane-mail address are automatically marked with a star.The example manuscript de-monstrates the use of all of these macros.Notice that\alsoaffiliationis used when one(or more)authors work at multiple institutions,while\altaffiliation is intended for previous addresses(or other notes).Only\affiliation applies to multiple authors:both\alsoaffiliation and\altaffiliation are set on a per author basis.\author{Author Person}\author{Second Bloke}\email{second.bloke@some.place}\affiliation[University of Sometown]{University of Somewhere,Sometown,USA}\altaffiliation{Previous address:Minute University,Nowhereville,USA}\author{Indus Trialguy}\email{i.trialguy@sponsor.co}\affiliation[SponsoCo]{Research Department,SponsorCo,BigCity,USA}\alsoaffiliation{University of Somewhere,Sometown,USA}The method used for setting the meta-data means that the normal\and \and\thanks and\thanks macros are not appropriate in the achemso class.Both produce a warning if used.The meta-data items should be given in the preamble to the L A T E Xfile,and no\maketitle macro is required in the document body.This is all handled bythe classfile directly.At least one author,affiliation and e-mail address must bespecified.2.3Bibliography notesBy loading the notes2bib package,the class provides the\bibnote macro.This \bibnoteis intended for addition of notes to the bibliography(references).The macroaccepts a single argument,which is transferred to the bibliography by B ib T E X.Some text.1Some text\bibnote{This note text will be inthe bibliography}.2.4FloatsThe class defines three newfloating environments:scheme,chart and graph.3 schemechart graph These can be used as expected to include graphical content.The placement of these newfloats and the standard table and figurefloats is altered to be “here”if possible.The contents of allfloats is automatically horizontally centred on the page.Cross-referencing tofloats automatically includes the name of thefloating environment.For example,\ref{table:one}will yield“Table1”without the user adding the“Table”part.3This is done in the class as life is complex for packages due to differing mechanisms in memoir and koma-script.42.5Special sectionsThe sections for acknowledgements and supporting information have dedicated acknowledgementsuppinfo environments available.These ensure that the section headings are generated, and that the text is sized corrected when using creating a JACS Communication.\begin{acknowldegment}The authors thank A.N.~Other.\end{acknowldegment}\begin{suppinfo}Full characterization data for all new compounds.This material is available for download from\url{}\end{suppinfo}3The packagefileThe packagefile is loaded by the class,but can also be loaded independently.Theclass contains only items focussed on submission;more generally-useful itemsare stored in the package.3.1Altering the behaviour of natbibachemso comes with the natmove package,which adds cite-like functionalityto natbib.4Thus citations may be made using all of the natbib commands(\citeauthor,\citeyear,etc.).For superscript citations,the number will bemoved after punctuation as needed.The user should therefore write citationssuitable for“in line”use and leave the positioning to the package.Some text2some more text. Some text ending a sentence.2Some text\cite{Coghill2006}some more text.\\ Some text ending a sentence\cite{Coghill2006}.3.2Package optionsThe journal and manuscript options have no effect when using the packagewithout the class.Instead,the user can control various aspects of the behaviourof the package directly.5The options all relate to aspects of reference handling.The super option affects the handling of superscript reference markers.superThe option switches this behaviour on and off(and takes Boolean values:super=true and super=false are valid).The maxauthors and usetitle options change the output of the B ib T E X maxauthorsusetitle stylefiles.maxauthors is the number of authors allowed before truncation to“et al.”occurs.The default is15,but can be increased(for example forsupplementary information).Using the value0means that all authors will beadded to the list.The usetitle option is a Boolean,and sets whether the title ofa paper referenced appears in the bibliography.The default is usetitle=false.Redefining the formatting of the numbers used in the bibliography usually re-biblabel4The code is a copy from cite with minor modifications.5Using the package alone probably means a report or thesis is being written,and so prescriptive application of journal style is not appropriate.5quires modifying internal L A T E X macros.The biblabel option makes thesechanges more accessible:valid values are plain(use the number only),brackets(surround the number in brackets)and period or fullstop(followthe number by a full stop/period).Most acs journals use the same bibliography style,with the only variation biochemistrybiochem being the inclusion of article titles.However,a small number of journals use