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虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的构成和用法1.表示一种与过去事实相反的假设情况，条件从句中的谓语动词要用“had+过去分词”，主句中的谓语动词要用“would / should / could / might+have+过去分词”。
如：If you had come here yesterday, you would have seen him. 如果你昨天来到这里，你就会看见他了。
2.表示一种与目前事实相反的假设情况，条件状语从句中的谓语动词要用一般过去式(be动词常用were)，而主句中的谓语动词则要用“w ould / should / could / might+动词原形”。
如：If I had his telephone number, I would call him now. 如果我有他的电话号码，我现在就打电话给他。
If I were you, I would not tell him that. 如果我是你，我就不把那件事告诉他。
3.表示与将来的事实可能相反的假设情况时，条件状语从句中的谓语动词要用：1) should+动词原形，或2) 一般过去式，或3) were+不定式，主句中的谓语动词要用“would+动词原形“。
如：If it snowed tomorrow, many crops would die of cold. = If it were to snow tomorrow, many crops would die of cold. = If it should snow tomorrow, many crops would die of cold. 如果明天下雪，许多庄稼都会冻死。
4.有时候，条件和结果不是指同一个时间，这时，应根据上面谈到的几种情况，使用相应的形式，这种虚拟语气形式被称为错综虚拟语气。
如：If you had listened to the teacher carefully yesterday, you would know how to do the exercise now. 如果你昨天认真听了老师的讲话，你现在就知道如何做这道题了。
虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法一、虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法（一）形式注：1．在从句中，be动词多用were的形式。
在口语中，如果主语是第一、第三人称单数的话，be动词可用was，但人们总是说：If I were you．．．2．主句中的谓语可以由would，should，could和might这四个不同的情态动词来构成。
3．与将来事实相反的条件从句中，谓语有三种不同的形式：过去式、were ＋to do或should ＋do。
例句1：If I were you，I would study hard．我要是你的话，我就会好好学习。
（与现在事实相反）例句2：If I had studied hard，I would have passed CET-6 last semester．我要是早就好好学习的话，那么我上个学期就通过六级考试了。
（与过去事实相反）例句3：If Iwere to pass CET-6，I would treat you to dinner at KFC．我要是过了六级考试，就请你去吃肯德基。
（与将来事实相反）1/ 9（二）省略／倒装如果在虚拟从句中包含有一个助动词、情态动词、动词be 或have，则可把if省略，把上类动词提到主语之前，使用倒装语序。
例句4：Had it not been for the PLA，we wouldn't have been able to beat the flood．4要不是人民解放军，我们是无法战胜洪水的。
例句5：Were he here now，he would certainly help me．5他要是在这里肯定会帮我的忙。
注4：例句4中的从句部分出现了否定词not，如果把该句还原成正常语序，应该是：If it hadn't been for the PLA，we wouldn't have been able to beat the flood．但是一旦句子发生了省略，就必须把hadn't分开，否定词not还原，放在主语之后，不可写成Hadn't it been for的形式。
Lesson 3 英语考试中的虚拟语气一、虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的应用1. 一般现在时的虚拟语气中，if从句的谓语动词用它的过去式(be 一般用were)，主句用would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形。
例如：If I knew the meaning of the word, I wouldn't have to ask for help.如果我知道这个单词的意思，我就不必寻求别人的帮助了。
2. 过去时的虚拟语气中，if 从句的谓语动词用它的过去完成时形式即had＋过去分词，主句用would / should / could / might + have +过去分词。
例如：We didn't know his telephone number, otherwise we _____ him.A) would have telephoned B) must have telephonedC) would telephone D) had telephoned本题答案为A)。
本句是过去时的虚拟句，这点从前面的d idn’t 可以看出来，后半部分相当于if we had known his telephone number，we would have telephoned him。
3.将来时的虚拟语气中，If从句的谓语形式用动词一般过去式或用were to / should +动词原形，主句用would / should /could/ might +动词原形。
例如：Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she ______ a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.A. has to getB. had gotC. were to getD. could have got本句的意思是：“简不想马上就工作，因为她认为要是找了工作，就不能经常看望她的朋友了”。
虚拟语⽓在各种从句中的应⽤虚拟语⽓在各种从句中的应⽤⼀．在主语从句中，⽤来表⽰惊奇、惋惜、理应如此等，其谓语形式是“(should) + 动词原形”，常⽤于下列三种句型中：1. It is necessary (vital,important, natural, strange, wonderful, proper, right, good, wrong, impossible, etc.) + that -clausee.g. It is important that we (should) master a foreign language.2. It is a pity ( a shame, no wonder, your duty, etc.) + that-clause.e.g. It is a great pity that he should be so careless.3. It is suggested (ordered, proposed, requested, etc.) + that-clause.e.g. It is requested that she should sing an English song.在上述句型的主语从句中，should意为“应该”，“竟然”，可以省去，但不可换⽤would, 主句所⽤的时态不限。
