博士英语课文翻译Unit4

1 Unit Four Text: The Many Faces of the Future Samuel P. Huntington 1. elite : n (常作贬义) ) social social social group group group considered considered to to be be be the the the best best best or or or most most most important important important because because because of of of their their power, talent, wealth, etc （由于有权力、 才能、 财富等）被视为最好的或最重要的社会集团; 精英; 尖子: the ruling, scientific elite 掌权的、 科学方面的精英 | an elite force, regiment 精锐部队、 团. ---All ---All the the the glamorous glamorous glamorous Washington Washington elite elite were were were at at at the the dinner that evening. ---Only a small elite can afford to send their children to this school. ---The Parachute Regiment are the elite of the British armed forces. ---The ---The President President has has been been been accused accused accused of of of developing developing policies in favor of a small elite.2. scenario: pl. scenarios [C], n (pl ~s) 1（电影、影、 戏剧等的）脚本、戏剧等的）脚本、 剧情概要等. . 2 2 2 imagined imagined sequence of future events 想像中的未来事情的顺序: a possible scenario for war 战争中可能出现的情况. ---Imagine a scenario where only 20% of people have a job. possible/likely/plausible/worst-case/nightmare scenario ---Under a likely scenario , world population will double by 2050. ---The worst-case worst-case scenario scenario was that that he he would would have have have to to have an operation.More Examples: ---A A common common common scenario scenario is is that that that a a a woman woman woman marries marries marries and and sacrifices her career for her husband. ---In a worst-case scenario all life on the planet would be wiped out by a nuclear war. ---This is every politician's nightmare scenario. ---Under the most hopeful scenario, it will take 20 years to clean up the mess.3. fad : : n n n something something something that that that is is is fashionable fashionable fashionable for for for a a a short short short time; time; =craze; =craze; fashion, fashion, fashion, interest, interest, interest, preference, preference, preference, enthusiasm, enthusiasm, enthusiasm, etc etc that is not likely to last 流行的时尚、流行的时尚、 爱好、爱好、 狂热等: ---Will --Will T om T om continue continue continue to collect to collect stamps or is it it only a only a passing fad?汤姆还在集邮呢, 还是热劲已过? ---Interest in organic food is not a fad, it's here to stay. ---Is blogging a fad? ---They know this is just another fad. ---This is not simply a passing fad. Ø faddish: faddish: =faddy, =faddy, intensely intensely fashionable fashionable fashionable for for for a a a short short time, 风行的，时尚的，流行的风行的，时尚的，流行的 Ø faddist ：a person who subscribes to a variety of fads 4. recipient : n ~ (of sth) person who receives sth 接受者. ---The ---The federal federal federal Family Family Family Support Support Support Act Act of of 1988 1988 1988 required required many welfare recipients to participate in education, training, or work. ---Three minutes later, the computer prints out a list of of 60 60 60 names names names of of of suitable suitable suitable recipients, recipients, recipients, together together together with with their relevant data.5. gadget : n small mechanical device or tool 小机械; 小器具: a complicated new gadget for opening tins 复杂的新开罐器. ---A sales assistant was demonstrating several kitchen gadgets to a crowd of shoppers. ---He showed her several electronic gadgets , such as a watch that you can use as a phone. ---It's a clever little gadget which you can use to cut vegetables into attractive shapes. Ø gadgetry: n [U]小机械, 小器具（统称）: lots of modern gadgetry 很多现代化的小机械. ---I don't understand how all this electronic gadgetry works. ---The gadgetry is impressive but what are its human applications?6. antagonistic : adj ~ to/towards sb/sthshowing or feeling antagonism; hostile; averse 对抗的; 敌对的: 同义词： hostile, hostile, adverse, adverse, adverse, opposed, opposed, resistant---He's always antagonistic towards new ideas. 他总是抗拒新思想。

Unit4 无子女家庭：亘古生息的反叛1二十好几的凯茜、韦恩夫妇结婚已有五年之久，膝下犹虚。

上次凯茜娘家有一个人问：“你们打算什么时候要孩子?”她答道：“我们就是孩子!”2凯茜与韦恩属于一代人数日益增长、决定不要孩子的年轻已婚夫妇群体。

最近一项调查显示在过去的五年中，年龄在25至29岁之间妇女不愿生养的百分比几乎翻了一番，在18至24岁的已婚妇女中几乎增至三倍。

在这个似乎大胆反抗生物性和社会性的决定后面隐藏着什么原因呢?3或许最能公开坦陈心曲的无子女夫妇是《婴儿陷阱》一书的作者：埃伦，派克，其夫威廉，一位广告总经理兼全国不生养夫妇协会主席。

