JAVA外文文献翻译基于Java技术的Web应用设计模型的比较研究

javaweb英文参考文献Below is an example of a reference list for JavaWeb related articles:1. Anderson, J., & Anderson, L. (2018). Building Java Web Services. McGraw-Hill Education.This book provides a comprehensive guide to building Java web services. It covers topics such as creating web services using SOAP and RESTful principles, handling data exchange formats like XML and JSON, and implementing security measures. The book also provides practical examples and code snippets to help readers understand the concepts better.2. Liang, Y. D. (2014). Introduction to Java Programming: Comprehensive Version. Pearson.Although this book is not specifically focused on JavaWeb, it serves as an essential reference for any Java programmer. It covers the basics of Java programming, including object-oriented concepts, control structures, and data types. Understanding these fundamentals is crucial when developing Java web applications.3. Liguori, R., & Liguori, P. (2019). Java Web Development with Servlets, JSP, and EJB. Packt Publishing.This book is a practical guide to Java web development. It introduces the Servlet and JavaServer Pages (JSP) technologies, which are key components in JavaWeb application development. It also covers Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) and database integration,helping readers build robust and scalable web applications.4. Ambler, S. W. (2015). Agile Modeling: Effective Practices for Extreme Programming and the Unified Process. John Wiley & Sons.Agile modeling is crucial for efficient JavaWeb development. This book introduces various agile practices and principles, such as iterative development, user stories, and test-driven development. It can help developers understand how to adapt their Java web development processes to be more agile and responsive to changing requirements.5. Somekh, A., & Kogan, Y. (2017). Java Web Development: From Beginner to Professional. Apress.This book provides a step-by-step guide to Java web development, starting from the basics and gradually advancing to more complex topics. It covers important concepts such as servlets, JSPs, JavaBeans, and the MVC (Model-View-Controller) architecture, enabling readers to build professional Java web applications.6. Holmes, J., & Brown, J. (2016). Java Web Applications: Servlets, JSP, Frameworks. Prentice Hall.This book offers a comprehensive overview of Java web development, focusing on servlets, JSP, and popular frameworks such as Spring and Struts. It covers topics like session management, authentication and authorization, and integrating databases into Java web applications. The book also provides real-worldexamples and best practices for developing robust and scalable web applications.Remember to check the specific formatting guidelines required by your institution or journal for properly citing the references.。