⼆．在宾语从句中1. ⽤于wish后的宾语从句中，表⽰未实⾏的活不可能实现的愿望，汉语可译为“可惜”、“......就好了”、“悔不该......”，“但愿......”等。
B.⽤法：a. 与现在相反的愿望：I wish I were ten years younger.I wish I knew how to drive a car.b. 与过去事实相反的愿望：I wish I had gone to the football match last night.I wish you had been here yesterday.c. 与将来可能相反的愿望：I wish the boys would be quiet.He wishes you would go and visit him.注：1. hope + 宾语从句（陈述语⽓），表⽰的是可能实现的愿望，⽐较：I hope it is true. I wish it were true.2. ⽤于command（命令），insist（坚持要），suggest（建议），propose（建议），order（命令）以及request（恳求），desire（希望）等之后的宾语从句中，表⽰“要求、请求、建议、命令等，其谓语形式是：“should + 动词原形”（should 可省，但不可换⽤would）。
虚拟语气用法总结虚拟语气是说话者用来表示假设，或难以实现的情况，而非客观存在的事实。
学习虚拟语气，我们需要注意以下几个要点：一、虚拟语气在带有条件状语从句的复合句中的构成和用法。
根据不同的时间，主、从句中动词形式如下表：If we left now, we would arrive in good time. 如果我们现在就走的话，我们就会及时到达。
They would have come to your party if they had had time. 如果他们有时间就会参加你的聚会。
If you lived there for a while, you’d change your mind about the place. 如果你在那儿住上一段时间，你就会改变对那地方的看法。
这里我们需要注意以下三点：1. 错综时间条件句有时条件状语从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致，这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。
如：If you had listened to the doctor, you would be all right now. 如果你当初听了医生的话，身体现在就好了。
2. 虚拟条件句的倒装形式如果虚拟条件从句中有were, had或should时，可以把if省略，而把这几个词放到主语之前，构成倒装句。
如：Were I you, I wouldn’t go there alone. 如果我是你，我不会一个人去那儿的。
Had he worked harder, he would have got through the exam. 如果他学习再努力点的话，他就会通过考试。
Should you be fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off. 如果你被解雇，你的医疗保险和其他权益并不会立即中断。
虚拟语气的用法归纳关键信息项：1、虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的用法2、虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法3、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法4、虚拟语气在表语从句和同位语从句中的用法5、虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法6、虚拟语气在状语从句中的其他用法7、虚拟语气在一些特殊句型中的用法11 虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的用法111 与现在事实相反若表示与现在事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去式（be 动词通常用were），主句谓语用“should ／ would ／ could ／ might ＋动词原形”。
例如：If I were you, I would take his advice （如果我是你，我会接受他的建议。
）112 与过去事实相反若表示与过去事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去完成式（had ＋过去分词），主句谓语用“should ／ would ／ could ／ might ＋ have ＋过去分词”。
比如：If you had come earlier, you would have caught the bus （如果你早点来，你就赶上公交车了。
）113 与将来事实相反若表示与将来事实相反，条件从句的谓语有三种形式：过去式（be 动词通常用 were）should ＋动词原形were to ＋动词原形主句谓语用“should ／ would ／ could ／ might ＋动词原形”。
例如：If it were to rain tomorrow, we would stay at home （如果明天下雨，我们就待在家里。
）12 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法121 wish 后的宾语从句wish 后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气。
与现在事实相反，用一般过去时；与过去事实相反，用过去完成时；与将来事实相反，用“would ／ could ＋动词原形”。
例如：I wish I were as tall as you （我希望和你一样高。
虚拟语气在状语从句中的应用虚拟语气在状语从句中，除了可以表示条件外，还可以表示比较、结果、目的等。
虚拟语气用于表示条件的状语从句中，一般称为虚拟条件句。
根据时间的不同，虚拟条件句中谓语动词时态的变化可能有三种形式，即现在、过去和将来。
一，用于由as if/though 引导的方式状语从句用过去时或were表示与现在事实相反或对现在情况的假设；用过去完成时表示对过去事实的假设。
例：1.He looks as if he were very happy.他看上去仿佛挺高兴。
2.He laughs as if he had known the thing yesterday.他笑起来好像他昨天已经知道这件事。
3. He talks as if he had been abroad.他说起话来好像曾经出过国。
4.It seems as if it were winter already.现在仿佛已经是冬天了。
经典考点1．That tree looked as if it for a long time.A) hasn't watered B) didn't waterC) hadn't been watered D) wasn't watered答案：C。
本题句意是：这棵树看起来像是很长时间没浇水了。
as if引导一个表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的句子。
