《现代传感器》课件Lecture2
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现代传感系统概述资料课件
物流与仓储管理
通过传感器实现物品的位 置、数量、重量等信息的 自动识别和管理，提高仓 储和物流效率。
环境监测
空气质量监测
利用传感器监测空气中的污染物浓度，为环境保护提供数据支持 。
水质监测
通过传感器对水体中的各种指标进行实时监测，确保水质安全。
气象监测
利用传感器收集气象数据，为天气预报、气候变化研究等提供依据 。
无线传感器网络的发展
无线传感器网络技术的进步使得传感器能够实现 远程、实时、动态的数据采集和传输。
3
集成化与智能化趋势
传感器正朝着小型化、集成化和智能化的方向发 展，能够实现多参数、多功能检测，并具备自适 应、自校准等智能功能。成本与可扩展性 Nhomakorabea降低成本
随着技术的进步和规模化生产，现代 传感器的制造成本不断降低，使得更 多的应用领域能够实现传感器的普及 和推广。
交通安全预警
通过传感器监测路面状况、车辆行驶状态等信息，及时发出预警， 降低交通事故风险。
智能停车系统
利用传感器实现车位自动识别、停车位预约等功能，方便车主停车 。
04
CATALOGUE
现代传感系统的发展趋势与挑战
技术创新与进步
1 2
传感器技术不断升级
随着新材料、新工艺和纳米技术的广泛应用，现 代传感器的性能得到显著提升，精度、灵敏度和 稳定性不断提高。
类、预测等功能。
自适应控制
03
通过人工智能技术实现传感系统的自适应控制，以提高系统的
稳定性和响应速度。
03
CATALOGUE
现代传感系统的应用实例
工业自动化
01
02
03
自动化生产控制
通过传感器实时监测生产 过程中的各种参数，如温 度、压力、流量等，实现 自动化控制和优化。
现代传感器介绍PPT课件
现代传感器介绍
引言
• 传感器技术是仿生学的一部分，向大自然以及人类自身学习是仿生学永恒 的主题，也是仿生传感技术的发展方向。传感器技术正式问世是在 20 世 纪中期，其大体经历结构型传感器、固体传感器、智能传感器三个历程。 传感器作为各种信息的感知、采集、转换、传输和处理的功能器件，已经 成为各个应用领域中不可缺少的重要技术工具。传感器技术与通信技术和 计算机技术已成为现代信息技术的三大支柱，是信息产业的重要基础。
• 抗原或抗体一经固定于膜上，就形成具有识别免疫反 应强烈的分子功能性膜。如，抗原在乙酰纤维素膜上 进行固定化，由于蛋白质为双极性电解质，（正负电 极极性随ＰＨ值而变）所以抗原固定化膜具有表面电 荷。其膜电位随膜电荷要变化。故根据抗体膜电位的 变化，可测知抗体的附量。
3室注入含有 抗体的盐水
抗体与固定化抗原 膜上的抗原相结合
便携式超声波 探鱼器
2024/6/4
27
超声波测量液位和物位原理
在液罐上方安装空气传导型超声发射器和接收器，根据超声波 的往返时间，就可测得液体的液面。
多普勒效应
前进方向的 频率升高!
如果波源和观察者 之间有相对运动，那么 观察者接收到的频率和 波源的频率就不相同了， 这种现象叫做多普勒效 应。测出f 就可得到运 动速度。
传感器的能量转换过程
敏感元件
敏感元件
转换器件
电学量
转换电路
目录
• 一、光纤传感器 • 二、生物传感器 • 三、超声波传感器 • 四、红外线传感器
五、微波传感器 六、智能传感器 七、超导传感器
光纤传感器
• 光纤——光导纤维，是由石英、 玻璃、塑料等光折射率高的介 质材料制成的极细的纤维，是 一种理想的光传输线路。
引言
• 传感器技术是仿生学的一部分，向大自然以及人类自身学习是仿生学永恒 的主题，也是仿生传感技术的发展方向。传感器技术正式问世是在 20 世 纪中期，其大体经历结构型传感器、固体传感器、智能传感器三个历程。 传感器作为各种信息的感知、采集、转换、传输和处理的功能器件，已经 成为各个应用领域中不可缺少的重要技术工具。传感器技术与通信技术和 计算机技术已成为现代信息技术的三大支柱，是信息产业的重要基础。
• 抗原或抗体一经固定于膜上，就形成具有识别免疫反 应强烈的分子功能性膜。如，抗原在乙酰纤维素膜上 进行固定化，由于蛋白质为双极性电解质，（正负电 极极性随ＰＨ值而变）所以抗原固定化膜具有表面电 荷。其膜电位随膜电荷要变化。故根据抗体膜电位的 变化，可测知抗体的附量。
3室注入含有 抗体的盐水
抗体与固定化抗原 膜上的抗原相结合
便携式超声波 探鱼器
2024/6/4
27
超声波测量液位和物位原理
在液罐上方安装空气传导型超声发射器和接收器，根据超声波 的往返时间，就可测得液体的液面。
多普勒效应
前进方向的 频率升高!
