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无卤阻燃剂国际通用表示无卤阻燃剂国际通用表示随着环保意识的增强和相关法规的加强，无卤阻燃剂在全球范围内得到了广泛应用。
无卤阻燃剂是指不含卤素元素的阻燃剂，主要用于提高各种可燃材料的燃烧性能，从而达到防止火灾发生或减轻火灾损失的目的。
无卤阻燃剂的国际通用表示主要有以下几种：1. Halogen-FreeHalogen-Free是最常见的无卤阻燃剂的国际通用表示，直译为“无卤素”。
该表示方法简单明了，容易理解，被广泛应用于各行业和产品中。
2. Free of Halogenated Flame RetardantsFree of Halogenated Flame Retardants表示“不含卤素阻燃剂”。
这种表示方法更加详细，专门强调产品中不含卤素阻燃剂，对于那些对无卤素要求更为严格的行业，如电子电气产品、建筑材料等，这种表示方法更受欢迎。
3. Non-Halogen Fire RetardantNon-Halogen Fire Retardant表示“非卤素阻燃剂”，同样强调了产品中不含卤素元素的阻燃剂。
与前两种表示方法相比，这种表示方法较为正式，常见于产品规范和法规文件中。
无卤阻燃剂的应用范围非常广泛，主要包括电子电气产品、建筑材料、交通运输设备、航空航天材料、塑料制品等行业。
无卤阻燃剂可以改善可燃材料的阻燃性能，降低火灾发生的风险，减少火灾带来的损失。
同时，无卤阻燃剂相对于含卤阻燃剂来说，更加环保，不会产生有害气体和污染物，并且具有较好的热稳定性和耐候性。
然而，需要注意的是，虽然无卤阻燃剂相对较为环保，但并不意味着所有无卤阻燃剂都是完全无害的。
某些无卤阻燃剂可能含有其他有害物质，需要综合考虑其影响和适用场景。
因此，在选择和应用无卤阻燃剂时，仍需根据实际需求进行科学合理的判断和选择。
总之，无卤阻燃剂是目前国际通用的表示方法，主要有Halogen-Free、Free of Halogenated Flame Retardants和Non-Halogen Fire Retardant等几种。
阻燃电缆标准及阻燃电缆等级目前，电缆行业习惯将阻燃（ Fire Retardant）、无卤低烟（Low Smoke Halogen Free ，LSOH）或低卤低烟（Low Smoke Fume ，LSF）、耐火（Fire Resistant）等具有一定防火性能的电缆统称为防火电缆。
◎阻燃电缆（Flame Retardant）阻燃电缆的特点是延缓火焰沿着电缆蔓延使火灾不致扩大。
由于其成本较低，因此是防火电缆中大量采用的电缆品种。
无论是单根线缆还是成束敷设的条件下，电缆被燃烧时能将火焰的蔓延控制在一定范围内，因此可以避免因电缆着火延燃而造成的重大灾害，从而提高电缆线路的防火水平。
◎无卤低烟阻燃电缆（LSOH）无卤低烟电缆的特点是不仅具有优良的阻燃性能，而且构成低烟无卤电缆的材料不含卤素，燃烧时的腐蚀性和毒性较低，产生极少量的烟雾，从而减少了对人体、仪器及设备的损害，有利于发生火灾时的及时救援。
无卤低烟阻燃电缆虽然具有优良阻燃性、耐腐蚀性及低烟浓度，但其机械和电气性能比普通电缆稍差。
◎低卤低烟阻燃电缆（LSF）低卤低烟阻燃电缆的氯化氢释放量和烟浓度指标介于阻燃电缆与无卤低烟阻燃电缆之间。
低卤（Low Halogen）电缆的材料中亦会含有卤素，但含量较低。
这种电缆的特点是不仅具备阻燃性能，而且在燃烧时释放的烟量较少，氯化氢释放量较低。
这种低卤低烟阻燃电缆一般以聚氯乙烯（PVC）为基材，再配以高效阻燃剂、HCL吸收剂及抑烟剂加工而成。
因此这种阻燃材料显著改善了普通阻燃聚氯乙烯料的燃烧性能。
◎耐火电缆（Fire Resistant）耐火电缆是在火焰燃烧情况下能保持一定时间的正常运行，可保持线路的完整性（Circuit Intergrity）。
耐火阻燃电缆燃烧时产生的酸气烟雾量少，耐火阻燃性能大大提高，特别是在燃烧时，伴随着水喷淋和机械打击震动的情况下，电缆仍可保持线路完整运行。
阻燃电缆标准及等级电缆涉及火灾安全的主要技术指标是CO2电缆的阻燃性、烟雾的密度和气体的有毒性。
随着我国经济的快速发展，近年来由电气引起的火灾逐年增多，而其中由于电线电缆原因所引发的火灾占相当大的比例。
随着人们对电缆阻燃与火灾事故的认识加深，有关部门对电缆防火、阻燃等特性的要求也越来越高，不仅要求电缆线路具有高的可靠性，而且必须考虑它对周围环境的安全性。
GB 50217—94《电力工程电缆设计规范》中已把采用阻燃电缆、耐火电缆等作为电缆防火的重要措施，对阻燃电缆、耐火电缆、低烟低毒阻燃电缆等的选用作了明确规定。
目前，电缆行业习惯将阻燃电缆、无卤低烟或低卤低烟型阻燃电缆、耐火电缆等具有一定防火性能的电缆统称为防火电缆。
这些产品由于其制造技术、性能特性等的不同，其应用的范围也不同。
1 普通型阻燃电线电缆普通型阻燃电线电缆(简称阻燃电缆)由于制造简单、成本较低，是防火电缆中用量最大的电缆品种。
阻燃电线电缆，通常是指成束敷设时具有阻燃特性的电缆，即凡能通过成束电线电缆燃烧试验的电缆称之为阻燃电缆。
这种电缆的特点是在成束敷设的条件下，电缆被燃烧时能将火焰的蔓延控制在一定范围内，因此可以避免电线电缆着火延燃而造成的重大灾害，提高电缆整条线路的防火水平。
阻燃电缆通常适用于电缆敷设密集程度较高的发电站、核电站、地铁、隧道、重要的高层建筑等。
但随着人们认识的提高，现在许多普通建筑乃至家庭也已使用阻燃电缆。
关于阻燃电缆的阻燃特性试验标准比较多，其中IEC 332—3、IEEE 383是两个典型的成束燃烧试验标准，我国的国家标准则是等效采用IEC 332—3。
阻燃电缆分为A、B、C三种类别，它是根据试验时垂直成束布放的电缆根数(即燃烧物的体积)和燃烧时间的不同来分类的。
A类的试样根数应使每米电缆所含的非金属材料的总体积为7L，B类为3.5L，C类为1.5L；外火源燃烧时间A、B类为40min，C类为20min。
当试验结束，外火源撤除后，电缆炭化部分所达到的高度应不超过2.5m。
很显然，A类的阻燃性能最优。
如果用户在购阻燃电缆时不注明类别，通常购的都是C类阻燃电缆，其价格大约比普通电缆高5％～10％。
Halogen-Free Flame-Retardant Rigid Polyurethane Foams: Effect of Alumina Trihydrate and Triphenylphosphate on the Properties of Polyurethane FoamsM.Thirumal,1Nikhil K.Singha,1Dipak Khastgir,1B.S.Manjunath,2Y.P.Naik21Rubber Technology Centre,Indian Institute of Technology,Kharagpur721302,India2Bhaba Atomic Research Centre,Trombay,Mumbai400085,IndiaReceived25March2009;accepted20October2009DOI10.1002/app.31626Published online14January2010in Wiley InterScience().ABSTRACT:Rigid polyurethane foam(PUF)filled with mixture of alumina trihydrate(ATH)and triphenyl phos-phate(TPP)as fire retardant additive was prepared with water as a blowing agent.In this study,the ATH content was varied from10to100parts per hundred polyol by weight(php),and TPP was used at a higher loading of ATH(75and100php)in a ratio of1:5to enhance the processing during PUF preparation.The effects of ATH on properties such as density,compressive strength,morpho-logical,thermal conductivity,thermal stability,flame-re-tardant(FR)behavior,and smoke characteristics were studied.The density and compressive strength of the ATH-filled PUF decreased initially and then increased with further increase in ATH content.There was no signif-icant change in the thermal stability with increasing ATH loading.We determined the FR properties of these foam samples by measuring the limiting oxygen index(LOI), smoke density,rate of burning,and char yield.The addi-tion of ATH with TPP to PUF significantly decreased the flame-spread rate and increased LOI.The addition of TPP resulted in easy processing and also improved FR charac-teristics of the foam.V C2010Wiley Periodicals,Inc.J Appl Polym Sci116:2260–2268,2010Key words:fillers;flame retardance;polyurethanes;thermo-gravimetric