阅读长难句分析
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高考高中英语阅读理解长难句分析+重点词汇用法长难句1:It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word. 译文:对他们来说,学会使用语言思考比了解每个单词的含义更重要。
长难句2: Whaley recalls how at the beginning of the year, when called upon to read, Chris would excuse himself to go to the bathroom.译文:Whaley回想起年初的时候,当要Chris朗读时,他就找借口要去卫生间。
分析:when calledupon toread句中省略了he was。
点拨:call upon sb to do sth:号召某人做某事excuse oneself :请求准予离开长难句3:Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president. The answer broke his heart.译文:有一天,Whaley对孩子们说,如果他们认为自己永远不可能成为总统,就举手,孩子们的回答令他十分伤心,然后Whaley想到了这个二年级总统竞选活动。
分析:这个句子里有两个状语从句,分别是when引导的时间状语从句和if引导的条件状语从句。
点拨:presidential campaign project:总统竞选活动break sb’s heart :使某人难过/ 心碎长难句4:It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word. 译文:对他们来说,学会使用语言思考比了解每个单词的含义更重要。
长难句分析Task 1 :1. An increasing exodus from their clinics coupled with this and a number of other relevant surveys carried out in Australia all pointing to orthodox doctors’ inadequacies have led mainstream doctors themselves to begin to admit they could learn from the personal style of alternative therapists.2. If you plot the amount of time a juvenile devotes to play each day over the course of its development you discover a pattern typically associated with a ‘sensitive period’ - a brief development window during which the brain can actually be modified in ways that are not possible earlier or later in life.3. The flow thought to be in the form of convection currents is powerful enough to fracture the ‘eggshell’ of the crust into plates and keep them bumping and grinding against each other or even overlapping at the rate of a few centimetres a year.4. Every eruption is different but put at its simplest where there are weaknesses rocks deep in the mantle heated to 1350℃ will start to expand and rise.5. During quiet periods volcanoes cap themselves with their own lava by forming a powerful cone from the molten rocks slopping over the rim of the crater; later the lava cools slowly into a huge hard stable plug which blocks any further eruption until the pressure below becomes irresistible.1. 解析:主干信息:An increasing exodus from their clinics have led mainstream doctors themselves to begin to admit they could learn from the personal style of alternative therapists.2. 解析:条件句:If you plot the amount of time a juvenile devotes to play each day over the course of its development 如果你计算出一个幼崽在成长过程中每天花在玩耍的时间。
雅思阅读长难句分析1.There had, of course, been dictionaries in the past, the first of these being a little book of some 120 pages, compiled by a certain Robert Cawdray, published in 1604 under the title A Table Alphabeticall ‘of hard usuall English wordes’.翻译:当然,过去也有词典,第一部词典是一本大约120页的小册子,它由一位叫罗伯特·考德雷的人编纂而成并于1604年出版,书名叫《疑难常用英语词汇表》。