如果波源和观察者 之间有相对运动，那么 观察者接收到的频率和 波源的频率就不相同了， 这种现象叫做多普勒效 应。测出f 就可得到运 动速度。
传感器的能量转换过程
敏感元件
敏感元件
转换器件
电学量
转换电路
目录
• 一、光纤传感器 • 二、生物传感器 • 三、超声波传感器 • 四、红外线传感器
五、微波传感器 六、智能传感器 七、超导传感器
光纤传感器
• 光纤——光导纤维，是由石英、 玻璃、塑料等光折射率高的介 质材料制成的极细的纤维，是 一种理想的光传输线路。
现代传感器与检测技术课程设计PPT课件
电容式传感器是利用电容器电容的变化来检测物理量变化的传感器。其原理基于 电场特性，应用在位移、压力、液位等测量领域。优点是灵敏度高、动态响应快 ，缺点是易受外界电场干扰，稳定性较差。
电感式传感器
总结词
基础原理、应用领域、优缺点
详细描述
电感式传感器是利用电感器的电感变化来检测物理量变化的传感器。其原理基于电磁感应，应用在位 移、振动等测量领域。优点是测量范围宽、可靠性高，缺点是灵敏度较低，易受温度和外界磁场干扰 。
意义
强化理论知识与实际应用的结合，培 养创新思维和实践能力，为未来的学 习和工作奠定基础。
课程设计的任务和要求
01
任务：选择一个实际应用场景，设计并实现一个基于现代 传感器与检测技术的系统或装置，解决实际问题。
02
要求
03
深入理解现代传感器与检测技术的基本原理；
04
掌握相关软硬件工具的使用；
05
完成系统或装置的设计、制作和调试；
03 常用传感器介绍
电阻式传感器
总结词
基础原理、应用领域、优缺点
详细描述
电阻式传感器是利用电阻值的变化来检测物理量变化的传感器。其原理简单， 应用广泛，如压力、位移、应变等。优点是结构简单、成本低、可靠性高，缺 点是精度受限于电阻值的变化范围。
电容式传感器
总结词
基础原理、应用领域、优缺点
详细描述
06 课程设计总结与展望
课程设计的收获与不足
收获 深入理解了现代传感器与检测技术的基本原理和应用。
掌握了多种传感器和检测设备的操作技能。
课程设计的收获与不足
• 提高了解决实际问题的能力。
课程设计的收获与不足
不足
部分学生在实验环节中操作不够熟练，需要加强实践训练。
电感式传感器
总结词
基础原理、应用领域、优缺点
详细描述
电感式传感器是利用电感器的电感变化来检测物理量变化的传感器。其原理基于电磁感应，应用在位 移、振动等测量领域。优点是测量范围宽、可靠性高，缺点是灵敏度较低，易受温度和外界磁场干扰 。
意义
强化理论知识与实际应用的结合，培 养创新思维和实践能力，为未来的学 习和工作奠定基础。
课程设计的任务和要求
01
任务：选择一个实际应用场景，设计并实现一个基于现代 传感器与检测技术的系统或装置，解决实际问题。
02
要求
03
深入理解现代传感器与检测技术的基本原理；
04
掌握相关软硬件工具的使用；
05
完成系统或装置的设计、制作和调试；
03 常用传感器介绍
电阻式传感器
总结词
基础原理、应用领域、优缺点
详细描述
电阻式传感器是利用电阻值的变化来检测物理量变化的传感器。其原理简单， 应用广泛，如压力、位移、应变等。优点是结构简单、成本低、可靠性高，缺 点是精度受限于电阻值的变化范围。
电容式传感器
总结词
基础原理、应用领域、优缺点
详细描述
06 课程设计总结与展望
课程设计的收获与不足
收获 深入理解了现代传感器与检测技术的基本原理和应用。
掌握了多种传感器和检测设备的操作技能。
课程设计的收获与不足
• 提高了解决实际问题的能力。
课程设计的收获与不足
不足
部分学生在实验环节中操作不够熟练，需要加强实践训练。
现代检测技术传感器特征PPT课件
称“线性度”，通常用相对误差表示其大小，即相对应的最
大偏L差max
与满量y程FS （ ）输出比值的百分数（%）来表示：
eL
Lmax yFS
100%
(3-3)
式中， 为非线性误差（线性度）；m 为输出平均值与基准拟
合直线的最大偏差；eL 为满量程输出的平均值。
第22页/共37页
3.2 传感器的基本特性
第13页/共37页
3.2 传感器的基本特性
这种多项式代数方程可能有多种情况：
理想线性，在这种情况下，a0 a2 a3 an ，0 因此得
到：y a1 x因为直线上任何点的斜率都相等，所以传感器
的灵敏度为
a1
y x
k
常数
在坐标原点附近相当范围内输出—输入特性基本呈线性。在
这种情况下，(3-1)中除线性项外只存在奇次非线性项，即：
分辨率与分辨力都是用来表示仪表或装置能够检测被测量 的最小量值的性能指标。
前者是以最大量程的百分数来表示，是一个无量纲的比率 的量。
后者是以最小量程的单位值来表示，是一个有量纲的量值。
第21页/共37页
3.2 传感器的基本特性
线性度 eL
对于实际的传感器测出的输出—输入校准（标定）曲线与其
理论拟合直线之间的偏差就称为该传感器的“非线性”，或
第8页/共37页
3.1传感器的定义及分类
➢按输出信号的性质 根据输出信号的性质可分为模拟式传感器和数字式传感器。 即模拟式传感器输出连续变化的模拟信号，数字式传感器输出数
字信号。 ➢按输入物理量
根据输入物理量可分为位移传感器、压力传感器、速度传感器、 温度传感器及流量传感器等。 ➢按工作原理
根据工作原理可分为电阻式、电感式、电容式及光电式等。
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Modern Sensors Lecture 2
X. Wu
Department of Optical Engineering
Zhejiang University
Lecture 2 Basic Intent
Overview the basic sensor terminology in product data sheets, and in the technical literature.
