SPARKGAS 20P_30P_35P使用说明书

斯通电子ST35P三相调功调压一体化电力调整器操作手册首先感谢您使用本公司的产品！在您使用之前请仔细阅读本说明书，如有疑问敬请电话垂询。

操作手册目录1．概述------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2．主要技术指标及主要功能简介---------------------------------------3．安装及使用须知----------------------------------------------------------4．装箱清单-------------------------------------------------------------------5．选型表---------------------------------------------------------------------- 6．ST35P接线说明-----------------------------------------------------------6.1常用的五种接线方式-----------------------------------------------6.2几点注意说明--------------------------------------------------------6.3整机接线图-----------------------------------------------------------6.4线性化调节输出示意图及缓起动的意义--------------------7. 接假负载调试-------------------------------------------------------------8.接实际负载调试----------------------------------------------------------9.电流限制（选件）-------------------------------------------------------10.过流报警功能（选件）--------------------------------------------------11.恒流功能（选件）-------------------------------------------------------12.电流环光隔离远程状态接口DDR-R（选件）------------------------13.调功/调压一体化功能（选件）----------------------------------------14.常见故障及解决方法----------------------------------------------------15.ST35P控制板端子位置布置图及部分功能设置说明------------16.外型尺寸图----------------------------------------------------------------17.电源接线端子示意图-----------------------------------------------------18.外型尺寸对照表------------------------------------------------------------ 1 1 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 91011 13 13ST35P三相调功调压一体化电力调整器操作手册概述斯通ST35P电力调整器2008年进行了全新的设计，其中包括软件的升级、散热单元的优化、新外观的设计等近6项的升级或改进，大大提高了产品的性能和可靠性。

Applications • Saw mills• Aircraft ground support equipment• Asphalt pavers• Hydraulic fan drives• Power steering circuits• Waste trucks• Cement trucks• Servo control protection• Logging equipmentThese application examples have one thing in common... the need for clean hydraulic fluid.Modern high pressure hydraulic systems are demanding. Better controls and long componentlife are expected. To deliver the high standards of perfor m ance, hydraulic components are built with tighter tolerances which increases their sensitivity to contamination. That’s where Parker pressure filters come into play. They filter out ingressed contamination before it jams a valve or scores a cylinder. They block pump generated debris before it gets to servo or proportional valves. Parker pressure filters are a key ingredient in meeting today’s system demands. Put your hydraulic systems inour care. We are committed to designing and building the best filters available to industry.IndicatorsBoth visual auto reset styleand dual indicator visual/electrical style available tosuit your application.Bypass Valve(not visible)May be blocked forcritical applications Bowl ConstructionFormed of high grade 6061T6 aluminum.Powder painted, corrosionresistant finish.StraightThread PortsSAE straightthread forpositive sealingBowlConfigurationsSingle and double lengthbowls available to cover awide range of flows.30P available in a duplexversion.Drain Port(not visible)Clean and easyservicingLets you drain bowlbefore elementHex(not visible)Hex formed at baseof bowl for easyremovalElement FeaturesQuality elements makethe differenceThe important item in a filter assembly is the element. It must capture and retain contaminants that can damage system components. At the same time it must allow flow to pass as freely as possible to perform it’s function. There are many ways to design and build an element, and it’s easy to produce a low cost element. However, cost is not the only selection criteria, especially when the risk is loss of critical machine performance.For instance, wire mesh reinforcement. Not all filter elements have it. It’s used in Parker elements to keep the pleats from bunching or collapsing. If pleats bunch, the effective surface area of the element is reduced, excessive pressure drop develops, and the filter assembly may go into prema t ure bypass mode.There are many other features that are included standard with every qual i ty Parker element. The table below outlines several.O-Ring SealPositive sealing foroptimum elementefficiencyWireReinforcedMediaPrevents pleatbunchingHelps preventmedia migrationMaintains mediaefficiencyEngineeredElement DesignThe right combination of pleat depth andnumber of pleats means lower pressurelosses (longer life)Dirt holding capacity is maximized forless frequent element change-outElements forEvery ApplicationStandard Microglass media for long lifeand excellent system protection15P-1 Element PerformanceFlow vs. Pressure LossResults typical from Multi-pass tests run per test standard ISO 16889 @ 10 gpm to 100 psid terminal - 10 mg/L BUGLRefer to Appendix for relationship to test standard ISO 4572.Ef ciency %EfficiencyBeta Rating 100099.999.599.010020020250.095.0Micron Size (c)PSID Capacity123456204060801000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7Capacity gramsBARLPM252015105P S I DBAR0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70LPM252015105P S I D BAR0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70*High Collapse Correction Factor:“QH” Elements (2000 psid) = 1.4 times reported loss15P-2 Element PerformanceFlow vs. Pressure LossResults typical from Multi-pass tests run per test standard ISO 16889 @ 15 gpm to 100 psid terminal - 10 mg/L BUGLRefer to Appendix for relationship to test standard ISO 4572.Ef ciency %EfficiencyBeta Rating 100099.999.599.010020020250.095.0Micron Size (c)PSIDBARCapacity12345620406080100510 1520Capacity (grams)020406080LPM252015105P S I DBARLPMP S I D BAR0 20 40 60 80*High Collapse Correction Factor:“QH” Elements (2000 psid) = 1.4 times reported loss30P-1 Element PerformanceFlow vs. Pressure LossResults typical from Multi-pass tests run per test standard ISO 16889 @ 20 gpm to 100 psid terminal - 10 mg/L BUGLRefer to Appendix for relationship to test standard ISO 4572.Ef ciency %EfficiencyBeta Rating 100099.999.599.010020020250.095.0Micron Size (c)123456020406080100Capacity gramsPSIDBARCapacityLPM252015105P S I D BAR0 50100 150LPM252015105P S I DBAR0 50100 150*High Collapse Correction Factor:“QH” Elements (2000 psid) = 1.4 times reported loss30P-2 Element PerformanceFlow vs. Pressure LossResults typical from Multi-pass tests run per test standard ISO 16889 @ 30 gpm to 100 psid terminal - 10 mg/L BUGLRefer to Appendix for relationship to test standard ISO 4572.Ef ciency %EfficiencyBeta Rating 100099.999.599.010020020250.095.0Micron Size (c)020406080100123456010203040Capacity (grams)PSIDBARCapacity252015105LPMP S I D BAR0 50 100 150 200252015105LPMP S I D BAR050 100 150 200*High Collapse Correction Factor:“QH” Elements (2000 psid) = 1.4 times reported lossSpecificationsPressure Ratings:Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure (MAOP): 3000 psi (206.9 bar)Rated Fatigue Pressure: 2000 psi (138 bar)Design Safety Factor: 3:1Operating T emperatures:Buna: -40°F (-40°C) to 225°F (107°C)Fluorocarbon: -15°F (-26°C) to 275°F (135°C)Element Collapse Rating:Standard- 350 psid (24.1 bar)“H” Option- 2000 psid (138 bar)“X” Option- 3000 psid (206.9 bar)Weights (approximate):15P-1 3.5 lb. ( 1.6 kg.)15P-2 4.6 lb. ( 2.1 kg.)Materials:Bowl: impacted aluminum (6061-T6, black powder painted exterior)Head: extruded aluminum (anodized 6061-T6)Bypass: nylonElement Condition Indicators:Visual (optional) 360° green/ redElectrical/ Visual (optional) 5A @ 240VAC, 3A @ 28VDC Electrical-heavy duty (optional) .25A (resistive) MAX 5 watts 12 to 28 VDC & 110 to 175 VAC Color Coding: White (common)Black (normally open)Blue (normally closed)Linear Measure: millimeterinchTop ViewE3option ‘E3’30P/30PD SeriesSpecificationsPressure Ratings:Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure (MAOP): 3000 psi ( 206.9 bar)Rated Fatigue Pressure: 2000 psi (138 bar)Design Safety Factor: 3:1Operating T emperatures:Buna: -40°F (-40°C) to 225°F (107°C)Fluorocarbon: -15°F (-26°C) to 275°F (135°C)Element Collapse Rating:Standard- 350 psid (24.1 bar)“H” Option- 2000 psid (138 bar)“X” Option- 3000 psid (206.9 bar)Weights (approximate):30P-1 6.4 lb. (2.9 kg.)30PD-1 36 lb. (16.3 kg.)30P-2 8.7 lb. (3.9 kg.)30PD-2 40 lb. (18.1 kg.)Materials:Bowl: impacted aluminum (6061-T6, black powder painted exterior)Head: extruded aluminum (anodized 6061-T6)Bypass: NylonElement Condition Indicators:Visual (optional) 360° green/ redElectrical/ Visual (optional) 5A @ 240VAC, 3A @ 28VDCElectrical-heavy duty (optional).25A (resistive) MAX 5 watts12 to 28 VDC & 110 to 175 VAC Color Coding:White (common)Black (normally open)Blue (normally closed)Port to PortE3Drawings are for reference only. Model code option ‘E3’30P Duplex Filter30PD Empty Housing Flow vs Pressure LossThe Parker 30PD duplex pressure filter provides uninterruptedfiltration for equipment that cannot be shut down for servicing.The 30PD allows you to simplyswitch the diverter valve and service the element while the other side is in service.Pressure balancing valves and check valves are all neatly as s embled in a compact manifold head that makes operation safe, smooth and easy.Vent valves are also included to insure that all air is purged during service so that maximum system performance is achieved.The Parker 30PD makes use of industry proven components. Elements are multi-pass tested To obtain total filter assembly pressure loss, add empty housing loss to the pressure loss of selected element on 30P element perfor m ance pages.Balance Valve Safety valve equalizes pressure between the two bowlsOperating Instructions Name tag and operating instructions riveted to manifoldVent Drains1/8-27 NPT drain port, both sidesDiverter Valve Low torque for easy servicingDetent for valve handle prevents accidental switchingHandle indicates which filter is in use PortsSAE straight thread ports for positive sealingVent ValvesAllow for convenient purging of trapped air, and pressure12811087123311756654Note: consult factory for EPR part numbers *Not for manifold-style headElement Servicing15P/30PA. Stop the system’s power unit.B. Relieve any pressure in the filterline and drain filter bowl if drain port is provided.C. Loosen and remove bowl.D. Remove element from housing.E. Place new, clean element inhousing, centering it on the element locator.F. Inspect the bowl & dustseal o-rings and replace if necessary.G. Install bowl and tighten tospecified torque.30PDA. Arrow on diverter handle pointsto the on-duty chamber.B. Open off-duty vent valve (ventport should be plumbed back to reservoir).C. Open balance valve slowlyto admit fluid into off duty chamber.D. When fluid is discharged fromvent port, close and tighten.E. Pull up on detent pin and rotatediverter approximately 90° until detent relocates in seat.F. Close and tighten balancevalve.G. Open new off-duty vent valve torelieve pressure.H. Follow steps C-G from 15P/30Pinstructions above.I. Close and tighten vent valve.Warning: Do not try and rotate handle until you equalize pressure with the balance valve.Parts List444High Pressure Duplex FiltersHow T o OrderSelect the desired symbol (in the correct position) to construct a model code. Example: ArrayReplacement Elements (Fluorocarbon)。

