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Radiographic Examination InstructionforCircularWeld 环焊缝射线检测工艺卡Form No./表码: Rev. No./版本号:A Report No./报告号: Page 1of 11 Application应用Carbon Steel. Butt/Circumferential weld with = 122” Ø tank, tank thickness up to 13mm碳钢对接环焊缝直径122’’壁厚13mm2 Equipment Type:设备XXGZT-3005HQ panoramic x-ray tube or equivalent XXGZT-3005HQ轴向X射线机3 Radiation Source:辐射源5mA, 150-300kv, 1.0 x 2.5mm focal point 5mA, 150-300kv, 1.0 x 2.5mm焦点大小4 Technique:技术Single Wall Exposure Single Wall View (Panoramic)单壁单影周向曝光5 GeometricRelationship:几何关系Radiation source positioned within of center of weld circle. Radiation beam at 90° to weld and film.源在中间，射线束以90°方向投入焊缝和胶片。
6 Film Type:胶片类型In general, Agfa C7 Sheet film,Agfa C4 sheet film shall be used if the required sensitivity not achieved. 通常用agfa C7胶片，灵敏度达不到的话，可以用C4.7 Film Coverage:胶片覆盖A minimum of 10mm of parent metal on either side of the weld will be included in the radiographs. Theoverlap offilm cassettes is approximately 25mm.至少10mm母材需被覆盖, 胶片重叠25mm。
（翻译：宋广泽公供参考）EN462 Non-destructive testing-Image quality of radiographs 无损检测–射线底片质量Part: 1 Image quality indicators(wire type)Determination of image quality value第一部分：像质计图象质量评估1.Scope范围This part of this European Standard specifies a device and a method for the determination of the image quality of radiographs. Other devices are the subject of parts 2 and 5 of the standard.此欧洲标准的这一部分指定了对射线照相图相质量的评定方法和程序，其他程序见标准2至5部分。
2.Normative references参考标准This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications.These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies.本欧洲标准由注明日期或未注明日期的参考，其他出版物的条款合并编制而成。
EN462 -1无损探伤-射线照片的图像质量-第一部分：图像质量指示（线型类型）-图像质量数值的测定线型像质计的规4.1 尺寸及名称图1描绘了一个线型像质计单位：mm a) 各线之间距图1：线型像质计像质计体系由一组19根不同直径的金属丝组成，表1规定了相关的公差和线号。
这一系列像质计再细分为线号互相重叠的四组，每组有7根相邻线号的金属丝组成。
即W1到W7，W6到W12，W10到W16 和W13到W19，一个像质计中的7根金属丝相互平行，其长度L为10mm，25mm和50mm。
像质计的书面名称应给出像质计符号，标准号，最大金属丝的线号（按表1规定如W10），金属丝的材料（如FE）和线的长度（如W25）。
例1：IQI EN 462-W10FE-25标准允许将全名缩写为最大金属丝线号及材料。
例2：W10 FE4.2材料Material一个像质计的所有金属丝必须使用同一种材料，并埋入一种对像质值没有影响的材料。
常用的金属丝材料见表2。
4.3像质计的标记用于像质计上的标记必须给出以下信息：a) 最大金属丝的编号（如1、6、10或13），放在最大金属丝的旁边。
b) 像质计材料的常用识别符号，如FE。
c) 符号EN，如10 FE EN。
标记符号的图像应保证在观察射线底片时不会刺眼，推荐的符号的材料吸收应不大于最大金属丝吸收的两倍。
4.4 合格证明本标准使用的每个像质计均应依照EN45014有证明文件或来自于一个公认的实验室的说明书。
为了辩认，像质计应由生产者编号并标记。
表1：金属丝编号、尺寸、及公差（单位：mm）5. 像质计的使用5.1 选择像质计的选用标准对于受检测材料和图像质量评估是所希望或必须的。
金属丝的材料吸收系数应尽可能接近受检测材料的吸收系数，表2列出常用的材料吸收系数，其他材料参照EN462-4，如果金属丝材料远低于受检对象，又因为吸收系数相差太大而没有合适的，则像质计应使用相同材料制作。
表2：像质计型号和金属丝材料的使用所对应的材料组的选择射线检测时，像质计应放在工件上射线源一侧，并远离胶片。