Department of Optical Engineering
Zhejiang University
Basic facts : R&D of modern sensors
Some of the people working in this business have great resources at their disposal.
a thermocouple, a photodiode, piezoelectric sensor.
Active sensor
The active sensors sometimes are called parametric because their own properties change in response to an external effect and these properties can be subsequently converted into electric signals.
So, expect that you will encounter odd definitions here and there, and expect that you will find that most sensor data sheets are missing some information that you might be most interested in.
Many researchers out there competing to invent, design, build and sell sensors which are going to next big wave in industry
This competition has been going on for decades What are the basic facts at work?
For a virtual reality game glove, it is better to have both.
Department of Optical Engineering
Zhejiang University
Introduction to sensor terminology
Why do we care so much about this interface?
Department of Optical Engineering
Zhejiang University
Data Sheet: Purpose and
The data sheet
Format
is primarily a marketing document.
It will be designed to highlight the positive attributes of the sensor, emphasizing some of the potential uses of the sensor,
Researchers at l labs, where access to state of the art materials and equipment is key to finding the next really important sensor.
Department of Optical Engineering
Zhejiang University
Introduction to sensor
terminology
A sensor is a device
which converts a physical phenomena into an electrical signal.
As such, sensors represent part of the interface between the physical world and the world of electrical devices, such as computers.
The other part of this interface is represented by Actuators, which convert electrical signals into physical phenomena.
Department of Optical Engineering
Zhejiang University
Where do Sensors Come From?
We are going to cover a significant fraction of modern sensors,
some sort of invention Interesting to think how such things come to be
Case study: an off-the-shelf accelerometer, ADXL150.
Then, a summary of the basic electronic circuits we will be covering in the course is presented.
The data sheets for many sensors are formatted just like electronic product data sheets.
However, there are many formats out there, and nothing at all like an international standard for sensor specifications.