主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，所以as if后虚拟语气的谓语动词要用过去完成时，故C项正确。
又如：The old couple loved the orphan girl as if she had been their daughter.那对老年夫妇很喜爱那个孤儿，视她为亲生女儿。
注：从句所表示的内容若为事实或可能为事实，也可用陈述语气： It looks as if we’ll be late.我们似乎要迟到了。
二，用于让步状语从句在让步状语从句中，谓语动词多用动词原形或be来构成虚拟语气。
虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的应用【经典例题】1. If my lawyer _______ here last Saturday, he _______ me f rom going.A. had been; would have preventedB. had been; would pre ventC. were; would preventD. were; would have prevented2. If I had worn my overcoat, I _______cold.A. won’t have caught B .couldn’t have caughtC. won’t catchD. wouldn’t catch3.—If he ______ , he ______ that food.—Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.A. was warned; would not takeB. had been warned; would not have takenC. would be warned; had not takenD. would have been warned; had not taken4. I didn’t see your sister at the meeting. If she _______, she would have met my brother.A. has comeB. did comeC. cameD. had come 【答案与解析】1．A．本题考查虚拟语气。
因为从句表示与过去事实相反的假设，故从句谓语动词用过去完成时，而主句谓语动词用would have +过去分词形式。
2．B．本题考查虚拟条件句中主句谓语动词的使用。
因为从句用了过去完成时，可知主句谓语动词用would / could have +过去分词形式。
根据句意，可知选B。
3．B. 根据答语，可知本题考查与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。
故从句谓语动词用过去完成时，而主句谓语动词用would have +过去分词形式。
4．D．根据句意“在会上我没有看到你的姐姐。
如果她来的话，她就见到我哥哥了”可知，这是考查对过去事实的虚拟。
主句用could have done，故从句谓语动词应该用过去完成时。
【重点归纳】一、虚拟条件句的类别虚拟条件句可分为三类：一类是叙述与现在事实相反的情况；一类是叙述与过去事实相反的情况；另一类是叙述与将来事实相反的情况。
其主句和从句的谓语动词构成如下：1. 与现在事实相反条件从句用过去时（be动词的过去式一律用were），主句用would （should/ might / could）+动词原形”。
如：If I were you, I would accept the invitation to the party. 如果我是你的话，我将接受去舞会的邀请。
If I knew her well, I would tell you about her.如果我很了解她的话，我将告诉你关于她的事情。
2. 与过去事实相反条件从句用过去完成时，主句用“would /should/ might / could + have +过去分词”, 如：If you had been there last night, nothing would have happen ed.如果你昨天晚上在那儿的话，就没有什么事情发生了。
If I had got up earlier, I would have caught the first bus. 如果我起得更早一些的话，就赶上头班车了。
3．与将来事实相反条件从句用过去时或者“were to + 动词原形”或者“should+ 动词原形”，主句用“would （should/ might / could）+动词原形”, 如：If it were Saturday tomorrow, we wo uldn’t have an exam.如果明天是周六的话，我们就不考试了。
If you were to visit the school tomorrow, you would see Pro fessor Smith.如果你明天去参观学校的话，你就会看到史密斯教授。
If it should rain tomorrow, the sports meet would be put of f until next Friday.如果明天下雨的话，运动会将被推迟到下周五举行。
【特别提示】在虚拟条件句中，谓语动词按照“后退一步法”使用，即：与现在事实相反，从句中用一般过去时；与过去事实相反，从句中用过去完成时；与将来事实相反，从句中用过去将来时。
二、虚拟条件句中的省略与倒装如果if虚拟条件句中有were, had, 或者should等词时，可以省略if，把这些词放在主语前，形成倒装句。
如：If I should meet her (Should I meet her), I would tell her. 如果我遇见她的话，我就告诉她。
If I were in your position (Were I in your position), I wou ld do it better.如果我在你的位置上，我会做得更好。
If they had made preparations (Had they made preparations), they would have succeeded.如果他们做了准备的话，他们就已经成功了。
Grammar work语法专练动词变形用所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. —¬ If the factory ___________ (belong) to me, I _______ ____ (not sell) it.—But it isn’t yours.2. — If you ___________ (keep) the secret, nobody ___________ (know) it.—I’m sorry for making such a mistake.3. If the weather were to be (be) fine tomorrow, I ______ (go) for an outing with my parents.4. ___________ (be) I you, I would think about this problem once again.5. ___________ (have) I had time last night, I ___________ (go) to see this wonderful film.完成句子根据中文提示完成下列各句。
1. 如果你年轻五岁，你该怎么办？What ___________ you ___________, if you ___________ five y ears younger?2. 如果你开车更小心一点，就不会出这样的事故。
