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第一周阅读理解：AArriving in Sydney on his own from India, my husband, Rashid, stayed in a hotel for a short time while looking for a short time while looking for a house for me and our children.During the first week of his stay, he went out one day to do some shopping. He came back in the late afternoon to discover that his suitcase was gone. He was extremely worried as the suitcase had all his important papers, including his passport.He reported the case to the police and then sat there，lost and lonely in strange city, thinking of the terrible troubles of getting all the paperwork organized again from a distant country while trying to settle down in a new one.Late in the evening, the phone rang. It was a stranger. He was trying to pronounce my husba nd’s name and was asking him a lot of questions. Then he said they had found a pile of papers in their trash can（垃圾桶）that had been left out on the footpath.My husband rushed to their home to find a kind family holding all his papers and documents. Their young daughter had gone to the trash can and found a pile of unfamiliar papers. Her parents had carefully sorted them out, although they had found mainly foreign addresses on most of the documents. At last they had seen a half-written letter in the pile in which my husband had given his new telephone number to a friend.That family not only restored the important documents to us that day but also restored our faith and trust in people. We still remember their kindness and often send a warm wish their way.21. What did Rashid plan to do after his arrival in Sydney?A. Go shoppingB. Find a houseC. Join his familyD. Take his family22. The girl’s parents got Rashid’s phone number from_______.A. a friend of his familyB. a Sydney policemanC. a letter in his papersD. a stranger in Sydney23. What does the underlined word ―restored‖ in the last paragraph mean?A. ShowedB. Sent outC. DeliveredD. Gave back24. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A. From India to Australia.B. Living in a New Country.C. Turning Trash to Treasure.D. In Search of New Friends.BSince the first Earth Day in 1970, American have gotten a lot ―greener‖ toward the environment . ―We didn’t know at that time there even was an environment, let alone that there was a problem with it,‖ says Bruce Anderson, president of Ear th Day USA.But what began as nothing important in public affairs has grown into a social movement .Business people, political leaders, university professors, and especially millions of grass-roots Americans are taking part in the movement. ―The understan ding has increased many , many times,‖ says Gaylord Nelson, the former governor from Wisconsin, who thought up the first. According to US government reports , emissions (排放)from cars and trucks have dropped from 10.3 million tons a year to 5.5 tons .The number of cities producing CO beyond the standard has been reduced from 40 to 9 .Although serious problems still remain and need to be dealt with , the world is a safer and healthier place .A kind of ―Green thinking ‖ has become part of practices .Great improvement has been achieved .In 1988 there were only 600 recycling programs ,; today in 1995 there are about 6,600 .Advanced lights ,motors , and building designs have helped save a lot of energy and therefore prevented pollution .Twenty –five years ago , there were hardly any education programs for environment .Today , it’s hard to find a public school , university , or law school that does not have such a kind of program .‖ Until we do that , nothing else will change! ‖ say Bruce Anderson .25 According to Anderson , before 1970, Americans had little idea about ___A. the social movementB. recycling techniqueC. environmental problemsD. the importance of Earth Day26 Where does the support for environmental protection mainly come from?A. The grass –roots levelB. The business circleC. Government officialsD. University professors27. What have \Americans achieved in environmental protection ?A. They have cut car emissions to the lowestB. They have settled their environmental problemsC. They have lowered their CO levels in forty cities.D. They have reduced pollution through effective measures .28. What is especially important for environmental protection according to the last paragraph ?A. EducationB. PlanningC. Green livingD. CO reductionCOne of the latest trend（趋势）in American Childcare is Chinese au pairs. Au Pair in Stamford, for example, has got increasing numbers of request for Chinese au pairs from aero to around 4,000 since 2004. A nd that’s true all across the country.