a rather different style;the journal Biochemistry is probably the most prominent.The biochemistry or biochem option uses the style of Biochemistry for the bi-bliography,rather than the normal acs style.For this style,the usetitle=trueoption is the default.64The BibT E X stylefilesachemso is supplied with two stylefiles,achemso.bst and biochem.bst.The direct use of these without the achemso packagefile is not recommen-ded,but is possible.The stylefiles can be loaded in the usual way,with a\bibliographystyle command.The natbib and micteplus packages must beloaded by the L A T E Xfile concerned,if the achemso package is not in use.The B ib T E X stylefiles implement the bibliographic style specified by the acs in The ACS Style Guide.2By default,article titles are not included in output usingthe achemso.bstfile,but are with the biochem.bstfile.5Change History2008/11/08General:Added\alsoaffiliation macro (2)v1.0General:Initial release of packageby Mats Dahlgren...........1v2.0General:Re-write of package by Jo-seph Wright (1)v3.0General:Second re-write,convertingto a class and giving much tigh-ter integration with acs submis-sion system (1)6IndexNumbers written in italic refer to the page where the corresponding entry is described;numbers underlined refer to the code line of the definition;numbers in roman refer to the code lines where the entry is used.Aacknowledgement(environment) (5)\affiliation (2)\alsoaffiliation (2)\altaffiliation (2)\and.........................4\author. (2)Bbiblabel(option) (5)\bibnote (4)biochem(option) (6)6More accurately,the default built into the B ib T E X stylefile is to use article titles with the Biochemistry style.6biochemistry(option) (6)Cchart(environment) (4)E\email (2)environments:acknowledgement (5)chart (4)graph (4)scheme (4)suppinfo (5)Ggraph(environment) (4)Jjournal(option) (2)Mmanuscript(option) (2)maxauthors(option) (5)Ooptions:biblabel (5)biochem (6)biochemistry (6)journal (2)manuscript (2)maxauthors (5)super (5)usetitle (5)Sscheme(environment) (4)super(option) (5)suppinfo(environment) (5)T\thanks (4)\title (2)Uusetitle(option) (5)7References(1)This note text will be in the bibliography.(2)The ACS Style Guide,3rd ed.;Coghill,A.M.,Garson,L.R.,Eds.;OxfordUniversity Press,Inc.and The American Chemical Society:New York,2006.7。

必修（4）语法单句训练Unit one (主谓一致)（用所给词的正确形式填空）1．What we need (be) more time and what they need (be) more workers.2. This is one of the most exciting theme parks that I (have) visited, and Lily is the only one of the cleverest students who (have) worked out the problem.3. A large amount of damage (be) done to the city in a very short time and large amounts of money (be)spent in rebuilding the city.4. The wounded （be）sent to the hospital immediately and the dying person (be) seriously injured.5. A number of students （have）gone to the countryside to help the farmers and the number of the students remained (be) one hundred.6. About three—fourths of the earth’s surface(be) covered with water and three—fifths of workers here (be) women.7. Neither you nor I nor anybody else (know) anything about it.8. Tom or his brothers (are) waiting in the hall.9. Truth and honesty (be) the best policy.10. Going to bed early and getting up early (be) a good habit.11. The farmer as well as his wife and children (be) very sad for their damaged crops.12. The peasant and scientist (have) produced a special strain of super hybrid rice.13. More than one person (have) seen the explosion.14. The family (be)going to move abroad and now the whole family(be) packing luggage.15. Two hundred miles (be) quite a long distance, but one hundred yuan (be) a small sum of money.16. The crowd (be) running for their lives and the news (be) very exciting.17. This glass works (be) set up in 1980 and these glass works (lie) near the railway station.18. The police (be) searching for the murderer everywhere when he suddenly disappeared in a theatre.19. Between the two rows of trees (stand) the teaching building.20. “All (be) present and all (be) going on well.” Our monitor said.Unit two and unit three(动词v-ing 形式作主语、表语、宾语、同位语和定语)（用动词的适当形式填空）1. It is no use (complain) the bad weather.2. It is worth (visit) this wonderful marine park with only 80 yuan.3. There is no sense in (forbid) the children to play outside.4. No one can escape (punish) by the law if he breaks the law.5. You (speak) English will surely improve if you practice (speak) it every day.6. Mary’s (迟到) made the boss very angry.7. Seeing the scene, I can’t help(laugh).8. Peter had great difficult in (communicate) with others.9. (expose) to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin.10. I remember to mail the letter but forget (buy) the stamp.11. I advise (leave) early and forbid Tom (follow).12. I want to tell my father that our computer needs (repair).13. The key to (solve) the problem is to meet the demand made by the customers.14. The discovery of the new evidence led to the thief (catch).15. Students