ESPS用户操作手册目录一、键盘介绍 (2)二、主菜单屏幕选项简介 (2)三、帮助菜单具体介绍 (3)四、操作菜单功能具体介绍 (8)4.1编辑运行范围 (8)4.2报警极限设置 (14)4.3反电晕工作方式 (16)4.4脉冲供电方式 (19)4.5变压器/整流器额定设置 (21)4.6微火花响应模式 (25)4.7密码设置 (26)五、操作屏幕状态显示 (27)5.1主状态显示 (27)5.2一次电流、电压和SCR 控制角 (30)5.3二次电流、电压 (31)5.4二次电流的衰减 (32)5.5波形分析显示 (32)5.6观察模拟输入和6 分钟的平均功率KW (33)5.7被测主线频率 (33)一、键盘介绍数字键——<0-9>数字键用以输入数据和选择菜单功能。

（0和1键为双重功能键）上、下箭头键——用来屏幕显示翻页左、右箭头键——输入数据时打空格键——用来存储数据或者锁存显示键——此键将回复到菜单设置状态1/RUN键——此键为绿色。

在输入数据时，它为数值1；在正常的ESP-S1操作中，当操作屏幕显示时，此键将启动ESP-S1的运行。

如ESP-S1已经处在工作状态，此键将重新启动斜率搜索。

HALT键——此键为红色。

在输入数据时，它为数值0；在正常ESP-S1操作中，当操作屏幕显示时，按下此键将会使火花消失，从而使ESP-S1操作停止，如ESP-S1已经处于报警停滞状态，按此键可消除报警。

键——在输入数据时，此键用来储存输入的数据和设置。

在正常ESP-S1操作中，按此键将锁存主要状态显示《DISPLAY HOLD》30秒钟，以便于操作人员记录读数。

运行中按此键将不会影响控制系统的工作。

二、主菜单屏幕选项简介ESP-S1共有三个主菜单屏幕，操作人员可以获取所有的控制功能和帮助菜单。

在主菜单显示的情况下，按下相应的数字键即可进入不同的操作。

我们先对每个操作选项加以简单的介绍。

系统通电后在键盘按下键，即可从主菜单进入第一主菜单(ESP-S1 Main Menu 1)，此菜单具体选项如下：1、帮助菜单（Help Menu）——进入帮助菜单显示，这里可以帮助您解决在实际操作应用中遇到的个中问题。

移动式光谱仪操作规程1、前言1.1本规程适用于SPECTRO移动式光谱仪的操作；1.2本仪器可以进行铁基、镍基金属等材料的定量化学成分分析。

2.样品准备2.1所要分析的工件表面应平整、表面无油污，应用280#或更细的砂纸进行打磨，以保证氩气保护充分、检测结果准确。

3.仪器安装3.1氩气连接：1）将氩气表连接在氩气管上，本设备配置有8升和40升两种氩气瓶，长管为8升瓶配用，短管为40升氩气瓶配用，操作者切记请勿用错。

2）将连接软管连接在氩气表上拧紧紧箍螺帽。

3）将软管的另一端连接在仪器主机上（连接口在仪器背面右侧上面），将软管接头插入主机接口，然后顺时针旋转即可。

4）将氩气出口压力控制在0.5-0.6MPa(左侧压力表)3.2仪器操作实用文档3.2.1电源开关：电源开关位于主机背面左侧。

4.操作程序：1）确认氩气连接完好无泄露后打开主机后背总开关。

2）打开主机台面上的整机开关（POWER）键。

3）打开主机台面上的光源开关（SOURCE）键。

4）在开机后的界面下双击红色“SP”图标”，进入分析界面。

4.1功能键1）F1 说明、帮助2）F2 氩气冲洗3）F3 输入样品名，结束一次分析4）F4 查牌号5）F5 存盘6）F6 打印7）F7 自定义打印8）F8 完全标准化9）F9 基体的选择（此设备只有一个铁基）10）F10 基体的选择（此设备只有一个铁基）实用文档11）F11 调分析程序12）F12 查找分析结果5.分析程序5.1调用分析曲线5.1.1本设备以内置三种分析曲线：1. Fe-01 通用曲线，可以进行任何钢种的分析；2. Fe-10 中低合金钢分析曲线（适用于中低合金钢）3. Fe-30 不锈钢分析曲线（适用于不锈钢）5.1.2在分析界面按F11键进入分析曲线选项。

5.1.3 根据所分析的钢材种类，将光标移至所需的分析曲线（即Fe-01;Fe-10;Fe-30进行选择），双击即可进入。

5.2 如何做完全标准化？（ICAL F8）（标准化的目的是为修正仪器偏差，当仪器长时间不用、环境条件发生变化、温度变化较大时需进行完全标准化）在分析画面直接点击“F8”，出现提示界面：要不要做标准化？上一次做标准化的时间，实用文档如果要做点击“YES”，不做点击“NO”做完全标准化：请将RH18标准试样放在激发台上，连续激发五次。