Zhejiang University
Introduction to sensor
terminology
Characterization and data sheet
since the output of the sensor is an electrical signal, we tend to characterize sensors in the same way we characterize electronic devices.
We will encounter a variety of interpretations of sensor performance parameters, and sometimes a lot of confusion will emerge. It is important for you to realize that this confusion is not due to our inability to explain the meaning of the terms - it is a result of the fact that different parts of the sensor community have gotten comfortable using these terms differently.
In this case, the vendor and customer might have grown accustomed to unusual definitions for certain sensor performance parameters.
As a potential new user of such a sensor, it is initially your problem to recognize this situation, and interpret things reasonably.
Department of Optical Engineering
Zhejiang University
Sensor Classification
Passive sensor
does not need any additional energy source and directly generates an electric signal in response to an external stimulus;
For example, a thermistor is a temperature-sensitive resistor. These variations (presented in ohms) directly relate to temperature through a known function. a resistive strain gauge in which electrical resistance relates to a strain.
In recent years, versions of these products which utilize microprocessors for control of functionality are becoming widely available.
Department of Optical Engineering
Access to resources (people, equipment,…) is a big advantage.
Market Drive- an important driving power
X. Wu
Department of Optical Engineering
Zhejiang University
Lecture 2 Basic Intent
Overview the basic sensor terminology in product data sheets, and in the technical literature.
Department of Optical Engineering
Zhejiang University
Basic facts : R&D of modern sensors
Some of the people working in this business have great resources at their disposal.
a thermocouple, a photodiode, piezoelectric sensor.
Active sensor
The active sensors sometimes are called parametric because their own properties change in response to an external effect and these properties can be subsequently converted into electric signals.
So, expect that you will encounter odd definitions here and there, and expect that you will find that most sensor data sheets are missing some information that you might be most interested in.
Many researchers out there competing to invent, design, build and sell sensors which are going to next big wave in industry
This competition has been going on for decades What are the basic facts at work?
For a virtual reality game glove, it is better to have both.
Department of Optical Engineering
Zhejiang University
Introduction to sensor terminology
Why do we care so much about this interface?
Department of Optical Engineering
Zhejiang University
Data Sheet: Purpose and
The data sheet
Format
is primarily a marketing document.
It will be designed to highlight the positive attributes of the sensor, emphasizing some of the potential uses of the sensor,
Researchers at l labs, where access to state of the art materials and equipment is key to finding the next really important sensor.
Department of Optical Engineering
Zhejiang University
Introduction to sensor
terminology
A sensor is a device
which converts a physical phenomena into an electrical signal.
As such, sensors represent part of the interface between the physical world and the world of electrical devices, such as computers.
The other part of this interface is represented by Actuators, which convert electrical signals into physical phenomena.
Department of Optical Engineering
Zhejiang University
Where do Sensors Come From?
We are going to cover a significant fraction of modern sensors,
some sort of invention Interesting to think how such things come to be
Case study: an off-the-shelf accelerometer, ADXL150.
Then, a summary of the basic electronic circuits we will be covering in the course is presented.
The data sheets for many sensors are formatted just like electronic product data sheets.
However, there are many formats out there, and nothing at all like an international standard for sensor specifications.
Zhejiang University
Introduction to sensor
terminology
Characterization and data sheet
since the output of the sensor is an electrical signal, we tend to characterize sensors in the same way we characterize electronic devices.
We will encounter a variety of interpretations of sensor performance parameters, and sometimes a lot of confusion will emerge. It is important for you to realize that this confusion is not due to our inability to explain the meaning of the terms - it is a result of the fact that different parts of the sensor community have gotten comfortable using these terms differently.
In this case, the vendor and customer might have grown accustomed to unusual definitions for certain sensor performance parameters.
As a potential new user of such a sensor, it is initially your problem to recognize this situation, and interpret things reasonably.
Department of Optical Engineering
Zhejiang University
Sensor Classification
Passive sensor
does not need any additional energy source and directly generates an electric signal in response to an external stimulus;
For example, a thermistor is a temperature-sensitive resistor. These variations (presented in ohms) directly relate to temperature through a known function. a resistive strain gauge in which electrical resistance relates to a strain.
In recent years, versions of these products which utilize microprocessors for control of functionality are becoming widely available.
Department of Optical Engineering
Access to resources (people, equipment,…) is a big advantage.
Market Drive- an important driving power