ASTM A 754/A 754M-1996X射线荧光法测量涂层厚度的试验方法Test Method for Coating Thickness by X-Ray FluorescenceASTM B567-1998用β射线背散射法测量涂层厚度的试验方法Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thickness by the Beta Backscatter MethodASTM B568-1998χ射线光谱仪法测量涂层厚度的试验方法Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thickness by X-Ray SpectrometryASTM C637-1998辐射屏蔽混凝土用集料的标准规范Standard Specification for Aggregates for Radiation-Shielding ConcreteASTM C638-1992辐射屏蔽混凝土集料组分的描述术语Descriptive Nomenclature of Constituents of Aggregates for Radiation-Shielding ConcreteASTM C1455-2000用γ射线谱法无损检定仍然有效特殊核材料指南ASTM D2599-1987X射线光谱法测定汽油含铅量的试验方法(05.02)Test Method for Lead in Gasoline by X-Ray Spectrometry (05.02)ASTM D4294-1998用非色散X射线荧光光谱法测定石油产品中含硫量试验方法Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Non-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry, Method of Test for (05.02) ASTM D4452-1985土壤样品的X射线照相法X-Ray Radiography of Soil SamplesASTM D5059-1998X-射线光谱法测定汽油含铅量的试验方法Test Method for Lead in Gasoline by X-Ray Spectroscopy (05.03)ASTM D5187-1991X射线衍射法测定煅烧石油焦炭中结晶尺寸(LC)的试验方法Test Method for Crystallite Size (LC) of Calcined Petroleum Coke by X-Ray Diffraction (05.03)ASTM D6247-1998X射线荧光光谱法分析聚烯烃中元素含量的试验方法Test Method for Analysis of Elemental Content in Polyolefins by X-Ray Fluorescence SpectrometryASTM E94-2004(2010)射线照相检验标准指南Standard Guide for Radiographic ExaminationASTM E142-1996射线照相检测的质量控制方法Method for Controlling Quality of Radiographic Testing ASTM E155-2010铝镁合金铸件射线照相检验标准参考照片Standard Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium CastingsASTM E170-1999有关辐射测量和剂量测定的术语ASTM E181-1998放射性核素探测器的校准和分析的一般方法General Methods for Detector Calibration and Analysis of RadionuclidesASTM E186-2010厚壁(50.8-114mm)钢铸件标准参考射线照片Standard Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 4 1/2-In./50.8 to 114-mm) Steel CastingsASTM E192-2004(2010)e1宇航用熔模钢铸件标准参考射线照片Standard Reference Radiographs for Investment Steel Castings of AerospaceApplicationsASTM E242-2001(2010)某些参数改变时射线照相图象显示的标准参考射线照片Standard Reference Radiographs for Appearances of Radiographic Images asCertain Parameters Are ChangedASTM E272-2010高强度铜基及镍铜合金铸件的标准参考射线照片Standard Reference Radiographs for High-Strength Copper-Base andNickel-Copper Alloy CastingsASTM E280-2010厚壁(114-305mm)铸钢件标准参考射线照片Standard Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (4 1/2 to 12-in. (114 to305-mm)) Steel CastingsASTM E310-2010锡青铜铸件标准参考射线照片Standard Reference Radiographs for Tin Bronze CastingsASTM E390-2011钢熔焊焊缝标准参考射线照片Standard Reference Radiographs for Steel Fusion WeldsASTM E431-96(2011)半导体和相关器件射线照片判读指南Standard Guide to Interpretation of Radiographs of Semiconductors andRelated DevicesASTM E446-2010厚度至50.8mm钢铸件的标准参考射线照片Standard Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings up to 2 in. (50.8 mm) inThicknessASTM E505-2001(2011)铝和镁压铸件检验的标准参考射线照片Standard Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and MagnesiumDie CastingsASTM E545-2005(2010)确定直接热中子射线照相检验成象质量的标准试验方法Standard Test Method for Determining Image Quality in Direct ThermalNeutron Radiographic ExaminationASTM E586-88γ与χ射线照相检测的术语定义ASTM E592-1999(2009)e16～51mm厚钢板X射线照相检验和25～152mm厚钢板钴60照相检验获得ASTM当量穿透灵敏度的标准指南Standard Guide to Obtainable ASTM Equivalent Penetrameter Sensitivity forRadiography of Steel Plates 1/4 to 2 in. (6 to 51 mm) Thick with X Raysand 1 to 6 in. (25 to 152 mm) Thick with Cobalt-60ASTM