词汇:compile v. 编写,编纂a certain 某一publish v. 出版under the title 名叫……,题为……分析:主干部分:There had been dictionaries in the past. (倒装句)独立主格结构:the first of these being a little book of some 120 pagesThe first of these 逻辑主语Being a little book of some 120 pages 分词短语状语成分:compiled by a certain Robert Cawdray, publishe d ... wordes’. (过去分词短语作状语)新通教育2.Beyond the practical need to make order out of chaos, the rise of dictionaries is associated with the rise of the English middle class, who were anxious to define and circumscribe the various worlds to conquer --- lexical as well as social and commercial.翻译:除了从混乱中建立起秩序的实际需要,词典的兴起也与英国中产阶级的兴起息息相关,他们急切地希望能定义和界定各种各样等待他们去征服的领域——词汇领域,社会领域以及商业领域。
高考英语阅读理解长难句应对技巧01分析方法1. 首先确定句子是简单句、复合句或并列句。
2. 如果是简单句,首先确定主谓结构;接着确定宾语和宾语补足语(如有的话);然后确定定语和状语等次要成分,即找出主语、谓语和宾语各自的修饰语。
按照所确定的各个成分,给出全句大意(可用翻译法)。
译文意思应当通顺,并和上下文意义基本吻合。
如意义出入较大,文理不通,则分析可能有误,这时应考虑重新进行句子结构分析。
3. 如果是并列句,首先应找出并列连词并把全句分解为若干个分句;接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意;然后将全句综合考虑。
4. 如果是复合句,首先找出从属连词并确定出主句,这时应特别注意连词省略现象和多义连词在句中的确切含义;接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意;然后确定从句的性质,即该从句在句中修饰什么词语或结构;最后整体考虑全句大意,尤其要注意对修饰语的判断是否准确。
02注意事项1. 是否有同位语和插入语。
2. 是否有省略、倒装和分隔等现象。
3. 替代词的所指对象。
4. 判断并列成分的层次。
5. 句首的并列连词and、or、but、for通常起承上启下的作用,不要将他们归入后文的句法分析。
6. 在从句多的句子中,从句中又包含从句的现象。
7. 非限定动词短语在句中作次要成分(定语和状语)时又带着较长的从属成分,尤其是状语从句或宾语从句时的结构分析。
8. 在有多个从句的复合句和并列句中,状语(单个词、短语或从句)究竟是全句的修饰语还是某个从句或词语的修饰语。
03分析实例1. Such tasks are generally important in their outcome,which only adds to the pressure to do good job,and yet their very complexity makes it difficult to know just where or how to begin.这些任务的结果通常都很重要,这为做好工作增加了压力,然而这些任务的复杂性使人很难知道该从何处开始和怎样开始。
长难句解析高考英语阅读文章中往往会有一些长难句,这些长难句常常是考题所要考查的对象,也是考生理解文章的一大障碍。
针对长难句,要学会利用语法知识中的句法知识来理解,先判断句子的主干部分,而对于句子的修饰、补充成分,可以先忽略不看。
在理解了句子的主干意思后,再来理解修饰、补充成分。
同时,句子中的标点符号也是一个很重要的判断依据,要充分利用标点符合,帮助我们判断句子的主干和修饰成分。
根据长难句的结构,我们可以把长难句分为:环环相扣式、并列式、插入语式和改变语序式。
一、环环相扣式这类句子往往有多重句子修饰成分,这些修饰成分往往用非谓语动词或从句充当。
在阅读过程中,对于这类句式应当先找到句子的主干,然后再看修饰成分。
例1: A mere hundred species (物种) are the basis of our food supply,of which but twenty carry the load.Wilson suggests changing thissituation by looking into ten thousand species that could be made use of,which will be a way to reduce the clearing of the natural homes of plants and animals to enlarge farming areas.(2008全国卷一E篇)译文:只有约100种物种为我们提供食物基础,其中只有20种承担着供应人类食物的重担。
Wilson建议通过调查研究一万种可以被利用的物种来改变这种现状,这样做可以减少人类为了增加耕种面积而开垦动植物的自然家园的做法。
解析:第二句是一个含有多层结构的句子。
第一层结构:Wilson suggests changing ...by looking ...。
第2个which引导的非限定性定语从句是第二层结构代替changing e of。
第一部分:高中英语长难句解析在阅读中,我们经常会遇到一些长而难的句子。
长难句通常含有较多、较长的修饰成分、并列成分或从句。
长难句的丰富内容和复杂结构往往会导致理解的困难。
理解长难句的关键是了解长难句的类型,理清句子成分,抓住句子中的关键部分。
纵观历年高考英语试题,可以发现阅读文章中出现了许多结构复杂的句子。
不难理解,命题者在句子难度上大做文章,无非是想通过增加句子长度和使用复杂结构来打断和干扰考生正常的阅读习惯和思维方式,从而达到考查考生综合阅读能力的目的。
下面我们来了解长难句最常见的形式。
一、复合从句这些句子往往较长,一个从句套着另一个从句,环环相扣,使得考生搞不清楚整个句子结构。
其实,不管句子有多长有多复杂,它只由两部分构成,即主干和修饰成分。