英文原文:Title: Business Applications of Java. Author: Erbschloe, Michael, Business Applications of Java -- Research Starters Business, 2008DataBase: Research Starters - BusinessBusiness Applications of JavaThis article examines the growing use of Java technology in business applications. The history of Java is briefly reviewed along with the impact of open standards on the growth of the World Wide Web. Key components and concepts of the Java programming language are explained including the Java Virtual Machine. Examples of how Java is being used bye-commerce leaders is provided along with an explanation of how Java is used to develop data warehousing, data mining, and industrial automation applications. The concept of metadata modeling and the use of Extendable Markup Language (XML) are also explained.Keywords Application Programming Interfaces (API's); Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB); Extendable Markup Language (XML); HyperText Markup Language (HTML); HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP); Java Authentication and Authorization Service (JAAS); Java Cryptography Architecture (JCA); Java Cryptography Extension (JCE); Java Programming Language; Java Virtual Machine (JVM); Java2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE); Metadata Business Information Systems > Business Applications of JavaOverviewOpen standards have driven the e-business revolution. Networking protocol standards, such as Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), and the HyperText Markup Language (HTML) Web standards have enabled universal communication via the Internet and the World Wide Web. As e-business continues to develop, various computing technologies help to drive its evolution.The Java programming language and platform have emerged as major technologies for performing e-business functions. Java programming standards have enabled portability of applications and the reuse of application components across computing platforms. Sun Microsystems' Java Community Process continues to be a strong base for the growth of the Java infrastructure and language standards. This growth of open standards creates new opportunities for designers and developers of applications and services (Smith, 2001).Creation of Java TechnologyJava technology was created as a computer programming tool in a small, secret effort called "the Green Project" at Sun Microsystems in 1991. The Green Team, fully staffed at 13 people and led by James Gosling, locked themselves away in an anonymous office on Sand Hill Road in Menlo Park, cut off from all regular communications with Sun, and worked around the clock for18 months. Their initial conclusion was that at least one significant trend would be the convergence of digitally controlled consumer devices and computers. A device-independent programming language code-named "Oak" was the result.To demonstrate how this new language could power the future of digital devices, the Green Team developed an interactive, handheld home-entertainment device controller targeted at the digital cable television industry. But the idea was too far ahead of its time, and the digital cable television industry wasn't ready for the leap forward that Java technology offered them. As it turns out, the Internet was ready for Java technology, and just in time for its initial public introduction in 1995, the team was able to announce that the Netscape Navigator Internet browser would incorporate Java technology ("Learn about Java," 2007).Applications of JavaJava uses many familiar programming concepts and constructs and allows portability by providing a common interface through an external Java Virtual Machine (JVM). A virtual machine is a self-contained operating environment, created by a software layer that behaves as if it were a separate computer. Benefits of creating virtual machines include better exploitation of powerful computing resources and isolation of applications to prevent cross-corruption and improve security (Matlis, 2006).The JVM allows computing devices with limited processors or memory to handle more advanced applications by calling up software instructions inside the JVM to perform most of the work. This also reduces the size and complexity of Java applications because many of the core functions and processing instructions were built into the JVM. As a result, software developers no longer need to re-create the same application for every operating system. Java also provides security by instructing the application to interact with the virtual machine, which served as a barrier between applications and the core system, effectively protecting systems from malicious code.Among other things, Java is tailor-made for the growing Internet because it makes it easy to develop new, dynamic applications that could make the most of the Internet's power and capabilities. Java is now an open standard, meaning that no single entity controls its development and the tools for writing programs in the language are available to everyone. The power of open standards like Java is the ability to break down barriers and speed up progress.Today, you can find Java technology in networks and devices that range from the Internet and scientific supercomputers to laptops and cell phones, from Wall Street market simulators to home game players and credit cards. There are over 3 million Java developers and now there are several versions of the code. Most large corporations have in-house Java developers. In addition, the majority of key software vendors use Java in their commercial applications (Lazaridis, 2003).ApplicationsJava on the World Wide WebJava has found a place on some of the most popular websites in the world and the uses of Java continues to grow. Java applications not only provide unique user interfaces, they also help to power the backend of websites. Two e-commerce giants that everybody is probably familiar with (eBay and Amazon) have been Java pioneers on the World Wide Web.eBayFounded in 1995, eBay enables e-commerce on a local, national and international basis with an array of Web sites-including the eBay marketplaces, PayPal, Skype, and -that bring together millions of buyers and sellers every day. You can find it on eBay, even if you didn't know it existed. On a typical day, more than 100 million items are listed on eBay in tens of thousands of categories. Recent listings have included a tunnel boring machine from the Chunnel project, a cup of water that once belonged to Elvis, and theV olkswagen that Pope Benedict XVI owned before he moved up to the Popemobile. More than one hundred million items are available at any given time, from the massive to the miniature, the magical to the mundane, on eBay; the world's largest online marketplace.eBay uses Java almost everywhere. To address some security issues, eBay chose Sun Microsystems' Java System Identity Manager as the platform for revamping its identity management system. The task at hand was to provide identity management for more than 12,000 eBay employees and contractors.Now more than a thousand eBay software developers work daily with Java applications. Java's inherent portability allows eBay to move to new hardware to take advantage of new technology, packaging, or pricing, without having to rewrite Java code ("eBay drives explosive growth," 2007).Amazon (a large seller of books, CDs, and other products) has created a Web Service application that enables users to browse their product catalog and place orders. uses a Java application that searches the Amazon catalog for books whose subject matches a user-selected topic. The application displays ten books that match the chosen topic, and shows the author name, book title, list price, Amazon discount price, and the cover icon. The user may optionally view one review per displayed title and make a buying decision (Stearns & Garishakurthi, 2003).Java in Data Warehousing & MiningAlthough many companies currently benefit from data warehousing to support corporate decision making, new business intelligence approaches continue to emerge that can be powered by Java technology. Applications such as data warehousing, data mining, Enterprise Information Portals (EIP's), and Knowledge Management Systems (which can all comprise a businessintelligence application) are able to provide insight into customer retention, purchasing patterns, and even future buying behavior.These applications can not only tell what has happened but why and what may happen given certain business conditions; allowing for "what if" scenarios to be explored. As a result of this information growth, people at all levels inside the enterprise, as well as suppliers, customers, and others in the value chain, are clamoring for subsets of the vast stores of information such as billing, shipping, and inventory information, to help them make business decisions. While collecting and storing vast amounts of data is one thing, utilizing and deploying that data throughout the organization is another.The technical challenges inherent in integrating disparate data formats, platforms, and applications are significant. However, emerging standards such as the Application Programming Interfaces (API's) that comprise the Java platform, as well as Extendable Markup Language (XML) technologies can facilitate the interchange of data and the development of next generation data warehousing and business intelligence applications. While Java technology has been used extensively for client side access and to presentation layer challenges, it is rapidly emerging as a significant tool for developing scaleable server side programs. The Java2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE) provides the object, transaction, and security support for building such systems.Metadata IssuesOne of the key issues that business intelligence developers must solve is that of incompatible metadata formats. Metadata can be defined as information about data or simply "data about data." In practice, metadata is what most tools, databases, applications, and other information processes use to define, relate, and manipulate data objects within their own environments. It defines the structure and meaning of data objects managed by an application so that the application knows how to process requests or jobs involving those data objects. Developers can use this schema to create views for users. Also, users can browse the schema to better understand the structure and function of the database tables before launching a query.To address the metadata issue, a group of companies (including Unisys, Oracle, IBM, SAS Institute, Hyperion, Inline Software and Sun) have joined to develop the Java Metadata Interface (JMI) API. The JMI API permits the access and manipulation of metadata in Java with standard metadata services. JMI is based on the Meta Object Facility (MOF) specification from the Object Management Group (OMG). The MOF provides a model and a set of interfaces for the creation, storage, access, and interchange of metadata and metamodels (higher-level abstractions of metadata). Metamodel and metadata interchange is done via XML and uses the XML Metadata Interchange (XMI) specification, also from the OMG. JMI leverages Java technology to create an end-to-end data warehousing and business intelligence solutions framework.Enterprise JavaBeansA key tool provided by J2EE is Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB), an architecture for the development of component-based distributed business applications. Applications written using the EJB architecture are scalable, transactional, secure, and multi-user aware. These applications may be written once and then deployed on any server platform that supports J2EE. The EJB architecture makes it easy for developers to write components, since they do not need to understand or deal with complex, system-level details such as thread management, resource pooling, and transaction and security management. This allows for role-based development where component assemblers, platform providers and application assemblers can focus on their area of responsibility further simplifying application development.EJB's in the Travel IndustryA case study from the travel industry helps to illustrate how such applications could function. A travel company amasses a great deal of information about its operations in various applications distributed throughout multiple departments. Flight, hotel, and automobile reservation information is located in a database being accessed by travel agents worldwide. Another application contains information that must be updated with credit and billing history from a financial services company. Data is periodically extracted from the travel reservation system databases to spreadsheets for use in future sales and marketing analysis.Utilizing J2EE, the company could consolidate application development within an EJB container, which can run on a variety of hardware and software platforms allowing existing databases and applications to coexist with newly developed ones. EJBs can be developed to model various data sets important to the travel reservation business including information about customer, hotel, car rental agency, and other attributes.Data Storage & AccessData stored in existing applications can be accessed with specialized connectors. Integration and interoperability of these data sources is further enabled by the metadata repository that contains metamodels of the data contained in the sources, which then can be accessed and interchanged uniformly via the JMI API. These metamodels capture the essential structure and semantics of business components, allowing them to be accessed and queried via the JMI API or to be interchanged via XML. Through all of these processes, the J2EE infrastructure ensures the security and integrity of the data through transaction management and propagation and the underlying security architecture.To consolidate historical information for analysis of sales and marketing trends, a data warehouse is often the best solution. In this example, data can be extracted from the operational systems with a variety of Extract, Transform and Load tools (ETL). The metamodels allow EJBsdesigned for filtering, transformation, and consolidation of data to operate uniformly on data from diverse data sources as the bean is able to query the metamodel to identify and extract the pertinent fields. Queries and reports can be run against the data warehouse that contains information from numerous sources in a consistent, enterprise-wide fashion through the use of the JMI API (Mosher & Oh, 2007).Java in Industrial SettingsMany people know Java only as a tool on the World Wide Web that enables sites to perform some of their fancier functions such as interactivity and animation. However, the actual uses for Java are much more widespread. Since Java is an object-oriented language like C++, the time needed for application development is minimal. Java also encourages good software engineering practices with clear separation of interfaces and implementations as well as easy exception handling.In addition, Java's automatic memory management and lack of pointers remove some leading causes of programming errors. Most importantly, application developers do not need to create different versions of the software for different platforms. The advantages available through Java have even found their way into hardware. The emerging new Java devices are streamlined systems that exploit network servers for much of their processing power, storage, content, and administration.Benefits of JavaThe benefits of Java translate across many industries, and some are specific to the control and automation environment. For example, many plant-floor applications use relatively simple equipment; upgrading to PCs would be expensive and undesirable. Java's ability to run on any platform enables the organization to make use of the existing equipment while enhancing the application.IntegrationWith few exceptions, applications running on the factory floor were never intended to exchange information with systems in the executive office, but managers have recently discovered the need for that type of information. Before Java, that often meant bringing together data from systems written on different platforms in different languages at different times. Integration was usually done on a piecemeal basis, resulting in a system that, once it worked, was unique to the two applications it was tying together. Additional integration required developing a brand new system from scratch, raising the cost of integration.Java makes system integration relatively easy. Foxboro Controls Inc., for example, used Java to make its dynamic-performance-monitor software package Internet-ready. This software provides senior executives with strategic information about a plant's operation. The dynamic performance monitor takes data from instruments throughout the plant and performs variousmathematical and statistical calculations on them, resulting in information (usually financial) that a manager can more readily absorb and use.ScalabilityAnother benefit of Java in the industrial environment is its scalability. In a plant, embedded applications such as automated data collection and machine diagnostics provide critical data regarding production-line readiness or operation efficiency. These data form a critical ingredient for applications that examine the health of a production line or run. Users of these devices can take advantage of the benefits of Java without changing or upgrading hardware. For example, operations and maintenance personnel could carry a handheld, wireless, embedded-Java device anywhere in the plant to monitor production status or problems.Even when internal compatibility is not an issue, companies often face difficulties when suppliers with whom they share information have incompatible systems. This becomes more of a problem as supply-chain management takes on a more critical role which requires manufacturers to interact more with offshore suppliers and clients. The greatest efficiency comes when all systems can communicate with each other and share information seamlessly. Since Java is so ubiquitous, it often solves these problems (Paula, 1997).Dynamic Web Page DevelopmentJava has been used by both large and small organizations for a wide variety of applications beyond consumer oriented websites. Sandia, a multiprogram laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration, has developed a unique Java application. The lab was tasked with developing an enterprise-wide inventory tracking and equipment maintenance system that provides dynamic Web pages. The developers selected Java Studio Enterprise 7 for the project because of its Application Framework technology and Web Graphical User Interface (GUI) components, which allow the system to be indexed by an expandable catalog. The flexibility, scalability, and portability of Java helped to reduce development time and costs (Garcia, 2004)IssueJava Security for E-Business ApplicationsTo support the expansion of their computing boundaries, businesses have deployed Web application servers (WAS). A WAS differs from a traditional Web server because it provides a more flexible foundation for dynamic transactions and objects, partly through the exploitation of Java technology. Traditional Web servers remain constrained to servicing standard HTTP requests, returning the contents of static HTML pages and images or the output from executed Common Gateway Interface (CGI ) scripts.An administrator can configure a WAS with policies based on security specifications for Java servlets and manage authentication and authorization with Java Authentication andAuthorization Service (JAAS) modules. An authentication and authorization service can be written in Java code or interface to an existing authentication or authorization infrastructure. For a cryptography-based security infrastructure, the security server may exploit the Java Cryptography Architecture (JCA) and Java Cryptography Extension (JCE). To present the user with a usable interaction with the WAS environment, the Web server can readily employ a form of "single sign-on" to avoid redundant authentication requests. A single sign-on preserves user authentication across multiple HTTP requests so that the user is not prompted many times for authentication data (i.e., user ID and password).Based on the security policies, JAAS can be employed to handle the authentication process with the identity of the Java client. After successful authentication, the WAS security collaborator consults with the security server. The WAS environment authentication requirements can be fairly complex. In a given deployment environment, all applications or solutions may not originate from the same vendor. In addition, these applications may be running on different operating systems. Although Java is often the language of choice for portability between platforms, it needs to marry its security features with those of the containing environment.Authentication & AuthorizationAuthentication and authorization are key elements in any secure information handling system. Since the inception of Java technology, much of the authentication and authorization issues have been with respect to downloadable code running in Web browsers. In many ways, this had been the correct set of issues to address, since the client's system needs to be protected from mobile code obtained from arbitrary sites on the Internet. As Java technology moved from a client-centric Web technology to a server-side scripting and integration technology, it required additional authentication and authorization technologies.The kind of proof required for authentication may depend on the security requirements of a particular computing resource or specific enterprise security policies. To provide such flexibility, the JAAS authentication framework is based on the concept of configurable authenticators. This architecture allows system administrators to configure, or plug in, the appropriate authenticators to meet the security requirements of the deployed application. The JAAS architecture also allows applications to remain independent from underlying authentication mechanisms. So, as new authenticators become available or as current authentication services are updated, system administrators can easily replace authenticators without having to modify or recompile existing applications.At the end of a successful authentication, a request is associated with a user in the WAS user registry. After a successful authentication, the WAS consults security policies to determine if the user has the required permissions to complete the requested action on the servlet. This policy canbe enforced using the WAS configuration (declarative security) or by the servlet itself (programmatic security), or a combination of both.The WAS environment pulls together many different technologies to service the enterprise. Because of the heterogeneous nature of the client and server entities, Java technology is a good choice for both administrators and developers. However, to service the diverse security needs of these entities and their tasks, many Java security technologies must be used, not only at a primary level between client and server entities, but also at a secondary level, from served objects. By using a synergistic mix of the various Java security technologies, administrators and developers can make not only their Web application servers secure, but their WAS environments secure as well (Koved, 2001).ConclusionOpen standards have driven the e-business revolution. As e-business continues to develop, various computing technologies help to drive its evolution. The Java programming language and platform have emerged as major technologies for performing e-business functions. Java programming standards have enabled portability of applications and the reuse of application components. Java uses many familiar concepts and constructs and allows portability by providing a common interface through an external Java Virtual Machine (JVM). Today, you can find Java technology in networks and devices that range from the Internet and scientific supercomputers to laptops and cell phones, from Wall Street market simulators to home game players and credit cards.Java has found a place on some of the most popular websites in the world. Java applications not only provide unique user interfaces, they also help to power the backend of websites. While Java technology has been used extensively for client side access and in the presentation layer, it is also emerging as a significant tool for developing scaleable server side programs.Since Java is an object-oriented language like C++, the time needed for application development is minimal. Java also encourages good software engineering practices with clear separation of interfaces and implementations as well as easy exception handling. Java's automatic memory management and lack of pointers remove some leading causes of programming errors. The advantages available through Java have also found their way into hardware. The emerging new Java devices are streamlined systems that exploit network servers for much of their processing power, storage, content, and administration.中文翻译:标题：Java的商业应用。