夏米尔专业技术培训您成功的又一步 Ver:0.01 总目录总目第一部份快速入门 1:开机前的准备工作 2:开机及开机后检查 3:预备知识 4:安装软件及调试5:加工指南 5.1 准备工件及电极 5.2 准备加工程序 5.3 实际加工 5.4 加工暂停及参数优化第二部份 RBF 文件及 RBF 语句 1:RBF 文件范例及详解 2:重要 RBF 语句详解 3 加工工艺解说第三部份参数 1:用户参数 2:放电参数第四部份 CMD 指令及 CMD 文件详解 1:常用 CMD 指令 2:CMD 文件范例(多任务件/多孔位加工) Hong Kong Office/Shen Zhen Office 由夏米尔公司朱斌提供夏米尔专业技术培训您成功的又一步 Ver:0.01 第一部份快速入门 1:开机前的准备工作 2:开机及开机后检查 3:预备知识 4:安装软件及调试 5:加工指南5.1 准备工件及电极 5.2 准备加工程序 5.3 实际加工 5.4 加工暂停及参数优化 Hong Kong Office/Shen Zhen Office 由夏米尔公司朱斌提供夏米尔专业技术培训您成功的又一步 Ver:0.01 1 开机前的准备工作开机前请检查以下各项并确定正确无误: 主电源电压:三相380VAC±5% 主气源气压:大于 6.5Bar 外循环冷却水:水温 13~15 摄氏度室内温度:25 摄氏度且较恒定工作台上无杂物,机头处于安全位置 Hong Kong Office/Shen Zhen Office 由夏米尔公司朱斌提供夏米尔专业技术培训您成功的又一步 Ver:0.01 2 开机及开机后检查开机步骤: 开机步骤: 先开主电源开关再按绿色电源按钮机器会自动启动, 机器会自动启动,完成后请检查并完成以下各项● 是否有异警出现● 手动锁好电极,是否出现 1040/1041 报警● 手动上下油槽是否正常,是否出现报警● 手动各轴是否正常 Hong Kong Office/Shen Zhen Office 由夏米尔公司朱斌提供夏米尔专业技术培训您成功的又一步 Ver:0.01 3 预备知识人机接口: 操作者通过键盘和手控盒与机器沟通, 机器通过显示屏和操作者沟通. 指令输入设备: 键盘, 手控盒指令形式:单键指令,文本指令,分级菜单注 :文本指令必须在 EXE(执行)根菜单下输入讯息输出设备:显示屏四大画面: 四大画面: PREP(准备):和文件,文件名的操作有关. EXE(执行): 和机床运动,放电有关INFO(信息):输出机床的各种信息 GRAPH(图形):以图形的方式显示加工轨迹Hong Kong Office/Shen Zhen Office 由夏米尔公司朱斌提供夏米尔专业技术培训您成功的又一步 Ver:0.01 4 安装软件及调试安装软件的步骤: 安装软件的步骤: 关电源,等待五分钟一直按住 SHIFT 键,开电源机器自行启动,直到出现选择画面后松开 SHIFT 键插入一号碟(DISK A) 按 F2 键(LOAD) 机器自行装入软件,直至完成. 插入光学尺校正碟输入指令 CHCR,回车, 再按执行键机器自动读取光学尺校正资料值调试找各轴参考点手动各轴到大概中心点Hong Kong Office/Shen Zhen Office 由夏米尔公司朱斌提供夏米尔专业技术培训您成功的又一步 Ver:0.01 用指令 AREF 找到各轴参考点测试各轴运动参数手动各轴到大概中间位置用指令 TAXE 测试各轴运动参数: TAXE 回车,执行回车, 从 F 碟或 G 碟拷入所需的 TEC 和 TAB 文件进入 PREP(准备)根菜单 F5(文件) F6(变换外设) F2(A:) 用游标选中所需拷贝的文件 F1(拷贝)F1(MEM) Hong Kong Office/Shen Zhen Office 由夏米尔公司朱斌提供夏米尔专业技术培训您成功的又一步 Ver:0.01 5 加工指南 5.1 准备工件及电极目的:确定加工起始点方法:X 轴和 Y 轴用分中或碰单边的方式确定起站点 Z 轴碰深度再升到安全高度步骤加下: 装夹工件及铜公用拖表校平较直工件及铜公(根据需要) 注:若拖表是导电的,校表时必须取消接触感知功能 X 轴/Y 轴分中 EXE(执行) F6(测量) F3(外形找中心) F4(测量参数) 输入参数 DX,DY,DZ,ZF 执行注:分中完成后,机头自动回到 X 轴/Y 轴中心位, 但机床坐标不会自动归零 Hong Kong Office/Shen Zhen Office 由夏米尔公司朱斌提供夏米尔专业技术培训您成功的又一步 Ver:0.01 设定各轴坐标值:F1(设定 X 轴),F2(设定 Y 轴), F3(设定 Z 轴) 注:通常 X 轴/Y 轴坐标设为零,Z 轴设为实际高度用指令 MOV,X10,Y20 回车,执行,把 X 轴/Y 轴回车, 移动到加工起始点. 用指令EDG,-Z,Z0 回车,执行,找到 Z 轴零平面. EDG,回车, 用指令 MOV,Z10 回车,执行,把 Z 轴升到安全高度回车, 用指令 SEP,CP1 回车,把当前点的坐标保存到1 号记忆点中. 到目前为止,已找到加工起始点,且把该点保存起来. Hong Kong Office/Shen Zhen Office 由夏米尔公司朱斌提供夏米尔专业技术培训您成功的又一步 Ver:0.01 5.2 准备加工程序机器放电加工时需要 RBF 文件和相应的TEC 文件, RBF 文件:加工文件 TEC 文件:放电参数文件有三种方式产生本次要使用的 RBF 文件: 专家系统修改已存在的厂家推荐的 RBF 文件重新手动输入建议使用修改厂家推荐的 RBF 文件方式,RBF 文件如下: (文件名为F25015.RBF) 1:PN/SAMPLE PROGRAM U/S=0.15 CH18 2:TECHNO/F,UCUAC3:L1=-7.43 4:AUXF/22 5:FROM/X,0,Y,0,Z,10 6:AUXF/60 7:FLUSH/LL,1,LR,1 8:AUXF/26 9:DOWN/L,L1,H,-0.150,E,373 10:ORB/L,L1,H,-0.137,E,35211:ORB/L,L1,H,-0.112,E,323 12:ORB/L,L1,H,-0.090,E,31213:ORB/L,L1,H,-0.072,E,293 14:ORB/L,L1,H,-0.057,E,273,RET 加工完成后用RET指令升机头修改最终表面光洁度,在该句最前加分号,机器将不加工该句修改安全高度选择适当的放电参数文件.TEC 修改加工深度 ;15:ORB/L,L1,H,-0.044,E,262 ;15:ORB/L,L1,H,-0.044,E,262 ;16:ORB/L, L1,H,;16:ORB/L,L1,H,-0.032,E,251,RET 17:FLUSH/LL,0,LR,0 18:AUXF/23 19:END Hong Kong Office/Shen Zhen Office 由夏米尔公司朱斌提供夏米尔专业技术培训您成功的又一步 Ver:0.01 修改方法如下: 进入PREP(准备)模式根菜单 F1(编辑) 用游标选中F25015.RBF文件,回车即进入编辑方式手动修改以下内容: 选择适当的放电参数文件加工深度L1,如改为-7.43 安全高度,如改为10 注 :在第5句,FROM/….. 最终表面光洁度,如加工到CH27,则需在15句和16句最前面加分号,以取消该两句的加工, 记住在最后一句加工完成后用RET升头. 修改完成后按F6(保存)保存文件按F7(退出) 到此为止,己准备好加工文件RBF和放电参数文件TEC Hong Kong Office/Shen Zhen Office 由夏米尔公司朱斌提供夏米尔专业技术培训您成功的又一步 Ver:0.01 5.3 实际加工在做实际加工前先描图,以方便观察加工状况,方法如下: 进入 EXE(执行)根菜单 F1(程序执行) 用游标选中要描图的加工程序(如 F18010.RBF) F4(屏幕作图) 执行注 :可在 GRAPH 画面看到以图形方式表示的加工文件在描图完成后,确认程序无误即可进行实际加工: 加工前手动升高油槽至油平面超过工件表面 40MM. 进入 EXE(执行)根菜单 F1(程序执行) 用游标选中要加工的程序(如F18010.RBF) F1(切割) 执行机器会自动升油槽,注水,加工直到完成. Hong Kong Office/Shen Zhen Office 由夏米尔公司朱斌提供夏米尔专业技术培训您成功的又一步 Ver:0.01 5.4 加工暂停及参数优化在加工过程中需要暂停加工升头观察加工状况.方法如下: 按红色暂停键让机器暂停进入 EXE(执行)根菜单 F7(手动) 按手控盒上黄色升头键,机头自动升到安全高度处用手控盒移开机头手动下油槽(根据需要) 观察电极和工件加工表面按手控盒上黄色轮廓返回键,机头自动返回加工起始点手动上油进入 EXE(执行)根菜单按绿色执行键继续加工参数优化: 机器本身能自动优化加工参数,在必要时亦可人工优化, 人工优化必须先观察判断加工状况是否良好,方法如下: 进入 EXE(执行)根菜单 F3(PILOT EXPERT,放电专家) Hong Kong Office/Shen Zhen Office 由夏米尔公司朱斌提供夏米尔专业技术培训您成功的又一步 Ver:0.01 观察“效率-时间”图是否平直,是否有不良升头,不良升头比例怎样? 注 :不良升头包括:BN,低电压放电升头 TL,短脉波放电升头 CT,积碳污染升头 CC,短路升头如放电不良,则需人工优化以下参数: B:为脉冲间隔,加大,通常等于 A 或 A+1 R:为升头时间,加大,通常为 2 或 3 U:为放电时间,减小,通常为 3 或 2 VPULS:升头速度,用指令“VPULS,10 回车,执行” 加快升头速度(该指令只在暂停模式下有效) Hong Kong Office/Shen Zhen Office 由夏米尔公司朱斌提供夏米尔专业技术培训您成功的又一步 Ver:0.01 第二部份 RBF 文件及 RBF 语句1:RBF 文件范例及详解 2:重要 2:重要 RBF 语句详解 Hong Kong Office/Shen Zhen Office 由夏米尔公司朱斌提供夏米尔专业技术培训您成功的又一步Ver:0.01 1 RBF 文件范例及详解 RBF 文件是夏米尔火花机专有加工文件,由RBF 语句组成,以下是一个完整的 RBF 文件(F18015.RBF) 1:PN/SAMPLE PROGRAM U/S=0.15 CH18 注 :PN/为固定格式,后跟任意字符串,机器不执行.2:TECHNO/F,UCUAC 注 :UCUAC为放电参数文件,全名为UCUAC.TEC 3:L1=-7.43L1=注 :L1为操作者自定义的变量,用于代表加工深度 4:AUXF/22 注 :AUXF是附加功能的缩写,22号附加功能是升油槽上油 5:FROM/X,0,Y,0,Z,10 注 :FROM定义加工起始点的工件坐标值,其中Z,10是安全高度, 该值必须等是实际的安全高度值. 