analysis(TGA);alumina trihydrate(ATH)INTRODUCTIONRigid polyurethane foams(PUFs)are widely used as thermal insulators and mechanical shock absorbers in transport overpacks and in air conditioning.They are also used as structural materials because of their light weight,greater strength to weight ratio,and energy-absorbing capabilities.1PUF,like other organic polymeric materials,tends to be flammable. Thus,the flammability of PUF has long been a factor limiting its use.To improve the flame-retardance properties,different flame retardants(FRs)are added to PUF.However,some of the FR additives used in PUF adversely affect its physical properties and pollute the environment by the evolution of undesirable gases on burning.In recent years, because of the stringent safety standards,both pub-lic and environmental,set by statutory authorities across the world,it has become imperative to de-velop better FR materials with improved FR effi-ciency that are economical and,at the same time, halogen free.2In general,alumina trihydrate(ATH)is unique in having a high proportion($34%)of water and is used as an FR additive and smoke-suppressant filler. Such inorganic fillers are assuming increasing im-portance in the industry because of their desirable combination of low cost,low smoke,and relatively high fire-retardant efficiency.ATH decomposes at about220 C to form Al2O3and water:Al2O3Á3H2OÀ!D Al2O3þ3H2OThe effectiveness of ATH as an FR additive depends primarily on its endothermic decomposi-tion,which withdraws heat from the substrate and, hence,retards the rate of flame propagation.Water vapor also reduces oxygen supply as it expands and envelops the interface boundary of foam and the environment.The expanding water vapor also cools the surface effectively because it takes away the ma-jority of heat supplied to the foam because of its high heat-carrying capacity at high temperatures.In contrast to the antimony oxide/halogenated fire-re-tardant system,ATH can provide equivalent fire retardancy at a lower cost and with significantly reduced emission of gases of low toxicity and corro-sivity on exposure to a flame environment.3One of the major drawbacks of adding these fillers is that the mechanical properties become inferiorCorrespondence to:N.K.Singha(nks@rtc.iitkgp.ernet.in). Contract grant sponsor:Board of Research in Nuclear Sciences(BRNS),Mumbai,India.Journal of Applied Polymer Science,Vol.116,2260–2268(2010) V C2010Wiley Periodicals,Inc.compared to the bare foam samples.This is possibly due to insufficient interactions between the polymer and the filler,which result in their inferior proper-ties.Bonding interactions between the foam and the FR additives may be improved by various techni-ques.The surface of the filler can be treated with various species that act as compatibilizers or sur-face-active agents.In general,ATH is surface-treated with chemicals,such as carboxylic acids,silanes, zirconates,and titanates,to improve its dispersion and distribution within the polymer ually, the content of ATH in the formulation is very high(>50%).ATH is used as an FR material in preparing FR rubber products(e.g.,cables,conveyor belts)and in plastic materials.4–13There have been reports of the use of ATH in polyurethane elastomers14,15and flexible16–19and rigid PUFs20–23as a low-cost FR and smoke-suppressant additive.In this investigation,we report the use of ATH as an FR nonreactive additive in the preparation of rigid PUF and the effects of ATH on the mechanical properties,thermal conductivity,thermal stability, FR,and smoke-density properties.At higher load-ings of ATH,the processing and preparation of PUFs were very difficult because of the resultant high viscosity.Therefore,at higher loadings of ATH, triphenyl phosphate(TPP)was used as a viscosity-suppressant and to improve the flame-resistant properties.EXPERIMENTALMaterialsPolymeric methane diphenyl diisocyanate(PMDI; NCO¼30.8%and functionality¼ 2.7)and poly (ether polyol)(OH content¼440mg of KOH/g,av-erage functionality¼ 3.0)were obtained from Huntsman International Pvt.,Ltd.(Mumbai,India). Distilled water was generated in our laboratory and was used as a chemical blowing agent.N,N,N0,N0,N0-Pen-tamethyldiethylenetriamine(PMDETA),obtained from Aldrich(St.Louis,MO),was used as a catalyst.Poly-ether dimethyl siloxane(TEGOSTAB B8460)supplied by Goldschmidt(Essen,Germany)was used as a surfac-tant.ATH,with a density of2.42g/cm3and an average particle size of200l m,and TPP,supplied by Phoenix Yule,Ltd.