派克夫妇认为他们和协会均无意反对生儿育女，不过是反对迫使人们传宗接代的社会压力，它无视人们是否殷切盼望和真的需要孩子或者根本不好此道。

4“这是一种生活方式的选择，”埃伦说，“我们选择自由和自愿，清净和闲暇。

这也是一个朝哪个方向付出努力的问题——在你自己的小家庭之内或在一个大的社团之中。

这一代人面临有关地球生命延续的严重问题以及生命质量的问题。

我们的孙男孙女也许将购票去观赏最后一批红松林或排队去获取氧气配给。

有人抱怨在回家见五个孩子的途中被交通堵塞困住好几个小时，但是他们不能将孩子与交通堵塞联系起来。

在一个受到人口过剩一系列后果威胁的世界上，我们正在参与一项事业使膝下无子的生活模式为社会所接受并受世人尊重。

太多的孩子作为一种文化强制的后果而呱呱坠地，离婚和虐待儿童的相关统计充分揭露了这一结果。

”5埃伦的丈夫补充说：“每位朋友、亲戚、同事不停地给你施加压力，劝你要孩子，说什么‘发现你生活中失去的东西’。

好多好多人很晚才发现，所谓他们失去的东西其实是他们完全不适合做的事情。

”6埃伦还说：“从抱第一个洋娃娃开始，大到欣赏电视肥皂剧，成年后参加鸡尾酒会，无形之中，总有一种压力要你为人父母。

但是让我们来看看养育失败的比率吧，或许天下父母应该视为像当医生一样的专门职业。

有些人擅长此道，他们应当生养孩子；有些人一窍不通，他们应该认为他们还有其他的选择。

Unit 1 Text A神经过载与千头万绪的医生患者经常抱怨自己的医生不会聆听他们的诉说。

虽然可能会有那么几个医生确实充耳不闻，但是大多数医生通情达理，还是能够感同身受的人。

我就纳闷为什么即使这些医生似乎成为批评的牺牲品。

我常常想这个问题的成因是不是就是医生所受的神经过载。

有时我感觉像变戏法，大脑千头万绪，事无巨细，不能挂一漏万。

如果病人冷不丁提个要求，即使所提要求十分中肯，也会让我那内心脆弱的平衡乱作一团，就像井然有序同时演出三台节目的大马戏场突然间崩塌了一样。

有一天，我算过一次常规就诊过程中我脑子里有多少想法在翻腾，试图据此弄清楚为了完满完成一项工作，一个医生的脑海机灵转动，需要处理多少个细节。

奥索里奥夫人 56 岁，是我的病人。

她有点超重。

她的糖尿病和高血压一直控制良好，恰到好处。

她的胆固醇偏高，但并没有服用任何药物。

她锻炼不够多，最后一次 DEXA 骨密度检测显示她的骨质变得有点疏松。

尽管她一直没有爽约，按时看病，并能按时做血液化验，但是她形容自己的生活还有压力。

总的说来，她健康良好，在医疗实践中很可能被描述为一个普通患者，并非过于复杂。

以下是整个 20 分钟看病的过程中我脑海中闪过的念头。

她做了血液化验，这是好事。

血糖好点了。

胆固醇不是很好。

可能需要考虑开始服用他汀类药物。

她的肝酶正常吗？她的体重有点增加。

我需要和她谈谈每天吃五种蔬果、每天步行 30 分钟的事。

糖尿病：她早上的血糖水平和晚上的比对结果如何？她最近是否和营养师谈过？她是否看过眼科医生？足科医生呢？她的血压还好，但不是很好。

我是不是应该再加一种降血压的药？药片多了是否让她困惑？更好地控制血压的益处和她可能什么药都不吃带来的风险孰重孰轻？骨密度 DEXA 扫描显示她的骨质有点疏松。

我是否应该让她服用二磷酸盐，因为这可以预防骨质疏松症？而我现在又要给她加一种药丸，而这种药需要详细说明。

也许留到下一次再说吧？她家里的情况怎么样呢？她现在是否有常见的生活压力？亦或她有可能有抑郁症或焦虑症？有没有时间让她做个抑郁问卷调查呢？健康保养：她最后一次乳房 X 光检查是什么时候做的？子宫颈抹片呢？ 50 岁之后是否做过结肠镜检查？过去 10 年间她是否注射过破伤风加强疫苗？她是否符合接种肺炎疫苗的条件？奥索里奥夫人打断了我的思路，告诉我过去的几个月里她一直背痛。