6:AUXF/60 注 :60号附加功能:加工困难时不停机7:FLUSH/LL,1,LR,1 注 :FLUSH意为冲油,LL,左冲油(LIFT),LR,右冲油(RIGHT), “1”为打开冲油 8:AUXF/26 注 :26号附加功能:加工保护暂停8分钟 Hong Kong Office/Shen Zhen Office 由夏米尔公司朱斌提供夏米尔专业技术培训您成功的又一步 Ver:0.01 9:DOWN/L,L1,H,-0.150,E,373 DOWN/L,L1,H,- 直打(只朝下) 注 :DOWN:直打(只朝下)加工方式,只有Z轴运动. L1: 加工深度为L1,(L1=-1.0). H: 加工预留量,即预留0.15MM给后续工艺加工,本段只加工到0.85MM(1.0-0.15=0.85). E,373:放电条件代号,本段使用373号放电条件.10:ORB/L,L1,H,-0.137,E,352 注 :ORB:三轴联动的荡,加工轨迹为一向下不断扩大的螺纹 11:ORB/L,L1,H,-0.112,E,323 12:ORB/L,L1,H,-0.090,E,31213:ORB/L,L1,H,-0.072,E,293 14:ORB/L,L1,H,-0.057,E,27315:ORB/L,L1,H,-0.044,E,262 16:ORB/L,L1,H,-0.032,E,25117:ORB/L,L1,H,-0.024,E,241 18:ORB/L,L1,H,-0.017,E,22019:ORB/L,L1,H,-0.010,E,200,P,8 注 :P,8:该段加工8分钟,若深度先到则忽略时间 20:ORB/L,L1,H,-0.005,E,180,P,10,RET 注: RET:加工完成后把机头升到安全高度处 21:FLUSH/LL,0,LR,0 注 :0:关左右冲油 22:END 注 :程序结束Hong Kong Office/Shen Zhen Office 由夏米尔公司朱斌提供夏米尔专业技术培训您成功的又一步 Ver:0.01 2 重要 RBF 语句详解 DOWN:切入加工(直打) DOWN:切入加工(直打) 切入加工 DOWN/L,-2.0,H,-0.2,E,323 L,-2.0:加工深度,在 RBF 文件中由 L1 指定. H,-0.20:加工余留量,包括本段的火花位(GAP) 即本段实际加工到-1.8(=-2.0+0.2) E,323 E,323:放电条件代号为 323 号,前两位数表示本段的光洁度为 CH32,最后一位表示损公率, CH32,最后一位表示损公率, 最后一位表示损公率数字越大损公越低(同光洁度相比) 数字越大损公越低(同光洁度相比) ORB:三轴平动, ORB:三轴平动,其加工轨迹为一向下逐渐扩大三轴平动的螺纹. 的螺纹. ORB/L,L1,H,-0.165,E,312 各参数同 DOWN EXPAN:平面平动,Z 轴锁定,XY 平面扩园孔. EXPAN:平面平动,Z 轴锁定,XY 平面扩园孔.平面平动 EXPAN/R,1.0,E,312 R,1.0:平动半径,不包括本段火花位 Hong Kong Office/Shen Zhen Office 由夏米尔公司朱斌提供夏米尔专业技术培训您成功的又一步 Ver:0.01 E,312:放电条件代号,312 AXUF/:辅助功能,常用值如下: AXUF/:辅助功能,常用值如下: 辅助功能 22:升工作油槽并注油 23:排空工作油槽并下降 26:加工保护暂停 8 分钟 50:加工短路时慢速回退 54:打开工作油泵55:关闭工作油泵 60:加工恶化时不停机,不保护 209:人工启动快速润滑 Hong Kong Office/Shen Zhen Office 由夏米尔公司朱斌提供夏米尔专业技术培训您成功的又一步 Ver:0.01 3 加工工艺解说 U L CUAC.TEC CUAC:铜/钢 GFAC:细石墨/钢 GMAC:中石墨/钢 GGAC:粗石墨/钢 CUWAC:铜钨合金/钢 CUWCW:铜钨合金/硬质合金 ACAC:钢/钢 CUAL:铜/铝 GRAL:石墨/铝缺省该位:标准加工 C:轮廓加工 M:微细加工 L:深腔加工,骨位 F:大表面小深度加工 P:抛光加工 V:水口加工 B: 缺省该位:次参数不能修改 U:次参数可以修改 Hong KongOffice/Shen Zhen Office 由夏米尔公司朱斌提供夏米尔专业技术培训您成功的又一步 Ver:0.01 第三部份 1 用户参数 2 放电参数参数 Hong KongOffice/Shen Zhen Office 由夏米尔公司朱斌提供夏米尔专业技术培训您成功的又一步 Ver:0.01 1 用户参数进入用户参数画面: EXE(执行)根菜单 F2(用户参数) 各参数意义如下: BLK:单句执行功能有效/无效,针对 RBF 文件, =1,RBF 文件单句执行 =0,RBF 文件正常连续执行 CBC:单句执行功能有效/无效,针对CMD 文件, =1,CMD 文件单句执行 =0,CMD 文件正常连续执行 COE:出错是否停机功能有效/无效 =1,当出现 E073(测量超差)等错误时不停机 =0, 当出现E073(测量超差)等错误时暂停 Hong Kong Office/Shen Zhen Office 由夏米尔公司朱斌提供夏米尔专业技术培训您成功的又一步 Ver:0.01 OSP:选择性暂停功能有效/无效 =1,当 RBF 文件执行到 STOP/OPTIONAL 语句时程序暂停 =0, 当 RBF 文件执行到 STOP/OPTIONAL 语句时程序不暂停 ENG:单位制选择 =1:英制单位,小数点后 3 位 =0,公制单位,小数点后 5 位 VRF:较验模式 =1:程序运行时缺省状态为较验模式 =0:正常模式 BLD:可选段有效/忽略,仅对 ISO 程序=1:忽略可选段 =0:可选段有效 SIM:程序空走有效/无效(模拟),仅在程序暂停时可修改. =1:机床仅运行编程轨迹.但不启动放电电源(空走) =0:正常加工模式Hong Kong Office/Shen Zhen Office 由夏米尔公司朱斌提供夏米尔专业技术培训您成功的又一步 Ver:0.01 TSIM:程序空走模式时(SIM=1)换刀指令有效/无效 =1:换刀指令有效 =0:换刀指令无效 ART:断电后自动重启动功能有效/无效 =1:有效 =0:无效 TFE:路径偏移有效/无效,仅对轮廓加工 =1:路径偏移有效=0:路径偏移无效 CLE:附加偏移量,不使用该参数. TOL:球面加工最大允许误差. MTOL:测量时最大允许误差,通常为 0.005~0.01MM 手动换刀时 Z 轴高度: 空走速度:程序空走时的速度 C 轴旋转速度: 测量速度:碰度,分中时的速度 Hong Kong Office/Shen Zhen Office 由夏米尔公司朱斌提供夏米尔专业技术培训您成功的又一步 Ver:0.01 2 放电参数详解进入放电参数画面: EXE(执行)根菜单 F3(放电参数) 各参数意义如下: B:放电脉波间隔,OTT-TIME R:升头时间代号U:放电时间代号 RF:参考放电电压 SV:平均击穿延时参考值(伺服电压) T:参数优化方式选择器 =0 时:B,R,U,RF,SV 均自动优化 =1 时:所有参数均采用工艺表或用户自选的值 =2 时:B,R,U 自动优化 Hong Kong Office/Shen Zhen Office 由夏米尔公司朱斌提供夏米尔专业技术培训您成功的又一步 Ver:0.01 M:加工模式: =1:标准损耗加工 =2:低损耗加工 =3:超低损耗加工 =4:微细加工 =6:抛光加工 =26:骨位,水口加工 C:电容量 V:加工电压代号(空载电压) P:加工电流代号 A:放电脉波宽度代号,ON-TIME Inv:加工极性 EL:电极材料 CL1:开机时间,开启机器后即累计时间 CL2:加工时间,只在放电时统计放电时间 Hong Kong Office/Shen Zhen Office 由夏米尔公司朱斌提供夏米尔专业技术培训您成功的又一步 Ver:0.01 TPU:本段还需要的加工时间,只在本段程序中有“P”时有效 ORB/L,L1,H,-0.010,E,200,P,8 VPULS:升头速度,只能在加工暂停时用指令VPULS 修改放电参数的调整方法现察“时间-效率”图和放电状况图.调整方法如下: 描述调整方法增加, 如果 CC 增加,则需加大 SV 或加大 B 增加, 如果CT 增加,则需减小 U 或加大 R 或加大 VPULS 增加, 如果 TL 增加,则需加大SV 和加大 B 增加, 如果 DA 增加,则需加大 B CC CT TL DA 极间短路积碳污染短脉波放电异常放电 Hong Kong Office/Shen Zhen Office 由夏米尔公司朱斌提供夏米尔专业技术培训您成功的又一步 Ver:0.01 第四部份 CMD 指令及 CMD 文件详解 1:常用 1:常用 CMD 指令文件范例(多任务件/多孔位加工) 2:CMD 文件范例(多任务件/多孔位加工) Hong Kong Office/Shen Zhen Office 由夏米尔公司朱斌提供夏米尔专业技术培训您成功的又一步 Ver:0.01 1 常用 CMD 指令 CMD 指令只能用在 EXE(执行)根菜单或 CMD 文件中使用, 常用CMD 指令有 EDG MOV MVR SMA SPA SEP GOP MOVT AUX TCH REX Hong Kong Office/Shen Zhen Office 由夏米尔公司朱斌提供夏米尔专业技术培训您成功的又一步 Ver:0.01 VPULS AREF CHCR LNG TAXE Hong Kong Office/Shen Zhen Office 由夏米尔公司朱斌提供夏米尔专业技术培训您成功的又一步Ver:0.01 2 CMD 文件范例 CMD 文件是一系列 CDM 指令的集合,以加工多孔位元元为例: 工件分中碰深后把机床坐标归零,用 SEP,CP1 保存坐标. 再手动编写CMD 文件(以下为 MAIN.CMD 内容) GOP,1 注 :用 GOP 指令走回 1 号记忆点SMA,XO,YO 注 :用 SMA 指令把该点的机床坐标设为零 MOV,X20,Y20 注 :用MOV 指令移数到 X20,Y20 SPG,F18015 注 :用 SPG 指令调用 F18015.RBF 文件放电,该文件必须存在于机器中. MOV,X-20,Y-20 MOV,X-20,Y注 :加工完后再移数到 X-20,Y-20 SPG,F18015 注 :再调用 RBF 文件加工 Hong KongOffice/Shen Zhen Office 由夏米尔公司朱斌提供。