(Kolkata,India),were used as FR additives. All of the chemicals were used as received. Preparation of the foamATH-and TPP-filled PUF samples were prepared by a one-shot and free-rise method.The chemical com-positions of different filled foams are shown in Table I.Except for PMDI,all of the raw materials were well mixed in a plastic beaker,and then,FR was added,and the resulting mixture was thoroughly mixed with the help of a high-speed mechanical stirrer (3000rpm).Finally,PMDI was added to the mixture for a short duration with vigorous stirring for10s. The final resulting mixture was immediately poured into an open mold(30Â25Â15cm3)to produce free-rise foams.After preparation,the foam sample was kept in an oven at70 C for24h to complete the polymerization reaction.Different test samples were cut into specific foam shapes after curing.The sam-ples were rubbed with fine emery paper to get the proper dimensions.Different properties of the foams were analyzed with ASTM standard test methods. The amount of PMDI required for the reaction with polyether polyol and distilled water was calculated from their equivalent weight.For the completion of the reaction,excess PMDI(NCO/OH¼ 1.1)was used.Similarly,all foam samples were prepared by adjustment of the ATH content relative to polyol. Measurement of different propertiesMechanical propertiesThe apparent density of the PUF samples was meas-ured as per ASTM D1622-03;the average value of three samples is reported.The mechanical properties of the PUF samples were measured under ambient conditions with an Instron universal testing machine Hounsfield testing equipment(model H10KS).The compressive stress at10%strain in the parallel-to-foam rise direction was performed according to ASTM D1621-00.The size of the specimen was55Â55Â30mm3(LengthÂWidthÂThickness),the rate of crosshead movement was fixed at2.5mm/ min for each sample and the load cell used was 10kN.The strengths of five specimens per sample were measured,and the average of these values is reported.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)analysisThe morphology of the PUF samples was studied with a scanning electron microscope(JEOL,JSM 5800,Tokyo,Japan).The samples were gold-coatedTABLE IChemical Composition of ATH/TPP-Filled Water-BlownRigid PUFMaterial php Polyether polyol100.0 PMDETA0.5 Tegostab B8460 2.0 Distilled water0.3 ATH10–50,75,100 TPP10,15,20 PMDI122.0RIGID POLYURETHANE FOAMS2261Journal of Applied Polymer Science DOI10.1002/appbefore scanning to provide an electrically conductive surface.An accelerating voltage of20kV was used while we recorded the scanning electron micrograms. Thermal conductivity testThe thermal conductivity of the PUFs was tested within a week of preparation of the PUFs with a guarded hot plate thermal conductivity meter as per ASTM C177-97.The size of the specimen was100Â100Â25mm3(LengthÂWidthÂThickness). Thermogravimetry(TG)studyThe decomposition temperature and char residue of the foams were analyzed on a TG analyzer Q50(TAInstruments,New Castle,DE)under a nitrogen envi-ronment at a heating rate of20 C/min over the tem-perature range30–800 C.Limiting oxygen index(LOI)testThe flammability test was performed with an LOI test instrument(Stanton Redcroft FTA unit,East Grinstead,UK)as per ASTM D2863-97.The speci-mens for the LOI measurement were120Â12Â12 mm3(LengthÂWidthÂThickness),five specimens per sample were measured,and their average values are reported.Test for flame propagationThe rate of flame spread was measured as per Fed-eral Motor Vehicle Safety Standard302.24A PUF specimen with dimensions of150Â10Â10mm3 (LengthÂWidthÂThickness)was exposed hori-zontally at its one end to a small flame for15s.The distance and time of burning or the time to burn between two specific marks were measured.The burn rate was expressed as the rate of flame spread according to the following formula:B¼60(L/T), where B,L,and T are the burn rate(mm/min), length of the flame travels(mm),and time(s)for the flame to travel L mm,respectively.Three specimens per sample were measured,and their average values are reported.Smoke-density testThe smoke density was measured with a smoke-density chamber(made by S.C.Dey and Co.,Kol-kata,India)as per ASTM D2843-04.The