博士研究生英语综合教程答案及参考译文KEY TO THE EXERCISESUnit One ScienceText 1Can We Really Understand Matter?I. Vocabulary1. A2. B3. A4. C5. D6. B7. B8. CII. Definition1. A priority2. Momentum3. An implication4. Polarization5. the distance that light travels in a year, about 5.88 trillion miles or 9.46 trillion km.6. a contradictory or absurd statement that expresses a possible truth7. a device that speeds up charged elementary particles or ions to high energiesIII. Mosaic1. The stress: (Omitted)Pronunciation rule: An English word ended with –tion or –sion has its stress on the last syllable but one.2. molecule3. A4. B5. C6. B7. A8. AIV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B.In September 1995, anti-hydrogen atom—an anti-matter atom—was successfully developed in European ParticlePhysics Laboratory in Switzerland. After the startling news spread out, scientists in the West who were indulged in the research of anti-matter were greatly excited. While they were attempting to produce and store anti-matter as the energy for spacecraft, they raised a new question: Many of the mysterious nuclear explosions in the recent one hundred years are connected with anti-matter. That is to say, these hard-to-explain explosions are tricks played by anti-matter. They are the “destruction” phenomenon caused by the impact between matter and anti-matter.V. GroupingA.Uncertainty:what if, illusory, indescribable, puzzle, speculation, seemingly, in some mysterious wayB.Contrast:more daunting, the hardest of hard sciences, do little to discourage, from afar, close scrutiny, work amazingly wellC. Applications of Quantum mechanics:the momentum of a charging elephant, building improved gyroscopes1. probabilities2. illusory3. discourage4. scrutinyVI. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING•STRATEGY•DEFINITIONI. Complete the following definitions with the help of dictionaries.1. To bribe means to influence the behavior or judgment of others (usually in positions of power) unfairly or illegallyby offering them favors or gifts.2. Gravity is defined as the natural force by which objects are attracted to each other, especially that by which a largemass pulls a smaller one to it.3. The millennium bug refers to the computer glitch that arises from an inability of the software to deal correctly withdates of January 2000 or later.4. Globalization is understood as the development so as to make possible international influence or operation.II. Write a one-paragraph definition of the following words.1. hypothesisA hypothesis is an idea which is suggested as a possible way of explaining facts, proving an argument, etc.Through experiments, the hypothesis is either accepted as true (possibly with improvements) or cast off.2. scienceScience is defined as the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment.3. superstitionSuperstition refers to a belief which is not based on reason or fact but on old ideas about luck, magic, etc. For example, it is a common superstition that black cats are unlucky.4. pessimismPessimism is a tendency to give more attention to the bad side of a situation or to expect the worst possible result. A person with pessimism is a pessimist who thinks that whatever happens is bad.5. individualismIndividualism is the idea that the rights and freedom of the individual are the most important rights in a society.It has a bad sense in that little attention is paid to the rights of the collective or a good one in that independence is emphasized rather than dependence on others.Text 2Physics Awaits New Options as Standard Model IdlesI. Vocabulary1. C2. A3. B4. A5. C6. D7. D8. BII. Definition1. A refrain2. A spark3. A jingle4. Symmetry5. develops or studies theories or ideas about a particular subject.6. studies the origin and nature of the universe.7. studies the stars and planets using scientific equipment including telescopes.III. Mosaic1. gravity2. anti-/opposite3. D4. B5. A6. A7. B8.AIV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B.The Standard Model of particle physics is an unfinished poem. Most of the pieces are there, and even unfinished, itis arguably the most brilliant opus in the literature of physics. With great precision, it describes all known matter – all the subatomic particles such as quarks and leptons – as well as the forces by which those particles interact with one another. These forces are electromagnetism, which describes how charged objects feel each other’s influence: the weak force, which explains how particles can change their identities, and the strong force, which describes how quarks stick together to form protons and other composite particles. But as lovely as the Standard Model’s description is, it is in pieces, and some of those pieces – those that describe gravity – are missing. It is a few shards of beauty that hint at something greater, like a few lines of Sappho on a fragment of papyrus.V. GroupingA.Particle physics:supersymmetry, equation, superpartners, stringB.Strangeness:bizarre, beyond the ken ofC.Antonyms:gravity–antigravity1. novelty2. revelatory3. Symmetry4. gravityVII. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING • STRATEGY • EXEMPLIFICATION AND ILLUSTRATION (Omitted)Text 3Supporting ScienceI. Vocabulary1. D2. C3. A4. C5. C6. A7. B8. A9. C 10. D 11. B 12. AII. Definition1. A portfolio2. A vista3. Cryptography4. Paleontology5. a business or an undertaking that has recently begun operation6. a group of people having common interests7. a person with senior managerial responsibility in a business organizationIII. Rhetoric1. pouring money into2. column3. unbridled4. twilight5. blossomed intoIV. Mosaic1.phenomenon criterion datum medium(because these words originated from Latin and retain their Latin plural form)2.A3. A4. B5. B6. B7. C8. BV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B.The five scientists who won the 1996 Nobel Prize point out that the present prosperity and development arebased on the fruits of basic scientific research and the negligence of basic scientific research will threaten human development of the 21st century.EU countries noticed that one of their weaknesses is “insufficient investment in research and development.”Korea and Singapore do not hesitate to pour money into research and development. The developed countries in the West have used most of the scientific and technological development resources for the research and development of new and high technology. This has become an obvious trend at present. It is evident from the experiences of various countries that new and high technology can create and form new industries, open up and set up new markets. The innovation of traditional industries with new and high technology is a key method to strengthen the competitive competency of an enterprise.VI. Grouping:A.Negligence of basic research:corporate breakups, cut back on research, ignore it, subject to a protracted dissection and review, second-guessing, dropped dramatically, subjected to a scrutiny, skirking our supportB.Significant examples of basic research:computing, biotechnology, the Internet, number theory, complex analysis, coding theory, cryptography, dinosaur paleontology, genetics research)C.Ways to intensify arguments:moved support for science from a “want to have” squarely into the “need to have” column1. resounding2. second-guessing3. downsized4. subjectedVII. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING • STRATEGY • COMPARISON, CONTRAST, AND ANALOGY(Omitted)Text 4 Why Must Scientists Become More Ethically Sensitive Than They Used to Be?I. Vocabulary1. B2. B3. A4. C5. B6. D7. D8. A9. D 10. B 11. B 12. DII. Definition1. A constraint2. Algorithm3. A prerequisite4. Ethics5. an important topic or problem for debate or discussion6. a person’s principles or standards of behaviour; one’s judgement of what is important in life.7. a formal plan put forward for consideration to carry out a projectIII. Rhetoric1. brushed under the carpet2. smell3. hands and brains4. battle front5. module . . . moduleIV. Mosaic1. /z//s/ /s//z//s//s//iz//z//s//z//iz//z//s//z//z//z//s//s//z//z//s/ after voiceless consonants/z/ after voiced consonants/iz/ after a word ended with –es2. B3. D4. A5. D6. A7. CV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B. Scientists and medical ethicists advocate the prohibition of human cloning as a way to produce life. They all agreethat human cloning exerts severe threats on human dignity. Social critics point out that cloned children will lack personality and noumenon. G. Annas, professor of health laws in Boston university, points out that “human cloning should be banned because it may fundamentally alter the definition of ourselves.”VI. Grouping:A.The change of attitudes towards ethical consideration:occupy media slots and Sunday supplements, latest battle front, can no longer be swept aside, more sensitiveB.Academic science:a worldwide institutional web, peer review, respect for priority of discovery, comprehensive citation of theliterature, meritocratic preferment, smuggle ethical considerations from private life, from politics, from religion, from sheer humanitarian sympathyC.Industrial science:intimately involved in the business of daily lifeD.Post-academic science:a succession of “projects”, compound moral risks with financial risks, largely the work of teams of scientists1. individualistic2. energized3. comprehensive4. heterogeneousVII. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING • STRATEGY • CAUSE AND EFFECT(Omitted)Text 5Beauty, Charm, and Strangeness: Science as MetaphorI. Vocabulary1. B2. A3. C4. B5. C6. B7. A8. B9. A 10. CII. Rhetoric1. pitch2. landscape3. unblinking4. yawn5. wringsIII. Mosaic1.physical poetic political scientific optical atomic2. (Omitted)3. B4. B5. A6. C7. DIV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B. There are only two forms of human spiritual creation: science and poetry. The former gives us convenience; andthe latter gives us comfort. In more common words, the former enables us to have food to eat when we are hungry;and the latter makes us aware that eating is something more than eating, and it is very interesting as well. To have science without poetry, atomic bomb will be detonated; to have poetry without science, poets will starve to death.Scientists should not despise poets; and poets should not remain isolated from scientists. If the two fields conflict each other, human beings would be on the way to doom. In fact, the greatest scientists like Newton, Einstein and Mrs.Currie were all endowed with poetic spirit. I assert that in observing the apple falling to the ground, Newton not only discovered the gravity of the earth, he also wrote a beautiful poem.V. GroupingA.Human reason:guilty of hubris, cramped imagination, commonsense logic, an ignorant manB.Differences between art and science:different in their methods and in their ends, a scientific hypothesis can be proven, new combinations of old materials, transform the ordinary into extraordinary, a practical extension into technology, the sense of an endingC.Similarities between art and science:in their origin, quest to reveal the world1. indistinguishable2. transform3. poetic4. extension5. subdueVI. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING • STRATEGY • DIVISION AND CLASSIFICATIONI. Organize the following words into groups.People: physician; driver; boxer; mother; teacherSchools: school; college; institute; kindergarten; universityColors:brown; purple; violet; black; yellowPrepositions: along; toward; upon; without; intoVerbs:listen; read; write; hear; lookII. Complete the following lists.1. College students can be classified according to:A.academic achievementB.attitude toward politics, friendship, etc.C.sexD.heightE.place of originF.value of lifeG.major2. Transportation means can be classified according to:A.speedB.sizeeD.fuelfortF.historyG.water, land, or airIII. Write a paragraph of classification on the books which you like to read.(Omitted)Text 6Is Science Evil?I. Vocabulary1. C2. A3. D4. B5. B6.A7. C8. C9. D 10. AII. Definition1. Canon2. Validity3. A premise4. Disillusionment5. the process of establishing the truth, accuracy, or correctness of something6. a mode of thinking based on guessing rather than on knowledgeIII. Mosaic1. 1) // illusion dis-=not-ment=noun ending2) //science pseudo-=false3) //conscious-ness=noun ending4) //question-able=adjective ending5) //extenuate-ation=noun ending6) //indict-ment=noun ending7) //rebut-al=noun ending8) //perpetrate-ion=noun ending9) //problem-ic=adjective ending10) //dissolute-ion=noun ending2. Para. 13: Only when scientific criticism is crippled by making particulars absolute can a closed view of the worldpretend to scientific validity – and then it is a false validity.Para.14: Out of dissatisfaction with all the separate bits of knowledge is born the desire to unite all knowledge.Para. 15: Only superficially do the modern and the ancient atomic theories seem to fit into the same theoretical mold.1) Para. 13: Only + adverbial clause of time + inverted orderPara. 14: Prepositional phrase + inverted orderPara. 15: Only + adverb + inverted order2)Inverted order is used to emphasize.3.C4. B5. A6. CIV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B. At present there exist two conflicting tendencies towards the development of science and technology. Theopponents of science hold that the development of modern science has not brought blessings to human beings, instead it has brought human beings to the very edge of disaster and peril. On the other hand, the proponents of scientific and technological progress maintains that the crises facing human beings today—such as environmental pollution, ecological unbalance, natural resource exhaustion—are the natural consequences of the development of science, and the solution to which lies in the further development of science. Both of the above tendencies are reasonable in a sense with their respective one-sided view. If we view the development of modern science and technology from the point of view of our times and with dialectic viewpoints, we can find out that the problem facing modern science and technology is not how to understand the progress of modern science and technology, but how to find out the theoretical basis for the further development of science and technology in order to meet the needs of the times.V. GroupingA.Attitudes toward science:expect to be helped by science and only by science, the superstition of science, the hatred of science, the one great landmark on the road to truthB.Characteristics of science:powerful authority, solve all problems, thoroughly universalC.Scientific knowledge:a concrete totality, cannot supply us with the aims of life, cannot lead usD.Contrast between ancient and modern science:progress into the infinite, making particulars absolute, not as an end in itself but as a tool of inquiry1. corruption2. totality3. inquiry4. superstition5. landmarkVI. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING • STRATEGY • GENERALIZATION AND SPECIFICATIONWRITING • STRATEGY • COMBINATION OF WRITING STRATEGIES(Omitted)Unit Two EngineeringText 7Engineers’ Dream of Practical Star FlightI. Vocabulary1. D2. C3. B4. D5. A6. C7.CII. Definition1. Annihilation2. A skeptic3. A cosmic ray4. Anti-matter5. A workshop6. the curved path in space that is followed by an object going around another larger object7. any one of the systems of millions or billions of stars, together with gas and dust, held together by gravitationalattractionIII. Mosaic1. 闭音节, 字母u 发/ / 的音，如A, C and D.2. (Omitted)3. (Omitted)4. C5. C6. B7. A8. BIV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B.Human beings have long been attempting sending unmanned devices, called interstellar probes, into the outerspace to understand the changes of climates, geological structures and the living beings on the stars and planets out there. A probe is usually sent into the orbit of the earth by “riding” a spacecraft or carrier rockets. After its orbital adjustments are made, the rocket engine is ignited and the probe continues its journey to the orbit of the other star or planet. With the rocket engine broken off, the probe immediately spreads its solar-cell sails and antenna, controlling its posture with sensors. When convinced that it is in the orbit of the targeted star, the probe starts its propeller and flies to the preset destination.V. GroupingA.Astronomical phenomena:interstellar medium, a wind of particles, galaxy, reserves of comets, the Kuiper Belt,orbit, Pluto, the Oort Cloud, the bombardment photonB.Space equipment:interstellar probe, gravitational lens, chemical rocket, thruster, reflective sailC.To explore the universe:scoop, bend, sampleD.Challenges and solutions in interstellar flights:carry its own supply of propellant, matter-antimatter, nuclear power1. gravitational2. propulsion3. probed4. interstellarVI. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING • RHETORIC • SIMILE AND METAPHORI. Complete the following similes with the words given, using one word once only.1. as drunk as a ___ bear 11. as cool as ___ cucumber______2. as faithful as a ___ dog_____12. as white as ____ snow ________3. as greedy as ____Jew_____13. as cunning as a____ fox__________4. as rich as _____ king_____14. to fight like a ____ _lion_________5. as naked as a ___ frog_____15. to act like a stupid __ ass_________6. as red as a _ _lobster_ 16. to spend money like __ water_______7. as beautiful as a _ butterfly__ 17. to eat like a _ wolf________8. as busy as a ____ bee______18. to sleep like a _____ log ______9. as firm as a ____ rock _____19. to swim like a ____ fish________10. as rigid as a ___stone____ 20. to tremble like a _____ _ leaf_________II. Explain the following metaphors.1. Creaking doors hang the longest.creaking door: anything or anybody in a bad condition2. I could hardly put up with his acid comment.acid comment: bitter remark.3. Her eyes were blazing as she stormed at me.blazing: filled with angerstormed: shouted; screamed4. She burnt with love, as straw with fire flames.burnt with love: extremely excited with love5. The talk about raising taxes was a red flag to many voters.a red flag: a danger signal (that might stop the support of many voters)6. The charcoal fire glowed and dimmed rhythmically to the strokes of bellows.glowed and dimmed: became bright and gloomy7. The city is a jungle where nobody is safe after the dark.a jungle: a disorderly place8. To me he is power—he is the primitive, the wild wolf, the striking rattlesnake, the stinging centipede.the primitive, the wild wolf, the striking rattlesnake, and the stinging centipede: the most terrifying creatureText 8Blinded By The LightI. Vocabulary1. A2. C3. A4. C5. D6. A7. BII. Rhetoric1. riveted2. pack3. pours4. creepsIII. Mosaic1. 开音节发字母读音, 如A, B and C.2. (Omitted)3. (Omitted)4. C5. D6. D7. C8. AIV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B. The energy released from nuclear fusion is much more than that from nuclear fission, and the radioactivity givenout from fusion is only one hundredth of that from fission. The major fuel used for nuclear fusion is hydrogen andits isotopes, deuterium and tritium, among which deuterium could be directly extracted from sea water. The energy of deuterium contained in one liter of sea water is equal to 300 liters of petroleum. In the ocean there are about 35,000 billion tons of deuterium, which could be used for more than one billion years. Compared to the fission energy, the fusion energy on the earth is nearly limitless.V. GroupingA. Nuclear-fusion:the doughnut-shaped hollow, reactor, the Tokamak Fusion reactor, fusion, generate, consumeB. Verbs related to nuclear-fusion reaction:ignite, release, stickC. Excitement and cool-down:not a few tears, The experiment is an important milestone, but fusion power is still along way . . . , But no one knows for sure whether…, Even then it will take decades of engineering before…1. nuclear fusion2. repel3. blastVI. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING • RHETORIC • METONYMY AND SYNECDOCHEI. Study the uses of metonymy in the following sentences and then put them into Chinese.1.The election benched him in the district court.他在这次竞选中当上了地区法官。