E665-1994测量暴露在X闪光射线机的X射线照射下的材料中相对深度的吸收剂量Determining Absorbed Dose Versus Depth in Materials Exposed to the X-RayOutput of Flash X-Ray MachinesASTM E666-1997γ或X射线剂量吸收的计算Calculating Absorbed Dose from Gamma or XRadiationASTM E689-2010球墨铸铁标准参考射线照片Standard Reference Radiographs for Ductile Iron CastingsASTM E746-2007测定工业射线照相成像系统相关图象质量响应的标准方法Standard Practice for Determining Relative Image Quality Response ofIndustrial Radiographic Imaging SystemsASTM E747-2004(2010)射线照相用线型象质计(IQI)的设计、制造及材料组分类的标准方法Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material GroupingClassification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (Iqi) Used for RadiologyASTM E748-2002(2008)材料热中子射线照相标准方法Standard Practices for Thermal Neutron Radiography of MaterialsASTM E801-2006(2011)电子装置射线照相检验的质量控制标准方法Standard Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiological Examination ofElectronic DevicesASTM E802-1995(2010)厚度至114mm的灰口铸铁标准参考射线照片Standard Reference Radiographs for Gray Iron Castings up to 4 1/2 in. (114mm) in ThicknessASTM E803-1991(2008)确定中子射线透照束长径比的标准方法Standard Method for Determining the L/D Ratio of Neutron Radiography BeamsASTM E915-1996残余应力测量用X射线衍射仪校准检定的试验方法Test Method for Verifying the Alignment of X-Ray DiffractionInstrumentation for Residual Stress MeasurementASTM E999-2010工业射线照相胶片处理的质量控制标准指南Standard Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radiographic FilmProcessingASTM E1000-98(2009)射线照相检测标准指南Standard Guide for RadioscopyASTM E1025-2011射线照相检测用孔型象质计设计、制造和材料组分类的标准方法Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material GroupingClassification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators(IQI) Used forRadiographyASTM E1030-2005(2011)金属铸件射线照相检验的标准试验方法Standard Test Method for Radiographic Examination of Metallic CastingsASTM E1032-2012焊缝射线照相检验的标准试验方法Standard Test Method for Radiographic Examination of WeldmentsASTM E1079-2010透射密度计校准的标准方法Standard Practice for Calibration of Transmission DensitometersASTM E1114-2009e1测定铱192工业射线照相源尺寸的标准试验方法Standard Test Method for Determining the Size of Iridium -192 IndustrialRadiopraphic SourcesASTM E1161-2009半导体和电子元件射线检验的标准方法Standard Practice for Radiologic Examination of Semiconductors andElectronic ComponentsASTM E1165-2004(2010)用针孔成象法测量工业X射线管焦点的标准试验方法Standard Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots of Industrial X-RayTubes by Pinhole ImagingASTM E1168-1995核设施工人辐射防护训练Radiological Protection Training for Nuclear Facility WorkersASTM E1254-2008射线照片及未曝光工业射线照相胶片储藏的标准指南Standard Guide for Storage of Radiographs and Unexposed IndustrialRadiographic FilmsASTM E1255-2009射线透视检验标准方法Standard Practice for RadioscopyASTM E1320-2010钛铸件标准参考射线照片Standard Reference Radiographs for Titanium CastingsASTM E1390-2012工业射线照相观片灯标准规范Standard Specification for Illuminators Used for Viewing IndustrialRadiographsASTM E1400-1995高剂量辐射量测定校准实验室的特性和性能规程Characterization and Performance of a High-Dose Radiation DosimetryCalibration Laboratory, Practice