should not spend too much time (play) computer games.16. I’m looking forward to (hear) from you.17. She imagined (walk) into the office and (tell) them what she thought of them.18. King devoted himself to (fight) for the freedom for the black.19. I really appreciate your (invite) me to such a wonderful dinner.20. Your being right do esn’t mean (我错了).21. The music they are playing sounds so (excite).22. The task of this class is (practice) the idioms.23. Hen’s job is (lay) eggs.24. I’m sorry for (not keep) my promise.25. The question __ (discuss) is about how to improve the workers’ working condition.26. Hearing the (encourage) news, the students gave out______(excite) shouts.27. In order to keep warm, we had the fire (burn) all night.28. The temple (stand) on top of the hill was built in the Ming Dynasty.29. The man noticed the thief (slip) into the house.30. It is wrong to keep the students (copy) the text one thousand times.31. The lost boy was last seen (play) near the bank of the river.32. At last we found ourselves in a pleasant park with trees (provide) shade and (sit) down to eat our picnic lunch.33. Are all Chinese textbooks in your (publish) house?34. My sister likes but she doesn’t like(swim) this afternoon.35. Mr. Green sat at the door of the room with his leg (cross).36. Nothing helps success more than (know) what you are doing.37. He decided to put the (break) glass on top of the wall to stop boys (climb) over it.38. He got well—prepared for the job interview for he couldn’t risk(lose) the good opportunity.39. The flowers (smell) sweet in the garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.40. It is said that there are 68 taxi drivers (study) English for the 2008 Olympic Games, but in fact there are more.Unit 4(用动词-ing 形式完成句子)1._________ (hear) the news, they all jumped with joy.2.____________________(没吃东西) since the night before, I felt very hungry.3.The old man wrote a letter to the school, __________ (表达) his thanks to the student who had helped him.4.The hurricane brought down a great number of houses, _________________________(使成千上万的人无家可归).5.______________________________(虽然他努力地工作), he was still unable to support the whole family.6.Can you communicate with others ____________________________(用身体语言)?7.____________________ (朝窗外看)，he saw their teacher coming.8.__________________________（已经告诉他多次了）, he still couldn’t understand it.9.She sat at the desk ____________________ （看报纸）.10.____________________ (由于激动), she couldn’t say a word.11.____________ (回到家)，she began writing journals on her blog.12.The old man stood there, his back _______________________(靠着墙).13.______________________(不知道他的电话号码)，we couldn’t get in touch with him.14.This passage can be used as _________________ (听力材料)。

TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2010)-GRADE EIGHT-TIME LIMIT: 195 MIN PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (35 MIN)SECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking.Paralinguistic Features of LanguageIn face to face communication speakers often alter their tones of voices or change their physi cal posture in order to convey messages. These means are called paralinguistic features of language, which fall into two categories.First category: vocal paralinguistic features(1)_____: to express attitude or intention examples (1)_______1. whi spering: need for secrecy2. breathiness: deep emotion3. (2)_______: unimportance (2)_______4. nasality: anxiety5. extra lip-rounding: greater intimacySecond category: physi cal paralinguistic featuresA. facial expressions(3)____________ (3)_______— smiling: signal of pleasure or welcome less common expressions— eyebrow raising: surprise or interest— lip biting: (4)_________________ (4)_______ B. gestureGestures are related to culture.British culture— shrugging shoulders: (5)_______ (5)_______ — scratching head: puzzlement other cultures— placing hand upon heart: (6)_______ (6)_______ — pointing at nose: secretC. proximity, posture and echoing1. proximity: physical distance between speakers— closeness: intimacy or threat—(7)_______: formality or absence of interest (7)_______ Proximity is person-, culture- and (8)_______ -specific. (8)_______2. posture— hunched shoulders or a hanging head: to indicate (9)_______ (9)_______ — direct level eye contact: to express an open or challenging attitude3. echoing— definition: imitation of similar posture—(1)_______: aid in communication (10)_______ SECTION B INTERVIEWIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your coloured answer sheet.Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview.1. According to Dr. Johnson, diversity means _______.A. merging of different cultural identitiesB. more emphasis on homogeneityC. embracing of more ethni c differencesD. acceptance of more branches of Christianity2. According to the interview, which of the following statements is CORRECT?A. Some places are more diverse than others.B. Towns are less diverse than large cities.C. Diversity can be seen everywhere.D. America is a truly diverse country.3. According to Dr. Johnson, which place will witness a radi cal change in its racial makeup by 2025?A. Maine.B. Selinsgrove.C. Philadelphia.D. California.4. During the interview Dr. Johnson indicates that _______.A. greater racial diversity exists among younger populationsB. both older and younger populations are racially diverseC. age diversity could lead to pension problemsD. older populations are more racially diverse5. According to the interview, religious diversity _______.A. was most evident between 1990 and 2000B. exists among Muslim immigrantsC. is restricted to certain places in the USD. is spreading to more parts of the countrySECTION C NEWS BROADCASTIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your coloured answer sheet.Questions 6 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the news.6. What is the main idea of the news item?A. Sony developed a computer chip for cell phones.B. Japan will market its wallet phone abroad.C. The wallet phone is one of the wireless innovations.D. Reader devices are available at stores and stations.Questions 7 and 8 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the news.7. Which of the following is mentioned as the government's measure to control inflation?A. Foreign investment.B. Donor support.C. Price control.D. Bank prediction.8. According to Kingdom Bank, what is the current inflation rate in Zimbabwe?A. 20 million percent.B. 2.2 million percent.C. 11.2 million percent.D. Over 11.2 million percent.Question 9 and 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the question. Now listen to the news.9. Which of the following is CORRECT?A. A big fire erupted on the Nile River.B. Helicopters were used to evacuate people.C. Five people were taken to hospital for burns.D. A big fire took place on two floors.10. The likely cause of the big fire is _______ .A. electrical short-circuitB. lack of fire-safety measuresC. terrorismD. not knownPART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of 20 multiple-choice questions.Read the passages and then mark your answers on your coloured answer sheet.TEXT AWe had been wanting to expand our children's horizons by taking them to a place that was unlike anything we'd been exposed to during our travels in Europe and the United States. In thinking about what was possible from Geneva, where we are based, we decided on a trip to Istanbul, a two-hour plane ride from Zurich.Among the great cities of the world, Kolkata (formerly spelt as Calcutta), the capital of India's West Bengal, and the home of nearly 15 million people, is often mentioned as the only one that still has a large fleet of hand-pulled rickshaws.Rickshaws are not there to haul around tourists. It's the people in the lanes who most regularly use rickshaws — not the poor but people who are just a notch above the poor. They are people who tend to travel short di stances, through lanes that are sometimes inaccessible to even the most daring taxi driver. An older woman with marketing to do, for instance, can arrive in a rickshaw, have the ri ckshaw puller wait until she comes back from various stalls to load her purchases, and then be taken home. People in the lanes use rickshaws as a 24-hour ambulance service. Proprietors of cafes or corner stores send ri ckshaws to collect their supplies. The rickshaw pullers told me their steadiest customers are school children. Middle-class families contract with a puller to take a child to school and pick him up; the puller essentially becomes a family retainer.From June to September Kolkata can get torrential rains. During my stay it once rained for about 48 hours. Entire neighborhoods couldn't be reached by motorized vehi cles, and the newspapers showed pictures of ri ckshaws being pulled through water that was up to the pullers' waists. When it's raining, the normal customer base for rickshaw pullers expands greatly, as does the price of a journey. A writer in Kolkata told me, "When it rains, even the governor takes rickshaws."While I was in Kolkata, a magazine called India Today published its annual ranking of Indian states, according to such measurements as prosperity and infrastructure. Among India's 20 largest states, Bihar finished dead last, as it has for four of the past five years. Bihar, a few hundred miles north of Kolkata, is where the vast majority of rickshaw pullers come from. Once in Kolkata, they sleep on the street or in their rickshaws or in a dera — a combination of garage and repair shop and dormitory managed by someone called a sardar. For sleeping privileges in a dera, pullers pay 100 rupees (about $2.50) a month, which sounds like a pretty good deal until you've visited a dera. They gross between 100 and 150 rupees a day, out of which they have to pay 20 rupees for the use of the ri ckshaw and an occasional 75 or more for a payoff if a policeman stops