smoke gen-erated(flaming mode)in the process of burning the sample was measured by the change in light inten-sity.The size of the PUF specimen was100Â100Â12mm3(LengthÂWidthÂThickness).The maxi-mum smoke density was measured as the highest point of the light absorption versus time curve.This smoke-density rating represented the total amount of smoke present in the chamber for the4-min time and was measured with the following equation:Smoke-density rating¼A=TÂ100where A and T are the area under the light absorp-tion versus time curve and the total area of the curve,respectively.Determination of the char yields(CYs)We measured the CYs of the foams by heating the PUF in a muffle furnace at550 C for30min.The CY was calculated with the following equation:CY¼W b/W oÂ100,where W b and W o are the weights of the sample after and before burning.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONDensityFoam density is a very important parameter that affects the mechanical properties of PUFs.25In gen-eral,the foam density is dependent on the degree of foaming,which in turn,depends in part on the type and amount of blowing agent.In this study,the amount of chemical blowing agent(distilled water) was kept constant.Table II shows the density of PUFs filled with ATH at different concentrations.It indicates that the density decreased with the addi-tion of small quantities of ATH-filled PUF and then increased with further increase in ATH loading.The density decreased at an initial loading of ATH.This was due to the increase in the cell size,as shown in the SEM figures(discussed later).However,beyond 20parts per hundred polyol by weight(php)of ATH loading,the density linearly increased with increasing ATH loading.This was due to a decreaseTABLE IIEffect of ATH/TPP on the Density and CompressiveStrength of PUFATHloading(php)TPPloading(php)Density(kg/m3)Compressivestrengthat10%strain(kg/cm2)Reducedcompressivestrength[MPa/(g/cm3)] 001038.17.910—88 5.5 6.320—81 5.0 6.230—13110.58.040—14011.38.150—15313.08.5501095 4.1 4.3751516514.48.7 1002020718.89.12262THIRUMAL ET AL. Journal of Applied Polymer Science DOI10.1002/appin the cell size and to the higher density of ATH (2420kg/m3)than that of neat PUF.The density of PUF filled with ATH(50php)and TPP(10php) was much lower than that of the PUF filled with ATH(50php)alone.This was because of the dilut-ing effect of TPP.However,with increasing ATH content,the density increased further(Table II).This was because the volume of PUF decreased after expansion as the amount of ATH increased,22which led to a greater amount of solid material(poly-urethane and ATH)instead of gaseous phase. Mechanical propertiesThe mechanical properties of PUF are important pa-rameters that determine its applications,such as in load bearing and as packaging materials.To study the effect of ATH loading on the compressive prop-erties of PUFs,the effect of foam density and the compressive strength of different foams were nor-malized by division by their respective densities.Ta-ble II shows the effects on the reduced compressive strength and compressive strength at10%strain of the PUFs filled with increasing loading of ATH and TPP.The table indicates that the reduced compres-sive strength and compressive strength at10%strain of PUFs filled with ATH initially decreased and then increased with further increases in the ATH loading. The initial decrease in properties was due to an increase in the average cell size of the PUFs,which also resulted in a decrease in the density.A higher loading of ATH caused a positive effect on the me-chanical properties of the PUFs.This was due to an increase in the cell wall thickness and also an increase in the density.It is known that the degree of foaming of PUFs depends on the viscosity and surface tension of the particular formulation.26 Higher loadings of ATH resulted in an increase in the viscosity(2Pa s for20php ATH from1.1Pa s for polyol),and this led to a decrease in the blowing or expansion of the PUFs.The mechanical properties of PUF filled with ATH(50php)and10php TPP decreased drastically compared to those of the PUF filled with only50php ATH.This decrease in the mechanical properties was due to the plasticizing effect of TPP with ATH,which was consistent with the change in density,as shown in Table II.In gen-eral,the metallic hydroxide of mineral fillers,such as ATH and