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ReviewStudy on the pharmacological activities and chemicalstructures of Viburnum dilatatumZhiheng Gao, Yufei Xi, Man Wang, Xiaoxiao Huang*, Shaojiang Song*Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research &Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, ShenyangPharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, ChinaAbstractViburnum dilatatum (jiami in Chinese), belonging to the Caprifollaceae family, is widely distributed in Japan and China. Phytochemical investigations of Viburnum dilatatum (V. dilatatum) have resulted in the isolation of triterpenoids, phenolic glycosides essential oil, norisoprenoids, etc. Research results have shown that the chemical constituents of V. dilatatum possess various pharmacological activities, including antihyperglycemic, antioxidant activity and antiulcer effects. This study reviewed the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of V. dilatatum to provide practical and useful information for further research and development of this plant.Keywords: Viburnum dilatatum; pharmacological activity; chemical structures1 IntroductionViburnum dilatatum (called jiami in Chinese, gamazumi in Japanese and snowball tree in English), beloinging to family Caprifoliaceae, is a deciduous low tree distributed widely in the hills of northern China and Japan [1]. There are many types of chemical constituents in Viburnum dilatatum (V. dilatatum), including triterpenoids, * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Address:School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Rd., Shenyang 110016, China; Tel.: +86-24-43520793 (Xiaoxiao Huang); +86-24-43520707 (ShaojiangSong);E-mail:*******************(XiaoxiaoHuang); ****************(ShaojiangSong).Received: 2021-04-16 Accepted: 2022-08-28phenolic glycosides and norisoprenoids [2-4]. The leaves have been utilized as a traditional Chinese medicine, and phenolic compounds have been reported as the main active chemical component of the leaves. Many researchers have analyzed the functions of these medicinal components and found that these components have good antioxidant antihyperglycemic and antiulcer effects. For example, the gamazumi crude extract obtained from the squeezed juice of the fruit prevented oxidative injury in rats [5]. This review described the chemical structures and pharmacological activities of V. dilatatum, so as to help readers understand comprehensively the research progress of V. dilatatum and provide help for the development of V. dilatatum.2 Chemical constituents and structuresPrevious reports have indicated that the main chemical constituents of V. dilatatum are phenolic glycosides and triterpenoids.2.1 Phenolic glycosidesThirteen phenolic glycosides were isolated and identified from V. dilatatum by extensive spectroscopic methods, namely p -hydroxyphenyl-6-O -trans-caffeoyl-β-D -glucoside (1) [6], p -hydroxyphenyl-6-O -trans-caffeoyl-β-D -alloside (2) [6], 4-allyl-2-methoxyphenyl-6-O -β-D -apiosyl(1→6)-β-D -glucoside (3) [6], 1-(4’-hydroxy-3’-methoxypheny1)-2-[2’’-hydroxy-4’’-(3’’’-hydroxypropyl)]-1,3-propanediol-l-O -β-D -glucopyranoside (erythro isomer) (4-7) [7], neochlorogenic acid methyl ester (8-9) [7], cryptochlorogenic acid methyl ester (10-11) [7], cyanidin-3-sambubioside (Cy-3-sam) (12) [8], cyanidin-3-glucoside (Cy-3-glc) (13) [8], 5-O -caffeoyl-4-methoxyl quinic acid (4-MeO-5-CQA) (14) [8], chlorogenic acid (5-CQA) (15) [8], quercetin (16) [8], 2-(glucopyranosyloxy)-benzyl-3-(glucopyranosyloxy)-benzoate (17) [9] and jiamizioside E (18) [10]. These structures are shown in Fig. 1.Fig. 1 Phenolic glycosides isolated from V . dilatatumContinued fig. 12.2 TriterpenoidsThere were about seventeen triterpenoids