them for, say, crossing a street where rickshaws are prohibited. A 2003 study found that rickshaw pullers are near the bottom of Kolkata occupations in income, doing better than only the beggars. For someone without land or education, that still beats trying to make a living in Bihar.There are people in Kolkata, particularly educated and politically aware people, who will not ride in a rickshaw, because they are offended by the idea of being pulled by another human being or because they consider it not the sort of thing people of their station do or because they regard the hand-pulled ri ckshaw as a relic of colonialism. Ironically, some of those people are not enthusiastic about banning rickshaws. The editor of the editorial pages of Kolkata's Telegraph —Rudrangshu Mukherjee, a former academi c who still writes history books — told me, for instance, that he sees humanitarian considerations as coming down on the side of keeping hand-pulled rickshaws on the road. "I refuse to be carried by another human being myself," he said, "but I question whether we have the right to take away their livelihood." Rickshaw supporters point out that when it comes to demeaning occupations, ri ckshaw pullers are hardly unique in Kolkata.When I asked one rickshaw puller if he thought the government's plan to rid the city of ri ckshaws was based on a genuineinterest in his welfare, he smiled, with a qui ck shake of his head — a gesture I interpreted to mean, "If you are so na?ve as to ask such a question, I will answer it, but it is not worth wasting words on." Some rickshaw pullers I met were resigned to the imminent end of their livelihood and pinned their hopes on being offered something in its place. As migrant workers, they don't have the political clout enjoyed by, say, Kolkata's sidewalk hawkers, who, after supposedly being scaled back at the beginning of the modernization drive, still clog the sidewalks, selling absolutely everything —or, as I found during the 48 hours of rain, absolutely everything but umbrellas. "The government was the government of the poor people," one sardar told me. "Now they shake hands with the capitalists and try to get rid of poor people."But others in Kolkata believe that ri ckshaws will simply be confined more strictly to certain neighborhoods, out of the view of World Bank traffic consultants and California investment delegations —or that they will be allowed to die out naturally as they're supplanted by more modern conveyances. Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee, after all, is not the first high West Bengal offici al to say that rickshaws would be off the streets of Kolkata in a matter of months. Similar statements have been made as far back as 1976. The ban decreed by Bhattacharjee has been delayed by a court case and by a widely held belief that some retraining or social security settlement ought to be offered to rickshaw drivers. It may also have been delayed by a quiet reluctance to give up something that has been part of the fabric of the city for more than a century. Kolkata, a resident told me, "has difficulty letting go." One day a city official handed me a report from the municipal government laying out options for how rickshaw pullers might be rehabilitated."Which option has been chosen?" I asked, noting that the report was dated almost exactly a year before my visit."That hasn't been decided," he said."When will it be decided?""That hasn't been decided," he said.11. According to the passage, ri ckshaws are used in Kolkata mainly for the following purposes EXCEPT _______.A. taking foreign tourists around the city.B. providing transport to school children.C. carrying store supplies and purchases.D. carrying people over short di stances.12. Which of the following statements best describes the ri ckshaw pullers from Bihar?A. They come from a relatively poor area.B. They are provided with decent accommodation.C. Their living standards are very low in Kolkata.D. They are often caught by policemen in the streets.13. That "For someone without land or education, that still beats trying to make a living in Bihar" (4th paragraph) means that even so, _______.A. the poor prefer to work and live in Bihar.B. the poor from Bihar fare better than back home.C. the poor never try to make a living in Bihar.D. the poor never seem to resent their life in Kolkata.14. We can infer from the passage that some educated and politically aware people _______.A. hold mixed feelings towards rickshaws.B. strongly support the ban on rickshaws.C. call for humanitarian actions for rickshaw pullers.D. keep quiet on the i ssue of banning rickshaws.15. Which of the following statements conveys the author's sense of humour?A. "...