主干是整个句子的骨架,主要指主谓宾结构(如: I want a ticket.)或主系表结构(如:The man is a teacher.)。
而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用,它既可以是单词,也可以是短语,更常见的则是从句,尤其是定语从句和状语从句。
这些从句都很常见,考生比较熟悉,但很多时候不少考生分不清单词、短语和从句之间的相互关系,这样会导致整个句子分析混乱。
这时,考生应通过仔细分析,将每个修饰成分划出来,找出句子的主干,这样整个句子结构就清晰了。
二、分隔结构为了调整语气和增加补充信息,更主要的是为了平衡句子结构,避免头重脚轻,使语义严密,结构紧凑,可将语法关系密切的两个句子成分用其他语法成分分隔开来,这就是所谓的分隔结构。
考试中出现较多的是插入语、用破折号插入的新话题或补充信息。
此外,还有一些句子成分(一般是定语)过长而出现后置,也可以看作是插入现象,只不过它只是句子原有成分位置的调整,没有新增信息。
三、成分省略在英语句子中,节约用词是一条重要的修辞原则。
省略主要是为了避免重复,突出关键词并使上下文紧密连接。
成分省略一般和从句相结合,一正一反,使句子富于变化,增强表现力。
中考英语阅读理解分析长难句技巧总结
1.逐词理解:将长句按照词语的顺序逐一理解,弄清楚每个词的意思
和词语之间的关系。
2.抓住主语、谓语、宾语:找到句子的主干部分,即主语、谓语和宾
语所在的位置,从而确定句子的基本意思。
3. 掌握连词的作用:长句中通常会出现各种连词,如and、but、so、because等,要明确连词的作用,从而理解句子之间的逻辑关系。
4.标点符号的作用:注意长句中的标点符号的用法,如逗号、分号、
冒号等,这些标点符号可以帮助我们判断句子的结构和意义。
5.利用上下文推测意义:如果单凭自己理解句子的意思困难,可以通
过上下文来推测句子的意义,寻找相关信息。
6.切忌直译:长句往往结构复杂,直接按照中文的语序进行翻译可能
会造成错误理解,要学会根据英文句子的结构和语法来理解句子的意义。
通过不断的练习,加上对语法和词汇的积累,掌握这些技巧后,就可
以更好地应对中考英语阅读理解中的长难句了。
高考英语阅读理解长难句分析+附重点词汇用法长难句1:This tension between what we feel we can have and what we’re seemingly able to have is the niggling suffering, the anxiety we feel. This is where we usually think it’s easier to just give up. But we’re never meant to let go of the part of us that knows we can have more. The intelligence behind that knowing is us —the real us. It’s the part that believes in life and its possibilities. If you drop that, you begin to feel a little “dead”inside because you’re dropping “you”.译文:我们自己认为能拥有的和我们实际能拥有的之间的矛盾,总是让我们焦虑,备受折磨。
在这种处境中,我们通常会觉得还是放弃更容易吧。
但是我们永远不会放弃一部分自我,相信我们可以拥有更多的那部分自我。
“相信”背后的智慧就是“我们自己”——真正的“自己”。
正是这部分“自己”相信生活,相信生活充满可能性。
如果不再相信,心里会感觉有些东西在慢慢消失,因为你放弃了“你”。
点拨:benever meant to dosth:决不会做某事let goof:释放,松手放开drop:放弃dead:死气沉沉的,无生机的长难句2:Failure is probably the most exhausting experience a person ever has. There is nothing more tiring than not succeeding.译文:失败可能是一个人一生中最疲惫的经历。
雅思阅读之长难句分析方法和技巧
雅思阅读中的长难句分析是提高阅读理解能力的重要一环。
长难句通常包含多个从句、修饰语和短语,使得句子结构复杂且难以理解。
1.确定句子主干
首先找到句子的主谓宾结构,即主语、谓语和宾语。
这有助于理解句子的主要内容和意图。
2.识别从句
长难句中通常包含多个从句,如名词性从句、形容词性从句和副词性从句。
识别从句并理解其作用有助于理解整个句子的意思。
3.理解修饰语
长难句中经常使用定语、状语、同位语等修饰语来扩展句子或解释主语、谓语或宾语。
理解这些修饰语的意思和作用有助于更好地理解句子。
4.注意标点符号
标点符号在长难句中具有重要作用。
逗号、分号和冒号等标点符号可以分隔句子成分,使句子更易于理解。
5.翻译句子
尝试将句子翻译成中文,以便更好地理解其意思。
翻译可以帮助你理解句子中的词汇、短语和从句的逻辑关系。
6.练习分析
通过大量的练习和分析,逐渐提高对长难句的理解能力。
可以多读一些英文文章,尤其是新闻、学术论文等不同类型的文本,以接触不同类型的长难句。
7.寻求帮助
如果你在分析长难句时遇到困难,可以向老师、同学或使用在线资源寻求帮助。
他们可以提供解释、翻译或指出错误,帮助你更好地理解句子。
总之,雅思阅读长难句分析需要练习和耐心。
通过掌握方法和技巧,逐渐提高对长难句的理解能力,从而在雅思阅读考试中取得更好的成绩。
雅思阅读长难句分析举例一、分析方法例题:Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent,he shows that the slaves’ preference,revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent,was very much for stable monogamy.难句类型:插入语译文:虽然古特曼承认,由于奴隶买卖而造成的被迫离散甚为频繁,但他还是证明,奴隶的偏爱——在那些奴隶买卖并不频繁的种植园上被最为显著地揭示出来——在很大程度上侧重于稳定的一夫一妻制(monogamy)。
解释:在这个雅思阅读长难句中,插入语的使用revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent, 后半个分句中的主语that slaves' preference与系动词was离得太远,造成阅读的困难。