isolated and characterized from V. dilatatum , such as viburnols A (19) [11], viburnols B (20) [11], viburnols C (21) [11], viburnols D (22) [11], viburnols E (23) [11], viburnols F (24) [12], viburnols G (25) [12], viburnols H (26) [12], viburnols I (27) [12], viburnols J (28) [12],viburnols K (29) [12], viburnudienone B 2methyl ester (30) [13], viburnenone H 2 (31) [13],v i b u r n e n o n e B 2 m e t h y l e s t e r (32) [13], viburnudienone B 1 methyl ester (33) [13], viburnenone H 1 (34) [13], and viburnenone B 2 methyl ester (35) [13]. The structures are shown in Fig. 2.Continued fig. 23 Pharmacological activities3.1 Antioxidant activityOxidative stress caused by free radicals and their derivatives leads to disturbances in redox homeostasis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are not only endogenously produced during intracellular metabolic processes but also generated by exogenous stimuli such as UV radiation, pollutants, smoke and drugs. The cell triggers its defense systems or undergoes apoptosis when intracellular oxidative status increases. It influences numerous cellular processes including core signaling pathways, which are associated with development of systematic and chronic disorders, such as aging and cancer. Therefore, it is critical to remove cellular oxidants and restore redox balance.solution of V. dilatatum (GSS) had strong antioxidant activity in vivo and prevent stress-induced oxidative damage by the XYZ-dish method and the澳electron spin resonance (ESR) method [14]. The experimental result showed that the concentrations of lipid peroxide in plasma, liver and stomach in the GSS group were reduced. Furthermore, the activities of plasma lactic dehydrogenase, amylase and creatine phosphokinase are ordinarily increased by stress. However, these activities in the GSS group decreased to that in the control group. It was concluded that gastric ulcer formation, increase of lipid peroxidation in plasma and tissues and elevation of plasma enzymatic activities were confirmed in rats with water immersion restraint stress. It was also found that intake of GSS could protect the stomach and other tissues from oxidative damage.Kim et al. identified and isolated two major anthocyanins by NMR and LC-ESI-MS/MS, namely, cyanidin 3-sambubioside (I) and kuromanin (II) [15]. By the electron spin resonance method, the superoxide anion radical scavenging activities of I and II were evaluated with the IC 50 values of 17.3 and 69.6 µM, and their activities on hydroxyl radicals were evaluated with the IC 50 values of 4.3 and 53.2 mM. As the positive control, the IC 50 values of ascorbic acid were 74.2 µM on superoxide anion radicals and 3.0 mM on hydroxyl radicals, respectively. The above results suggested that these anthocyanins with radical scavenging properties might be the key compounds contributing to the antioxidant activity and physiological effects of V . dilatatum fruits.Woo et al. determined the free radical scavenging capacity of VD (the leaves of V. dilatatum ) [16]. Anti-oxidant activity of the extracts was assessed by the ability to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) or 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radicals. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), a synthetic antioxidant, or α-tocopherol, was used as the positive control in these assays. The experimental result showed that VD inducedincrease in radical scavenging activity. In addition, lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity was determined via measurement of MDA (Malondialdehyde) levels using mouse liver tissue homogenate treated with various concentrations of the extracts. The concentration-dependent decrease in MDA levels observed was consistent with radical scavenging activities of the extracts. To examine whether VD extracts could protect mam-malian cells from oxidative stress, cultures of a human mammary gland-derived epithelial cell line MCF-7 were treated with each extract prior to challenging them with tBHP. The intracellular ROS (Reactive oxygen species) production was determined with the relative intensity of dichlorofluorescein fluorescence. While intracellular ROS formation was significantly promoted by tBHP treatment, the augmented ROS level was significantly reduced after the treatment with VD extracts.3.2 Antihyperglycemic effectIwai et al. used an oral glucose tolerance test on the diabetic rats [17]. They found that the elevation of plasma glucose level after oral administration of 2 g/kg glucose was suppressed by the repeated administration of the freeze-dried powder of V. dilatatum fruit juice (CEV). The α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of isolated compounds from CEV were also measured. Cyanidin 3-sambubioside and 5-caffeoyl quinic acid A showed inhibitory activity. These results suggested that V. dilatatum fruit had the antihyperglycemic effects.4 ConclusionV. dilatatum is distributed widely in the hills of northern China and Japan. Currently, the studies on V. dilatatum have been conducted at home and abroad, but few studies focus on its chemical components and pharmacological activities. Previousphytochemical investigations showed that the constituents of V. dilatatum included triterpenoids, phenolic glycosides, norisoprenoids and other compounds. This study describes thirteen phenolic glycosides and seventeen triterpenoids and their different degrees of antihyperglycemic, antioxidant activity and antiulcer effects, aiming to provide a reference for further studies on V. dilatatum and pharmaceutical development.References[1] Jeffrey B, Harborne A. Colour atlas of medicinal plantsof Japan. Phytochemistry, 1981, 20: 1467.[2] Miyazawa M, Hashidume S, Takahashi T, et al. Aromaevaluation of gamazumi (Viburnum dilatatum) by aroma extract dilution analysis and odour activity value.Phytochem Anal, 2012, 23: 208-213.[3] Kurihara T, Kikuchi M. Studies on the constituentsof flowers. IV. On the components of the flower of Viburnum dilatatum Thunb. J Health Sci, 1975, 95: 1098-1102.[4] Machida K, Kikuchi M. Norisoprenoids from Viburnumdilatatum. Phytochemistry, 1996, 41: 1333-1336. [5] Iwai K, Onodera A, Matsue H. Mechanism of preventiveaction of Viburnum dilatatum Thunb (gamazumi) crude extract on oxidative damage in rats subjected to stress. J Sci Food Agric, 2010, 83: 1593-1599.[6] Machida K, Nakano Y, Kikuchi M. Phenolic glycosidesfrom Viburnum dilatatum. Phytochemistry, 1991, 30: 2013-2014.[7] Machida K, Kikuchi M. Phenolic compounds fromViburnum dilatatum. Phytochemistry, 1992, 31: 3654-3656.[8] Kim MY, Iwai K, Matsue H. Phenolic compositions ofViburnum dilatatum Thunb. fruits and their antiradical properties. J Food Compos Anal, 2005, 18: 789-802. [9] Lu D, Yao S. Phenolic glycoside from the roots ofViburnum dilatatum. Nat Prod Commun, 2009, 4: 945-946.[10] Wu B, Zeng X, Zhang Y. New metabolite fromViburnum dilatatum. Nat Prod Commun, 2010, 5: 1097-1098.[11] Machida K, Kikuchi M. Viburnols: Novel triterpenoidswith a rearranged dammarane skeleton from Viburnum dilatatum. Tetrahedron Lett, 1996, 37: 4157-4160. [12] Machida K, Kikuchi M. Viburnols: Six noveltriterpenoids from Viburnum dilatatum. Tetrahedron Lett, 1997, 38: 571-574.[13] Machida K, Kikuchi M. Studies on the Constituents ofViburnum Species. XIX. Six New Triterpenoids from Viburnum dilatatum Thunb. Chem Pharm Bull, 1999, 47: 692-694.[14] Iwai K, Onodera A, Matsue H, et al. Antioxidant activityand inhibitory effect of Gamazumi (Viburnum dilatatum THUNB.) on oxidative damage induced by water immersion restraint stress in rats. Int J. Food Sci Nutr, 2001, 52: 443-451.