— not the poor but people who are just a notch above the poor." (2nd paragraph)B. "..., whic h sounds like a pretty good deal until you’ve visited a dera." (4th paragraph)C. Kolkata, a resident told me, "has diffi culty letting go." (7th paragraph)D. "...or, as I found during the 48 hours of rain, absolutely everything but umbrellas." (6th paragraph)16. The dialogue between the author and the city official at the end of the passage seems to suggest _______.A. the uncertainty of the court's decision.B. the inefficiency of the municipal government.C. the difficulty of finding a good solution.D. the slowness in processing options.TEXT BDepending on whom you believe, the average Ameri can will, over a lifetime, wait in lines for two years (says National Public Radio) or five years (according to some customer-loyalty experts).The crucial word is average, as wealthy Americans routinely avoid lines altogether. Once the most democratic of instituti ons, lines are rapidly becoming the exclusive province of suckers (people who still believe in and practice waiting in lines). Poor suckers, mostly.Airports resemble France before the Revolution: first-class passengers enjoy "élite" security lines and priority boarding, and disembark before the unwashed in coach, held at bay by a flight attendant, are allowed to foul the Jet-way.At amusement parks, too, you can now buy your way out of line. This summer I haplessly watched kids use a $52 Gold Flash Pass to jump the lines at Six Flags New England, and similar systems are in use in most major American theme parks, from Universal Orlando to Walt Disney World, where the haves get to watch the have-mores breeze past on their way to their seats.Flash Pass teaches children a valuable lesson in real-world economics: that the rich are more important than you, especially when it comes to waiting. An NBA player once said to me, with a bemused chuckle of disbelief, that when playing in Canada —get this — "We have to wait in the same customs line as everybody else."Almost every line can be breached for a pri ce. In several U.S. cities thi s summer, early arrivers among the early adopters waiting to buy iPhones offered to sell their spots in the lines. On Craigslist, prospective iPhone purchasers offered to pay "waiters" or "placeholders" to wait in line for them outside Apple stores.Inevitably, some semi-populist politicians have seen the value of sort-of waiting in lines with the ordinary people. This summer Philadelphia mayor John Street waited outside an AT&T store from 3:30 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. before a stand-in from hi s offi ce literally stood in for the mayor while he conducted offi cial business. And billionaire New York mayor Michael Bloomberg often waits for the subway with his fellow citizens, though he's first driven by motorcade past the stop nearest his house to astation 22 blocks away, where the wait, or at least the ride, is shorter.As early as elementary school, we're told that jumping the line is an unethi cal act, which is why so many U.S. lawmakers have framed the immigration debate as a kind of fundamental sin of the school lunch line. Alabama Senator Richard Shelby, to cite just one legislator, said amnesty would allow illegal immigrants "to cut in line ahead of millions of people."Nothing annoys a national lawmaker more than a person who will not wait in line, unless that line is in front of an elevator at the U.S. Capitol, where Senators and Representatives use private elevators, lest they have to queue with their constituents.But compromising the integrity of the line is not just antidemocratic, it's out-of-date. There was something about the orderly boarding of Noah's Ark, two by two, that seemed to restore not just civilization but civility during the Great Flood.How civil was your last flight? Southwest Airlines has first-come, first-served festival seating. But for $5 per flight, an unaffiliated company called will secure you a coveted "A" boarding pass when that airline opens for online check-in 24 hours before departure. Thus, the savvy traveler doesn't even wait in line when he or she is online.Some cultures are not renowned for lining up. Then again, some cultures are too adept at lining up: a citizen of the former Soviet Union would join a queue just so he could get to the head of that queue and see what everyone was queuing for.And then there is the U.S., where society seems to be cleaving into two groups: Very Important Persons, who don't wait, and Very Impatient Persons, who do — unhappily.For those of us in the latter group — consigned to coach, bereft of Flash Pass, too poor or proper to pay a placeholder — what do we do? We do what Vladimir and Estragon did in Waiting for Godot: "We wait. We are bored."17. What does the following sentence mean? "Once the most democratic of institutions, lines are rapidly becoming the exclusive province of suckers ... Poor suckers, mostly." (2nd paragraph)A. Lines are symbolic of America's democracy.B. Lines still give Americans equal opportunities.C. Lines are now for ordinary Americans only.D. Lines are for people with democratic spirit only.18. Which of the following is NOT cited as