―I thought it would be useful for him to learn Chinese at an early age‖ Joseph St ocke, the managing director of the company, says of his 2-year old son. ―I would at least like to give him the chance to use the lang uage in the future,‖ After only six months of being cared by 25-year-old woman fromChina, the boy can already understand basic Chinese daily expressions, his dad says.Li Drake, a Chinese native raising two children in Minnesota with an American husband, had another reason for looking for an au pair from China. She didn’t want her children to miss out on their roots.‖ Because I am Chinese, my husband and I wanted the children to keep exposed to(接触) the language and culture.‖ she says.―Staying with a native speaker is better for children than simply sitting in a classroom,‖ says Suzanne Flynn, a professor in language education of Children.‖ But parents must understand that just one year with au pair is unlikely to produce wonders. Complete mastery demands continued learning until the age of 10 or 12.‖The popularity if au pairs from china has been strengthened by the increasing numbers of American parents who want their children who want their children to learn Chinese. It is expected that American demand for au pairs will continue to rise in the next few years.29.What does that term‖ au pair‖ in the text mean?A. A mother raising her children on her ownB. A child learning a foreign language at homeC. A professor in language education of childrenD. A young foreign woman taking care of children.30. Li Drake has her children study Chinese because she wants them ______.A. to live in China some dayB. to speak the language at homeC. to catch up wit other childrenD. to learn about the Chinese culture31. What can we infer from the text?A. Learning Chinese is becoming popular In America,B. Educated woman do better in looking after childrenC. Chinese au pairs need to improve their English Skills.D. Children can learn a foreign language well in six months.DMetro Pocket GuideMetrorail(地铁)Each passenger needs a farecard to enter and go out. Up to two children under ago five may travel free with a paying customer.Farecard machine are in every station, Bring small bills because there are no change machines in the station and farecard machine only provide up to $ 5 in change.Get one of unlimited Metrorail rides with a One Day Pass. Buy it from a farecard machine in Metro stations. Use it after 9:30 a.m. until closing on weekdays, and all day on weekends and holidays. Hours of ServiceOpen: 5 a.m Mon-Fri 7a.m. Sat—Sun .Close midnight Sun—Thur.Last train time vary. To avoid missing the last train, please check the last train time posted in the station.MetrobusWhen paying with exact change, the fare is $ 1.35 . when paying with a smatTrip® CARD the fare is $1.25Fares for the Senior /disabled customersSenior citizens 65 and older and disabled customers may ride for half the regular fare. On Metrorail and Metrobus, use a senior/disabled farecard or SmarTrip® card. For more information about buying senior/disabled farecards, farecard or SmarTripR card and passes, please visit or call 202-637-7000 and 202-637-8000.Senior citizens and disabled customers can get free guide on how to use proper Metrobus and Metrorail services by calling 202-962-1100Travel tips. avoid riding during weekday rush periods –before 9:30 a.m. and between 4 and 6 p.m.. if you lose something on a bus or train or in a station, please call Lost & Found at 202-962-1195.32. what should you know about farecard machine?A. They start selling tickets at 9:30 a.m.B. They are connected to change machines.C. They offer special service to the elderly.D. They make change for no more than $5.33. At what time does Metrorail stop service on Saturday?A. At midnightB. at 3 a.m.C. at 5 amD. at 7 p.m.34. What is good about a SmarTrip® card?A. It is convenient for old peopleB. It saves money for its usersC. it can be bought at any timeD. it is sold on the Internet.35. Which number should you call if you lose something on the Metro?A. 202-962-1195B.202-962-1100C.202-673-7000D.202-673-8000。
英语四级阅读理解范文详解Should parents plan their children's leisure time?Nowadays, many parents plan their children's spare time. As a right mother or father, whether to make a perfect plan or hope not to wash free time is better than children arranging by themselves(不论是制定一个完美的计划还是不浪费空余时间都要比孩子自己安排得要好）. According to this phenomenon（根据这个现象）, there have two consequences that agree or not（有两种声音同意和否定）.There exist some points to account for my arguments about how to make considerable thinking（深思熟虑） embodying our esteem（体现我们的尊重） and respect for parents. Absolutely（当然）, if we were bold（粗鲁的） to our parents, it would be the worst because it is the bare（赤裸裸，单纯的）beg（乞求） for the reason of relaxing and playing for their thoughts. Therefore, we should talk to them about what we must do and shouldn't do. The purpose of this action is to foster（培养） our integrity （诚信）the same as respecting our parents. Furthermore（还有）, promising it and having excellent consequences（结果）, it is also exceedingly essential（重要的） along with your trust when you stand up their face to talking about something.A proverb that goes, "Respect others, and you will be respected."