外文科技资料翻译英文原文The Java EE Platform is the leading enterprise web server. The Adobe Flash Platform is the leader in the rich Internet application space. Using both, developers can deliver compelling, data-centric applications that leverage the benefits of an enterprise back-end solution and a great user experience.In this article, you learn about the architecture of applications built using Flex and Java including:(1)An overview of the client/server architecture.(2)The different ways the client and server can communicate.(3)An introduction to Flash Remoting and why and how you use it.(4)How to integrate a Flex application with your security framework.(5)An overview of how to build Flex applications using events, states,MXML components, and modules.(6)An introduction to developing a Flex application with real-time serverdata push.(7)How to boost productivity developing data-intensive applicationsusing the Data Management service in LiveCycle Data Services.(8)An overview of model driven development using Flash Builder andLiveCycle Data Services to generate client and server-side code.(9)How to deploy a Flex application on a portal server.(10)Be sure to also watch the video Introduction to Flex 4 and Javaintegration.(11)To learn more about the technologies used to build these applications,read The technologies for building Flex and Java applications article.Client/server architectureFlex and Java applications use a multi-tier architecture where the presentation tier is the Flex application, the business or application tier is the Java EE server and code, and the data tier is the database. You can write the back-end code just as you normally would for a Java application, modeling your objects, defining your database, using an object-relational framework such as Hibernate or EJB 3, and writing the business logic to query and manipulate these objects. The business tier must be exposed for access via HTTP from the Flex application and will be used to move the data between the presentation and data tiers.Typical HTML applications consist of multiple pages and as a user navigates between them, the application data must be passed along so the application itself (the collection of pages and functionality it consists of) can maintain state. In contrast, Flex applications, by nature, are stateful. A Flex application is embedded in a single HTML page that the user does not leave and is rendered by Flash Player. The Flex application can dynamically change views and send and retrieve data asynchronously to the server in the background, updating but never leaving the single application interface (see Figure 1) (similar to the functionality provided by the XMLHttpRequest API with JavaScript.)Figure 1. The client/server architecture.Client/server communicationFlex applications can communicate with back-end servers using either direct socket connections or more commonly, through HTTP. The Flex framework has three remote procedure call APIs that communicate with a server over HTTP: HTTPService, WebService, and RemoteObject. All three wrap Flash Player'sHTTP connectivity, which in turn, uses the browser's HTTP library. Flex applications cannot connect directly to a remote database.You use HTTPService to make HTTP requests to JSP or XML files, to RESTful web services, or to other server files that return text over HTTP. You specify the endpoint URL, listener functions (the callback functions to be invoked when the HTTPService request returns a successful or unsuccessful response), and a data type for the returned data (what type of data structure it should be translated into once received in the Flex application). You can specify the data to be handled as raw text and assigned to a String variable or converted to XML, E4X, or plain old ActionScript objects. If you get back JSON, you can use the Adobe Flex corelib package of classes to deserialize the JSON objects into ActionScript objects. To make calls to SOAP based web services, you can use the HTTPService API or the more specialized WebService API, which automatically handles the serialization and deserialization of SOAP formatted text to ActionScript data types and vice versa.The third option for making remote procedure calls is to use the RemoteObject API. It makes a Flash Remoting request to a method of a server-side Java class that returns binary Action Message Format over HTTP. When possible, use Flash Remoting whose binary data transfer format enables applications to load data up to 10 times faster than with the more verbose, text-based formats such as XML, JSON, or SOAP (see Figure 2). To see a comparison of AMF to other text-based serialization technologies, see James Ward's Census RIA Benchmark application.Figure 2. Methods for connecting Flex and Java.Flash RemotingFlash Remoting is a combination of client and server-side functionality that together provides a call-and-response model for accessing server-side objects from Flash Platform applications as if they were local objects. It provides transparent data transfer between ActionScript and server-side data types, handling the serialization into Action Message Format (AMF), deserialization, and data marshaling between the client and the server.Flash Remoting uses client-side functionality built in to Flash Player and server-side functionality that is built in to some servers (like ColdFusion and Zend) but must be installed on other servers (as BlazeDS or LiveCycle Data Services on Java EE servers, WebORB or FluorineFX on .NET servers, the Zend framework or amfphp on PHP servers, and more). See the technologies for building Flex and Java applications article for more details about BlazeDS and LiveCycle Data Services.BlazeDS and LiveCycle Data Services use a message-based framework to send data back and forth between the client and server. They provide Remoting, Proxying, and Messaging services, and for LiveCycle, an additional Data Management service. The Flex application sends a request to the server and the request is routed to an endpoint on the server. From the endpoint, the request is passed to the MessageBroker, the BlazeDS and LiveCycle Data Services engine that handles all the requests and routes them through a chain of Java objects to the destination, the Java class with the method to invoke (see Figure 3).Figure 3. Flash Remoting architecture.AMFAMF is a binary format used to serialize ActionScript objects and facilitate data exchange between Flash Platform applications and remote services over the Internet. Adobe publishes this protocol; the latest is AMF 3 Specification for ActionScript 3. You can find tables listing the data type mappings when converting from ActionScript to Java and Java to ActionScript here.For custom or strongly typed objects, public properties (including those defined with get and set methods) are serialized and sent from the Flex application to the server or from the server to the Flex application as properties of a general 0bject. To enable mapping between the corresponding client and server-side objects, you use the same property names in the Java and ActionScript classes and then in the ActionScript class, you use the [RemoteClass] metadata tag to create an ActionScript object that maps directly to the Java object.Here is an example Employee ActionScript class that maps to a server-side Employee Java DTO located in the services package on the server.package valueobjects.Employee{ [Bindable] [RemoteClass(alias="services.Employee")] public class Employee { public var id:int; public var firstName:String; public var lastName:String; (...) } }Installing BlazeDS or LiveCycle Data ServicesTo use Flash Remoting with BlazeDS or LiveCycle Data Services, you need to install and configure the necessary server-side files. For BlazeDS, you can download it as a WAR file which you deploy as a web application or as a turnkey solution. The turnkey download contains a ready-to-use version of Tomcat in which the the BlazeDS WAR file has already been deployed and configured along with a variety of sample applications. Similarly, for LiveCycle Data Services, the installer lets you choose to install LiveCycle with an integrated Tomcat server or as a LiveCycle Data Services web application.In either scenario a web application called blazeds or lcds (usually appended by a version number) is created. You can modify and build out this application with your Java code, or more typically, you can copy the JAR files and configuration files the blazeds or lcds web application contains and add them to an existing Java web application on the server (see Figure 4).Figure 4. The required BlazeDS or LiveCycle Data Services files.Modifying web.xmlIf copying the files to a different web application, you also need to modify the web.xml file to define a session listener for HttpFlexSession and a servlet mapping for MessageBroker, which handles all the requests and passes them off to the correct server-side Java endpoints. You can copy and paste these from the original blazeds or lcds web application web.xml file.<!-- Http Flex Session attribute and binding listener support --> <listener> <listener-class>flex.messaging.HttpFlexSession</listener-class> </listener> <!-- MessageBroker Servlet --> <servlet><servlet-name>MessageBrokerServlet</servlet-name><display-name>MessageBrokerServlet</display-name><servlet-class>flex.messaging.MessageBrokerServlet</servlet-class><init-param> <param-name>services.configuration.file</param-name><param-value>/WEB-INF/flex/services-config.xml</param-value></init-param> <load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup> </servlet><servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>MessageBrokerServlet</servlet-name><url-pattern>/messagebroker/*</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>Optionally, you may also want to copy and paste (and uncomment) the mapping for RDSDispatchServlet, which is used for RDS (Remote Data Service) access with the data service creation feature in Flash Builder 4 that introspects a server-side service and generates corresponding client-side code. See the model driven development section for more details.<servlet> <servlet-name>RDSDispatchServlet</servlet-name><display-name>RDSDispatchServlet</display-name><servlet-class>flex.rds.server.servlet.FrontEndServlet</servlet-class><init-param> <param-name>useAppserverSecurity</param-name><param-value>false</param-value> </init-param><load-on-startup>10</load-on-startup> </servlet> <servlet-mappingid="RDS_DISPATCH_MAPPING"><servlet-name>RDSDispatchServlet</servlet-name><url-pattern>/CFIDE/main/ide.cfm</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> Reviewing services-config.xmlFor Flash Remoting, the client sends a request to the server to be processed and the server returns a response to the client containing the results. You configure these requests by modifying the services-config.xml and remoting-config.xml files located in the /WEB-INF/flex/ folder for the web application.The services-config.xml file defines different channels that can be used when making a request. Each channel definition specifies the network protocol and the message format to be used for a request and the endpoint to deliver the messages to on the server. The Java-based endpoints unmarshal the messages in a protocol-specific manner and then pass the messages in Java form to the MessageBroker which sends them to the appropriate service destination (you'll see how to define these next).<channels> <channel-definition id="my-amf"class="mx.messaging.channels.AMFChannel"> <endpointurl="http://{}:{server.port}/{context.root}/messagebroker/amf" class="flex.messaging.endpoints.AMFEndpoint"/> </channel-definition><channel-definition id="my-secure-amf"class="mx.messaging.channels.SecureAMFChannel"> <endpointurl="https://{}:{server.port}/{context.root}/messagebroker/amfsecu re" class="flex.messaging.endpoints.SecureAMFEndpoint"/></channel-definition> (...) </channels>Defining destinationsIn the remoting-config.xml file, you define the destinations (named mappings to Java classes) to which the MessageBroker passes the messages. You set the source property to the fully qualified class name of a Java POJO with a no argument constructor that is located in a source path, usually achieved by placing it in the web application's /WEBINF/classes/ directory or in a JAR file in the /WEBINF/lib/ directory. You can access EJBs and other objects stored in the Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI) by calling methods on a destination that is a service facade class that looks up an object in JNDI and calls its methods.You can access stateless or stateful Java objects by setting the scope property to application, session, or request (the default). The instantiation and management of the server-side objects referenced is handled by BlazeDS or LiveCycle Data Services.<service id="remoting-service"class="flex.messaging.services.RemotingService"> <adapters><adapter-definition id="java-object"class="flex.messaging.services.remoting.adapters.JavaAdapter" default="true"/> </adapters> <default-channels> <channel ref="my-amf"/> </default-channels> <destination id="employeeService"> <properties><source>services.EmployeeService</source> <scope>application</scope></properties> </destination> </service>You can also specify channels for individual destinations.<destination id="employeeService " channels="my-secure-amf">Lastly, you use these destinations when defining RemoteObject instances in a Flex application.<s:RemoteObject id="employeeSvc" destination="employeeService"/>SecurityIn many applications, access to some or all server-side resources must be restricted to certain users. Many Java EE applications use container managed security in which user authentication (validating a user) and user authorization (determining what the user has access to—which is often role based) are performed against the Realm, an existing store of usernames, passwords, and user roles. The Realm is configured on your Java EE server to be a relational database, an LDAP directory server, an XML document, or to use a specific authentication and authorization framework.To integrate a Flex application with the Java EE security framework so that access to server-side resources is appropriately restricted, you add security information to the BlazeDS or LiveCycle Data Services configuration files (details follow below) and then typically in the Flex application, create a form to obtain login credentials from the user which are passed to the server to be authenticated. The user credentials are then passed to the server automatically with all subsequent requests.Modifying services-config.xmlIn the BlazeDS or LiveCycle Data Services services-config.xml file, you need to specify the "login command" for your application server in the <security> tag. BlazeDS and LiveCycle Data Services supply the following login commands: TomcatLoginCommand (for both Tomcat and JBoss), JRunLoginCommand, WeblogicLoginCommand, WebSphereLoginCommand, OracleLoginCommand. These are all defined in the XML file and you just need to uncomment the appropriate one.You also need to define a security constraint that you specify to use either basic or custom authentication and if desired, one or more roles. To do custom authentication with Tomat or JBoss, you also need to add some extra classes tothe web application for integrating with the security framework used by the Jave EE application server and modify a couple of configuration files. Mode details can be found here.<services-config> <security> <login-commandclass="flex.messaging.security.TomcatLoginCommand" server="Tomcat"><per-client-authentication>false</per-client-authentication></login-command> <security-constraint id="trusted"><auth-method>Custom</auth-method> <roles> <role>employees</role><role>managers</role> </roles> </security-constraint> </security> ...</services-config>Modifying remoting-config.xmlNext, in your destination definition, you need to reference the security constraint:<destination id="employeeService"> <properties><source>services.EmployeeService</source> </properties> <security><security-constraint ref="trusted"/> </security> </destination>You can also define default security constraints for all destinations and/or restrict access to only specific methods that can use different security constraints.The default channel, my-amf, uses HTTP. You can change one or more of the destinations to use the my-secure-amf channel that uses HTTPS:<destination id="employeeService"> <channels> <channelref="my-secure-amf"/> </channels> ... </destination>where my-secure-amf is defined in the services-config.xml file:<!-- Non-polling secure AMF --> <channel-definition id="my-secure-amf" class="mx.messaging.channels.SecureAMFChannel"> <endpointurl="https://{}:{server.port}/{context.root}/messagebroker/amfsecu re" class="flex.messaging.endpoints.SecureAMFEndpoint"/></channel-definition>Adding code to the Flex applicationThat covers the server-side setup. Now, if you are using custom authentication, you need to create a form in the Flex application to retrieve a username and password from the user and then pass these credentials to the server by calling the ChannelSet.login() method and then listening for its result and fault events. A result event indicates that the login (the authentication) occurred successfully, and a fault event indicates the login failed. The credentials are applied to all services connected over the same ChannelSet. For basic authentication, you don’t have to add anything to your Flex application. The browser opens a login dialog box when the application first attempts to connect to a destination.Your application can now make Flash Remoting requests to server destinations just as before, but now the user credentials are automatically sent with every request (for both custom and basic authentication). If the destination or methods of the destination have authorization roles specified which are not met by the logged in user, the call will return a fault event. To remove the credentials and log out the user, you use the ChannelSet.logout() method.中文译文Java EE平台是全球领先的企业Web服务器。