magnesium hydroxide,act as nonrein-forcing fillers,because of its poor wetting or adhe-sion with the polymer matrix,and also,with inclu-sion of higher amounts,leads to agglomeration because the filler–filler interaction becomes more pronounced.Pinto et al.14observed poor mechanical properties in a polyurethane elastomer filled with ATH.In this case,the mechanical properties of PUF decreased at the initial loading of ATH,but they increased at higher loadings of ATH.This was due to an increase in the cell wall thickness.The interfa-cial contact between the polyurethane matrix and ATH modified at its surface improved the polymer–filler interaction and filler dispersion.This resulted in improved mechanical properties in the rigid PUF. Anorga et al.16also reported improved physical properties in flexible PUFs with the addition of ATH. MorphologyIn general,the physical properties of foam not only depend on the rigidity of the polymer matrix but also on the cellular structure of the foam.The mor-phology of a rigid PUF sample was studied with SEM.Figure1(a–d)shows the morphology of PUFs filled with ATH and TPP at different loadings.The shapes of the cells in the neat PUF and in the ATH-filled PUF were approximately spherical.As shown in Figure1(b),the average cell size of the PUF became bigger with the incorporation of lower amounts of ATH compared to the neat PUF[Fig. 1(a)].This was because ATH did not locate in the cell struts but between the cell walls.This caused an in-homogeneous cellular structure,which was responsi-ble for the lower compressive strength.26However, at higher loading of ATH(40php),the average cell size of PUF decreased because of less blowing[Fig. 1(c)].This may be due to the addition of a higher amount of ATH,which resulted in an increase in the viscosity(e.g.,2Pa s for20php ATH-filled polyol from1.1Pa s for polyol without ATH)of the foam formulation.The increased viscosity of the mixture led to a lower blowing tendency.Also,the morphol-ogy of the PUF was not very homogeneous because of the nonhomogeneous dispersion of ATH.The effi-ciency of foaming of PUF depends on the viscosity and surface tension of a particular formulation.27 Simioni et al.22also observed a decrease in average cell size with the addition of ATH(100php)in PUF. They found that the amount of polymer was drawn into the cell struts by the filler granules and also con-firmed the absence of interaction between the poly-mer and the filler.In this case,the addition of TPP to the PUF filled with a higher loading of ATH decreased the viscosity.For example,the viscosity of polyol filled with20php ATH was2Pa s;when TPP (4php)was added to this system,the viscosity dropped to1.6Pa s,which was due to the plasticiz-ing effect of TPP.This decrease in viscosity led to a good blowing efficiency,and thus,it increased the cell size[Fig.1(d)].Thermal conductivityThe thermal conductivity of PUF depends on the av-erage cell size,foam density,cell orientation,ratio ofRIGID POLYURETHANE FOAMS2263Journal of Applied Polymer Science DOI10.1002/appclosed-to open-cell content,and thermal conductiv-ity of filling materials.28Figure 2shows the effect of ATH and TPP on the thermal conductivity of the PUFs.The table indicates that the thermal conductiv-ity of PUF increased with increasing ATH loading.This was due to the high viscosity of the PUF for-mulation,which increased with increasing ATH loading and led to a nonhomogeneous dispersion of ATH.Therefore,the cellular structure of PUF was not very fine,and the bigger the average cell size was,the more the thermal conductivity increased.In addition,because of the greater volume of solid con-tent (polyurethane and ATH)in the ATH-filled PUF,there was a greater contribution to the thermal con-ductivity of PUF.Simioni et al.22also observed an increase in thermal conductivity with increasing ATH loading with PUFs.At the higher loading of ATH (along with TPP),PUF showed a decrease in the thermal conductivity;this was due to a decrease in the average cell size and an increase in the den-sity.It is well known that the cell size of a PUF depends on the viscosity and surface tension of the mixture.In this study,an increase in viscosity at higher loadings of ATH led to a reduction in the cell size.Thermal analysisFigure 3shows the TG/differential thermogravime-try (DTG)thermograms of ATH and TPP FR addi-tives under