第四单元替代医学如果患病而常规疗法不起作用，或者如果患有慢性病症，你可以将传统或替代疗法作为最后的手段。

这种疗法有何好处？西方研究者如何看待这种疗法？本单元回顾了美国替代疗法，讨论了整合医学的未来发展。

TEXT A 融合传统中医和现代西医美国各界都对传统医学和补充医学感兴趣——医疗界、政府部门、媒体和公众。

越来越多的保险公司和管理式医疗机构为传统医学报销，大多数美国医学院开设传统医学课程。

艾森伯格全国研究表明，更多人在接受补充疗法。

为了便于研究替代疗法的有效性，美国国家补充与替代医学中心(NCCAM)于1999年获得五千万美元预算。

意识到需要提升植物药材科学数据的质量和数量，也为了对饮食补充剂安全性和有效性进行系统性评估，同年设立两个研究中心以研究植物药材的生物学作用。

许多患者同时接受传统和现代的疗法，需要将两种医学恰当且平稳地结合。

传统中医(TCM)的理论和技术涵盖了美国称为补充医学的多数做法，在医疗保健体系中日益重要。

若运用得当，传统中医费用合理，技术含量低，安全且有效。

针对针刺、草药、按摩和太极的研究正全球展开，可揭示传统中医的一些理论和实践。

雄心勃勃的研究设计和巨大的患者需求推动传统中医和现代医学在临床层面的结合，而学术研究者和学术机构对两种治疗体系的结合潜力越来越感兴趣。

针刺基于1997年NIH专家共识会议审查的证据，NIH专家共识发展小组保守建议，在多个情形下，针刺可以作为辅助疗法，替代疗法或综合管理方案的一部分。

该小组确认，针刺可用于治疗手术后和化疗引起的恶心和呕吐，也可治疗术后牙痛。

同时也建议针刺作为辅助疗法或可接受的替代疗法治疗成瘾、中风康复、头痛、经痛、网球肘、纤维肌痛、肌筋膜疼痛、骨关节炎、下背痛、腕管综合症和哮喘。

未来针刺临床试验将置于传统中医框架。

和主要以生物医学角度评估疗效的当代临床试验相比，这有可能对针刺疗效进行更恰当更有临床意义的评估。

现行的临床研究的科学严谨必须保持。

Unit 4Main Reading研究随时间流逝而变得更令人兴奋威廉·D·菲利普斯几乎从记事起我就对科学萌生了兴趣，到大约五岁时，我就收集了家里用过的装东西的瓶子作为自己的“化学器材”。

我用父母给我的显微镜观察可以找到的任何东西。

科学仅仅是我童年时为之着迷的事情之一，其他的还有钓鱼、棒球、骑车和爬树。

然而随着时间的流逝，显微镜和化学比棒球棒、钓鱼竿和橄榄球头盔更吸引我的注意力。

记得在我十岁以前，我就决定要把科学作为我的终身事业，而且以一种非常有限而天真的眼光开始欣赏物理学的简单与美丽。

我在我们家屋子的地下室有一个试验室，我全然不知石棉、电和紫外光的危险，花了很多时间在那儿试验火、炸药、火箭和碳弧。

我父母并不直接参与我的科学试验，他们对我的试验持宽容的态度，甚至在家里的电路因我超负荷用电而全部短路时也是如此。

他们总是鼓励我，给我探索、学习和娱乐的自由。

上高中时，我从精彩的科学和数学课堂上得到快乐和收获，但回想起来，那些重点培养语言能力和写作技巧的课程，对我后来拓展自己的科学生涯，和科学和数学课一样重要。

我敢肯定，我高中参加的辩论赛有助于我日后更好地作科学演讲；有关写作风格的课帮助我写出更好的论文；而学习法语则大大促进了我后来跟克劳德·科恩-唐努吉的研究团队富有成果的合作。