an example of breaching the line?A. Going through the customs at a Canadian airport.B. Using Gold Flash Passes in amusement parks.C. First-class passenger status at airports.D. Purchase of a place in a line from a placeholder.19. We can infer from the passage that politicians (including mayors and Congressmen) _______.A. prefer to stand in lines with ordinary people.B. advocate the value of waiting in lines.C. believe in and practice waiting in lines.D. exploit waiting in lines for their own good.20. What is the tone of the passage?A. Instructive.B. Humorous.C. Serious.D. Teasing.TEXT CA bus took him to the West End, where, among the crazy coloured fountains of illumination, shattering the blue dusk with green and crimson fire, he found the café of his choice, a tea-shop that had gone mad and turned Babylonian, a white palace with ten thousand lights. It towered above the older buildings like a citadel, which indeed it was, the outpost of a new age, perhaps a new civilization, perhaps a new barbarism; and behind the thin marble front were concrete and steel, just as behind the careless profusion of luxury were millions of pence, balanced to the last halfpenny. Somewhere in the background, hidden away, behind the ten thousand lights and acres of white napery and bewildering glittering rows of teapots, behind the thousand waitresses and cash-box girls and black-coated floor managers and temperamental long-haired violinists, behind the mounds of cauldrons of stewed steak, the vanloads of i ces, were a few men who went to work juggling with fractions of a farthing, who knew how many units of electri city it took to finish a steak-and-kidney pudding and how many minutes and seconds a waitress (five feet four in height and in average health) would need to carry a tray of given weight from the kitchen lift to the table in the far corner. In short, there was a warm, sensuous, vulgar life flowering in the upper storeys, and a cold science working in the basement. Such was the gigantic tea-shop into which Turgis marched, in search not of mere refreshment but of all the enchantment of unfamiliar luxury. Perhaps he knew in his heart that men have conquered half the known world, looted whole kingdoms, and never arrived in such luxury. The place was built for him.It was built for a great many other people too, and, as usual, they were all there. It steamed with humanity. The marble entrance hall, piled dizzily with bonbons and cakes, was as crowded and bustling as a railway station. The gloom and grime of the streets, the raw air, all November, were at once left behind, forgotten: the atmosphere inside was golden, tropical, belonging to some high mid-summer of confectionery. Disdaining the lifts, Turgis, once more excited by the sight, sound, and smell of it all, climbed the wide staircase until he reached his favourite floor, where an orchestra led by a young Jewish violinist with wandering lustrous eyes and a passion for tremolo effects, acted as a magnet to a thousand girls. The door was swung open for him by a page; there burst, like a sugary bomb, the clatter of cups, the shrill chatter of white-and-vermilion girls, and, cleaving the gol den, scented air, the sensuous clamour of the strings; and, as he stood hesitating a moment, half dazed, there came, bowing, a sleek grave man, older than he was and far more distinguished than he could ever hope to be, who murmured deferentially: "For one, sir? This way, please." Shyly, yet proudly, Turgis followed him.21. That "behind the thin marble front were concrete and steel" suggests that _______.A. modern realistic commercialism existed behind the luxurious appearance.B. there was a fundamental falseness in the style and the appeal of the café.C. the architect had made a sensible blend of old and new building materials.D. the cafe was based on physical foundations and real economic strength.22. The following words or phrases are somewhat critical of the tea-shop EXCEPT _______.A. "... turned Babylonian".B. "perhaps a new barbarism".C. "acres of white napery".D. "balanced to the last halfpenny".23. In its context the statement that "the place was built for him" means that the café was intended to _______.A. please simple people in a simple way.B. exploit gullible people like him.C. satisfy a demand that already existed.D. provide relaxation for tired young men.24. Which of the following statements about the second paragraph is NOT true?A. The café appealed to most senses simultaneously.B. The café was both full of people and full of warmth.C. The inside of the café was contrasted with the weather outside.D. It stressed the commercial determination of the café owners.25. The following are comparisons made by the author in the second paragraph EXCEPT that _______.A. the entrance hall is compared to a railway station.B. the orchestra is compared to a magnet.C. Turgis welcomed the lift like a conquering soldier.D. the interior of the café is