維護手冊安全注意事項說明手冊• 入門基本維護• 清潔臭氧模組• 清潔風扇過濾器警告 - 為降低電擊、火災或傷害的風險：感謝您購買 Medklinn PRO AS 20P/30P/40P 空氣+表層全能淨化器！它採用最具創新性及最新的空氣淨化技術 Cerafusion TM 技術。

使用設備前請仔細閱讀以下說明。

只需稍加保养，便可为您的任何室內環境提供乾淨清新健康的空氣。

1. 如果電源線或插頭損壞，請勿使用設備。

2. 請勿將任何尖銳或尖頭的物體插入設備的通風孔。

3. 不要讓未經授權的人員玩弄設備。

4. 請勿將設備浸入水中，或者讓水或任何液體透過通風孔進入機內。

5. 拔下電源插頭時，請始終握住插頭，切勿拉動電源線。

6. 雙手潮濕時，請勿拔下電源插頭。

7. 在清潔設備之前，請從插座上拔下電源插頭。

8. 除非手冊中另有說明，否則請勿在未經適當培訓的情況下修改、拆卸或維修設備。

未經 --適當培訓，打開設備或以任何方式篡改設備將導致保固失效。

如果您遇到任何設備問題， 請聯絡最近的Medklinn授權服務中心。

9. 請勿更換電源插頭或切斷電源線。

更換插頭或以任何方式切斷電源線將立即導致保固失 效。

任何因自行維修所導致設備運行中的故障，其維修及修理將被收取費用10. 如果電源線損壞，請立即聯絡Medklinn授權服務中心進行維修。

11. 請勿用苯或稀釋劑擦拭設備。

將設備放置在距離無線電、電視或電子設備至少6英呎的位置。

這是為了儘量減少對設備或遙控器產生的干擾。

請勿以任何方式蓋住設備，尤其是通風孔。

這樣做會導致機箱內積聚過多的熱量，並可能導致火災和對設備造成無法修復的損壞。

確保設備周圍的空氣流通。

避免將設備放置在溫度急劇波動而暴露於冷凝水的地方。

設備只能在攝氏10~35度之間的溫度下使用。

由活氧产生的有效净化作用需要适当的空气转换。

因为活氧是通过氧气产生的。

开门或开窗数次，即已经完成定期的空气转换 不要在空氣不流通或空氣流通不良的小型封閉空間內使用，例如在衣櫃、壁櫥或茶水房中。

PCS C OMBINATION S ENSOR WITH D ISPLAY75 Discovery Way•Acton, MA 01720 USA •Tel (978) 795-1285•Fax (978) 795-1111•©2020 Phoenix Controls. Specifications subject to change without notice. Rev. 04/2021 MKT-0442MPC-2606PCS C OMBINATION S ENSOR WITH D ISPLAY1Phoenix Controls temperature sensors provide a stable and secure environment for those facilities that need it the most, such as hospitals, cleanrooms, and laboratory animal facilities. The sensors also simplify room balancing by eliminating the need for a certified person to accompany the balancer during the commissioning process.The PCS4xx/5xx/6xx series, microprocessor-based sensor, provides a choice of three temperature sensor output signal signals and three humidity sensor output signals. The five pushbuttons allow easy adjustment of set points, occupancy override, and access to the setup menu. The large backlit LCD display allows simultaneous display of two values (temperature, temperature set point, humidity, or humidity set point) and occupancy status.Features •Test and Balance in the setup menu for heating, cooling, and normal operation •Fully configurable set point range, relative or absolute•Large Backlit LCD Display with readings within a tenth of a degree •Simultaneous display of temperature, humidity, and occupancy status •3.5 mm communications jack (standard)•Foam backing for drywall or 2" x 4" single gang junction box mounting (standard)•Optional 3 Point NIST Calibration CertificatesSPECIFICATIONSSpecificationTemperatureHumidity4xx Series5xx Series6xx Seriesx05/x10/x20 SeriesSensor Output Range (Span)32-122 °F (0-50 °C)40-104 °F (5-40 °C)32-122 °F (0-50 °C)0-100%Sensing Element Thermistor (NTC)Platinum RTD (PTC)Thermistor (NTC)Impedance T ype Humidity Sensor Signal, Sensor Output(Common Ground)10 K Type 2 thermistor 0-10 Vdc20K NTC0 to 5 Vdc, or 0 to 10 Vdc, or 4 to 20 mAKeypadConfiguration 5 Pushbuttons (Setup, Up and Down Arrows, O/R (Occupancy Override), and Select)Signal, Set Point Output(Common Ground)0-20K ohms0-10 Vdc9.5-1K ohms0 to 5 Vdc, or 0 to 10 Vdc, or 4 to 20 mALocal Occupancy Control Contact closure to common groundDisplay Blue backlight LCD, 2.27”x 1.7”, 3 LED, programming option for 0 or 1 decimal point Display Unit of MeasurePush Button Programming (°F (standard) or °C)Setpoint Display and Range(Push Button Control & Programming)Fully configurable via pushbutton menu:- Setpoint range: 55 to 89 °F (15 to 31 °C)- Setpoint Adjust: adjustable up to -20 to +20 °F or °C of setpoint (1 °F or0.5 °C increments)- Setpoint Limits: 40 to 104 °F (4.5 to 40 °C)- Relative range: up to -20 to 20 ° F or °C (1 °F or 0.5 °C increments)Fully configurable via pushbutton menu:- Setpoint range: 33 to 67%- Setpoint Adjust: adjustable up to -20% to +20% of setpoint (1% increments)- Setpoint Limits: 13% to 87%Occupancy Display Remote contact closure to common ground indicates Occupied on display Housing Material/ColorABS/PC (White); UL 94-5VBPCS Combination Sensor2 PCS C OMBINATION S ENSOR WITH D ISPLAY MKT-0442 MPC-2606 ©2020 Phoenix Controls. Specifications subject to change without notice. Rev. 04/2021DIMENSIONSTest & BalanceSettings(Push Button Control) 40 °F (4.4 °C), 72 °F (22.2 °C), and 104 °F (40 °C)0%, 50%, and 100%Communication Jack 3.5 mm Stereo Jack (Ring, Tip, Shield)Operating Range 35-122 °F (1.5-50 °C), 0-95% Relative Humidity Non-Condensing Storage Range -4-131 °F (-20-60 °C), 0-95% Relative Humidity Non-Condensing Reference Resistance 10K ohm @ 77 °F (25 °C)1K ohm @ 32 °F (0 °C)20K ohm @ 77 °F (25 °C)N/AAccuracySensor Output Accuracy: +/- 1.0 °F (+/- 0.56 °C): LCD Display Accuracy +/- 1.5 °F due to Rounding2% from 10 to 95% RH @ 77 °F (25 °C)Dissipation Constant N/AResponse Time 10 seconds nominal for a 63% step increase (room-hot water)11 seconds nominal for a 63% step decrease (room-ice water)20 seconds for a step of 46%-96%45 seconds for a step of 98%-47%Stability < 1% after 1000 hours at 212 °F (100 °C)N/A< 1% after 1000 hours at 212 °F (100 °C)< 2% over 5 years Supply Voltage +18 to 40 Vdc (NOTE: Use of PVC400-HW is required for LON applications)Power Consumption < 0.65 VA (x05 and x10 Series), < 4 VA (x20 Series)Product Dimensions (L x W x D) 4.56" (115.82 mm) x 3.0" (76.2 mm) x 1.45" (36.75 mm)Product Weight 0.35 lbs (0.162 kg)NIST Certification (6 Points)61 °F (16 °C), 72 °F (22.5 °C), and 82 °F (28 °C)20%, 50%, and 80% @ 72 °F (22 °C)Regulatory ComplianceSpecificationTemperatureHumidity4xx Series5xx Series6xx Seriesx05/x10/x20 SeriesWEEE Directive 2012/19/ECWaste Electrical and Electronic Equipment directiveAt the end of the product life dispose of the packaging and product in a corresponding recycling centre. Do not dispose of the unit with the usual domestic refuse. Do not burn the product.EU Contact Address:Pittway Tecnologica Srl Via Caboto 19/334147 Trieste TS Italy©2020 Phoenix Controls. Specifications subject to change without notice. Rev. 04/2021 MKT-0442 MPC-2606PCS C OMBINATION S ENSOR WITH D ISPLAY 3ORDERING GUIDEValid Catalog NumbersOUTPUT FORMULAS AND TABLESFor output formulas and complete sensor output tables, see MKT-0474 Sensor Outputs and T ables .PHX-COMBINATION-SENSOR (10K-2 Temperature Output)PHX-COMBINATION-SENSOR (0-10VDC Temperature Output)PHX-COMBINATION-SENSOR (20KTemperature Output)Catalog Number without CalibrationCertificate Catalog Number with 6 Point CalibrationCertificate Catalog Number without CalibrationCertificate Catalog Number with 6 Point CalibrationCertificate Catalog Number without CalibrationCertificate Catalog Number with 6 Point CalibrationCertificate PCS405-R-DOP PCS405-R-DOP-06PCS505-R-DOP PCS505-R-DOP-06PCS605-R-DOP PCS605-R-DOP-06PCS405-R-DHOP PCS405-R-DHOP-06PCS505-R-DHOP PCS505-R-DHOP-06PCS605-R-DHOP PCS605-R-DHOP-06PCS410-R-DOP PCS410-R-DOP-06PCS510-R-DOP PCS510-R-DOP-06PCS610-R-DOP PCS610-R-DOP-06PCS410-R-DHOP PCS410-R-DHOP-06PCS510-R-DHOP PCS510-R-DHOP-06PCS610-R-DHOP PCS610-R-DHOP-06PCS420-R-DOP PCS420-R-DOP-06PCS520-R-DOP PCS520-R-DOP-06PCS620-R-DOP PCS620-R-DOP-06PCS420-R-DHOPPCS420-R-DHOP-06PCS520-R-DHOPPCS520-R-DHOP-06PCS620-R-DHOPPCS620-R-DHOP-06。

宇宙式检测器系列■ XP-3110(可燃性气体检测器)便携式气体检测器■ XP-3140(高浓度气体检测器)使用说明书■ XP-3160■ XP-3120(高灵敏度气体本使用说明书记载有左面所示4种机型的使用方法。

●请妥善保管本使用说明书，以便随时取阅。

检测器)●请认真阅读本使用说明书再加以使用。

新宇宙电机株式会社NEW COSMOS ELECTRIC CO.,LTD.规格文件编号 XP-3000T目录包装内容物的说明 (1)1.前言……………………………………………………… (2)防爆相关事项 (2)符号图标的说明……………………………………………………… (2)安全使用说明……………………………………………………… (3)2.各部的名称与功能 (4)3.使用方法…………………………………………………………7使用程序……………………………………………………… (7)气体报警……………………………………………………… (10)各种功能与设定方法………………………………………………………......11峰值保持的设定 (12)报警蜂鸣器静音设定.....................................................................13对象气体的切换 (14)记录执行 (15)数据记录通信画面………………………………………………………………16时间设定……………………………………………………… (17)4.报错信息(故障报警) (18)5.消耗品的更换方法 (19)过滤片的更换……………………………………………………… (19)更换电池……………………………………………………… (20)充电电池(选购)……………………………………………………… (21)A C电源(选购)的使用方法………………………………………………………22 6.维护检查……………………………………………………………23日常检 (23)定期检查……………………………………………………… (23)主要更换部件………………………………………………………………23 7.故障、原因与对策 (24)8.保证书与登记卡 (25)9.规………26 10.检测原理……………………………………………………………27 11.术语的说明……………………………………………………… (28)—包装内容物的说明—包装箱内装有下述物品。

Spark AmpUser ManualTable of Contents02 03 04 04 05 05 07 08 09 10 11 12 13Product Spec Hardware Control (top) Hardware Control (rear) Bluetooth SpeakerUSB Recording Factory ResetApp ConnectionTone Adjustment via App Auto ChordsSmart JamVoice ControlApp UtilitiesContact usProduct SpecificationCONTROLS AND CONNECTIVITY AUDIO SPECIFICATIONSFREQUENCY RANGE20-20000 HzSTEREO/MONOStereoMAXIMUM SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL 116 dB SPL @1mCABINET PRINCIPLEBass-reflexPOWER AMPLIFIERS40 Watt Class D AmplifierSPEAKERSTwo - 4" Custom Designed Speakers TOTAL IMPEDANCE4 ohms TOP PANEL CONTROLSAmp TypeGain, Bass, Mid, Treble, Master, Mod, Delay, Reverb Output VolumeMusic VolumeFour Programmable Preset ButtonsTap/Tuner ButtonONBOARD EFFECTS30 Amp Models40 Effects(Noise Gate, Compressor, Distortion, Modulation, Delay, Reverb)WIRED CONNECTIVITY1/4" Guitar Input1/8" Aux Input1/8" HeadphoneWIRELESS CONNECTIVITYBluetooth AudioUSB AUDIOUSB Interface for Recording1 In x2 OutPOWERMAINS INPUT VOLTAGE 100 - 240 VMAINS FREQUENCY50/60 HzINCLUDED IN THE BOX BOX CONTENTSSpark AmplifierPower AdaptorUSB CableQuick Start GuideFree Studio One Prime SOFTWAREMOBILE APPSSpark App for iOS and Android PHYSICAL UNIT DIMENSIONS350 x 180 x 190 mm (13.78 x 7.08 x 7.48 in) WEIGHT5.2 kg11.46 lbCOVERINGBlack Textured Vinyl GRILLE CLOTHCustom Black/Brown HANDLERemovable Leather Handle SOFTWARETOP CONTROL PANEL(A) Power Switch(B) Tap / TunerLong press the button to engage TUNER mode. While in TUNER mode, the TAP and 4 Preset LEDs indicate the pitch being played. Long press the button again to exit TUNER mode. The guitar signal becomes muted when TUNER mode is engaged.The tempo of the delay effect can be set by tapping (more than twice) on the switch.(C ) Preset SwitchesTap to select one of the 4 presets stored on the Spark amp. The red LED flashes to indicate that the preset has been modified. Long-press the switch again to overwrite the preset.(D) Adjust the volume from Bluetooth audio, AUX in, or USB audio playback.(E) Headphone PortMain speaker sound is muted when a connector is inserted into this port.(F) Amp TypeChanges the amp model in the current preset.Use the SPARK app to access amp models not selectable by this switch.(G) Amp ControlControls the gain, EQ, and volume of the amp model in the current preset.(H) Effects ControlAdjusts the amount of Modulation, Delay, and Reverb in the current preset.Use the SPARK app to change the effects type and detailed effects settings.(I) OutputAdjusts the overall volume of your guitar.(J) Guitar InputREAR PANEL(K) Bluetooth Status Indicator•Indicates the status of your Bluetooth audio connection:•Connected (blue light)•Waiting to connect (flashes)•Disabled (LED off)(L) AUX InConnect the analog output of an audio device to this port. USB audio playback and Bluetooth audio are disabled when a connector is inserted into this port.(M) USB PortUse the supplied USB cable to connect your computer to the Spark amp for USB recording or firmware updates.(N) DC InConnects the supplied power adapter. Only use the specified AC adapter. Using any other AC adapter may cause malfunctions.USING SPARK AMP AS A WIRELESS SPEAKER•Turn on the Bluetooth function on your device, then select “Spark 40 Audio” from the list of available options.•Spark Amp automatically pairs with previously connected devices when turned on. It can also be paired with other devices (for example, if a previously connected device is not available).•To reset pairing information, turn on Spark Amp while holding down preset button 4 for 3 seconds.Remove Spark Amp from recognized devices in Bluetooth settings before pairing again.USING SPARK AMP AS USB AUDIO INTERFACE•Connect to a computer with the bundled USB cable, use “Spark USB Audio” as recording/playback device.•By default, the guitar signal is recorded after Amp/FX modeling. To record a dry guitar signal, use the SPARK app to bypass all Amp/FX modules.•The USB playback volume is controlled via the MUSIC VOLUME knob.•If input monitoring is enabled in your recording/DAW software, you can monitor your guitar signal in your recording/DAW software (controlled by MUSIC VOLUME knob) and through the amp itself (controlled by OUTPUT knob).•Windows driver for ASIO support can be found in Spark help center.FACTORY RESET•Turn off the device.•Press and hold the TAP button when turning on Spark amp, then release the TAP button when it starts to blink.•Long-press the blinking TAP button until all four (1~4) LEDs buttons blink once, then release the TAP button.•The TAP button needs to be released as soon as all four LEDs blink.•Press the TAP button to cancel factory reset.•If the TAP button is blinking and the CH1 LED is on, this means the factory reset process is now complete.•This process will reset all four presets stored on the Spark amp as well as its bluetooth pairing information. Remove Spark Amp from recognized devices in Bluetooth settings before pairing again.Spark AppUser GuideDOWNLOAD YOUR SPARK APPDownload and install the Spark App compatible with your smartphone.Connecting Spark Amp to Your Smartphone(A) Tap the Connect with my Spark button.(B) Tap the Search button.•Ensure that the Bluetooth function on your smartphone is turned on as the Spark app will automatically search for Spark Amp.Tip: Connect Spark Amp to your smartphone as a Bluetooth speaker to play music. A stable connectionbetween the amp and the app is required for audio output.Supported iOS 11 or laterSupported Android 8 or laterLogin to Your Positive Grid Account(A) Tap the ToneCloud button.Tip: What is the ToneCloud?https:///hc/en-us/articles/207958256-What-is-ToneCloud-Login to your Positive Grid account to download more tones from ToneCloud.AUsing Effects(A) Signal Chain:1.Swipe left or right to scroll along the signal chain (For mobile)2.Swipe up and down to switch effects on and off.3.Double-tap the effects icon to select an effect.(B) Effects Section:1.Effects on/off: tap the red light to switch the effect on and off.2.Tone control: turn the knob to change the tone.(C) ToneCloud: tap the top right icon to open ToneCloud.(D) Other:1.Overwrite - overwrite the current preset.2.Save as New - save as a new preset.3.Share to ToneCloud - share your current preset to ToneCloud.4.Save to Hardware - save your current preset to a Spark 40 Amp preset slot.(E)Preset - tap the preset name to select other presets.After connecting your Spark amp to the Spark app, tweaking any knob will change the effect in realtime.ABDC EUsing Smart Jam(A) Create new backing track with the Spark app.(B) Create an original backing track in the specified music genre.(C) Load a popular backing track.Tip: Chords are detected through the microphone on your smartphone device. If Spark isn’t able to detect a signal, try playing in a quieter room.Spark Amp and app work together as one unit to learn your style and feel, then generates authentic drums and bass tracks to accompany you.B CAUsing Voice CommandC(A) Music Assistant1.Tap the microphone icon.2.Speak into your smartphone with the following voice commands. Alternatively, you can tap the on-screen quick commands.1.Play drums - Same as Smart Jam2.Play a backing track - Play a custom backing track.3.Metronome - Open Spark’s built-in metronomeVoice Command Language Support1.English2.JapaneseTip: The Voice Command feature has three quick commands. Try them!Using Auto ChordsChoose any song, and Spark will automatically display its chords in real time as you play. Intuitive controls easily let you slow down the song’s tempo or loop a difficult section.(A) Tap the top left menu button.(B) Select a song you want to import from Apple Music or Spotify.(C) Choose the desired album from your Apple Music or Spotify list.Tip: Make sure that Spark has access to your Spotify or Apple Music app.B CACONTACT USVisit our online Help Center for user manuals, FAQs, or to contact our support team. Help Center: https:///。