[15] Kim MY, Iwai K, Onodera A, et al. Identification andAntiradical Properties of Anthocyanins in Fruits of Viburnum dilatatum Thunb. J Agric Food Chem, 2003, 51: 6173-6177.[16] Woo YJ, Lee HJ, Jeong YS, et al. Antioxidant Potentialof Selected Korean Edible Plant Extracts. Bio Med Res Int, 2017, 2017: 1-9.[17] Iwai K, Kim MY, Akio O, et al. Alpha-glucosidaseinhibitory and antihyperglycemic effects of polyphenols in the fruit of Viburnum dilatatum Thunb. J Agric Food Chem, 2006, 54: 4588-4592.。
沈阳药科大学药草园园林和药用植物的调查研究作者：安成亮程海涛来源：《现代园艺·综合版》2017年第03期摘要：通过对沈阳药科大学药草园园林植物和药用植物的调查，介绍二者的差异以及彼此重要的相互联系，在完善原有普查植物种类的基础上，发掘占优势的植物科属，进一步促进园林和药用植物彼此互相借鉴利用，丰富药草园景观和植物种类。
关键词：沈阳药科大学药草园；园林植物；药用植物；调查研究药用植物园是对药用植物进行迁地保护或引种驯化，保存传统药用植物资源和开展药学教育的园林景观，是集观赏价值和实用价值于一身的专类园林景观。
凡能治疗、预防疾病和对人体有保健功能的植物称为药用植物（姚振生，2003），园林植物即“具有一定观赏价值，使用于室内外布置、美化环境并丰富人们生活的植物”（陈俊愉，1996），通过对比，园林植物侧重于研究植物的观赏性和实用性、药用植物侧重于研究植物的药理性和保健性，二者并没有明显的界定，存在很大区域的交集，为彼此互相渗透、互相引用借鉴起到理论基础的作用。
1研究地概况沈阳药科大学药草园始建立于1995年，占地面积约1.3万m2，园内分为露地栽植区域、温室和办公室3大部分，露地栽植区域划分5个小区：引种试验区、标本区、藤本区、乔木区、阴生植物区。
2研究背景北齐时期，《乐府诗集·卷八十七·杂歌谣词五》中曾记载“千斤买药园，中有芙蓉树”，这是首次书籍中出现“药园”一词。
隋唐时期是我国古代药用植物园最为兴盛的时期，曾有药园、药圃、药篮、药院、药畦、栽药圃、采药圃等称谓。
1927年，现代著名生药学先驱赵橘黄在《药学专科》创刊词中，首次提及“药用植物园”一词，是迄今国内最早发现的文献记载l引。
3研究结果通过不同时间段对沈阳药科大学药草园内植物进行定期记录，包括株型、长势、叶期、花期、花色、生境等。
至于植物的科属归纳及拉丁学名的确定，参照书籍包括《辽宁植物志》、《东北植物检索表》、《内蒙古植物志》、《园林树木学》、《园林花卉学》、《药用植物学》、《植物生理学》等。
沈阳药科大学硕士学位研究生培养方案沈阳药科大学学校现招收攻读硕士学位研究生且有授予权的有药物化学（含天然药物）、药剂学、生药学、药物分析学、微生物与生化药学、药理学、中药学、企业管理八专业。
现根据《中华人民共和国学位条例》等文件要求，特制订沈阳药科大学各专业攻读硕士学位研究生的培养方案，以期保证培养研究生的质量。
一、培养目标药学专业硕士生的培养必须坚持又红又专，德、智、体全面发展的方针，具体要求如下：1．必须努力学习并掌握马列主义和毛泽东思想的基本原理；坚持四项基本原则，具有良好的道德品质，遵纪守法，自觉地维护社会主义民主和法制；服从组织分配，积极为社会主义现代化建设和发展祖国药学事业服务，立志为振兴中华贡献力量。
2．必须在药学及有关专业大学本科的基础上，进一步掌握所攻读专业的基础理论、专业知识和实验技能，熟悉所从事研究方向的发展与趋向；具有进行科研及独立担负专门技术工作的能力；能应用一至两种外语较熟练地阅读与专业有关的文献资料，并能用外文撰写论文（或摘要）。
3．具有健康的体魄。
二、学制我校硕士研究生学制定为三年：课程学习为一年（两个学期）。
科学研究工作和撰写论文时间为两年。
三、培养原则与方法1．政治理论学习应与经常性政治思想教育相结合。
硕士生应认真学好科学社会主义理论与实践，自然辨证法等政治理论课，积极参加研究生班级及所在系和教研室（研究室）组织的政治学习及形势与任务教育，公益劳动等活动。
2．为调动硕士研究生学习自觉性、主动性，试行学分制，总学分不得低于30学分。
除外语课外，一般定20课内学时（实验课40学时）为一学分，其中必修课占18-20学分，选修课占10-20学分，教学实践2学分，跨专业可选2-4学分。
3．课程设置分必修课（学位课）及选修课两大类，凡考试有两门（含两门）以上课程不及格，或一门课程补考仍不及格，不能申请学位。
4．非药学专业毕业的本科生。
经考试录取为研究生后，按所在学科、专业要求，补学2门本科专业课。
C U R R I C U L U M T E A C H I N G“天然药物化学”实验教学过程中科研反哺教学的实践—以冬凌草甲素的提取、分离和结构鉴定为例赵杰吕洁丽张涛刘兆敏(新乡医学院河南•新乡453003)摘要“天然药物化学”是药学专业中理论和实践并重的专业基础课。
针对实验课程教学现状和不足，提出在教学过程中实施科研反哺教学，将科研精神用于教学，将科研成果引入课堂及开展实验、科研课题等方式，以改进“天然药物化学”课程教学质量，培养学生综合素质。
本文以冬凌草甲素的提取、分离和结构鉴定为例，进行科研反哺教学的探索和实践。
关键词天然药物化学科研反哺教学冬凌萆甲素中图分类号:G424 文献标识码:A DOI:10.16400/ki.kjdkz.2021.02.040Practice of Research Feedback Teaching in Experimental Teachingof Natural Medicinal Chemistry-------Take the extraction, isolation and structure identification o f oridonin as an exam ple ZHAO Jie, LV Jieli, ZHANG Tao, LIU Zhaomin(Sanquan Medical College, Xinxiang, Henan 453003)Abstract "Natural medicinal chemistry"is a basic course which emphasizes both theory and practice in pharmacy.In view of the current situation and shortcomings of experimental teaching,this paper proposes to implement scientific research feedback teaching in the teaching process,apply scientific research spirit to teaching,introduce scientific research achievements into the classroom and carry out experiments and scientific research projects,so as to improve the teaching quality of natural medicinal chemistry and cultivate students'comprehensive quality.Taking the extraction, separation and structure identification of oridonin as an example,this paper explored and practiced the teaching of scientific research feedback.Keywords natural medicinal chemistry;scientific research nurtures teaching;oridonin天然药物化学就是运用现代科学理论与方法研究天然 药物中化学成分的一门学科。