（谚语说得好“尊重他人，才能被别人尊重” The same as parents or children. I wish everyone had made the correct methods for settling any questions, including this phenomenon.（我希望每个人都可以找到一个合适的办法去解决所有问题，包括我们刚刚谈论的这个现象）.We have had a long time to contact each other since we last met （自从我们上次见面之后，已经有很长时间没有交流了）. Therefore, it is exceedingly thankful and graceful that you can care for the English study situation about me.After a mass of serious training, I ascended a new stage in vocabulary the same as we have transcended normal friendship （在很多次魔鬼训练后，我词汇上升一个新的阶段,就像我们超越朋友关系一样）. It was so happy for me, didn't you? I know you must ask me about the method of English. In an aspect（一方面）, listening is very essential whatever films, music, contact and so on. On the other hand（另一方面）, writing and repeating are also my secrets. Notwithstanding（不管怎样）, only in this way I believe that if you insist, your Chinese level will go on a new situation in a few further（在不久的将来）.From my point of view（在我看来）, fostering interest is popular with the approach of studying English in initial time（培养兴趣爱好是最初学习英语最受欢迎的方式）. Absolutely（当然）, it is beyond dispute that the best correct way for you is the most important. Generally（总的来说）, we are looking forward to our next meeting.With the development of history, there is an increasing number of people who are more inclined to using shopping online. In myopinion, merits are accompanied（优点和缺点） with shortcomings in the long run according to this condition.Notwithstanding（尽管如此）, we should learn the reasons behind this phenomenon. Online shopping is the eventually result of the economy and technology advancing. Life is altered（改变） that accelerated a mount of individuals（大量的人）' ideas in spending aspects. As we all know, WeChat and Alipay are also the common APPs in our Mobile Phone about how to pay for, especially young people and undergraduates（大学生）. In other aspects, excessive consumption is the most serious problem. Most of us can't control our desire to consume, thereby, they are exceedingly（=very） melancholy along with becoming a wealthy man.Henceforth（因此）, we should accept and opt for the correct faith about shopping online. As a forthcoming age（正在发展的时代）, I wish we were the best ones about consumption.。
中国泳坛新星宁泽涛走红仁川亚运会。
Ning Zetao makes asplash at Asian GamesNing Zetao,a 21-year-old swimmer,has surprised Asia(亚洲)with four gold medals at the2014Asian Games(亚洲运动会).“I am very excited about my gold medals,”said Ning Zetao.“They are very important to me and to the team.”Ning Zetao was born in Zhengzhou,Henan province (河南省郑州市).He started to swim at seven at a swim school in Henan.He joined the Zhengzhouswimming team at eleven and the Chinese Navy(中国海军)in2007.Few people knew Ning Zetao before the Asian Games.In fact,Ning did a great job at the Chinese National Games(全运会)and the East Asian Games(东亚运动会)in2013.The handsome young swimmer loves playing the guitar and learning English.After the Asian Games,he has become popular in China.He hopes to make a bigger splash in the next few years.“It is just a start.I have been waiting for this moment for a long time.In the future,I hope I can compete withEuropean(欧洲的)and American players.”一：难点解码★Ning Zetao,a 21-year-old swimmer,has surprised Asia with four gold medals atthe2014Asian Games.2014年亚运会上，21岁的游泳选手宁泽涛勇夺四枚金牌，震惊亚洲。
新视角研究生英语读写课文翻译课后答案Lecture 1.大学课堂：还有人在听吗？ (2)Unit 2 家与旅行 (6)Unit 3 濒危物种vs.人类需求 (10)Unit 4 When MTV Goes CEO (14)Lecture 5 (21)Lecture 6 (27)Lecture 7 (31)Lecture 8 (36)Unit 1 课后答案 (49)Unit 4 课后答案 (51)Unit Six 答案 (52)Unit Seven答案 (54)Unit Eight 答案 (55)Unit Nine 答案 (57)Unit Ten 答案 (58)Lecture 1.大学课堂：还有人在听吗？Toward the middle of the semester, Fowkes fell ill and missed a class. When he returned, the professor nodded vaguely and, to Fowkes’s astonishment, began to deliver not the next lecture in the sequence but the one after. Had he, in fact, lectured to an empty hall in the absence of his solitary student? Fowkes thought it perfectly possible.在学期中间，Fowkes 因病缺了一次课。
他回到课堂的时候，教授毫无表情地向他点了点头。
接着令Fowkes大吃一惊的是，教授并没有按照顺序讲下一课，而是讲了后面一课。
难道他真的在他唯一的学生缺席的情况下对着空教室讲了一课？Fowkes认为这太有可能了。
Today American colleges and universities (originally modeled on German ones) are under strong attack from manyquarters. Teachers, it is charged, are not doing a good job of teaching, and students are not doing a good job of learning. American businesses and industries suffer from unenterprising, uncreative executives educated not to think for themselves but to mouth outdated truisms the rest of the world has long discarded. College graduates lack both basic skills and general culture. Studies are conducted and reports are issued on the status of higher education, but any changes that result either are largely cosmetic or make a bad situation worse.今天美国的大学（原本是以德国的大学为模型的）受到了各方面的严厉指责。