for (12.02)ASTM E1411-2009射线照相系统鉴定的标准方法Standard Practice for Qualification of Radioscopic SystemsASTM E1416-2009焊缝射线检验的标准试验方法Standard Test Method for Radioscopic Examination of WeldmentsASTM E1441-2011计算机层析（CT）成像的标准指南Standard Guide for Computed Tomography (CT) ImagingASTM E1441-2000计算机层析成像（CT）指南Guide for Computed Tomography (CT) ImagingASTM E1453-2009含模拟或数字射线照相数据的磁带媒体存储标准指南Standard Guide for Storage of Magnetic Tape Media that Contains Analog orDigital Radioscopic DataASTM E1475-2002(2008)数字射线照相检验数据计算机化传输的数据区标准指南Standard Guide for Data Fields for Computerized Transfer of DigitalRadiological Examination DataASTM E1496-2005(2010)中子射线照相尺寸测量的标准试验方法Standard Test Method for Neutron Radiographic DimensionalMeasurements(With drawn 2012)ASTM E1570-2011计算机层析(CT)检验标准方法Standard Practice for Computed Tomographic (CT) ExaminationASTM E1647-2009确定射线照相检测对比度灵敏度的标准方法Standard Practice for Determining Contrast Sensitivity in RadiologyASTM E1648-1995(2011)铝熔焊焊缝检验标准参考射线照片Standard Reference Radiographs for Examination of Aluminum Fusion WeldsASTM E1672-2006选择计算机层析(CT)系统的标准指南Standard Guide for Computed Tomography (Ct) System SelectionASTM E1695-1995(2006)e1计算机层析(CT)系统性能测量的标准试验方法Standard Test Method for Measurement of Computed Tomography (Ct) SystemPerformanceASTM E1734-2009铸件射线照相检验标准方法Standard Practice for Radioscopic Examination of CastingsASTM E1735-2007确定经4-25MV X射线曝光的工业射线胶片相关成像质量的标准试验方法Standard Test Method for Determining Relative Image Quality of IndustrialRadiographic Film Exposed to X-Radiation from 4 to 25 MVASTM E1742/E1742M-2011射线照相检验标准方法Standard Practice for Radiographic ExaminationASTM E1814-1996(2007)铸件计算机层析(CT)检验标准方法Standard Practice for Computed Tomographic (CT) Examination of CastingsASTM E1815-2008工业射线照相胶片系统分类的标准试验方法Standard Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for IndustrialRadiographyASTM E1817-2008使用典型象质计(RQIs)控制射线检验质量的标准方法Standard Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiological Examination byUsing Representative Quality Indicators(RQI-s)ASTM E1894-1997选择脉冲X射线源用的剂量测定系统的标准指南Standard Guide for Selecting Dosimetry Systems for Application in PulsedX-Ray SourcesASTM E1931-2009X射线康普顿散射层析技术标准指南Standard Guide for X-ray Compton Scatter TomographyASTM E1935-1997(2008)校准和测量计算机层析(CT) 密度的标准试验方法Standard Test Method for Calibrating and Meausring CT DensityASTM E1936-2003(2011)评估射线照相数字化系统性能的标准参考射线照片Standard Reference Radiograph for Evaluating the Performance ofRadiographic Digitization SystemsASTM E1955-2004(2009)与美国材料与试验协会ASTM E 390 参考射线照片等级比较钢中焊缝完善性的标准射线检验Standard Radiographic Examination for Soundness of Welds in Steel byComparison to Graded ASTM E390 Reference RadiographsASTM E2002-1998(2009)测定射线照相图象总不清晰度的标准方法Standard Practice for Determining Total Image Unsharpness in RadiologyASTM E2003-2010中子射线照相波束纯度指示计制作的标准方法Standard Practice for Fabrication of the Neutron Radiographic Beam PurityIndicators [Metric]ASTM E2007-2010计算机射线照相标准指南（用于CR的标准指南）(可激射线发光[PSL]法)Standard Guide for