读高中时的第二个暑假，我在特拉华大学打工做试验。

那是一次很好的经历，我从指导我的那位研究生那儿明白了一个重要的道理，他告诉我说，“一个实验物理学家就是把嗜好当作工作来谋生的人。

”在朱尼亚塔学院，我开始真正理解数学和物理学之间的联系。

作为物理学前提的微积分既是一项挑战，又是一大乐趣。

这时我开始领略到物理学和数学中的美与统一，而此前我却无法欣赏。

在朱尼亚塔我开始了电子自旋共振的研究，而在阿尔贡国家实验室度过的一学期加深了我对这一课题的理解。

这一经历帮助我成功进入麻省理工的丹·克莱普内尔研究团队攻读研究生，在那里我主攻磁矩的精密测量。

Unit 1 对F的赞美1今年将有好几万的十八岁青年毕业，他们都将被授予毫无意义的文凭。

这些文凭看上去跟颁发给比他们幸运的同班同学的文凭没什么两样。

只有当雇主发现这些毕业生是半文盲时，文凭的效力才会被质疑。

2最后，少数幸运者会进入教育维修车间——成人识字课程，我教的一门关于基础语法和写作的课程就属于这种性质。

在教育维修车间里，高中毕业生和高中辍学生将学习他们本该在学校就学好的技能，以获得同等学力毕业证书。

他们还将发现他们被我们的教育体系欺骗了。

3在我教课的过程中，我对我们的学校教育深有了解。

在每学期开始的时候，我会让我的学生写一下他们在学校的不快体验。

这种时候学生不会有任何写作障碍！“我希望当时有人能让我停止吸毒，让我学习。

”“我喜欢参加派对，似乎没人在意。

”“我是一个好孩子，不会制造任何麻烦，于是他们就让我考试通过，及时我阅读不好，也不会写作。

”很多诸如此类的抱怨。

4我基本是一个空想社会改良家，在教这门课之前我将孩子们的学习能力差归咎于毒品、离婚和其他妨碍注意力集中的东西，要想学习好就必须集中注意力。

但是，我每一次走进教室都会再度发现，一个老师在期望学生全神贯注之前，他必须先吸引学生的注意力，无论附近有什么分散注意力的东西。

要做到这点，有很多种办法，它们与教学风格有很大的关系。

然而，单靠风格无法起效，有另一个办法可以显示谁是在教室里掌握胜局的人。

这个办法就是亮出失败的王牌。

5我永远也忘不了一位老师亮出那张王牌以吸引我的一个孩子的注意。

我的小儿子是个世界级的万人迷，学习不怎么动脑筋却总能蒙混过关。

直到施蒂夫特夫人当了他的老师，这种局面才彻底改变了。

6当她教我儿子英语时，我儿子是一个高中高年级学生。

“他坐在后排和他的朋友说话。

”她告诉我。

“你为什么不把他换到前排来？”我恳求道。

我相信令他难堪的做法会让他安心学习。

施蒂夫特夫人从眼睛上方冷冷地看着我。

“我不会换高年级学生的座位。

”她说，“我会给他们不及格的成绩。

学术英语综合Unit4译文第四单元环境Text A”绿色环保风”吹了五十年，下一步何去何从？现代社会的环保主义已经推行了近五十载。

在那期间，人们的环保意识不断增长，对所面临的挑战也有了更多认识。

同时也在不少方面已取得了很多实质性的进展，例如，减少污染，建立保护区等等。

然而，我们距离目标还有很长的路要走，那就是如何平衡人类的需求和地球的可持续资源之间的关系。

人类与自然关系的失衡已经导致了不少后果——地球气候不断变化，动植物大规模灭绝的趋势不断加剧，重要资源例如野生鱼类的数量，淡水和土壤资源不断消耗殆尽。

不仅如此，环境的变化给人类所带来的压力并非是静态的，随着地球人口的持续膨胀，各国急于追求经济的发展，随着环境变化得愈演愈烈，人类肩上的担子也愈发沉重。

毫无疑问，要想避免由此导致的最严重的后果，与其满足于迄今为止所获得的成就，不如未雨绸缪，取得更多积极的进展。

但是问题是，人类应该朝着哪个方向努力呢？下一个五十年应该将行动重点放在哪些方面呢？我突然意识到，当前所面临的最主要的挑战不只是掌握有益的信息，发展更先进的科技或者提出更健全的政策。

这几点固然重要，但是这些东西已经存在。

人类已经知晓如何生产清洁能源，如何保护资源，维护生物多样性；我们还知道如何控制污染，如果更用心，还可以找到防止破坏生态系统的方法。

然而，仅仅拥有这些知识是远远不够的。

如果我们想要深入探讨这个问题的关键，就要改变思路。

我们必须将重点从“做正确的事情”转变到“谈论如何规避风险与增强适应力”上来。

如果将保护地球的自然系统视作某种道德选择的话，就完全误解了人们所面临的危机。

当前的挑战是关乎于人类社会的未来，而不是交给某些博爱慷慨的善心人士，来做一些随意的慈善。

并不是要保护自然免受人类的侵害，而是为了人类而保护自然——能让这样的观念深入人心才是改变思路的核心内容。

要知道，我们正承受着自身所作所为带来的一系列后果。

全世界都需要知道，一个健康的自然世界并不是某些偶然善举带来的，而是一系列重要物质资产的集合。

Unit 4 环境Text A The Green Movement at 50: What Next?环保的当今时代是约半个世纪之久。

那段时间意识不断壮大，我们所面临的挑战知识增加，而重要的实践已经取得了进展，例如在一些减少各种污染，并在建立保护区。

我们是，但是，仍然由协调人什么我们的星球能提供可持续的要求很远。

人与自然之间的不平衡的后果是出现在改变地球的气候，动物和植物的势头，并在关键的资源，包括野生鱼类资源，淡水和土壤的枯竭的大灭绝。

而这些环境压力不是一成不变的。

他们不断升级，随着我国人口的增长和国家继续为更多的经济增长的不懈追求。

如果我们要避免这些趋势的最严重后果则毫无疑问是较为迅速的进展将需要比迄今取得的，但我们在这里应该关注我们的努力？什么可能是在未来的半个世纪行动的优先领域？这让我感到眼前的主要挑战主要不是相对于良好的信息，更好的技术和良好的政策思路。