SPARKRemote Controller C22017.04V1.0User Guide 使用说明使用說明ユーザーガイド사용자 가이드Bedienungsanleitung Guía de usuarioGuide de l'utilisateur Guida dell'utente Gebruiksaanwijzing Manual do utilizadorРуководство пользователяposition to achieve optimal transmission quality.5. Repair or replace the remote controller if damaged. A damaged remote controller antenna will greatly decrease performance.6. Fully charge the battery at least once every three months to maintain battery health. IntroductionSPARK™’s remote controller features a brand new, amplified Wi-Fi signal transmission system, capable of controlling the aircraft* and the gimbal camera at a maximum transmission range of 1.2 mi (2 km)**. The remote controller can connect to a mobile device wirelessly and display a live video feed via the DJI GO™ 4 app. The folding mobile device clamp allows you to secure your mobile device. Maximum remotecontroller battery life is approximately 2.5 hours**.2ENMicro USB Port USB Charger Power Outlet 100~240V* Spark's remote controller is currently only compatible with Spark aircraft.** The remote controller can reach its maximum transmission distance (FCC) in a wide open area with no Electro-Magnetic interference and at an altitude of about 120 meters. Maximum flight time was tested in windless conditions flying at a constant speed of 12.4 mph (20 kph). This value should be taken for reference only.34Unfold the antennas and the mobile device clamps Attach a mobile deviceConnect the mobile device to the remote controller Wi-Fi networkDJI GO 4AppPower on the aircraft and the remote controllerConnect to the Wi-Fi Launch the DJI GO 4 app Tap GO FLY to enter the main page4. FlightThe default Stick Mode is Mode 2. In Mode 2, the left stick controls the aircraft's altitude and heading, while the right stick controls forward, backward, and left and right Array5.8 GHz: 1.2 mi (2 km, FCC); 0.19 mi (0.3 km, CE);0.75 mi (1.2 km, SRCC)Operating Temperature Range32° - 104℉ (0° - 40℃)Built-in Battery2970mAhOperating Voltage**********Supported Mobile Device Size Thickness supported: 6.5mm-8.5mm;Max length: 160mm1. 运动模式开关2. 功能按键3. 摇杆4. 天线5. 电源按键6. 手柄7. 充电接口（Micro USB）8. 急停按键9. 智能返航按键10. 状态指示灯11. 电量指示灯67CHS*** Spark 遥控器目前仅支持配合长按飞行器电池开关约3秒，听到“嘀”一声后松开。

Biogas, originating from biomass, sew-age plants and landfill sites is gaining increasing worldwide importance as a recognised renewable energy source. Generally, biogas is saturated with water vapour and contains other impurities which, when used as fuel, must be re-moved to prevent corrosion and damage to equipment and systems and improve cogeneration unit efficiency.Biogas is primarily composed of meth-ane and carbon dioxide with smaller amounts of hydrogen sulphide and am-monia. Trace amounts of other gases like hydrogen, nitrogen or carbon monoxide are also present in the biogas. Usually the mixed gas is saturated with water vapour and may contain dirt particles.The selection of effective biogas treat-ment equipment is therefore particu-larly important, both in optimising the cogeneration of electrical and thermal energy, making the most of the avail-able renewable energy, and reducing energy consumption and operating costs to a minimum.Parker’s solution is to dry the gas, firstly by cooling using a water-cooled heat ex-changer working with an air-cooled water chiller and secondly, by removing the condensed water with a cyclonic water separator. The cooled gas can then be reheated to reduce the relative humidity and thus meet the technical demands of gas engines, turbines and other down-stream equipment such as the Parker PpTek Siloxane Removal System and Biogas Upgrading System componentsSkid-Mounted Packages for Biogas andLandfill Gas Cooling ApplicationsProduct Description• The Parker Biogas Dehumidification System is a compact, robust and easy to handle plug & play gas conditioning package ensuring significant cost savings in investment, management and opera-tion• Available in a wide range of sizes from 50 Nm 3/h to 1500 Nm 3/h, the Parker system has performances and flow rates aligned with typical biogas plant designs and CHP capacities• All gas-side components are constructed from stainless steel (AISI304 or AISI316L) with additional pickling and passivation treatment in order to ensure highly reli-able and continuous operation even in the harshest site conditions• Designed using thermodynamic and fluid dynamic principles to ensure a high efficiency heat exchange and separation whilst maintaining low pressure drop • Flexibility to use a wide range of cooler/chiller combinations ensures the closestmatch to customer requirements thus de-livering constant dewpoint performance regardless of fluctuations in operatingconditions.Biogas Dehumidification SystemThe standard Biogas Dehumidification Systemcools biogas to a user defined dew point, using aHypercool BioEnergy heat exchanger working withHyperchill BioEnergy chiller and removing the con-densed water with the Hypersep BioEnergy separa-tor. Insulation, Hyperfilter BioEnergy and HyperdrainBioEnergy can be provided as options.Biogas Dehumidification SystemThis configuration is designed for installationswhere a blower is installed downstream of the De-humidification System, taking advantage of its posi-tion to increase the temperature of the biogas andthus decrease its Relative Humidity.Performances refer to operation with clean cooler and separator, gas flow rate at 20 °C/1 barg. Nominal working conditions: 60 % CH4, 40 % CO2, gas inlet temperature 40 °C saturated, refrigerant inlet water temperature 1 °C, ambient temperature 35 °C, gas outlet temperature at nominal conditions8 °C (from model skd60-007 to model skd265-024) and 4 °C (from model skd240-029 to model skd1620-116). Average pressure drop without filter 11 mbar +/-2 for all models, average pressure drops with filter 14 mbar +/- 2 for all models.*Data refer to skid without filter.B C DABiogas Dehumidification Systemwith ‘Gas2Gas’ Recuperator The Biogas Dehumidification System with ‘Gas-2Gas’ Recuperator BioEnergy cools biogas to auser-defined dew point and reheats the gas to aRelative Humidity lower than 50%. Insulation, Hy-perfilter BioEnergy and Hyperdrain BioEnergy canbe provided as options.This configuration is designed for installationswhere a blower is installed upstream of the De-humidification System with the ‘Gas2Gas’ Recu-perator providing free-cooling to save energy andfree-heating to reduce the Relative Humidity of thebiogas - without the need for auxiliary heating.Performances refer to operation with clean cooler and separator, gas flow rate at 20 °C/1 barg. Nominal working conditions: 55 % CH4, 45 % CO2,gas inlet temperature 50 °C (40 °C saturated), gas inlet pressure 75 mbarg, refrigerant inlet water temperature 1 °C, ambient temperature 35 °C, gasdew point at nominal conditions 8 °C (from model skd60-007 to model skd265-024) and 4 °C (from model skd240-029 to model skd1620-116), gasoutlet relative humidity below 50 %.*Data refer to skid without filter.B DABULBIOSKID-00-EN© 2016 Parker Hannifi n Corporation. All rights reserved.EMEA Product Information CentreFree phone: 00 800 27 27 5374(from AT , BE, CH, CZ, DE, DK, EE, ES, FI, FR, IE, IL, IS, IT , LU, MT , NL, NO, PL, PT , RU, SE, SK, UK, ZA)US Product Information Centre Toll-free number: 1-800-27 27 537/hzfdThe Key Components of the Parker Biogas Dehumidifi cation SystemHyperchill BioEnergy (ICE series)• Chiller Output 5 – 360 kW;• Special coating for corrosive environment;• Pump & tank installed in casing;• Microprocessor controlled;• Ambient range -20 °C to +45 °C • Compliant scroll refrigerant compressor;• IP54 protection as standard.Hypercool BioEnergy (WFB Series)• High cooling effi ciency with low pressure drop design;• Material: Parts in contact with biogas in AISI304 or AISI316L, parts not in contact with biogas in AISI304;• Max. working pressure: 0,5 barHypersep BioEnergy (CSB Series)• Cyclonic separator optimized for biogas applications • High separation effi ciency with very low pressure drop;• Material: Parts in contact with biogas in AISI304 or AISI316L, • Max. working pressure: 0,5 bar g.Optional Additions to Standard Skid PackageInstalled on a hot-galvanized steel frame, the water-chiller (Hyperchill BioEnergy), cooler (Hypercool Bio-Energy) and centrifugal separator (Hypersep BioEnergy) are the key components of the Biogas De-humidifi cation System: they havebeen specifi cally designed forbiogas applications and provide safe and reliable operation in the harsh environments typically found at AD and Landfi ll biogas produc-tion sites.Furthermore, the standard biogasThe standard Biogas Dehumidifi cation System can be extended to include additional components such as a particulate fi lter, condensate drain and/or energy-saving, 'Gas2Gas’ recuperator.Hyperfi lter BioEnergy (FFB)• Particle removal size 5 • or 20 μm • Filtration Effi ciency 99,999 % • Differential pressure 2 mbar • Material: AISI304 or AISI316L, with additional pickling and passivation treatment• Max. working pressure: 0,5 bar g .Gas2Gas Recuperator BioEnergy (RBB)• Free-cools incoming biogas to reduce chiller cooling load• Free-heats outgoing biogas to reduce relative humidity thus eliminating the need for auxiliary heating• High thermal transfer effi ciency with very low pressure drop • Material: AISI304 or AISI316L, with additional pickling andHyperdrain BioEnergy (HDF220BE)• Designed to work with dirtycondensate and for low pressureoperation• No electrical wiring• No gas loss• Parts in contact with condensate in stainless steel and reinforced polyamide, body treated with special Hiroshield treatmentfor optimal operation in harsh environmentspassivation treatmentdehumidifi cation package includes water connections between Hy-perchill and Hypercool, water isolating valves, water expansion tank, and counterfl anges kit with gaskets for easier connection of the system to the customer pipes.。