javaweb英文参考文献Title: The Evolution of Java Web Development: A Comprehensive Review of Related LiteratureAbstract:This literature review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of Java web development. The review covers the various aspects of Java web development, including its history, core technologies, frameworks, and tools. The analysis draws upon a wide range of scholarly articles and research papers to provide an in-depth understanding of the subject matter.1. IntroductionJava is a widely used programming language that has played a significant role in web development since its inception. This section provides an overview of the importance of Java in web development and highlights the need for a comprehensive review of the subject.2. History of Java Web DevelopmentThis section delves into the history of Java web development, starting from the introduction of Java applets in the mid-1990s to the development of modern web applications using Java Enterprise Edition (Java EE). It explores the evolution of Java Servlets, JavaServer Pages (JSP), and JavaServer Faces (JSF) technologies, highlighting their contributions to web development.3. Core Technologies in Java Web DevelopmentThis section presents an overview of the core technologies involved in Java web development, such as Servlets, JSP,JavaServer Faces (JSF), Java Database Connectivity (JDBC), and Java Persistence API (JPA). The section examines their features, functionalities, and usage scenarios, emphasizing their role in building dynamic and interactive web applications.4. Java Web FrameworksThis section explores the evolution of various Java web frameworks, such as Spring MVC, Struts, JSF, and Play Framework. It analyzes the features and benefits of each framework, providing insights into their strengths and weaknesses. The section also discusses the emergence of lightweight frameworks like Spring Boot and Micronaut, which simplify web application development using Java.5. Java Web Development ToolsThis section presents a comprehensive overview of popular Java web development tools, including Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) like Eclipse and IntelliJ IDEA, build tools like Apache Maven and Gradle, and version control systems like Git. The review assesses the functionalities and usability of these tools, showcasing their importance in streamlining the web development process.6. Challenges and Solutions in Java Web DevelopmentThis section discusses the challenges faced in Java web development, including performance issues, scalability, security, and cross-platform compatibility. It explores the solutions proposed by developers and researchers, such as caching mechanisms, load balancing techniques, secure coding practices, and containerization using Docker.7. ConclusionThis literature review provides a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of Java web development. It covers the history of Java web development, core technologies, frameworks, tools, and challenges faced by developers. The review highlights the significance of Java in web development and serves as a valuable resource for researchers, developers, and practitioners in the field.。