compared to warm countries.26. The author's attitude to the café is _______.A. fundamentally critical.B. slightly admiring.C. quite undecided.D. completely neutral.TEXT DNow elsewhere in the world, Iceland may be spoken of, somewhat breathlessly, as Western Europe's last pristine wilderness. But the environmental awareness that is sweeping the world had bypassed the majority of Icelanders. Certainly they were connected to their land, the way one is complicatedly connected to, or encumbered by, family one can't do anything about. But the truth is, once you're off the beaten paths of the low-lying coastal areas where everyone lives, the roads are few, and they're all bad, so Iceland's natural wonders have been out of reach and unknown even to its own inhabitants. For them the land has al ways just been there, something that had to be dealt with and, if possible, exploited — the mind-set being one of land as commodity rather than land as, well, priceless art on the scale of the "Mona Lisa."When the opportunity arose in 2003 for the national power company to enter into a 40-year contract with the American aluminum company Alcoa to supply hydroelectric power for a new smelter (冶炼厂), those who had been dreaming of something like this for decades jumped at it and never looked back. Iceland may at the moment be one of the world's ri chest countries, with a 99 percent literacy rate and long life expectancy. But the project's advocates, some of them getting on in years, were more emotionally attuned to the country's century upon century of want, hardship, and colonial servitude to Denmark, which officially ended only in 1944 and whose psychological imprint remained relatively fresh. For the longest time, life here had meant little more than a hut, dark all winter, cold, no hope, children dying left and right, earthquakes, plagues, starvation, volcanoes erupting and destroying all vegetation and livestock, all spirit — a world revolving almost entirely around the welfare of one's sheep and, later, on how good the cod catch was. In the outlying regions, it still largely does.Ostensibly, the Alcoa project was intended to save one of these dying regions — the remote and sparsely populated east —where the way of life had steadily declined to a point of desperation and gloom. After fishing quotas were imposed in the early 1980s to protect fish stocks, many individual boat owners sold their allotments or gave them away, fishing rights ended up mostly in the hands of a few companies and small fishermen were virtually wiped out. Technological advances drained away even more jobs previously done by human hands, and the people were seeing everything they had worked for all their lives turn up worthless and their children move away. With the old way of life doomed, aluminum projects like this one had come to be percei ved, wisely or not, as a last chance. "Smelter or death."The contract with Alcoa would infuse the region with foreign capital, an estimated 400 jobs, and spin-off servi ce industri es. It also was a way for Iceland to develop expertise that potentially could be sold to the rest of the world; diversify an economy histori cally dependent on fish; and, in an appealing display of Icelandic can-do verve, perhaps even protect all of Iceland, once and for all, from the unpredictability of life itself."We have to live," Halldor Asgrimsson said. Halldor, a former prime minister and longtime member of parliament from the region, was a driving force behind the project. "We have a right to live."27. According to the passage, most Icelanders view land as something of _______.A. environmental value.B. commercial value.C. potential value for tourism.D. great value for livelihood.28. What is Iceland’s old-aged advocates' feeling towards the Alcoa project?A. Iceland is wealthy enough to reject the project.B. The project would lower life expectancy.C. The project would cause environmental problems.D. The project symbolizes an end to the colonial legacies.29. The disappearance of the old way of life was due to all the following EXCEPT _______.A. fewer fishing companies.B. fewer jobs available.C. migration of young people.D. imposition of fishing quotas.30. The 4th paragraph in the passage ________.A. sums up the main points of the passage.B. starts to discuss an entirely new point.C. elaborates on the last part of the 3rd paragraph.D. continues to depict the bleak economic situation.PART ⅢGENERAL KNOWLEDGE（10 MIN）There are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answers to each question. Mark your answers on your colored answer sheet.31. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?A. The British constitution includes the Magna Carta of 1215.B. The British constitution includes Parliamentary acts.C. The British constitution includes deci sions made by courts of law.D. The British constitution includes one single written constitution.32. The first city ever founded in Canada is _______.。