意大利百得轻油燃烧器说明书SPARK0-SPARK0SP-SPARK4-SPARK4CPSPARK6-SPARK10-SPARK10S·燃烧器启动和运行前仔细阅读说明书·从事燃烧器及其系统工作必须是能胜任的人·燃烧器启动工作前供电系统必须是断开的·如果工作不正确有可能引起危险事故中国燃烧机网来自中国燃烧机网来自中国燃烧机网 2安装.使用以及维护说明书目录------技术说明P3------输油管路联接一电路联接P6-----运行出问题时的控制P9-----起动准备-起动和调整P10-----电极调整一空气调整原理P11-----运行异常P14-----Spark 10法兰装配图P15-----电路图P16来自中国燃烧机网3安装.使用以及维护说明书SPARKO-4-6-10来自中国燃烧机网 4安装.使用以及维护说明书来自中国燃烧机网5SPARK O-4-6-10安装.使用以及维护说明书来自中国燃烧机网 6SPARK O-4-6-10安装.使用以及维护说明书SPARK O-4-6-107来自中国燃烧机网安装.使用以及维护说明书来自中国燃烧机网8安装.使用以及维护说明书SPARK O-4-6-109来自中国燃烧机网安装.使用以及维护说明书SUNTEC AS47C1538油泵图示来自中国燃烧机网10安装.使用以及维护说明书安装.使用以及维护说明书安装.使用以及维护说明书油燃烧器SPARK0----SPAR4CP空气调节原理图和圆盘-------电极定位安装.使用以及维护说明书油燃烧器SPARK6----CHEF6空气调节原理图和圆盘-----电极定位安装.使用以及维护说明书空气调整元件图示型号:SPARK0--4—6--10安装.使用以及维护说明书安装.使用以及维护说明书SPARK10法兰装配图安装.使用以及维护说明书SPARK0电路图电路图安装.使用以及维护说明书无插头座的SPARK O电路图安装.使用以及维护说明书无插头座的SPARK OSP-4-6-10电路图来自中国燃烧机网21来自中国燃烧机网22。

斯派克直读光谱仪操作手册SPECTRO光谱仪的分析软件结构主要由三部分组成Analysis 分析模式Method 分析方法Config 系统文件在这一章中，我们首先向大家介绍Analysis分析模式，日常工作中，我们大部分的工作都是在Analysis分析模式下来完成。

一、光谱操作的准备工作光谱仪的分析软件采用的是标准的WINDOS操作环境，所以要求操作员有一定的计算机知识，如果您在操作光谱仪前对微软公司的WINDOS不熟悉的话，请先熟悉WINDOS操作的基本知识。

二、键盘与鼠标的使用众所周知WINDOS操作系统的最大优点就是操作灵活，可同时打开多个窗口。

为了方便于鼠标与键盘的同时操作，我们分析软件中的只要功能也设计成既可以使用键盘，也可以使用鼠标来进行操作，在下面的章节中，我们会详细的介绍给用户。

三、键盘上功能键的介绍四、Analysis View模式下菜单的介绍FileNew…………………………………………………………建立新的程序Open…………………………………………………………打开已储存的分析数据库Save…………………………………………………………储存数据Save As……………………………………………………另存为Print…………………………………………………………打印分析数据Exit…………………………………………………………退出分析程序AnalysisLoad Method………………………………………………调分析程序Single Measurement………………………………………开始测量SampleIdent………………………………………………标题头内容Globle standardization……………………………………通用标准化Standardization……………………………………………标准化Standardization results……………………………………标准化结果Apply Type standardization………………………………应用类型标准化Type standardization Sample……………………………类性标准化样品Calibratio n Sample………………………………………做工作曲线样品Delete single………………………………………………删除单次测量结果Delete Results……………………………………………删除分析结果Delete All…………………………………………………删除所有分析结果Show/Hide Sample Info…………………………………未开发窗口ViewNaviogate…………………………………………………窗口转换Analysis……………………………………………………分析窗口Method……………………………………………………方法窗口Config……………………………………………………参数窗口Docking Views……………………………………………工具栏选择Navioate bar…………………在屏幕左侧显示Analysis，Method，Config三个窗口Display Bar……………………显示平均结果及他们的标准偏差和相对标准偏差Smaple ID………………………………………………显示样品编号Toolbar…………………………………………………显示工具吧Status Bar………………………………………………状态吧Initialize…………………………………………………仪器初始化Reprofile Optic…………………………………………扫描Perform Constant Light Test……………………………恒光测试Switch Analytical Flow On/Off…………………………冲洗氩气控制开关Start Cleaning Flush……………………………………清洁时执行氩气冲洗Reset SPARK…………………………………………激发次数回零Setup Devices…………………………………………设备的建立Global Database………………………………………通用数据库Content………………………………………………帮助内容Help Index……………………………………………软件说明Spectro Homepage……………………………………斯派克网页About Spark Analyzer…………………………………分析软件的版本五、如何完成标准化（Standardization）无论是何种类型的光谱分析仪，日常的标准化工作都是非常重要的的操作环节，因为标准化的正确与否是直接影响分析结果精确的关键，也是我们在日常分析中要经常执行的功能之一。

Welcome toQUICK START GUIDECreate your accountStart your vehicle (stay parked)Spark app.Y ou can now start using HARMAN Spark features in the app on your smartphone.The HARMAN Spark device can take up to 5 minutes for initial activation. If the device does not activate within 5 minutes, please drive the vehicle for 15 minutes to complete the activation.ou will know your device has been activated when the 4G LTE/3G LED light on the device turns solid green and the mobile app indicates Launch the app, tap on “Sign Up” button and enter the required information to create your account.If you already have an account tap on “Sign In” button.This guide is applicable only for Spark experience. For AT&T Fleet Solution customers, please visit https:/// to complete registration.This guide is applicable only for Spark experience. For AT&T Fleet Solution customers, please visit https:///to complete registration.HARMAN Spark AppKey featuresWi-Fi HotspotConnect up to 8 devices to the powerful Wi-Fi hotspot built into your HARMAN Spark device and keep your passengers happy.Note:Default Wi-Fi hotspot credentials can be found under “WiFi Hotspot Settings”of the HARMAN Spark app upon registering the device. Customer needs to change the Wi-Fi password immediately after installation via the Spark app to avoid unauthorized data usage.Wi-FiThe side with Spark logo4G LTE/3G Connectivity and the vehicle battery charges to a su cient level.QSG Part Number - 4018310RESET Button。