毕业设计说明书英文文献及中文翻译学学 院：专指导教师：2014 年 6 月软件学院 软件工程Thinking in JavaAlthough it is based on C++, Java is more of a “pure” object-oriented C++ and Java are hybrid languages, but in Java the designers felt that the hybridization was not as important as it was in C++. A hybrid language allows multiple programming styles; the reason C++ is hybrid is to support backward compatibility with the C language. Because C++ is a superset of the C language, it includes many of that language’s undesirable features, which can make some aspects of C++ overly complicated. The Java language assumes that you want to do only object-oriented programming. This means that before you can begin you must shift your mindset into an object-oriented world (unless it’s already there). The benefit of this initial effort is the ability to program in a language that is simpler to learn and to use than many other OOP languages. In this chapter we’ll see the basic components of a Java program and we’ll learn that everything in Java is an object, even a Java program.Each programming language has its own means of manipulating data. Sometimes the programmer must be constantly aware of what type of manipulation is going on. Are you manipulating the object directly, or are you dealing with some kind of indirect representation (a pointer in C or C++) that must be treated with a special syntax?All this is simplified in Java. You treat everything as an object, using a single consistent syntax. Although you treat everything as an object, the identifier you manipulate is actually a “reference” to an object. You might imagine this scene as a television (the object) with your remote control (the reference). As long as you’re holding this reference, you have a connection to the television, but when someone says “change the channel” or “lower the volume,” what you’re manipulating is the reference, which in turn modifies the object. If you want to move around the room and still control the television, you take the remote/reference with you, not the television.Also, the remote control can stand on its own, with no television. That is, just because you have a reference doesn’t mean there’s necessarily an object connected to it. So if you want to hold a word or sentence, you create a String reference:But here you’ve created only the reference, not an object. If you decided to send a message to s at this point, you’ll get an error (at run time) because s isn’t actually attached to anything (there’s no television). A safer practice, then, is always to initialize a reference when you create it.However, this uses a special Java feature: strings can be initialized with quoted text. Normally, you must use a more general type of initialization for objectsWhen you create a reference, you want to connect it with a new object. You do so, in general, with the new keyword. The keyword new says, “Make me a new one of these objects.” So in the preceding example, you can say:Not only does this mean “Make me a new String,” but it also gives information about how to make the String by supplying an initial character string.Of course, String is not the only type that exists. Java comes with a plethora of ready-made types. What’s more important is that you can create your own types. In fact, that’s the fundamental activity in Java programming, and it’s what you’ll b e learning about in the rest of this bookIt’s useful to visualize some aspects of how things are laid out while the program is running—in particular how memory is arranged. There are six different places to store data: Registers. This is the fastest storage because it exists in a place different from that of other storage: inside the processor. However, the number of registers is severely limited, so registers are allocated by the compiler according to its needs. You don’t have direct control, nor do you see any evidence in your programs that registers even exist.The stack. This lives in the general random-access memory (RAM) area, but has direct support from the processor via its stack pointer. The stack pointer is moved down to create new memory and moved up to release that memory. This is an extremely fast and efficient way to allocate storage, second only to registers. The Java compiler must know, while it is creating the program, the exact size and lifetime of all the data that is stored on the stack, because it must generate the code to move the stack pointer up and down. This constraint places limits on the flexibility of your programs, so while some Java storage exists on the stack—in particular, object references—Java objects themselves are not placed on the stack. The heap. This is a general-purpose pool of memory (also in the RAM area) where all Java objects live. The nice thing about the heap is that, unlike the stack, the compiler doesn’t need to know how much storage it needs to allocate from the heap or how long that storage must stay on the heap. Thus, there’s a great deal of flexibility in using storage on the heap. Whenever you need to create an object, you simply write the code to create it by using new, and the storage is allocated on th e heap when that code is executed. Of course there’s a priceyou pay for this flexibility. It takes more time to allocate heap storage than it does to allocate stack storage (if you even could create objects on the stack in Java, as you can in C++). Static storage. “Static” is used here in the sense of “in a fixed location” (although it’s also in RAM). Static storage contains data that is available for the entire time a program is running. You can use the static keyword to specify that a particular element of an object is static, but Java objects themselves are never placed in static storage.Constant storage. Constant values are often placed directly in the program code, which is safe since they can never change. Sometimes constants are cordoned off by themselves so that they can be optionally placed in read-only memory (ROM), in embedded systems.Non-RAM storage. If data lives completely outside a program, it can exist while the program is not running, outside the control of the program. The two primary examples of this are streamed objects, in which objects are turned into streams of bytes, generally to be sent to another machine, and persistent objects, in which the objects are placed on disk so they will hold their state even when the program is terminated. The trick with these types of storage is turning the objects into something that can exist on the other medium, and yet can be resurrected into a regular RAM-based object when necessary. Java provides support for lightweight persistence, and future versions of Java might provide more complete solutions for persistenceOne group of types, which you’ll use quite often in your programming, gets special treatment. You can think of these as “primitive” types. The reason for the special treatment is that to create an object with new—especially a small, simple variable—isn’t very efficient, because new places objects on the heap. For these types Java falls back on the approach taken by C and C++. That is, instead of creating the variable by using new, an “automatic” variable is created that is not a reference. The variable holds the value, and it’s placed on the stack, so it’s much more efficient.Java determines the size of each primitive type. These sizes don’t change from one machine architecture to another as they do in most languages. This size invariance is one reason Java programs are portableJava编程思想“尽管以C++为基础，但Java是一种更纯粹的面向对象程序设计语言”。