这些东西是至关重要的当然的，但所有这些东西都已经可用。

我们知道如何让清洁电力，节约资源，培育生物多样性。

我们知道如何规范污染，防止损坏的生态系统，如果我们想。

我们有这些能力的事实是不够的。

如果我们继续前进的决定性方式的争论它需要被重新定义。

我们需要从“做正确的事'上移动，谈到风险管理，促进抗灾能力。

要查看关爱地球的自然系统为某种道德选择的是完全误解了危机，我们都在这个挑战是关于人类社会的未来，而不是一些可选的慈善事业，我们可以留给慈善事业慷慨解囊，做社会改良。

嵌入了使我们从保护自然的人们保护自然为人们的叙述是这样的重新规划的重要组成部分。

我们正处在一个时期的后果，世界必须知道，健康的本质不是一些可选的精密而是一组不可缺少的物质资产。

如果这样的叙述是为了获得实际效果再想找性质后必须立即被看作不仅是一个环境的挑战，也是一个经济问题。

只要我们继续滑向两个方向行进，一方面是促进环保目标的同时，对其他直接矛盾与措施，以实现更多的经济增长，我们不再将无法取得真正的进展。

Unit41.The crisis of global poverty has，at long last, been accorded a high priority on the international agenda。

This propitious development has sparked a flurry of discussion and research concerning the means for eradicating this debilitating condition from human life。

Yet as renewed pledges for action pour in from governments，as long-held theories and conventional approaches fail to quell long-held prejudices，conflicts，and exploitation, a feeling of rudderlessness looms over the global enterprise of poverty eradication. At the same time, a palpable optimism emerges from the attention and momentum generated by the search for solutions to this worldwide challenge。

2.The mechanisms of poverty eradication have long been defined in primarily material terms. Indeed，the central pillar of the international community's poverty alleviation efforts has been the transfer of financial resources。

必修4课文原文翻译Unit2--4必修4 Unit 2A PIONEER FOR ALL PEOPLE造福全人类的先驱者Although he is one of China's most famous scientists, Yuan Longping considers himself a farmer, for he works the land to do his research. Indeed, his sunburnt face and arms and his slim, strong body are just like those of millions of Chinese farmers, for whom he has struggled for the past five decades. Dr Yuan Longping grows what is called super hybrid rice. In 1974, he became the first agricultural pioneer in the world to grow rice that has a high output. This special strain of rice makes it possible to produce one-third more of the crop in the same fields. Now more than 60% of the rice produced in China each year is from this hybrid strain.尽管是中国最著名的科学家之一，袁隆平仍然认为自己是个农民，因为他在田里耕作，进行科学研究。

的确，他被太阳晒得黝黑的脸庞和和手臂，以及他那瘦削而又结实的身躯，就跟其他千百万中国农民一样，过去50年来，他一直在努力帮助他们。

Reading 1THE EARTH IS BECOMING WARMER — BUT DOES IT MATTER During the 20th century the temperature of the earth rose about one degree Fahrenheit. That probably does not seem much to you or me, but it is a rapid increase when compared to other natural changes. So how has this come about and does it matter Earth Care's Sophie Armstrong explores these questions.There is no doubt that the earth is becoming warmer (see Graph 1) and that it is human activity that has caused this global warming rather than a random but natural phenomenon.All scientists subscribe to the view that the increase in the earth's temperature is due to the burning of fossil fuels like coal, natural gas and oil to produce energy. Some byproducts of this process are called "greenhouse" gases, the most important one of which is carbon dioxide. Dr Janice Foster explains: "There is a natural phenomenon that scientists call the 'greenhouse effect'. This is when small amounts of gases in the atmosphere, like carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour, trap heat from the sun and therefore warm the earth. Without the "greenhouse effect', the earth would be about thirty-three degrees Celsius cooler than it is. So, we need those gases. The problem begins when we add huge quantities of extra carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. It means that more heat energy tends to be trapped in the atmosphere causing the global temperature to go up." We know that the levels of carbon dioxide have increased greatly over the last 100 to 150 years. It was a scientist called Charles Keeling, who made accurate measurements of the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from 1957 to 1997. He found that between these years the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere went up from around 315 parts to around 370 parts per million (see Graph 2).All scientists accept this data. They also agree that it is the burning of more and more fossil fuels that has resulted in this increase in carbon dioxide. So how high will the temperature increase go Dr Janice Foster says that over the next 100 years the amount of warming could be as low as 1 to 1,5 degrees Celsius, but it could be as high as 5 degrees.However, the attitude of scientists towards this rise is completely different. On the one hand, Dr Foster thinks that the trend which increases the temperature by 5 degrees would be a catastrophe. She says, "We can't predict the climate well enough to know what to expect, but it could be very serious." Others who agree with her think there may be a rise of several metres in the sea level, or predict severe storms, floods, droughts, famines, the spread of diseases and the disappearance of species. On the other hand, there are those, like George Hambley, who are opposed to this view, believe that we should not worry about high levels of carbon dioxide in the air. They predict that any warming will be mild with few bad environmentalconsequences. In fact, Hambley states, "More carbon dioxide is actually a positive thing. It will make plants grow quicker; crops will produce more; it will encourage a greater range of animals —all of which will make life for human beings better." Greenhouse gases continue to build up in the atmosphere. Even if we start reducing the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, the climate is going to keep on warming for decades or centuries. No one knows the effects of global warming. Does that mean we should do nothing Or, are the risks too great第四单元全球在变暖全球在变暖一一这会带来什么影响吗在20世纪期间,地球温度大约升了华氏1度。