意群训练:Although Gutman admits / that forced separation/ by sale was frequent,/he shows that the slaves‘ preference,/revealed most clearly/on plantations /where sale was infrequent,/was very much for stable monogamy.二、雅思阅读长难句11例练习巩固1. The scent she carried in her samples and onher body was a message to the other bees that this was the one they were looking for.(剑4, General Training Test B section 3)分析:本句的主句为“The scent was a message to the other bees”; “she carried in her samples an d on her body”为定语从句,做The scent的定语,关系词在定语从句中做宾语,因此被省掉;“that this was the one they were looking for”为that引导的同位语从句,做 a message的同位语;“they were looking for”为定语从句,做the one的定语,关系词在定语从句中做for的宾语,因此被省掉。
考研英语历年真题阅读长难句100句精析1、While warnings are often appropriate and necessary —the dangers of drug interactions,for example—and many are required by state or federal regulations,it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured、【译文】尽管警告常常就是适当而且必须得——比如对于药物相互作用得危险提出警告——许多警告还就是按州或联邦政府规定要求给出得,然而(我们) 并不清楚,如果顾客受到伤害时,这些警告就是不就是确实可以使得生产者与销售者豁免责任。
【分析】在这个主从复合句中,it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured就是主句。
主句用了一个形式主语it,真正得主语就是that引导得从句,而that从句之后就是一个if引导得条件从句。
从句由两个部分组成,中间用and连接。
破折号之间得部分就是举例说明warnings得内容。
注意:many are required by state or federal regulations中得many就是指many warnings。
2、Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport 、【译文】由于人口猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使大量人口流动变得相对容易) 所引起得各种问题也会对社会造成新得压力。
阅读理解长难句分析一、复杂的并列句如果句子包含两个或更多互不依从的主谓结构,就是并列句。
并列句中的分句通常用一个并列连词来连接,最常见的是and 和but。
有时,一个并列句中的一个(或更多)分句,可能包含有一个(或更多)从句,这种句子称为并列复合句。
并列连词:表并列:and or either….or neither…nor not only…but also both…and as well as表转折:but however yet nevertheless表因果关系:for so hence thereforeEg1: One of the women ,for instance,on leaving her house for work one morning threw her dog her earrings and tried to fix a dog biscuit in her ear.Eg2:A second language isn’t generally required to get a job in business,but having language skills gives a candidate the edge when other qualifications appear to be equal.Eg3:In order to grow,to travel new roads,people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown ,and to accept the possibility that they may “fail”at first.Eg4: What the speaker was really saying is that he is no longer young; he has been teaching for sixteen years,and he is able to think and speak like a mature adult.Eg5:Shrinking landfill space, and rising costs for burying and burning rubbish are forcing local governments to look more closely at recycling.二、从句1、名词性从句I think English is very easy.That’s why I choose the Yale school.How the book will sell depends on its author。
初三英语阅读理解长难句的分析与翻译技巧对于初三的学生来说,英语阅读理解中的长难句常常是令人头疼的难题。
这些长难句结构复杂、词汇丰富,理解和翻译起来颇具挑战性。
但只要掌握了正确的方法和技巧,就能够轻松应对,提高阅读理解的能力和得分。