Assignment 1:Please translate the following ten sentences. You can put your translation right below the sentence.1.You are welcome to send for our free catalogue.欢迎您索函我们的免费目录2.The set of equipment is quite late arrivals for doctors to use.这一系列供医生使用的装备来得是相当的晚。
3.I questioned the wisdom of her going there with Tim.我怀疑她和蒂姆一起来这是否是明智的。
4.She is being polite.她故意装出一副有礼貌的样子。
5.He had a sound feeling that idioms were the backbone of language andhe was all for the racy phrases.他认为谚语是语言中的支柱，并主张使用这些生动的语言，他的看法是有道理的。
6.The black people were fighting against the segregation of thegovernment.黑人曾经和政府的种族隔离相对抗。
7.I had the muscle, and they made money out of it.我有力量，并且他们应该利用我的力量赚钱。
8.I drank some ice tea, but it made me more thirsty.我刚才喝了冰茶，但是它让我觉得更口渴了。
9.He is a wicked tennis player.他是一个没有道德素养的网球运动员。
10.M y work, my family, my friends were more than enough to fill mytime.干工作，做家务，与朋友相处这些已经足够占据了我的大部分时间。
英文assignment的写作细节我们的assignment通常分为两种形式，一是essay,一是report.二者在形式上有所差别，,但大体相同。
一篇assignment上面会对写成essay还是report格式作出明确要求。
在阅读题目时，请尽量仔细。
相同点：字体：Times New Roman,字号：小四，行距：1.5倍。
段与段之间隔行。
每段不要求像中文写作那样空两格，而是直接顶格写。
请有写作之前就把这些格式调好，以避免写好后再调会出现一些意相不到的情况。
下面还有一些相同点，我在两种文体分开讨论时，再涉及。
区别：Essay:Essay的写作相对report要简单一些。
通常只包括三个部分，Introduction, Main Body,Conclusion.Introduction包括topic的背景介绍和文章要解决的主要问题。
一般占总字数的10%左右。
Main Body是主体部分，占总字数80%左右。
如果题目中作了具体要求，就根据题目提到的几个方面来逐一讨论就可以了。
有的题目没有作具体要求，就根据自己的构思来写。
但要求有逻辑性。
Conclusion 也是占10%，在这一段里把文章中的主要观点用一到两句话概括出来。
Essay可以不写题目，不要把小标题加粗。
Reference的写作是两种形式都要涉及的，我放在最后来详细说。
Report:它的写法大体上和essay差不多，但要求要严格一些。
第一：标题页：包括标题和executive summary.在Executive summary中是对文章的摘要。
这个大家都知道怎么写我就不多说了。
这两个东西一般是单独占一页第二：主体部分。
Report的主体部分，前三个和essay差不多，只是在conclusion 后还有一部分就是recommendations.是对提出的问题的建议。
如果题目中没有单独要求，一般就按照这几部分来写，但有的题目会作出规定。
请按题目要求写哪几部分来写。
Passage 1（TAP, Translation Journal）We can never go back again, that much is certain. The past is still too close to us. The things we have tried to forget and put behind us would stir again, and that sense of fear, of furtive unrest, struggling at length to blind unreasoning panic—now mercifully stilled, thank God—might in some manner unforeseen become a living companion, as it had been before.He is wonderfully patient and never complains, not even when he remembers…which happens, I think, rather more often than he would have me know.I can tell by the way he will look lost and puzzled suddenly, all expression dying away from his dear face as though swept clean by an unseen hand, and in its place a mask will form, a sculptured thing, formal and cold, beautiful still but lifeless. He will fall to smoking cigarette after cigarette, not bothering to extinguish them, and the glowing stubs will lie around on the ground like petals. He will talk quickly and eagerly about nothing at all, snatching at any subject as a panacea to pain. I believe there is a theory that men and women emerge finer and stronger after suffering, and that to advance in this or any world we must endure ordeal by fire.Passage 2A Londoner, very proud of his hometown, was showing a visiting American around Central London. “That’s Waterloo Bridge,” he said. “It took only two years to build.”“That’s nothing,” said the American. “Our Brooklyn Bridge took only 14 months.”Later as they went along the Euston Road, the Londoner said, “That’s Euston Station. The old one was demolished and the new one put up in only 18 months.”“Our largest station in New York,” said the American, “was completed in less than 10 months.”A little later on, they passed Centre Point. Looking at its 34 storeys, the American asked, “What’s that building?”“Oh, I don’t know,” said the Londoner. “It wasn’t there when I went to work this morning.”。
第一讲练习试将下列句子译成汉语：1．The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside.彩虹有多种颜色，外圈红，内圈紫。
2. He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.他有一种令人难堪的习惯：一会儿一个看法，自相矛盾，变化无常。
3.This was an intelligently organized and fervent meeting in a packed Town Hall, with Mr. Strong in the chair.这是一次精心组织起来的会议。
市政厅里济济一堂，热情洋溢，主持会议的是斯特朗先生。
4.Power can be transmitted over a great distance withpractically negligible loss if it is carried by an electric current.电流可以把动力传送到很远的地方，其消耗几乎可以忽略不计。
5.The present onslaught of vehicles poses a serious threat to urban life and pedestrian peace of mind.当前，车辆横冲直闯，严重地威胁着城市生活，路上行人无不提心吊胆。
6.Change of information, if any, concerning the contents of this section will be found in the appendix at the end of this book.本节内容如有更改，均见本书末附录。
7.She said, with perfect truth, that “it must be delightful to have a brother,”and easily got the pity of tender-hearted Amelia, for being alone in the world, an orphan without friends or kindred.她说道，“有个哥哥该多好啊，”这话说得入情入理。