Spark Plug Procedures & Precautions This essential component wasinvented about 160 years ago,but is still evolving in terms ofdesign, materials, and service.2021Ah, the lowly humble spark plug. At one time it was king of the ignition system (or at least part of the royal court!). If an engine wasn’t running properly or misfiring, the go-to in terms of diagnosis always had the spark plugs at the top of the diagnostic charts. They required frequent adjustment and replacement, and fouled easily. Today it’s common for some spark plug change intervals to be up to 100,000 miles. This isn’t due strictly to the improvements to the spark plugs themselves per se, although there have been many.The many improvements to the ignition and fuel systems and even the engine’s mechanical components themselves have helped to contribute to the longevity of the spark plug, so much so that they are often overlooked in terms of maintenance. That is why keeping proper records of service intervals is paramount to making sure they do get changed on time.Older technicians remember the days of ignition contact points, distributors, carburetors and a single coil to fire multiple spark plugs. To the younger techs out there this may seem to be like reading about the ancient Roman Empire! As often as every 3,000 to 7,000 miles the points, condenser, cap and plugs needed to be changed in order to keep the engine running smoothly. Not to mention frequent carburetor adjustments. Ignition contacts sets were a wearable item so as they began to get pitted and the rubbing blocks would wear, ignition voltage would change as well as timing, leading to poor spark which, in turn, would begin to foul the plugs. Carburetors and air intake systems were terribly inefficient compared to modern day systems and were responsible for premature wear and fouling of spark plug electrodes as well.Early BeginningsThe German inventor RobertBosch developed the firstfunctioning spark plug in1901, then received a patentBe sure to use only the genuine article! This Star Partsversion is offered for your price-sensitive customers.Here is a picture of the firstpatented spark plug, from1902. (Courtesy RobertBosch Corp.)the following year. Although the history of spark plugsis traceable to the mid-1800s, it really isn’t certain who invented the first one since it was never patented. While others had a hand in developing the spark plug, Herr Bosch was the one to perfect and patent the technology. It is interesting to note that the spark plug itself was in fact only a by-product that Bosch had to manufacture in order to be able to offer a ‘complete’ ignition system to manufacturers of the time.When automobile manufacturing was still in its infancy around 1900, car inventor Karl Benz observed that ignition was proving to be carmakers’ “trickiest problem.” Gottlieb Daimler’s glow-tube ignition created a constant hazard of fire, and battery-powered ignition systems restricted the range of cars to a few dozen kilometers, since there were as yet no on-board systems like today’s alternators to recharge batteries while driving. Enter the Magneto.Two engineers for the Bosch Company, Arnold Zähringer and Gottlob Honold, after much trial and error developed the high-voltage magneto ignition system based on what was known as electric-arc ignition. By means of two coils on the armature, it generated a high-voltage current. This current was conducted to a spark plug via a cable connection. The high-voltage current jumped the gap between its electrodes in the form of a spark. As mentioned earlier, some spark plug designs were around since the 1860s or even earlier, however with little success. The main issues were in the design of the insulating material and the electrode. Honold developed a highly insulating ceramic for the insulating body and a heat-resisting alloy for the electrodes. Thus the first direct ancestor of the modern spark plug was born. AnatomyA spark plug is made of a center electrode, an insulator,a metal casing or shell, and a side electrode (also calleda ground electrode). The center electrode is a thick metal wire that lies lengthwise within the plug and conducts electricity from the ignition cable or coil pack connectedto one end of the plug to the electrode gap at the other end. The insulator is a ceramic casing that surrounds much of the center electrode while both the upper and lower portions of the center electrode remain exposed. The metal casing or shell is a hexagon-shaped shell with threads, which allow the spark plug to be installed into a tapped hole in the engine cylinder head. The side electrode is a short, thick wire made from various alloys that is connected to the metal shell and extends toward the center electrode. The tips of the side and center electrodes are about 0.020 - 0.080 inch apart from each other (depending on the type of engine), creating the gap for the spark to jump across. The basic design has been relatively constant through the years but many advancements have been made in the raw materials used as well as the construction techniques. According toNGK, a leadingmanufacturerof spark plugs,ground electrodetype sparkplugs come inall shapes andsizes. Standardspark plugstypically featurea traditionalground electrode.Ground electrodevariations includeDFE (double fine-wire electrode),flat, hybrid,low-angled, multi-ground, PSPE (projected square platinum electrode), semi-surface discharge, slant, square, surface discharge, taper cut, and trapezoid cut, to name just a few.Double fine-wire electrode (DFE) spark plugs apply a fine wire pin to the ground electrode in addition to a fine-wire center electrode. A smaller electrode requires less voltage to jump the gap, resulting in fewer misfires, which translates to increased fuel economy and horsepower. A smaller electrode also reduces flame quenching. Reducing the electrode size on a standard nickel plug would result in a drastically shortened life span, so smaller electrodes require exotic metals such as platinum or iridium to maintain and often surpass the longevity of a traditional spark plug.A flat ground electrode is shorter and closer to the metal shell and center electrode, providing a faster path to transfer heat away from the ground electrode. Its low profile design is resistant to vibration.Developed for engines that tend towards increased carbon deposition as a result of their design, hybrid spark plugs have a standard ground electrode as well as two smallerground electrodes on each side. When the insulatorA look at the inner workings of the modernresistor spark plug. (Courtesy NGK.)12M arch 202113becomes clogged with carbon, the ignition voltage jumps over to the side electrodes, enabling the plug to operate even under severe conditions. Once the plug has reached operating temperature and the deposits are removed, it returns to “normal” operation, with the spark jumping between the center and main ground electrode.A trapezoid cut ground electrode is just another variation of a taper cut ground, which serves a similar function to a cut-back ground, fine-wire ground and angled ground electrode.This is not even an exhaustive report on the different types of ground electrode spark plugs used in today’s modern engines. What is important to understand from all this is that there are very specific engineering characteristics built into each spark plug based on the engine design. It is therefore critical to use the correct spark plug for the application you are working on. Mercedes-Benz uses various manufacturers of spark plugs for their engines and your Mercedes-Benz dealer’s parts department will have the correct plug in stock based on the VIN of the vehicle you are servicing.Use the Right Part!It is important to understand that not all spark plugs are created equal. Your local independent parts suppliers may show a particular spark plug for the model of Mercedes-Benz you are servicing, and they even may say they meet OE specifications, but they are not always the same! According to a technical update from the Mercedes-Benz USA’s QEC/ES department a critical difference is noted particularly in the spark plugs used in direct-injected engines (such as M276, M278 and M157). The indexing of aftermarket plugs is not the same and can cause detonation and even melted pistons. Be sure to use only genuine Mercedes-Benz spark plugs to avoid engine failure.In addition to the various types of electrode configurations, spark plugs will basically have two types of seats that contact the entrance to the combustion chamber: Flat (or level) seat, where a captive outer gasket acts as a seal around the plug body, or tapered (or conical) seat, where the conical surface of the plug body fits into a correspondingly shaped contact surface in the cylinder head to create a seal. Knowing which of these two you haveis important when it comes to installation methods, which we will discuss in a moment.Removal and InstallationNot much has changed over the years in the actual removal and replacement of spark plugs. They still screw into the cylinder head as always. Access isalways the issue: Can you get to it without removing the engine? In most newer Mercedes-Benz engines, carefully removing the coils provides access to the spark plugs themselves for servicing. A high quality thin-walled deep socket, perhaps with a swivel end for easier access and a spark plug retention feature, is needed. Note that some models have the newer bi-hex 14mm 12-point head spark plugs, so you’ll want to have one of those sockets inyour arsenal. When in doubt asIn this photo, an NGK spark plug is compared to a Mercedes-Benz spark plug. The Mercedes-Benz spark plughas the correct thread length for proper indexing and meets the correct heat range criteria.The Mercedes-Benz approved spark plug at the left has its electrode gap facing a correct 45 degrees from the injector nozzle. The aftermarket plug on the right, torqued the same as the Genuine Mercedes-Benzplug, is facing the wrong way. This caused a melted piston and required complete engine replacement, at the independent workshop’s expense. Definitely not covered by warranty!14to access to the spark plugs, consult the repair manual for the model you are working on.Proper torque is absolutely critical to seating the spark plug to ensure good contact with the seat and to ensure it doesn’t back out over time due to expansion and contraction. Too tight can also be a problem as this can lead to cracking of the porcelain, not to mention not being able to remove it later. In the old days we could just install the spark plugs what we called “gootentight,” but today you really must observe the torque specs for the application.A few cautions before beginning work:• The ignition system needs to be off (obviously).• Before removing the spark plugs, be sure to blow out the spark plug wells in order to prevent any loose debris from entering the combustion chamber.• When servicing Mercedes-AMG engines M133, M176, M177 and M178, the spark plug wells need to bevacuumed out after removing the spark plugs to ensure no particles whatsoever remain on the seats.• It is important on all engines that no particles interfere with the spark plug’s ability to seat in the cylinder head properly. Look carefully with a bright light or borescope. • All ignition components which are worked on during the spark plug change should be visually inspected for damage and repaired or replaced as necessary. • Before installation, the rubber tips of the spark plug connectors must be greased with an approved dielectric silicone grease, such as Mercedes-Benz part A002 989 80 51 09. This facilitates easier installation and removal, and helps prevent carbon tracking.Carbon Tracking and Corona StainWe mentioned carbon tracking above in the use of dielectric grease. Electricity follows the path of least resistance and when diagnosing misfires be careful to examine the ceramic portion of the plug for a black “track” from the tip to the hex portion. This is burned in and cannot be removed. If you find this when doing a spark plug service is wise to carefully inspect and or replace the coil boot as it may be damaged as well. Corona stain is a light brown or tan discoloration on the outside of the ceramic insulator above the metal shell/hex. Corona stain is created by the high voltage traveling thru the plug that attracts the dirt or oil particles surrounding the exposed ceramic insulator between the wire/coil boot and spark plug metal shell. Corona stain is completely normal and should not be mistaken for exhaust gas blow-by or abroken seal inside the spark plug.Proper torque is critical to spark plug seating! It only takes a few extraseconds and is the only way to do the job correctly.A quality spark plug socket with a swivel end helps in tight spots. Also be sure it has an internal grip to keep the plug from dropping into the spark plug well.Mercedes-Benzrequires the use of dielectricsilicone grease on the spark plug boot to aid in future removal as well as protect from carbon tracking on the spark plug.M arch 202115GapAs mentioned earlier, the spark plug gap is the distance between the outer or ground electrode and the inner electrode. Since the gap dimension has a direct effect on the voltage necessary to jump the gap and ionize (ignite) the air-fuel mixture, careful attention is required. While most plugs are pre-gapped from the factory, it is imperative to closely inspect the box and the plugs for damage and any obvious discrepancy in the gaps. Genuine Mercedes-Benz Spark plugs should not need to be gapped. If you find one that is way off it’s best to exchange it for another, although small variances can be adjusted with a high quality spark plug gapping tool. The voltage requirement is directly proportional to the gap size and has been determined by the engineers for the specific engine and model. Don’t try to run with a wider gap thinking better spark! That’s an old racer’s myth and won’t give very good results.If the gap must be adjusted, use a tool that only moves the ground electrode and does not pry between or against theelectrodes. NGK also recommends adjusting the gap no more than +/- 0.008” from the factory preset gap.To Anti-seize or NotThat is the question! Many technicians, especially those who have experience with air cooled engines, advocate using an anti-seize product on the threads of the spark plugs. The reasoning behind the practice is due to the nature of the two dissimilar metals — the steel outer jacket of the spark plug and the aluminum alloy of the cylinder head — there can be expansion and contraction between the different metals and spark plugs tend to get “stuck” in the cylinder head and even break off, necessitating a costly repair. According to NGK (and others echo the same thing), their spark plugs feature tri-valent plating. This silver or chrome-colored finish on the threads is designed to provide corrosion resistance against moisture and chemicals. The coating also acts as a release agent during spark plug removal. NGK spark plugs are installed at the factory dry,without lubrication or anti-seize.Anti-seize can act as a lubricant, altering torque values by up to 20 percent, increasing the risk of spark plug thread breakage, metal shell stretch, and/or incorrect indexing. Thread breakage can sometimes involve removing the cylinderhead for repair. Metal shell stretch changes the heat rating of the spark plug and can result in serious engine damage caused by pre-ignition.Bottom line: Do not use anti-seize or lubricant on spark plug threads. It is completely unnecessary and can be detrimental. If you were taught to use anti-seize, now you know better and need to stop.So there you have it: The humble spark plug has more to it than meets the eye. Use the right plug for the application, pay attention to the basics, keep that torque wrench handy, and your customers will never need to worry about a spark plug as a source of trouble.|Corona staining is often difficult to distinguish from compression leakage. When in doubt, replace it!。