If you ______________________ your car more carefully, sucha traffic accident _________________________________.3. 如果明天下雾，我就不能开车去购物。
If it ___________ foggy tomorrow, I ______________________ my car to go shopping.4. 如果明天天气转晴，我们就去野餐。
If it ______________________ clear up tomorrow, we ________ ______________ for a picnic.5. 如果我是一个男孩，我当然会去参军。
If I ___________ a boy, I ___________ certainly join the ar my.6. 如果你是我兄弟，你也会一样对我。
If you ___________ my brother, you ___________ treat me in the same way.7. 如果我有你这样的姐姐会非常幸福的。
I ___________ ___________ very happy, if I ___________ an e lder sister like you.8. 如果我捡到了那只钱包，一定交给失主了。
If I ______________________ up the wallet, I ______________ ___________________ it to its owner.9. 万一明天下大雪，一切都将被改变。
If it ___________ snow heavily tomorrow, everything _______ ____ be changed.10. 如果你那天没有抽烟，火灾就不会发生。
If you ______________________ that day, the fire __________ _______________________ out.Grammar quiz语法小测测一测选择最佳答案。
1. He ______ you more help, even though he was very busy.A. might have givenB. might giveC. should giveD. may give2. What would have happened ________ as far as the river ba nk?A. Bob had walkedB. if Bob should walkC. had Bob walkedD. if Bob walked3. ________ I in your position, I would not accept the invi tation.A. WasB. WereC. BeD. Am4. If my father ________ here the day after tomorrow, he __ ______ me at all.A. came, can’t see B comes, couldn’t seeC. comes, couldn’t have seenD. came, couldn’t see5. If it ________ to snow next week, I would not go to visi t that mountain village.A. isB. beC. wereD. are6. If it ________ rain this evening, I would not go to see this American film.A. wouldB. shouldC. couldD. might7. __________ asked to do this, I would certainly do it ina different way.A. Were IB. Am IC. If I amD. Was I8. If he could help us, I am sure he ________. He’s a lways ready to help others.A. shouldB. hadC. would haveD. did9.________ her in time, she would have jumped into the rive r.A. If I stoppedB. Did I stopC. If I didn’t stopD. If I hadn’t stopped10. If I _________ ten years younger, I _________ out to tr y my luck.A. am, would goB. was, will goC. were, would goD. were, would have gone11. If you __________ my advice, you _________ such a serio us mistake.A. followed, can’t makeB. followed, couldn’t have mad eC. had followed, couldn’t makeD. had followed, couldn’t have made12. If I _________ that crowded bus yesterday morning, I __ _______ my purse with a lot of money in it.A. didn’t take, couldn’t loseB. hadn’t taken, wouldn’t have lostC. hadn’t taken, couldn’t loseD. didn’t take, can’t ha ve lost语法专练 (One possible version)动词变形1. belonged; wouldn’t sell2. had kept; would have known3. would go4. Were5. Had; would have gone完成句子1. would; do; were2. had driven; couldn’t have happened3. were; couldn’t drive4. were to; would g o5. were; would6. were; would7. would be; had8. had picked; would have r eturned9. should; would 10. hadn’t smoked; wouldn’t have broken语法小测测一测 1-5 ACBDC 6-10 BACDC 11-12 DB虚拟语气（二）——虚拟条件句的一些特殊用法【考点导航】1. —My cat’s really fat. （2007浙江）—You ______ have given her so much food.A. wouldn’t B .couldn’t C. shouldn’t D. mustn’t2．—How’s your tour around the North Lake? Is it beautifu l? （2007全国卷I）—It _____ be, but it is now heavily polluted.A. willB. wouldC. shouldD. must3. I told your friend how to get to the hotel, but perhapsI _____ have driven her there. （2007陕西）A. couldB. mustC. mightD. should 【答案与解析】1．C。