阅读练习（阅读单选题）Passage 1Long bus rides are like television shows. They have a beginning, a middle, and an end with commercials thrown in every three or four minutes. The commercials are unavoidable. They happen whether you want them or not. Every couple of minutes a billboard glides by outside the bus window."Buy Super Clean Toothpaste." "Drink Good Wet Root Beer." "Fill up with Pacific Gas." Only if you sleep, which is equal to turning the television set off, are you spared the unending cry of "You Need It! Buy It Now!" The beginning of the ride is comfortable and somewhat exciting, even if you've traveled that way before. Usually some things have changed new houses, new buildings, sometimes even a new road. The bus driver has a style of driving and it 's fun to try to figure it out the first houror so. If the driver is particularly reckless or daring, the ride can be as thrilling as a suspense story. Will the driver pass the truck in time? Will the driver move into the right or the left hand lane? After a while, of course, the excitement dies down. Sleeping for a while helps pass the middle hours of the ride. Food always makes bus rides more interesting. But you' ve got to be careful of what kind of food you eat.Too much salty food can make you very thirsty between stops.The end of the ride is somewhat like the beginning. You know it will soon be over and there ' s a kind of expectation and excitement in that. The seat of course, has becomeharder as the hours have passed. By now you've sat with your legs crossed, with your hands in your lap, with your hands on the arm rest seven with your hands crossed behind your head. The end comes just at no more ways to sit.1、According to the passage, what do the passengers usually see when theyare on a long bus trip?A：B uses on the road.B：F ilms on television.C：A dvertisements on the billboards.D：Gas stations.2、W hat is the purpose of this passage?A：T o give the wri ter 's opinion about long bus trips.B：T o persuade you to take a long bus trip.C ：To explain how bus trips and television shows differ.D ：To describe the billboards along the road.3、The writer of this passage would probably favor .bus drivers who aren 't recklessa television set on the bus no billboards along the road funB ：they both have a beginning, a middle, and an end, with commercials in betweenC ：the drivers are always reckless on TV shows just as they areD ：both traveling and watching TV are not exciting.5、The writer thinks that the end of the ride is somewhatlike the beginningend of World War I, leaders of manynations, including decided to form an could discuss their disagreements on this organizationAD A ：B ： d riving aloneC ：D ：4、 T he writer feels long bus rides are like TV shows because . BA A ： t he commercials both on TV shows and on billboards along the road are on buses because both are .AB A ： e xcitingB ： c omfortableC ： t iringD ： b oringinternational organization. It wasPassage 2Shortly after thethe United States,hopes that nationsinstead of fightingthem.On April 25, 1945, two hundred representatives from many nations came to San Francisco, California, to make the rules that would govern this organization. After manymonths of hard work, arguments, and compromises, the Untied Nations organization, was founded. Today thousands of people visit the Untied Nations head-quarter on NewYork City. They see the large rooms where representatives from about a hundred nations meet to discuss their problem. They find out about the work of the Untied Nations. Children who visit the Untied Nations are especially interested in learning about the help given to children. Teams of workers from the Untied Nations visit countries in Latin and America, Africa and Asia to help children who are sick and hungry. They bring food and medicine. They also teach people what doctors have learned about keeping children strong.People who work for the Untied Nations believe that happy, healthy people are more likely to be friendly to others nations. They believe that helping people will help the world at peace.1、Where and when was the Untied Nationsformed?DBA ：At San Francisco on April 25, 1945.B ：At San Francisco in 1945.C ：In New York shortly after the World War I.D ：In New York in 1945.2、Where is the headquarters of the UntiedNations?CAA ：At San Francisco.B ：At Washington.C ：In New York.D ：In California .3、The Untied Nations is _A D__.A ：an international organizationB ：an international organization of peaceC ：an organization of the United StatesD ：an organization of big power4、The United Nation giveshelp toCA_.A ：the big powerB ：the countries at warC ：the children of the third world countriesD ：the developed countries5、The United Nation tries to keep the world atpeace byD__.A ：uniting people of the worldB ：visiting all the nationsC ：pleasing the big powerD ：helping people。