Computed Radiology (Photostimulable Luminescence (PSL)Method)ASTM E2023-2010制作中子射线照相灵敏度指示计的标准方法Standard Practice for Fabrication of Neutron Radiographic SensitivityIndicatorASTM E2033-1999(2006)计算机射线照相的标准方法（用于CR的标准实施方法）(可激射线发光[PSL]法) Standard Practice for Computed Radiology (Photostimulable LuminescenceMethod)ASTM E2104-2009优质航空与涡轮材料和构件射线照相检验的标准方法Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Advanced Aero andTurbine Materials and ComponentsASTM E2120-2000便携式X射线荧光光谱仪测量涂膜中铅含量的性能评估规程Practice for the Performance Evaluation of the Portable X-Ray FluorescenceSpectrometer for the Measurement of Lead in Paint FilmsASTM E2339-2004无损评价中的数字成像和通讯Digital Imaging and Communication in NDE（DICONDE）ASTM E2422-2011铝铸件标准参考数字射线图像（钛和钢铸件也适用）Standard Digital Reference Images for Al. Casting(Titanium & steel Castingalso available)ASTM E2445-2005(2010)计算机射线照相系统的长期稳定性与鉴定的标准方法（用于CR系统的质量认定和长期稳定性的标准实施方法）Standard Practice for Qualification and Long-Term Stability of ComputedRadiology SystemsASTM E2446-2005(2010)计算机射线照相系统分类的标准方法（用于CR系统分类的标准实施方法）Standard Practice for Classification of Computed Radiology SystemsASTM E2597-2007e1数字探测器阵列制造特性的标准规程Standard Practice for Manufacturing Characterization of Digital DetectorArraysASTM E2660-2011航空用优质钢铸件标准参考数字射线图像Standard Digital Reference Images for Investment Steel Castings forAerospace ApplicationsASTM E2662-2009航空用平面与夹芯复合材料射线照相检验的标准方法Standard Practice for Radiologic Examination of Flat Panel Composites andSandwich Core Materials Used in Aerospace ApplicationsASTM E2669-2011数字射线照相（DR）检测方法的数字图像与通信无损评价（DICONDE）的标准方法Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in NondestructiveEvaluation (DICONDE) for Digital Radiographic (DR) Test MethodsASTM E2698-2010使用数字探测器阵列的射线照相检验标准方法Standard Practice for Radiological Examination Using Digital DetectorArraysASTM E2736-2010数字探测器阵列射线照相检测标准指南Standard Guide for Digital Detector Array RadiologyASTM E2737-2010评价数字探测器阵列性能和长期稳定性的标准方法Standard Practice for Digital Detector Array Performance Evaluation andLong-Term StabilityASTM E2738-2011使用计算机射线照相（CR）检测方法的数字图像与通讯无损评价（DICONDE）的标准方法Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication NondestructiveEvaluation (DICONDE) for Computed Radiography (CR) Test MethodsASTM E2767-2011使用X射线计算机层析（CT）检测方法的数字图像与通讯无损评价（DICONDE）的标准方法Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in NondestructiveEvaluation (DICONDE) for X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) Test MethodsASTM E2861-2011测量中子辐射束发散与校准的标准试验方法Standard Test Method for Measurement of Beam Divergence and Alignment inNeutron Radiologic BeamsASTM F629-1997铸造金属外科手术植入物射线照相检查实施方法(F-4)ASTM F727-1981透明照相干版透光度测量的试验方法Test Method for Measuring Transmittance of See-Through PhotoplateASTM F784-1982校准放射性同位素密封测试仪的试验方法Test Method for Calibrating Radioisotope Hermetic Test ApparatusASTM F864-1984硬表面玻璃照相干板的检验Inspection of Hard-Surface Glass PhotoplatesASTM F947-1985测定照相胶片低能级X射线辐射灵敏度的试验方法Test Method for Determining Low-Level X-Radiation