高考英语:非谓语动词考点精华讲义
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高考英语:非谓语动词考点精华讲义
高三的一轮复习已经进行了一大半,许多同学做题依然错误百出,其中一个重要原因是不能看懂句子结构,甚至分不清谓语动词和非谓语动词。
今天分享一下我总结的非谓语动词复习讲义,希望能够帮助大家更好地掌握这一重要的语法专题。
一、分类:
动词不定式、动词-ing形式、动词的过去分词
总的特点:1.非谓语动词作状语时,其逻辑主语与主句主语保持一致。
2.Doing/To do (sth.)+单数V : 非谓语动词作主语,谓语用单数。
二、动词不定式
1、特点:表将来
2、形式:①基本型:to+动词原形(do)。②被动式:to be
done ③完成时:to have done ④进行时:to be doing
3、句子功能:主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语(宾补)
Eg: ①To catch the early train, you`ll have to get up early.(目的状语)
②I rushed there in a taxi only to find the library closed.(结果状语:意外结果)。
③This is very good music to dance to.(定语)
④It is necessary to learn English well.(主语,it 为形式主语)
4、不定式的省略
1)(为了避免重复)并列结构中第二个to:I want to get up
early and read English.
例外:前后表对比时,to不可省去:To be or not to be ,that is
the question.
It is better to lose one’s life than to lose one’s spirit.
2) (为了避免重复)省去to后的不定式结构:—Would you like to go shopping?
—Yes,I`d like to.
例外:to后有have/be时,保留be或have
—Did you go shopping yesterday? —No, but I ought to have.
5、不定式主动形式表被动意义
1)主(sth)+ be + 主补/表语(表性质的adj. + to do)
2) 主+Vt + 宾语 + 宾补(adj.+ to do)
3) 主 + Vt+ 宾语+定语(to do): 不定式作定语与所修饰的名词(代词)构成逻辑动宾关系,又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
Cf: 主+ Vt+ 宾语+定语(to be done):不定式的执行者被省略,不是句子的主语。
注: 1)主补中的不定式(to do)与主语,宾补中的不定式(to do)与宾语为逻辑动宾关系。
2)常见的adj.: important, light, heavy, difficult, hard, easy,
expensive, cheap, dangerous, impossible, comfortable, fit,
pleasant, interesting, nice, etc.
Eg: ①This bag is heavy to carry.
②This story is not interesting enough to publish.
③They found the question difficult to answer.
④Have you anything to send? 你有什么东西要寄吗?
Cf: Have you anything to be sent? 你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?
三、动词的-ing形式
1、特点:表现在、进行、主动
2、形式:1)基本型:doing 2)被动式:being done 3)完成时:having done
3、句子功能:主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语。
4、Vt + doing: 只能跟动名词作宾语的动词
admit(承认), appreciate(感激),avoid(避免),consider(考虑),delay (延误),dislike,enjoy,escape(逃避),excuse(原谅),feel like(想要),
finish,forgive(原谅),give up, imagine(想像),keep,mention(提及),mind, miss,
practise, put off, resist(抵抗),risk, suggest, can't help(禁不住),can't stand(无法忍受)
5、V/adj.+to +(doing) sth: 带有介词to的动词(形容词短语)
be/get used to(习惯于),stick to(坚持),give rise to(使...发生),pay attention to(注意),object to(反对),lead to(导致), look forward to(期望),look up to(尊敬), get down to(着手做),devote oneself to(献身于),contribute to(贡献,导致)
Eg:1.It is no use arguing with
him. (主语,it为形式主语)
2.The meeting being held now is
important. (定语)
Cf:The meeting to be held tomorrow is
important. (不定式作定语)
The meeting held yesterday is
important. (过去分词作定语)
3.Not having received a reply, he decided to write
again. (原因状语;表主动)
对比: Seen from the top of the hill, the village appears
beautiful. (过去分词)
四、动词的过去分词
1、特点:表被动、过去、完成。
2、句子功能:定语、状语、补语、表语。
Eg:He couldn`t make
himself understood. (宾补)
The pach looked beautiful, covered with fallen leaves. (伴随状语)
五、独立主格结构
1、逻辑主语A + 非谓语动词,主语B + 谓语
非谓语动词作状语时,其逻辑主语与主句主语不一致,补上其逻辑主语,构成独立主格结构
1)There being no buses, we went home on foot.
2)Time permitting, I`ll come to visit you.
3) Homework done, he went to bed.
2、with复合结构:with+宾语(名词代词)+宾补(adj/adv/介短/to do/doing/done)
With the window open/closed, he fell asleep.
3、adj复合结构:主语A + 谓语,逻辑主语B + 形容词(短语)
He stared at me, his eyes bright with tears.
当然,任何一个专题的学习仅靠看一两遍是不够的,还需要大量的练习巩固,最终达到熟练运用。
顺祝周末愉快!
我们下周一见。