I．Read the following passages and sum up its point + support1. Benefits of Writing the Traditional Essay掌握常见短文写作的好处Writing a traditional essay offers at least three benefits. First of all, mastering the traditional essay will help make you a better writer. For other courses, you'll often do papers that will be variations on the essay form-for example, examination essays, reports, and research papers. The basic structure of the traditional essay, with its emphasis on a clear point and well-organized, logical support, will help with almost every kind of writing that you have to do. Second, the discipline of writing an essay will strengthen your skills as a reader and listener. As a reader, you'll become more critically aware of other writers' ideas and the evidence they provide (or fail to provide) to support those idea;. Essay writing will also help you become a better speaker. You'll be more prepared to develop the three basic parts of an effective speech一an appealing introduction, a solidly developed body, and a well-rounded conclusion一because of your experience writing three-part essays.Most important, essay writing will make you a stronger thinker. Writing a solidly reasoned traditional essay requires mental discipline and close attention to a set of logical rules. Creating an essay in which there is an overall thesis statement and in which each of three supporting paragraphs begins with a topic sentence is more challenging than writing a free-form or expressive paper. Such an essay obliges you to carefully sort out, think through, and organize your ideas You'll learn to discover and express just what your ideas are and to develop those ideas in a logical, reasoned way. Traditional essay writing, in short, will train your mind to think clearly, and that ability will prove to be of value in every phase of your life.2. Writing as a Skill写作是一种技能A sure way to wreck your chances of learning how to write competently is to believe that writing is a "natural gift" rather than a learned skill. People with such an attitude think that they are the only ones for whom writing is unbearably difficult. They feel that everyone else finds writing easy or at least tolerable. Such people typically say, "I'm not any good at writing" or "English was not one of my go od subjects” They imply that they simply do not have a talent for writing. While others do. The result of this attitude is that people try to avoid writing, and when they do write, they don't try their best. Their attitude becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy: Their writing fails chiefly because they have brainwashed themselves into thinking that they don't have the "natural talent" needed to write. Unless their attitude changes, they probably will not learn how to write effectively.A realistic attitude about writing must build on the idea that writing is a skill. It is a skill like driving, typing, or cooking. and, like any skill, it can be learned. If you have the determination to learn, this book will give you the extensive practice needed to develop your writing skills. Many people find it difficult to do the intense, active thinking that clear writing demands. (Perhaps television has made us all so passive that the active thinking necessary in both writing and reading now seems harder than ever.) It is frightening to sit down before a blank sheet of paper and know that an hour later, nothing on it may be worth keeping. It is frustrating to discover how much of a challenge it is to transfer thoughts and feelings from one's head onto a sheet of paper. It is upsetting to find that an apparently simple subject often turns out to be complicated. But writing is not an automatic process: We will not get something for nothing and we should not expect to. Foralmost everyone, competent writing comes from plain hard work-from determination, sweat, and head-on battle. The good news is that the skill of writing can be mastered, and if you are ready to work, you will learn what you need to know.3. Writing as a Process of Discovery写作是一个发现的过程In addition to believing that writing is a natural gift, many people falsely believe that writing should flow in a simple, straight line from the writer's head onto the written page. But writing is seldom an easy, one一step journey in which a finished paper comes out in a first draft. The truth is that writing is a process of discovery involving a series of steps, and those steps are very often a zigzag journey. Look at the following illustrations of the writing process:Seldom the CaseStarting point ________Finished paperUsually the Case，Starting point︿﹀～～finished paperVery often, writers