Sensitivity ofPhotographic FilmsASTM F1035-1991使用橡胶帘布圆盘验证轮胎X射线成象系统的辩别能力Use of Rubber-Cord Pie Disk to Demonstrate the Discernment Capability of aTire X-Ray Imaging SystemASTM F1039-1987X射线安全屏系统中测量低剂量X辐射的试验方法Test Method for Measurement of Low Level X-Radiation Used in X-RaySecurity Screening SystemsASTM F1467-1999微电子装置电离辐射效应中X射线测试仪(近似等于10keV辐射量子)的使用Use of an X-Ray Tester (is Approximately Equal to 10 keV Photons) inIonizing Radiation Effects Testing of Microelectronic DevicesASTM PS95-1998便携式X射线荧光(XRF)装置现场测定涂料或其它涂层含铅量的质量体系的标准临时操作规程Standard Provisional Practice for Quality Systems for Conducting In SituMeasurements of Lead Content in Paint or Other Coatings usingField-Portable X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) DevicesASTM PS 116-1999测量涂膜含铅量用的便携式X射线荧光光谱仪性能评价的临时操作规程Provisional Practice for the Performance Evaluation of the Portable X-RayFluorescence Spectrometer for the Measurement of Lead in Paint FilmsFactorsANSI/IEEE 309-1970盖革-弥勒计数器的试验程序Geiger-Muller Counters, Test Procedure forANSI IT9.2-1991成象介质-已处理的照相胶片、平板和相纸-归档盒及储存箱Imaging Media - Photographic Processed Films, Plates and Papers - FilingEnclosures and Storage ContainersANSI IT9.8-1989成象介质-照相胶片耐折强度的测定Imaging Media - Photographic Film - Determination of Folding EnduranceANSI N13.2-1969辐射监测的管理规程指南Administrative Practices in RadiationMonitoring, Guide toANSI N13.5-1972直读和非直读式袖珍X和γ射线辐射剂量仪的性能Direct Reading and Indirect Reading Pocket Dosimeters for X- and GammaRadiation, PerformanceANSI N13.7-1983辐射防护照相胶片剂量仪性能标准Radiation Protection - Photographic Film Dosimeters - Criteria forPerformanceANSI N13.11-2001个人剂量测定的试验标准Personnel Dosimetry Performance, Criteria forTestingANSI N13.27-1981袖珍式报警辐射剂量仪和报警记数率计的性能要求Performance Requirements for Pocket-Sized Alarm Dosimeters and AlarmRatemetersANSI N15.36-1994核材料无损化验测量的控制和保证Nuclear materials - Nondestructive assay measurement control and assuranceANSI N15.37-1981核材料控制的自动无损化验系统指南Automation of Nondestructive Assay Systems for Nuclear Materials Control,Guide toANSI N42.16-1986用于液体闪烁计数器的密封放射检查源的规范Specifications for sealed radioactive check sources used inliquid-scintillation countersANSI N42.20-1995个人辐射监视仪的性能标准Performance criteria for active personnelradiation monitorsANSI N42.26-1995辐射防护仪器监测设备X和γ辐射个人报警装置Radiation Protection Instrumentation - Monitoring Equipment - PersonalWarning Devices for X and Gamma RadiationsANSI N43.3-1993通用辐射安全非医疗应用的X射线和密封γ射线源的安装能量达10MevGeneral radiation safety - Installations using non-medical X-ray andsealed gamma-ray sources, energies up to 10 MeVANSI N43.6-1997密封放射性源的分类Classification of Sealed Radioactive SourcesANSI N43.9-1991γ射线照相仪器的设计和试验规范Gamma Radiography - Specifications for Design and Testing of ApparatusANSI N322-1996直接和间接读取石英纤维袖珍剂量计的检验和试验规范Inspection and Test Specifications for Direct and Indirect Reading QuartzFiber Pocket DosimetersASME Boiler & Pressure VesselCode(ASME锅炉压力容器规范)第V卷《无损检测》2004版，第2篇“射线检测”，强制性附录-包含动态射线照相、实时射线成像检测内容ASME