a nitrogen atmosphere.The figure reveals that the weight loss of ATH took place in three different temperature ranges,at 273,353,andabout 516 C,and their corresponding weight losses were about 1.2,20.5,and 32.2%,respectively.These weight losses were due to the removal of chemically bound water present in the ATH as shown:Al 2O 3Á3H 2OÀ!270À350C À2H 2OAl 2O 3ÁH 2O À!515CÀH 2OAl 2O 3This result was in good agreement with the resultsreported by Simioni and Modesti.23The onset tem-perature (temperature at 5%weight loss)of ATH was 303 C,which was higher than that of TPP (274 C).This indicated that the thermal stabilityofFigure 1Microphotographs of the ATH/TPP-filled PUF samples:(a)neat,(b)20php ATH,(c)40php ATH,(d)75php ATH þ15phpTPP.TPP was lower than that of ATH.The degradation pattern of TPP indicated that the TPP degraded completely to volatiles by 364 C and left no char res-idue.However,in the case of ATH,the weight loss was slow at the same temperature.The maximum degradation temperature (T max )of TPP was 356 C and was observed in a single step.The amount of residue (CY)of ATH was greater (67%)than that of TPP,which was almost zero at 550 C.Figure 4demonstrates the TG/DTG curves of PUF filled with and without ATH and ATH/TPP.In the neat and filled foam samples,the thermal degrada-tion took place in the range 250–420 C.The DTG curves of the PUFs filled with ATH and ATH/TPP showed a shoulder peak,which was probably due to the elimination of surface-active compounds used in ATH to improve its dispersion in the polymer matrix.With addition of TPP into the ATH,the weight loss of the samples was greater.T max for theneat and filled PUFs occurred at about 350 C,but CY was greater in case of filled PUFs compared to neat PUF.However,CY of the PUFs decreased with the addition of TPP into the ATH-filled PUF,as expected from the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)curve of TPP (Fig.3,which shows no CY).This was probably due to the gas-phase mechanism of phos-phate additives.Different other phosphates,for example,ammonium polyphosphate (APP),have shown higher CYs because of the condensed-phase mechanism.29Table III shows the T max and CY values at 700 C of the PUFs filled with ATH and TPP under a nitro-gen atmosphere.There was no significant change in T max of PUF with ATH.Simioni and Modesti 23also found that ATH did not modify the TGA curves of their PUFs.In general,the degradation temperature of a polymer should increase with ATH loading.This is due to the endothermic decomposition of ATH,which decreases the temperature in the sur-roundings of the materials.Moreover,the water dilution and the formation of an aluminum oxide protective layer decrease the combustible gases and also act as barrier for transport of oxygen and fuel into polymer.Nachtigall et al.30observed an increase in the degradation temperature of modified PP on loading with ATH.In our case,there was no signifi-cant change in T max of the PUFs with or without the addition of ATH.This was probably due to the reac-tions between the water molecules released from ATH and the polyurethane degradation products (e.g.,isocyanate,carbodiimide),which were exother-mic in nature.The CY of ATH filled PUF increased with increasing ATH loading.However,the combi-nation of ATH with TPP decreased CY slightly,which might have been due to the gas-phase mecha-nism of TPP.In general,the addition of phosphate (APP)additives leads to the condensed-phase mech-anism of fire retardation.29Thus,it decreases the thermal degradation temperature of the polymer,which results in a greater quantity of CY.However,some phosphorus compounds may also be active in the gas phase by a radical trapping mechanism.In this case,TPP acted as gas phasemechanism,TABLE IIIEffect of ATH/TPP on T max of PUFSample ATH loading (php)TPP loading (php)T max in N 2( C)CY in TGA at 700 C under N 2(%)100361.710.5210—361.417.3330—362.318.9450—360.220.855010364.219.3610020361.417.3RIGID POLYURETHANE FOAMS 2265Journal of Applied Polymer Science DOI 10.1002/appthereby decreasing CY of the PUF filled with ATH/ TPP compared to the same with ATH alone.FR behaviorWe analyzed the FR behavior of PUFs filled with ATH and TPP at different loadings by determining the LOI,rate of flame spread,smoke density,and CY measurements.Table IV shows the effect of ATH on the LOI of PUF.It clearly shows that the LOI