THE TECHNIQUE DEVELOPMENT HISTORY OF JSPBy:Kathy Sierra and Bert BatesSource: Servlet&JSPThe Java Server Pages( JSP) is a kind of according to web of the script plait distance technique, similar carries the script language of Java in the server of the Netscape company of server- side JavaScript( SSJS) and the Active Server Pages(ASP) of the Microsoft. JSP compares the SSJS and ASP to have better can expand sex, and it is no more exclusive than any factory or some one particular server of Web. Though the norm of JSP is to be draw up by the Sun company of, any factory can carry out the JSP on own system.The After Sun release the JS P( the Java Server Pages) formally, the this kind of new Web application development technique very quickly caused the people's concern. JSP provided a special development environment for the Webapplication that establishes the high dynamic state. According to the Sun parlance, the JSP can adapt to include the Apache WebServer, IIS4.0 on themarket at inside of 85% server product.This chapter will introduce the related knowledge of JSP and Databases, and JavaBean related contents, is all certainly rougher introduction among them basic contents, say perhaps to is a Guide only, if the reader needs the more detailed information, pleasing the book of consult the homologous JSP.1.1 GENER ALIZEThe JSP(Java Server Pages) is from the company of Sun Microsystems initiate, the many companies the participate to the build up the together of the a kind the of dynamic the state web the page technique standard, the it have the it in the construction the of the dynamic state the web page the strong but the do not the especially of the function. JSP and the technique of ASP of the Microsoft is very alike. Both all provide the ability that mixes with a certain procedure code and is explain by the language engine to carry out the procedure code in the code of HTML. Underneath we are simple of carry on the introduction to it.JSP pages are translated into servlets. So, fundamentally, any task JSP pages can perform could also be accomplished by servlets. However, this underlying equivalence does not mean that servlets and JSP pages are equally appropriatein all scenarios. The issue is not the power of the technology, it is the convenience, productivity, and maintainability of one or the other. After all, anything you can do on a particular computer platform in the Java programming language you could also do in assembly language. But it still matters which youchoose.JSP provides the following benefits over servlets alone: • It is easier to write and maintain the HTML. Your static code is ordinary HTML: no extra backslashes, no double quotes, and no lurking Java syntax.• You can use standard Web-site development tools. Even HTML tools that know nothing about JSP can be used because they simply ignore the JSP tags. • You can divide up your development team. The Java programmers can work on the dynamic code. The Web developers can concentrate on the presentation layer. On large projects, this division is very important. Depending on the size of your team and the complexity of your project, you can enforce a weaker or stronger separation between the static HTML and the dynamic content. Now, this discussion is not to say that you should stop using servlets and use only JSP instead. By no means. Almost all projects will use both. For some requests in your project, you will use servlets. For others, you will use JSP. For still others, you will combine them with the MVC architecture . You want the apGFDGpropriate tool for the job, and servlets, by themselves, do not completeyour toolkit.1.2 SOURCE OF JSPThe technique of JSP of the company of Sun, making the page of Web develop the personnel can use the HTML perhaps marking of XML to design to turn the end page with format. Use the perhaps small script future life of marking of JSP becomes the dynamic state on the page contents.( the contents changesaccording to the claim of)The Java Servlet is a technical foundation of JSP, and the large Web applies the development of the procedure to need the Java Servlet to match with with the JSP and then can complete, this name of Servlet comes from the Applet, the local translation method of now is a lot of, this book in order not to misconstruction, decide the direct adoption Servlet but don't do any translation, if reader would like to, can call it as" small service procedure". The Servlet is similar to traditional CGI, ISAPI, NSAPI etc. Web procedure development the function of the tool in fact, at use the Java Servlet hereafter, the customer neednot use again the lowly method of CGI of efficiency, also need not use only the ability come to born page of Web of dynamic state in the method of API that a certain fixed Web server terrace circulate. Many servers of Web all support the Servlet, even not support the Servlet server of Web directly and can also pass the additional applied server and the mold pieces to support the Servlet. Receive benefit in the characteristic of the Java cross-platform, the Servlet is also a terrace irrelevant, actually, as long as match the norm of Java Servlet, the Servlet is complete to have nothing to do with terrace and is to have nothing to do with server of Web. Because the Java Servlet is internal to provide the service by the line distance, need not start a progress to the each claimses, and make use of the multi-threading mechanism can at the same time for several claim service, therefore the efficiency of Java Servlet is very high.But the Java Servlet also is not to has no weakness, similar to traditional CGI, ISAPI, the NSAPI method, the Java Servlet is to make use of to output the HTML language sentence to carry out the dynamic state web page of, if develop the whole website with the Java Servlet, the integration process of the dynamic state part and the static state page is an evil-foreboding dream simply. For solving this kind of weakness of the Java Servlet, the SUN released the JSP.A number of years ago, Marty was invited to attend a small 20-person industry roundtable discussion on software technology. Sitting in the seat next to Marty was James Gosling, inventor of the Java programming language. Sitting several seats away was a high-level manager from a very large software company in Redmond, Washington. During the discussion, the moderator brought up the subject of Jini, which at that time was a new Java technology. The moderator asked the manager what he thought of it, and the manager responded that it was too early to tell, but that it seemed to be an excellent idea. He went on to say that they would keep an eye on it, and if it seemed to be catching on, they would follow his company's usual "embrace and extend" strategy. At this point,Gosling lightheartedly interjected "You mean disgrace and distend." Now, the grievance that Gosling was airing was that he felt that this company would take technology from other companies and suborn it for their ownpurposes. But guess what? The shoe is on the other foot here. The Java community did not invent the idea of designing pages as a mixture of static HTML and dynamic code marked with special tags. For example, Cold Fusion did it years earlier. Even ASP (a product from the very software company of theaforementioned manager) popularized this approach before JSP came along and decided to jump on the bandwagon. In fact, JSP not only adopted the general idea, it even used many of the same special tags as ASP did.The JSP is an establishment at the model of Java servlets on of the expression layer technique, it makes the plait write the HTML to become more simple.Be like the SSJS, it also allows you carry the static state HTML contents and servers the script mix to put together the born dynamic state exportation. JSP the script language that the Java is the tacit approval, however, be like the ASP and can use other languages( such as JavaScript and VBScript), the norm of JSP alsoallows to use other languages.1.3JSP CHARACTERISTICSIs a service according to the script language in some one language of the statures system this kind of discuss, the JSP should be see make is a kind of script language. However, be a kind of script language, the JSP seemed to be too strong again, almost can use all Javas in the JSP.Be a kind of according to text originally of, take manifestation as the central development technique, the JSP provided all advantages of the Java Servlet, and, when combine with a JavaBeans together, providing a kind of make contents and manifestation that simple way that logic separate. Separate the contents and advantage of logical manifestations is, the personnel who renews the page external appearance need not know the code of Java, and renew the JavaBeans personnel also need not be design the web page of expert in hand, can use to take the page of JavaBeans JSP to define the template of Web, to build up a from have the alike external appearance of the website that page constitute. JavaBeans completes the data to provide, having no code of Java in the template thus, this means that these templates can be written the personnel by a HTML plait to support. Certainly, can also make use of the Java Servlet to control the logic of the website, adjust through the Java Servlet to use the way of the document of JSP to separate website of logic and contents.Generally speaking, in actual engine of JSP, the page of JSP is the edit and translate type while carry out, not explain the type of. Explain the dynamic state web page development tool of the type, such as ASP, PHP3 etc., because speed etc. reason, have already can't satisfy current the large electronic commerce needs appliedly, traditional development techniques are all at to edit and translate the executive way change, such as the ASP → ASP+;PHP3 → PHP4.In the JSP norm book, did not request the procedure in the JSP code part( be called the Scriptlet) and must write with the Java definitely. Actually, have some engines of JSP are adoptive other script languages such as the EMAC- Script, etc., but actually this a few script languages also are to set up on the Java, edit and translate for the Servlet to carry out of. Write according to the norm of JSP, have no Scriptlet of relation with Java also is can of, however, mainly lie in the ability and JavaBeans, the Enterprise JavaBeanses because of the JSP strong function to work together, so even is the Scriptlet part not to use the Java, edit and translate of performance code also should is related with Java.1.4JSP MECHANISMTo comprehend the JSP how unite the technical advantage that above various speak of, come to carry out various result easily, the customer must understand the differentiation of" the module develops for the web page of the center" and"the page develops for the web page of the center" first.The SSJS and ASP are all in several year ago to release, the network of that time is still very young, no one knows to still have in addition to making all business, datas and the expression logic enter the original web page entirely heap what better solve the method. This kind of model that take page as the center studies and gets the very fast development easily. However, along with change of time, the people know that this kind of method is unwell in set up large, the Web that can upgrade applies the procedure. The expression logic write in the script environment was lock in the page, only passing to shear to slice and glue to stick then can drive heavy use. Express the logic to usually mix together with business and the data logics, when this makes be the procedure member to try to change an external appearance that applies the procedure but do not want to break with its llied business logic, apply the procedure of maintenance be like to walk the similar difficulty on the eggshell. In fact in the business enterprise, heavy use the application of the module already through very mature, no one would like to rewrite those logics for their applied procedure.HTML and sketch the designer handed over to the implement work of their design the Web plait the one who write, make they have to double work- Usually is the handicraft plait to write, because have no fit tool and can carry the script and the HTML contents knot to the server to put together. Chien but speech, apply the complexity of the procedure along with the Web to promote continuously, the development method that take page as the center limits sex to become to get up obviously.At the same time, the people always at look for the better method of build up the Web application procedure, the module spreads in customer's machine/ server the realm. JavaBeans and ActiveX were published the company to expand to apply the procedure developer for Java and Windows to use to come to develop the complicated procedure quickly by" the fast application procedure development"( RAD) tool. These techniques make the expert in the some realm be able to write the module for the perpendicular application plait in the skill area, but the developer can go fetch the usage directly but need not control the expertise of this realm.Be a kind of take module as the central development terrace, the JSP appeared. It with the JavaBeans and Enterprise JavaBeans( EJB) module includes the model of the business and the data logic for foundation, provide a great deal of label and a script terraces to use to come to show in the HTML page from the contents of JavaBeans creation or send a present in return. Because of the property that regards the module as the center of the JSP, it can drive Java and not the developer of Java uses equally. Not the developer of Java can pass the JSP label( Tags) to use the JavaBeans that the deluxe developer of Java establish. The developer of Java not only can establish and use the JavaBeans, but also can use the language of Java to come to control more accurately in the JSP page according to the expression logic of the first floor JavaBeans.See now how JSP is handle claim of HTTP. In basic claim model, a claim directly was send to JSP page in. The code of JSP controls to carry on hour of the logic processing and module of JavaBeanses' hand over with each other, and the manifestation result in dynamic state bornly, mixing with the HTML page of the static state HTML code. The Beans can be JavaBeans or module of EJBs.Moreover, the more complicated claim model can see make from is request other JSP pages of the page call sign or Java Servlets.The engine of JSP wants to chase the code of Java that the label of JSP, code of Java in the JSP page even all converts into the big piece together with the static state HTML contents actually. These codes piece was organized the Java Servlet that customer can not see to go to by the engine of JSP, then the Servlet edits and translate them automatically byte code of Java.Thus, the visitant that is the website requests a JSP page, under the condition of it is not knowing, an already born, the Servlet actual full general that prepared to edit and translate completes all works, very concealment but again andefficiently. The Servlet is to edit and translate of, so the code of JSP in the web page does not need when the every time requests that page is explain. The engine of JSP need to be edit and translate after Servlet the code end is modify only once, then this Servlet that editted and translate can be carry out. The in view of the fact JSP engine auto is born to edit and translate the Servlet also, need not procedure member begins to edit and translate the code, so the JSP can bring vivid sex that function and fast developments need that you are efficiently. Compared with the traditional CGI, the JSP has the equal advantage. First, on the speed, the traditional procedure of CGI needs to use the standard importation of the system to output the equipments to carry out the dynamic state web page born, but the JSP is direct is mutually the connection with server. And say for the CGI, each interview needs to add to add a progress to handle, the progress build up and destroy by burning constantly and will be a not small burden for calculator of be the server of Web. The next in order, the JSP is specialized to develop but design for the Web of, its purpose is for building up according to the Web applied procedure, included the norm and the tool of a the whole set. Use the technique of JSP can combine a lot of JSP pages to become a Webapplication procedure very expediently.JSP的技术发展历史作者：Kathy Sierra and Bert Bates来源：Servlet&JSPJava Server Pages(JSP)是一种基于web的脚本编程技术，类似于网景公司的服务器端Java脚本语言——server-side JavaScript(SSJS)和微软的Active Server Pages(ASP)。