SE-1647确定射线照相对比灵敏度的推荐实施方法ASME Code Case 2476使用荧光成像板的射线照相Radiography using phosphor imaging platesMIL-HDBK-55-66射线照相无损检测手册(已由MIL-HDBK-728/5取代)MIL-STD-139A-65射线检测铝镁合金铸件的完好性要求MIL-STD-453C-88射线照相检测MIL-STD-746A-63铸造爆破器材的射线照相检测要求MIL-STD-779-68钢焊缝参考χ射线照片(由ASTM E390取代)MIL-STD-1257A-87钴铬合金枪管射线照相及目视检验MIL-R-11470A-71对射线检验设备,操作方法和操作人员的合格审查(由MIL-STD-453取代) MIL-I-36013B-72折迭式χ射线观片灯MIL-R-45226-62石墨的射线照相检测(已停用)MIL-R-45774A(92)铝,镁导弹零件熔焊完好性要求-射线照相检测MIL-STD-1948(91)中子射线照相检验的术语和定义汇编MIL-HDBK-728/5(92)射线照相检验MIL-HDBK-733(92)复合材料无损检验方法-射线照相法MIL-STD-1166A(91)固体火箭推进剂射线照相检验要求MIL-STD-1264B(93)钢焊缝完好性射线照相检验-与ASTM E390 各级参考底片比较MIL-STD-1265A(92)钢铸件射线照相检验分类和完好性要求MIL-STD-1894A(86)不完全焊透钢焊缝的射线照相参考标准及射线照相程序MIL-STD-1895A(86)不完全焊透铝焊缝的射线照相参考标准及射线照相程序BAC 5915(美国波音公司) 射线检验DPS 4.736(美国麦道公司) 射线检验API 1104(美国石油协会) 管道及有关设备的焊接AWS B 5.15射线照相评片资格技术条件。
线型像质计型号和规格的规范标识黄新超【摘要】This paper describes current domestic situation in using the linear image quality indicator marking in the industrial radiographic testing,and elaborates some requirements for testing standards by industry branches and some attentions needed to be paid to the current image quality indicator standards.The author hopes that the above-mentioned points could help the practitioners to have a clear understanding of the standard marking of linear image quality indicator.%介绍了国内工业射线检测所使用的线型像质计标识的使用现状,阐述了各个行业检测标准的具体要求和现行像质计标准中的一些需要注意的问题,以帮助从业人员更清晰地认识线型像质计的规范标识.【期刊名称】《无损检测》【年(卷),期】2016(038)004【总页数】3页(P67-69)【关键词】射线检测;标识;像质计【作者】黄新超【作者单位】河南省锅炉压力容器安全检测研究院,郑州 450008【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TG115.28像质计是用来检查和定量评价工业射线照相底片影像质量的工具。
我国最常用的是线型像质计，其规格和型号的标识在实际应用中非常混乱。
到底什么是线型像质计的规范性标识，很多从业人员搞不清楚，造成业主方、监理方、检验机构、检测单位与使用单位之间经常发生争执或误解。
（翻译：宋广泽公供参考）EN462 Non-destructive testing-Image quality of radiographs 无损检测–射线底片质量Part: 1 Image quality indicators(wire type)Determination of image quality value第一部分：像质计图象质量评估1.Scope范围This part of this European Standard specifies a device and a method for the determination of the image quality of radiographs. Other devices are the subject of parts 2 and 5 of the standard.此欧洲标准的这一部分指定了对射线照相图相质量的评定方法和程序，其他程序见标准2至5部分。
2.Normative references参考标准This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications.These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies.本欧洲标准由注明日期或未注明日期的参考，其他出版物的条款合并编制而成。
这些参考在文本适当位置引用，所用出版物在此后列出。
对于注明日期的引用文件，其以后的修改或修订内容只有在本标准进行修订或修改时才引用。
对于未注明日期的引用文件，将引用其最新版本。
EN462-2 Non-destructive testing-Image quality of radiographs-part 2: Image quality indicators (step/hole type),determination of image quality values1)EN462-2无损探伤；射线照片的图像质量。
第二部分：像质计（线型）；图像质量数值的测定EN462-4 Non-destructive testing-Image quality of radiographs-part 4: Experimental evaluation of image quality values and image quality tables1)EN462-4无损探伤；射线照片的图像质量。
第四部分：图像质量数值和图像质量表的实验性评估EN462-5 Non-destructive testing-Image quality of radiographs-part 5: Image quality indicators (Duplex wire type) – Determination of image unhappiness value1)EN462-5无损探伤；射线照片的图像质量。