value slightly increased from22to25%with the addition of ATH in PUF.This lesser beneficial effect of ATH on the flame retardation of PUF occurred, because the initial water elimination process of ATH was hampered,as discussed in Thermal Analysis section.It may also have been due to the fact that lower amounts of ATH in the PUFs protected the dehydrating effect of ATH.An endothermic effect is only effective in PUFs having a higher amount of ATH.23The fact that the ATH did contain bound water is very important for its flame retardation in polymers.The slight increase in the LOI was due to the endothermic decomposition of ATH and water elimination from the third stage and also the forma-tion of aluminum oxide char on the surface of the polymer,which acted as an insulative protective layer.Table IV indicates that the LOI of PUF sample filled with50php ATH and10php TPP was higher than the PUF filled with same amount of ATH only. This was due to the volatilization of TPP and the formation of phosphorus acid at higher tempera-tures.The addition of APP improved the flame retardance of the polymers via the condensed-phase mechanism.In this case,APP first decomposed to produce polyphosphoric acid,which accelerated the formation of char via ester formation on reaction with hydroxyl precursor.29In this case,TPP first decomposed to form phosphorus acids(as shown in the following equation),which reacted with the A OH-containing moiety formed on the depolycon-densation of PUF at higher temperatures:31ðPhOÞ3P¼¼OÀ!D PhOHþH3PO4þH3PO3For a combination of additive systems,the numer-ical values of LOI may be shifted from those of the theoretically calculated ones.The upward shift is called synergism,and the downward shift is known as antagonism.The theoretical LOI values of the flame-retarded PUFs filled with ATH/TPP were cal-culated from knowledge of their experimental values under identical conditions with the individual addi-tives and without additive.For instance,the LOI val-ues of a polymer with binary combinations(LOI ab) can be calculated from the following equation:LOI ab¼LOI aþLOI bÀLOI cwhere LOI a,LOI b,and LOI c are the LOI values for samples containing‘‘a’’additive,‘‘b’’additive,and without additives,respectively.32According to the previous relationship,the experimental value of LOI of the ATH/TPP filled PUFs was greater(27.2%) than the theoretical value of LOI(26.2%).Hence,the PUFs filled with these combinations of additives showed synergistic behavior.The mechanism for this behavior may have been due to the combination of gas-phase(volatilization of TPP)and condensed-phase mechanisms of TPP and ATH.Simioni and Modesti23also found beneficial behaviors of fire retardants and easy processing of higher loaded ATH and dimethyl methyl phosphonate(DMMP) fire-retardant additives in PUF.Table IV shows the effect of ATH in the presence of TPP on the rate of flame spread of PUF at room temperature.The rate of flame spread or the rate ofTABLE IVEffect of ATH/TPP on LOI,Smoke Density,Rate of Flame Spread,and CYof the PUFSampleATHloading(php)TPPloading(php)LOI(%)Maximumsmokedensity(%)Smokedensityrating(%)Flamespread rate(mm/min)CY in the mufflefurnace at550 Cfor30min(%)1Neat—22.063622000.05210—22.2——182 3.2320—22.55451150 6.0430—23.0——11312.2540—23.7——10313.4650—25.045309417.37—1023.2——158 1.38501027.254368812.49751528.06461SE a18.2101002029.5——NB b26.0a Self-extinguished after15s.b Not burning(did not catch fire).2266THIRUMAL ET AL. Journal of Applied Polymer Science DOI10.1002/app。
阻燃电缆简介及其等级标准一、阻燃防火电缆简介目前,电缆行业习惯将阻燃( Fｉｒe Rｅtarｄａnt)、无卤低烟(Lｏw Ｓmoke Halｏｇen Fr ｅe ,ＬSOH）或低卤低烟（LoｗＳmoke Fume ,LSF）、耐火(Fiｒe Ｒeｓiｓｔaｎｔ）等具有一定防火性能的电缆统称为防火电缆。
1。
阻燃电缆（FlａｍｅＲetａrdａnt)阻燃电缆的特点是延缓火焰沿着电缆蔓延使火灾不致扩大。
由于其成本较低,因此是防火电缆中大量采用的电缆品种。
无论是单根线缆还是成束敷设的条件下,电缆被燃烧时能将火焰的蔓延控制在一定范围内，因此可以避免因电缆着火延燃而造成的重大灾害,从而提高电缆线路的防火水平。
２.无卤低烟阻燃电缆（ＬSOH）无卤低烟电缆的特点是不仅具有优良的阻燃性能，而且构成低烟无卤电缆的材料不含卤素，燃烧时的腐蚀性和毒性较低，产生极少量的烟雾，从而减少了对人体、仪器及设备的损害,有利于发生火灾时的及时救援。
无卤低烟阻燃电缆虽然具有优良阻燃性、耐腐蚀性及低烟浓度,但其机械和电气性能比普通电缆稍差.3.低卤低烟阻燃电缆（LSＦ)低卤低烟阻燃电缆的氯化氢释放量和烟浓度指标介于阻燃电缆与无卤低烟阻燃电缆之间．低卤(Ｌow Halogen)电缆的材料中亦会含有卤素,但含量较低。
这种电缆的特点是不仅具备阻燃性能,而且在燃烧时释放的烟量较少,氯化氢释放量较低。
这种低卤低烟阻燃电缆一般以聚氯乙烯（PVC）为基材,再配以高效阻燃剂、ＨCL吸收剂及抑烟剂加工而成。
因此这种阻燃材料显著改善了普通阻燃聚氯乙烯料的燃烧性能。
４。
耐火电缆(Fｉre Reｓｉstaｎt)耐火电缆是在火焰燃烧情况下能保持一定时间的正常运行，可保持线路的完整性（Circuｉt Inteｒgrｉty）。
耐火阻燃电缆燃烧时产生的酸气烟雾量少，耐火阻燃性能大大提高,特别是在燃烧时,伴随着水喷淋和机械打击震动的情况下,电缆仍可保持线路完整运行。
二、阻燃电缆标准及等级电缆涉及火灾安全的主要技术指标是 CＯ２电缆的阻燃性、烟雾的密度和气体的有毒性。