Unit41.—你能帮我去买东西吗，Ben.---当然了，我们需要什么？---我们需要二公斤苹果和一些盐。

--我们需要多少盐？--三包盐。

哦，我们没有一些牛奶。

--多少瓶？---六瓶。

--就这些吗？--是的，我想是这样的。

--行，二公斤苹果，三包盐，六瓶牛奶。

--对了。

2.--需要我帮忙吗？----是的，你有蔬菜吗？我想要2公斤。

---是的，给你---它们多少钱？---2.55元3.—我想买一些面包。

---给你，你想要一包米吗？---是的，但是太重了？---别着急，我能帮助你。

4.—这个周日有空吗？---是的，怎么啦？--你想去西山去野餐吗？--哦，我想去。

--请告诉Maria关于这件事。

--当然了，我将给他打电话。

--不要忘记带上你的吉他。

--行，回见。

--回见。

5.—Steve,和我一起放风筝怎么样？---我很想啊，但是我恐怕我没时间。

我必须担些水。

6.写段落：在周日，Kangkang和他的朋友出去野餐，他们随身带了一些食物，Jane想要Kangkang和她一起唱歌，但是他没时间。

他必须做饭。

Wang Junfeng和Michael想帮助Kangkang，Steve为他们挑水，而Maria和这条狗放风筝。

他们所有人都很幸福！----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7.—喂！--喂！我可以和Maria通话吗？---请问，你是谁？--我是Sally。

--哦，Sally。

Maria现在不在家。

--你能要求她今晚给我回电话吗？--当然。

北师大版英语九年级全一册课文原文及翻译UNIT 4Unit4 Reading(1)Space Talk: An Astronaut's Day太空谈话：一名宇航员的一天Every morning you get up, wash your face, brush your teeth, eat breakfast and get ready for your day. These daily actions are so common that you don't think about them much. But what if you were in space? There is no gravity there, so weights are not as heavy as they are on Earth. When you drop something, it doesn't fall to the floor. It floats slowly away in the air. This means that astronauts can't just put down a tool. They need to tie it down. And how do astronauts drink? In space, water just breaks into small drops and hangs in the air.每天早上你起床、洗脸、刷牙、吃早饭然后开始一天的生活。

这些日常行为很常见你不会考虑太多。

但是如果你在太空中呢？那里没有重力，重量不像在地球上那样重。

当你扔东西的时候，它不会掉到地上，会在空中慢慢飘走。

这也就意味着宇航员们不能把工具放下。

他们需要把它系起来。

那么宇航员们如何喝水呢？在太空中水会分解成小水滴悬浮在空中。

Well, astronauts eat and drink differently in space. They have special plates so that their food doesn't float away. They use special bags for drinks so that the drink stays inside.宇航员在太空中吃饭喝水是不一样的。

艾伯特爱因斯坦被搞得筋疲力尽.连续第三个晚上，他的宝贝儿子汉斯，哭泣，让家人清醒直到黎明。

当艾伯特终于睡着了是时候起床去工作。

他不能跳过一天。

他需要工作来养活家人。

他轻快地走到专利局，在那里他是一个“技术专家，第三级，”艾伯特担心他的母亲。

她越来越虚弱，她不赞成他与米列娃结婚，关系紧张。

艾伯特看了一眼路过商店的橱窗。

他的头发是一个烂摊子；他忘了梳一遍。

工作。

家庭。

使收支平衡。

艾伯特感受到任何年轻的丈夫和父亲所有的压力和责任的。

放松，他彻底改变了物理学。

1905年，在年龄26时，四年前他找到了工作作为一个物理学教授，爱因斯坦出版了五个最重要的论文在科学史”——所有在他的空余时间写的。

”他证明了原子和分子的存在。

1905年之前，科学家们不清楚那些。

他认为光是小块（后来被称为“光子”），从而奠定了量子力的学基础，。

他描述了他的狭义相对论理论：空间和时间是同一个织物的线，他提出那是可弯曲，拉伸和扭曲的。

哦，顺便说一句，E = mc2。

在爱因斯坦之前，最后一个有这样突出创意的科学家，是艾萨克牛顿先生。

它发生在1666时，牛顿隔离自己母亲的农场去避免爆发在剑桥的瘟疫。

没有什么更好的事，他提出了他的万有引力。

几个世纪以来,历史学家称为1666牛顿的“奇迹年。

现在这些话有不同的意义:爱因斯坦和1905。

联合国已经宣布2005年“世界物理年“庆祝爱因斯坦“奇迹年的100周年。

现代流行文化吧爱因斯坦画一个bushy-haired superthinker。

我们被告之他的想法，是不可能远远领先于其他科学家。

他一定是从其他星球来的——也许是牛顿长大的同一个星球。

“爱因斯坦不是外星人，”哈佛大学物理学家和科学史家彼得笑到。

“他是他那个时代的人。

”他所有的1905年的文件揭开问题正在被其他科学家研究，成败参半，“如果爱因斯坦没有出生的，[文件]将最终由他人以某种形式写出来”Galison说。

1905年值得注意的是，一个人撰写的五个文件的全部，加上原有的，爱因斯坦以不敬的方式得到自己的结论。

Unit41.The crisis of global poverty has, at long last, been accorded a high priority on the international agenda. This propitious development has sparked a flurry of discussion and research concerning the means for eradicating this debilitating condition from human life. Yet as renewed pledges for action pour in from governments, as long-held theories and conventional approaches fail to quell long-held prejudices, conflicts, and exploitation, a feeling of rudderlessness looms over the global enterprise of poverty eradication. At the same time, a palpable optimism emerges from the attention and momentum generated by the search for solutions to this worldwide challenge.2.The mechanisms of poverty eradication have long been defined in primarily material terms. Indeed, the central pillar of the international community’s poverty alleviation efforts has been the transfer of financial resources. Approximately $2.3 trillion have been spent on foreign aid over the last five decades.[1] Tragically, the aid, far from ushering in greater self-sufficiency, has often had a detrimental effect on recipient communities: increased dependency on foreign assistance, subservience to externally dictated priorities, misappropriation of funds and decreased pressure for governance reform. In a resolute push for change, the United Nations has sought to expand the mechanisms for assistance and to galvanize support for poverty alleviation through its Millennium Development Goals.[2]消除贫困的机制，很久以来主要是用物质的术语界定的。