Java外文文献翻译摘要Java是一种面向对象的高级程序设计语言，具有良好的跨平台性和可扩展性。

本文翻译了一篇英文文献，介绍了Java 语言的特点、历史背景以及它在计算机科学领域中的应用。

引言Java是由James Gosling和他的团队于上世纪90年代初开发的一种面向对象编程语言。

Java的设计初衷是为了解决嵌入式系统中的问题，但随着时间的推移，它渐渐被广泛应用于Web应用开发、移动应用开发以及大数据处理等领域。

特点Java具有以下几个主要特点：1.跨平台性：Java虚拟机（JVM）使得Java代码可以在不同的平台上运行，无需针对特定操作系统进行编译。

这一特点使得Java成为一种非常适合开发跨平台应用的语言。

2.可扩展性：Java的设计允许开发者通过编写自定义类库实现功能的扩展。

这种可扩展性使得Java成为一种非常灵活的语言，可以满足不同应用领域的需求。

3.面向对象：Java采用面向对象的编程范式，它支持封装、继承和多态等特性。

面向对象的编程范式使得Java 代码更易于组织、理解和维护。

4.良好的性能：Java虚拟机通过即时编译和垃圾回收等技术来提高运行时的性能。

这使得Java成为一种可靠且高效的编程语言。

历史背景Java的设计始于1991年，当时James Gosling和他的团队正在开发一种用于嵌入式系统的语言。

最初的设计称为Oak，后来在1995年更名为Java。

当时，互联网开始崭露头角，Sun Microsystems（Java的创始公司）意识到嵌入式系统的语言可能无法满足未来互联网应用的需求，于是将Oak重新设计为面向Web的语言。

Java的发布引起了广泛关注，并以其跨平台特性和安全性而闻名。

应用领域Java在计算机科学领域中有着广泛的应用。

以下是几个主要的应用领域：1.Web应用开发：Java支持开发基于Java Servlet和JavaServer Pages（JSP）的Web应用。

燕山大学本科生毕业设计（翻译）1 Java and the InternetIf Java is, in fact, yet another computer programming language, you may question why it is so important and why it is being promoted as a revolutionarystep in computer programming. The answer isn ’t immediately obvious if you coming from a traditional programming perspective. Although Java is very useful for solving traditional stand-alone programming problems, it is also important because it will solve programming problems on the World Wide Web.1.Client-side programmingThe Web ’s in itial server-browser design provided for interactive content, but the interactivity was completely provided by the server. The server produced static pages for the client browser, which would simply interpret and display them. Basic HTML contains simple mechanisms f or data gathering: text-entry boxes, check boxes, radio boxes, lists and drop-down lists, as well as a button that can only be programmed to reset the data on the form or“submit ”on the form back to the server. This submission passes t hrough the Common Gateway Interface (CGI) provided on all Web servers. The text within the submission tells CGI what to do with it. The most common action is to run a program located on the server in a directory that ’s typically called “-bin.” (If you watch the address w indow at the top of your browser when you push a button on a Web page, you can sometimes see “cgi -bin ”　within all the gobbledygook there.) These programs can be written in most languages. Perl is a common choice because it is designed for text manipulation and is interpreted, so it can be installed on any server regardless of processor or operating system. Many powerful Web sites today are built strictly on CGI, and you can in fact do nearly anything with it. However, Web sites built on CGI programs can rapidly become overly complicated to maintain, and there is also the problem of response time. The response of a CGI program depends on how much data must。

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：Java编程思想 (Java和因特网)文献、资料英文题目：Thingking in Java（Java and the Internet）文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14文献来源：Bruce Eckel.Thinking in Java [J]. Pearson Higher Isia Education,2006-2-20.Java编程思想 (Java和因特网)既然Java不过另一种类型的程序设计语言，大家可能会奇怪它为什么值得如此重视，为什么还有这么多的人认为它是计算机程序设计的一个里程碑呢？如果您来自一个传统的程序设计背景，那么答案在刚开始的时候并不是很明显。

Java除了可解决传统的程序设计问题以外，还能解决World Wide Web(万维网)上的编程问题。

1、客户端编程Web最初采用的“服务器－浏览器”方案可提供交互式内容，但这种交互能力完全由服务器提供，为服务器和因特网带来了不小的负担。

服务器一般为客户浏览器产生静态网页，由后者简单地解释并显示出来。

基本HTML语言提供了简单的数据收集机制：文字输入框、复选框、单选钮、列表以及下拉列表等，另外还有一个按钮，只能由程序规定重新设置表单中的数据，以便回传给服务器。