do not discover just what they want to write about until they explore their thoughts in writing. For example, the author of the paragraph and essay on moviegoing, had been assigned to write about some annoyance in everyday life. She did not know what annoyance she would choose: instead, she just began writing about annoyances in general, in order to discover a topic. One of those annoyances was traffic, which seemed promising, so she began putting down ideas and details that came to her about traffic. One detail was the traffic she had to deal with in going to the movies. That made her think of the traffic in the parking lot at the theater complex. At that point, she realized that moviegoing itself was an annoyance. She switched direction in midstream and began writing down ideas and details about moviegoing.As the writer wrote, she realized how much other moviegoers annoyed her, and she began thinking that other movie patrons might be her main idea in a paper. But when she was writing about patrons who loudly drop popcorn tubs onto the floor, she realized how much all the snacks at the concession stand tempted her. She changed direction again, thinking now that maybe she could talk about patrons and tempting snacks. She kept writing, just putting down more and more details about her movie experiences, still not having figured out exactly how she would fit both patrons and snacks into the paper. Even though her paper had not quite jelled, she was not worried, because she knew that if she kept writing, it would eventually come together. The point is that writing is often a process of continuing discovery; as you write, you may suddenly switch direction or double back. You may be working on a topic sentence and realize suddenly that it could be your concluding thought. Or you may be developing a supporting idea and then decide that it should be the main point of your paper. Chapter 2 will treat the writing process more directly. What is important to remember here is that writers frequently do not know their exact destination as they begin to write. Very often they discover the direction and shape of a paper during the process of writing.4. Writing as a Way to Communicate with Others写作是一种与他人交流的途径When you talk, chances are you do not treat everyone the same. For example, you are unlikely to speak to your boss in the same way that you chat with a young child. Instead, you adjust what you say to suit the people who are listening to you your audience. Similarly, youprobably change your speech each day to suit whatever purpose you have in mind when you are speaking. For instance, if you wanted to tell someone how to get to your new apartment, you would speak differently than if you were describing your favorite movie.To communicate effectively, people must constantly adjust their speech to suit their purpose and audience. This same idea is true for writing. When you write for others, it is crucial to know both your purpose for writing and the audience who will be reading your work. The ability to adjust your writing to suit your purpose and audience will serve you well not only in the classroom, but also in the workplace and beyond.5. Keeping a Journal坚持写日志Because writing is a skill, it makes sense that the more you practice writing, the better you will write. One excellent way to get practice in writing, even before ;you begin composing essays, is to keep a daily or almost daily journal. Writing in a journal will help you develop the habit of thinking on paper and will show you how ideas can be discovered in the process of writing. A journal can make writing a familiar part of your life and can serve as a continuing source of ideas for papers.At some point during the day-perhaps during a study period after your last class of the day, or right before dinner, or right before going to bed-spend fifteen minutes or so writing in your journal. Keep in mind that you do not have to plan what to write about, or be in the mood to write, or worry about making mistakes as you write; just write down whatever words come out. You should write at least one page in each session.You may want to use a notebook that you can easily carry with you for on-the-spot writing. Or you may decide to write on loose-leaf paper that can be transferred later to a journal folder on your desk. No matter how you proceed, be sure to date all entries.Your instructor may ask you to make journal entries a specific number of tunes a week, for a specific number of weeks. He or she may have you turn in your journal every so often for review and feedback. If you are keeping the journal on your own, try to make entries three to five times a week every week of the semester.2. Revise your writing and see whether it has a clearly stated point a and support.。