图像质量指数（双芯导线类型），整体图像不清晰度数值的测定EN25580 Non-destructive testing – Industrial radiographic illuminators – Minimum requirements (ISO 5580:1985 )EN25580 无损检测-工业射线照相-最低要求EN45014 General criteria for suppliers, declaration of conformityEN45014 供应方的通用标准3. Definitions定义For the purposes of this standard, the following definitions apply:本标准采用以下定义：3.1 Image quality图相质量That characteristic of a radiographic image which determines the degree of detail which it shows.判断射线图相显示详细程度的特征。
3.2 Image quality indicator (IQI)像质计A device comprising a series of elements of graded dimensions which enable a measure of the image quality to be obtained. The elements of IQI are commonly wires or steps with holes.一种包含一连串的元件和不同尺寸的能测量图像质量的设备，一般由金属线和孔洞组成。
3.2 Image quality value图像质量值A measure of the image quality required or achieved and is equal to the wire number given in table1 for the thinnest wire which can be detected on the radiograph.测量图像质量应达到相当于表1中给出的在射线照片中能发现的最小金属丝的编号。
4 Specification for wire type image quality indicators线型像质计的规范4.1 Dimension, designation尺寸及名称Figure 1 represents a wire-type image quality indicator.图1描绘了一个线型像质计Dimensions in millimeter单位：mma) Space for identification marking各线之间距Figure 1: Image quality indicator (wire type)图1：线型像质计The IQI system is based on a series of 19 wires of different diameters which are specified in table 1 together with the relevant tolerances and the wire numbers. This series of wires has been subdivided into four overlapping ranges of 7 consecutive wire numbers, viz. W1 to W7, W6 to W12, W10 to W16 and W13 to W19. The 7 wires in an IQI are arranged parallel to each other. The lengths of the wires, L are10mm, 25mm or 50mm.像质计体系由一组19根不同直径的金属丝组成，表1规定了相关的公差和线号。
这一系列像质计再细分为线号互相重叠的四组，每组有7根相邻线号的金属丝组成。
即W1到W7，W6到W12，W10到W16 和W13到W19，一个像质计中的7根金属丝相互平行，其长度L为10mm，25mm和50mm。
The written designation of an image quality indicator shall give the symbol IQI, the number of the standard, the wire number of the thickest wire as specified in table 1 (e.g. W10), the symbol denoting the wire material (e.g. FE) and the length (e.g. W25):像质计的书面名称应给出像质计符号，标准号，最大金属丝的线号（按表1规定如W10），金属丝的材料（如FE）和线的长度（如W25）。
EXAMPLE 1: IQI EN 462 – W10 FE-25例1：IQI EN 462-W10FE-25The full designation may be abbreviated to the wire number of the thickest wire of the IQI (e.g.W10) and the wire material (e.g. FE) where reference to this standard is clear.标准允许将全名缩写为最大金属丝线号及材料。
EXAMPLE 2: W10 FE例2：W10 FE4.2 Material材料All the wires of an IQI shall consist of the same material and shall be embedded in a protective covering of a material which shall not affect the image quality value. See table 2 for usual wire materials.一个像质计的所有金属丝必须使用同一种材料，并埋入一种对像质值没有影响的材料内。
常用的金属丝材料见表2。
4.3 Marking of IQI像质计的标记The marking applied on the IQI (see figure 1) shall give the following information: 用于像质计上的标记必须给出以下信息：a) The number of the thickest wire (1, 6, 10or 13); this is located at the side of the thickest wire.最大金属丝的编号（如1、6、10或13），放在最大金属丝的旁边。