用户提交的信息通过所有Web服务器均能支持的“通用网关接口”（CGI）回传到服务器。

包含在提交数据中的文字指示CGI该如何操作。

最常见的行动是运行位于服务器的一个程序。

那个程序一般保存在一个名为“cgi-bin”的目录中（按下Web页内的一个按钮时，请注意一下浏览器顶部的地址窗，经常都能发现“cgi-bin”的字样）。

大多数语言都可用来编制这些程序，但其中最常见的是Perl。

这是由于Perl是专为文字的处理及解释而设计的，所以能在任何服务器上安装和使用，无论采用的处理器或操作系统是什么。

JAVA学习过程论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献Java Learning Path processEach person's study method is different, a person's method suits another person not necessarily, I only can discuss own study method. Because I study Java am study independently completely, has not asked others, therefore the study process basically is completely oneself tries to find out. I did not know whether this method is the quite good method, only could give everybody to provide refers.Studies Java first step installs good JDK, writes Hello World? Actually the JDK study is not so simple, has two questions about JDK is very easy to puzzle the Java programmer continuously the place: Is the CLASSPATH question, actually said from the principle, is how must make clear JRE ClassLoader increase Class; Another question is package and the import question, how seeks the kind of way question. These two questions tried to find out clear, eliminated has studied Java and uses JDK the biggest barrier. The recommendation looked Wang Sen "the Java Depth Experiences dangers", has carried on the thorough discussion to these two questionsSecond step is studies Java the grammar. The Java grammar is kind of C++, the basically mainstream programming language is not kind of C, is kind of C++, does not have what new thing, therefore the grammar study, probably was the quite a while time is enough. Only needs to pay attention is has the key words usage which several is not easy to make clear, public, protected, private, static, when uses, why has to use, how uses, this possible need some people to direct, I initially was own ponder over completely, has spent the very long time. But afterwards I saw above this book spoke these concepts to "Thinking in Java".Third step is studies Java the object-oriented programming language characteristic place. For instance inherits, structure, abstract class, the connection, the method are many condition, heavy load, cover, Java exception handling mechanism. Said regarding a not object-oriented language background person that, I thought this process needs to spend the very long very long time, because studies in front of Java does not have C++ the experience, only then the C experience, I was have probably spent for a month, all made clear only then thoroughly these concepts, book example above repeatedly estimating, the revision, the attempt, repeatedly looked at that several chapter of contents, looked, looked has not gotten down 5, comprehended only then thoroughly. But I thought if has the C++ experience, should 12 days time be enough. Then in this process, may have a look "Thinking in Java" this book, opposite is extremely thorough to the object explanation. What a pity is I studies, has not seen to this book, therefore own have spent the massive time, and estimates through own attempt learns.Fourth step starts a familiar Java kind of storehouse. The Java foundation class storehouse actually is JDK installs under the table of contentsjre\Lib\Rt.Jar this package. The study foundation class storehouse studies rt.Jar. Inside the foundation class storehouse kind are extremely extremely many. It is said some more than 3,000, I have not counted. But said the most core truly regarding us only then 4, respectively isng.*;Java.Io.*;Java.Util.*;Java.Sql.*;These four packages study, each package study all may write thick teaching material, but O'reilly also truly is does this. I thought if time quite tight, is impossible through to read four books to study. I thought the quite good study method is such:First must read through entire package the frame, understood entire package class, interface, the exception constitution, should better be can find the introduction entire package frame the article. These introduced specially package of books the first several chapters should be these overall frame content introductions. Is not must be familiar with each kind of usage to the package of overall frame assurance, which attributes remembers it have, the method. Wants to record also cannot remember. But is must know which aspects the package does have a kind of constitution, these kind of uses are any, most core several classifications maybe complete any function. I in the time which trains to the human generally is a class speaks a package, therefore not impossible detailed introduction each kind of usage, but I repeatedly stress, how do I speak these packages to you am must tell you a kind of method am transfer, also does not request you to remember the kind of method transfer, but wants you tounderstand, which kinds Java has provided to us, each kind is uses in any situation, when I meet the question the time, I knew which kind, or which several kind of combinations can solve my problem, That'all! When we write the procedure specifically time, so long as you knew which kind should complete your work with to be enough. Codes, the concrete method transfer, writes the code, Documentation, all things all inside Documentation, will not request you certainly to remember, are actual you also not to be able to remember more than 3,000 kinds altogether the nearly 100,000 methods transfers. Therefore changes to each package overall frame assurance extremely importantly.Fifth step, through above study, if study the quite solid speech, built the Java foundation, is left over the work which had to do is sweeps clean inside Documentation besides above 4 packages other some comparisons to have the use the kind. Believed progressed to this step, Java studies independently the ability already to raise, might to study Documentation directly horizontal. Besides must make the GUI programming, inside JDK other can have the use the package is these:Java.Text.*;.*;Javax.Naming.*;These packages of inside real correct uses quite many kinds very are actually few, only then several, therefore does not need to spend the very much time.Sixth step, Java Web programmingThe Web programming core is the HTTP agreement, the HTTP agreement and Java irrelevant, if not familiar HTTP agreement, although also may learnServlet/JSP programming, but cannot achieve extrapolates, by knowing one method you will know all boundary. Therefore the HTTP agreement study is necessary. If has been familiar with HTTP agreement, also had the Java programming good foundation, studies Servlet/JSP is simply easy as pie, I study Servlet/JSP has used not to week-long time, then started with JSP to make the project. In Servlet/In the JSP study, heavy still was Servlet Documentation. Servlet the API most commonly used kind are very few, the flowered quite few time might grasp. These kinds all looked at, writes several examples to try. Servlet/The JSP programming essence is transferring these kinds to come repeatedly through the HTTP agreement converses between Web Server and Brower. Moreover to JSP, but also needs to be familiar with several commonly used JSP the mark, the concrete mode of writing cannot remember the speech, looks up temporarily and that's the end of.In addition Java the Web programming study must place Web Application with emphasis in the design pattern, how carries on the service logic the analysis, and carries on the reasonable design, according to the MVC design pattern request, completes the different logical level separately using Servlet and JSP, how grasps carries on the flow between Servlet and JSP the control and data sharing, as well as how Web should Application dispose and the deployment.Seventh step, J2EE programmingThe above study process if is quite smooth, carries on to this step, the difficulty enhances suddenly. Because the above knowledge content all only involves an aspect, but likes EJB, JMS, core the and so on JTA J2EE standard often is several kind of Java technology synthesis utilization crystallization, therefore grasps the difficulty quite to be big.First certainly must study good JNDI, JNDI is App the Server localization server resources (the EJB module, Datasouce, JMS) searches the method, if to JNDI not familiar, EJB, JMS these things cannot study nearly. JNDI actually is javax.Naming.* This package, utilizes is very simple. The difficulty lies in the server resources document the disposition. Regarding the server resources document disposition, needed to have a look the special documents to be standard, for instance web.Xml mode of writing, ejb-jar.Xml mode of writing and so on. In view of each kind of different App Server, but also has own service resources disposition document, also is needs to be familiar with.Then may study JTA, mainly is must understand JTA regarding business control method, as well as should use JTA in any situation. Here may simple cite an example, we knew the ordinary circumstances may carry on business regarding a database connection (conn.SetAutoCommit (false)....,mit ()), does is an atomic operation, but the supposition my service demand is needs to hold artificially to two different databases is an atomic operation, you can do to? At this time only could use JTA. The supposition operating process inserts a record first toward the A database, then deletes the B database another record, we wrote the code are cannot control entire hold artificially are an atomic operation. With the JTA speech, completes the control by App Server.In studies in front of EJB must study the object sequence and RMI, RMI is the EJB foundation. Then studies JMS and EJB, said regarding EJB, most is essential is must understand how EJB is realizes through RMI to the far-end object transfer, as well as must use in any situation to EJB.In studies EJB, after JMS these things, you possibly can realize must extremely anxiously study two domains the knowledge, is UML, another isDesign Pattern. The Java enterprise software design takes the frame extremely (Framework) the design, a good software frame is the software develops the successful essential condition. In this time, should start the study key point to place the design pattern and in the frame study, experiences through the study and the actual programming grasps EJB the design pattern and the J2EE core pattern.Inside J2EE standard, except EJB, JMS, JTA, Servlet/JSP, outside JDBC also has the very many very many enterprises technology, here 11 did not carry on introducedMoreover also has newest domain Web Services. Web Services also completely does not have any new thing, it likes is one kind of adhesive, may unify the different service provides a unified transfer connection, said as the user, I so long as obtain the service provider for mine WSDL (to service description), has sufficed, I did not know completely the server tenderer provides actually the service is the EJB module,The Net module, any CORBA module, other any realizations, I do not need to know. Web the Services greatest place lies in through the unified service provides the way and the transfer way, has realized the entire Internet service sharing, is an extremely excited area of technology. Web Services resembles at present not to have any very good books, but may through look up the material above the network the way to study.JA V A学习过程每个人的学习方法是不同的，一个人的方法不见得适合另一个人，我只能是谈自己的学习方法。