氰尿酸三聚氰胺盐（MCA ）分子式：C 6H 9N 9O 3 分子量： 255.2CAS 登记号：37640-57-6EINECS 编号：2535757产品牌号MCA-15 MCA-25 MCA-50 MCA-01颗粒MCA 表面处理MCA 等应用范围MCA 作为有效的阻燃剂使用，主要用于聚酰胺或TPU 制成的电气和电子器件（接头、开关、外壳等）。
在未填充化合物或矿物填充化合物中，其阻燃效果可以达到UL94 V-0。
在玻纤填充系统中，也可达到UL94 V-2的阻燃级别。
产品特点1）MCA 系无卤阻燃剂，在消防安全方面具有明显的优势，即烟密度低，烟雾毒性较弱以及腐蚀性较弱。
2）MCA 的升华温度最高为440℃，故在加工工程中，耐温性能高，热稳定性好。
3）MCA 的添加量相对较低，与含有卤素/锑阻燃体系的化合物相比，具有良好的经济性和机械性能。
4）较弱的腐蚀性在处理阶段以及在发生火灾时都有明显的优势。
包装及储存20kg/袋 复合纸袋 （20英尺箱： 可装10～11吨） （40英尺箱： 可装20～22吨） 25kg/袋 复合编织袋 放置于干燥通风处Melamine Cyanurate(MCA)Formula: C 6H 9N 9O 3 Molecular Weight: 255.2 CAS No.:37640-57-6 EINECS:2535757BRAND NAMEMCA-15 MCA-25 MCA-50MCA GRANULE Surface Treatment MCA etc.ApplicationsMCA is used as an effective flame retardant, primarily for electrical & electronic applications (connectors, switches, housings, etc) made from polyamide or TPU.In unfilled or mineral filled compounds it gives a UL94 V-0 rating; in glass filled system only a UL94 V-2 rating is possible.Features/benefits1. MCA is a halogen-free flame retardant. Being halogen free also results in significant advantages in terms of fire safety, i.e. lower smoke density, lower smoke toxicity and less corrosion.2. With sublimation temperature the highest 440℃, MCA has a high thermal resistance and a good thermal stability in the processing.3. Addition levels of MCA are relatively low, giving good economics and mechanicalpropertiescomparedtocompoundscontaininghalogen/antimony flame retardant systems.4. Lower corrosion offers advantages in the processing stage or fire hazard.Package &Storage20kg/multi-ply paper bags ( 10~11t/20feet box) (20~22t/40feet box) 25kg/ Composite weave bagsPlease store in a dry placeMCA理化指标指标名称指标氰尿酸三聚氰胺盐% ≥99.5水份% ≤0.2残余三聚氰胺% ≤0.3残余氰尿酸% ≤0.2白度（F457）≥95pH值（10g/l） 5.0~7.0密度（20℃）g/cm3 1.35~1.85分解温度℃350外观白色粉末或颗粒MCA系列产品特点产品牌号产品特点MCA-15 平均粒径 1.1~1.4µm MCA-25 平均粒径 1.4~1.8µmMCA-50 MCA ≥97.5% 平均粒径≥1.8µm 残酸≤0.3% 水份≤0.3%pH值（10g/l）5.0~8.0MCA颗粒-12 1.0≤90%≤2.0 MCA颗粒-302.0≤90%≤4.0水份≤3.0%表面处理MCA MCA-610 MCA-610-2Physical, chemical properties of MCAItem StandardMelamine cyanurate % ≥99.5Water content % ≤0.2Excess Melamine % ≤0.3Excess Cyanuric acid % ≤0.2Whiteness（F457）≥95.0pH value（10g/l） 5.0~7.0Specific gravity（20℃）g/cm3 1.35~1.85Decomposition temperature ℃350Appearance White powder or granule Features of MCA SERIESBRAND NAMEFeaturesMCA-15 average particle 1.1~1.4µmMCA-25 average particle 1.4~1.8µmMCA-50 MCA≥97.5% average particle≥1.8µm Excess acid≤0.3% Water content≤0.3% pH value（10g/l）5.0~8.0MCA GRANULE-12 1.0≤90%≤2.0MCA GRANULE-302.0≤90%≤4.0 Water content≤3.0%Surface Treatment MCA MCA-610 MCA-610-2。
阻燃电缆简介电缆行业习惯将阻燃 (FIRE RETARDANT) 电缆、无卤低烟 ( LOW SMOKE HALOGEN FREE - LSOH) 或低卤低烟 (LOW SMOKE FUME - LSF) 型阻燃电缆、耐火 (FIRE RESISTANT) 电缆等具有一定防火性能的电缆统称为防火电缆普通型阻燃电线电缆 (FRPVC)普通型阻燃电线电缆 ( 简称阻燃电缆 ) 由于制造简单、 FRPVC 成本较低，是防火电缆中用量最大的电缆品种。
这种电缆的特点是在单根线缆或成束敷设的条件下，电缆被燃烧时能将火焰的蔓延控制在一定范围内，因此可以避免电线电缆着火延燃而造成的重大灾害，提高电缆整条线路的防火水平无卤低烟阻燃电缆 ( LSOH )这种电缆的特点是电缆不仅具有优良的阻燃性能，而且电缆在燃烧时几乎不产生腐蚀性气体和毒性，仅产生极少量的烟雾，从而减少了对仪器、设备的腐蚀及对人体的损害，有利于火灾时的救援和灭火无卤低烟阻燃电缆通常考核电缆的阻燃性能、腐蚀性 ( 即 pH 值和电导率 ) 及烟浓度，但其机械性能比普通电缆稍差，这是由于其中加入一些特殊的添加剂所致低卤低烟阻燃电缆 ( LSF )低卤低烟阻燃电缆的氯化氢释放量和烟浓度指标及价格均介于普通阻燃电缆与无卤阻燃电缆之间。
这种电缆的特点是不仅具备阻燃性能，而且在燃烧时释放的烟量较少 ( 但达不到 GB ／T 17651 的要求 ) ，氯化氢释放量较低。
这种低卤低烟阻燃电缆料是以聚氯乙烯树脂为基材，配以特种增塑剂、高效阻燃剂、 HCL 吸收剂、抑烟剂及适当的助剂，经特殊工艺加工而成。
因此这种阻燃材料显著改善了普通阻燃聚氯乙烯料的燃烧性能耐火电缆 ( FIRE RESISTANT )耐火电缆是在着火燃烧时仍能保持一定时间的正常运行。
由于用材及工艺的特殊性，决定了该产品具有优良的防火、防爆、耐高温、耐腐蚀等特性二 . 防火电缆标准及等级通信电缆的防火测试标准有以下几种： UL1666, UL910 、 IEC332 － 1 及 IEC332 － 3. IEC 754, IEC1034 。
新型含磷阻燃剂DOPO-PPO的合成及其阻燃性能韩明轩;许苗军;李斌【摘要】以苯基磷酰二氯,对羟基苯甲醛及9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲(DOPO)为原料,合成了一种新型含磷阻燃剂——二[4-(次甲基-羟基-磷杂菲)苯氧基]苯基氧化磷(DOPO-PPO),其结构经1H NMR和IR表征.通过TGA和DTG研究了DOPO-PPO的热稳定性,热降解行为及成炭性能.结果表明:DOPO-PPO的起始热分解温度为210℃,在700℃时残炭为30.4％.以环氧树脂为基材,DOPO-PPO为阻燃剂,二氨基二苯硫砜为固化剂,制备了阻燃环氧树脂(3).通过极限氧指数(LOI)和垂直燃烧(UL-94)测试了3的阻燃性能.结果表明:当DOPO-PPO的添加量为12.0％(质量百分数,即312)时,阻燃级别为V-0级,LOI为34.0％.【期刊名称】《合成化学》【年(卷),期】2016(024)002【总页数】5页(P98-101,106)【关键词】9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲;含磷阻燃剂;二[4-(次甲基-羟基-磷杂菲)苯氧基]苯基氧化磷;合成;环氧树脂;阻燃性能【作者】韩明轩;许苗军;李斌【作者单位】东北林业大学理学院黑龙江省阻燃材料分子设计与制备重点实验室,黑龙江哈尔滨150040;东北林业大学理学院黑龙江省阻燃材料分子设计与制备重点实验室,黑龙江哈尔滨150040;东北林业大学理学院黑龙江省阻燃材料分子设计与制备重点实验室,黑龙江哈尔滨150040【正文语种】中文【中图分类】O627.51·研究论文·通信联系人：李斌，教授，博士生导师， E-mail：*****************环氧树脂因其良好的力学性能、优异的耐化学性和优越的电绝缘性能而广泛应用于表面涂层、胶黏剂、电子、电气工业等领域[1-3]。
但环氧树脂材料易燃，其极限氧指数(LOI)仅19.8%，存在巨大的火灾隐患[4]，其应用因此受到了较大限制。