一、长难句的特点初三英语阅读理解中的长难句通常具有以下几个特点:1、句子结构复杂包含多种从句,如定语从句、状语从句、宾语从句等,或者使用了复杂的短语结构,如分词短语、不定式短语等。
例如:“The book that I bought yesterday, which is very interesting, has been recommended by many of my friends” 这个句子中既有定语从句“that I bought yesterday”,又有非限制性定语从句“which is very interesting”,句子结构较为复杂。
2、词汇量大且生僻长难句中往往会出现一些高级词汇、学术词汇或专业术语,增加了理解的难度。
比如:“The phenomenon of climate change has raised wides pread concerns among scientists and policymakers” 其中“phenomenon”(现象)和“policymaker”(政策制定者)可能对学生来说不是常见词汇。
3、逻辑关系隐晦长难句中的逻辑关系可能不那么直接和明显,需要仔细分析才能理清。
例如:“Although he worked hard, he failed the exam because he didn't pay attention to the details” 这个句子中包含了转折和因果两种逻辑关系。
二、长难句分析技巧1、找出句子的主干句子的主干是指主语、谓语和宾语等主要成分。
先找到主干,可以帮助我们快速把握句子的基本意思。
考研英语历年真题阅读长难句句精析————————————————————————————————作者:————————————————————————————————日期:ﻩ考研英语历年真题阅读长难句100句精析1.While warningsare often appropriate and necessary —the dan gers of drug interactions,for example—and many are requiredby state or federal regulations,it isn't clear that they actuallyprotectthe manufacturersand sellers fromliabilityif a customer isinjured.【译文】尽管警告常常是适当而且必须的——比如对于药物相互作用的危险提出警告——许多警告还是按州或联邦政府规定要求给出的,然而(我们)并不清楚,如果顾客受到伤害时,这些警告是不是确实可以使得生产者和销售者豁免责任。
【分析】在这个主从复合句中,it isn'tclear that theyactuallyprotect the manufacturersand sellers from liability if a customer is injured是主句。
主句用了一个形式主语it,真正的主语是that引导的从句,而that从句之后是一个if 引导的条件从句。
从句由两个部分组成,中间用and连接。
破折号之间的部分是举例说明warnings的内容。
注意:manyarerequiredby state orfederal regulations中的many是指many warnings。
2.Additional social stresses may also occur becauseofthe population explosion orproblems arisingfrom massmigration movement s—themselves made relativelyeasy nowadays bymodern means of tr ansport.【译文】由于人口猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使大量人口流动变得相对容易) 所引起的各种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。
高考英语阅读长难句分析方法与实例一、长句难句是如何产生的1、分支多,短语多英语句子主干是构成五种基本句型的基础:这五种结构之所以为基本结构,因为这五种结构是构成英语语句子的主干,英语长句都是通过这五种基本结构演变而来的,掌握句子五种基本结构是分析和理解英语句子的基础。
英语句子的特点是除了词可以做句子成分外,短语和句子都可以做句子成分。
就算是一个单句,如果都是以短语为句子成分,再加上句子如果分支较多的话,也可以构成比较复杂的句子。
2、分句多,从句多英语复合句可分为并列复合句与从属复合句。
并列复合句是在结构和意思上都可以相互独立的两个或多个单句构成的复合句;从属复合句是一个句子做另外一个句子的句子成分,两个句子不可以相互独立成为句子,如果两个句子拆分会导致句子意思不完整,或句子成分残缺。
在英语复合句中特别是从属复合句,从句中还可以有从句或其它并列句,有些复合既有并列句,又有从属句。
复合句也是构成英语长句难句的重要原因。
二、长句难句的分析方法长句难句的分析方法可以概括为:先主句再从句,先主干再分支。
先主句再从句就是对有从句的长句难句,先不看从句,先找出句子的主句并分析主句的句子主干,再分析从句;先主干再分枝就是先分析主句与从句的句子主干,再分析句子的分枝,句子的分支主要是指定语和状语。
三、长句难句分析实例实例1:Shackleton, a onetime British merchant-navy officer who had got to within 100 miles of the South Pole in 1908, started a business before his 1914 voyage to make money from movie and still photography.本句是含有定语从句的复合句,根据先主句再从句的分析方法,我们先去掉从句(who had got to within 100 miles of the South Pole in 1908),把句子简化为:Shackleton, a onetime British merchant-navy officer started a business before his 1914 voyage to make money from movie and still photography.再根据先主干再分支,把句子分支(主语同位语a onetime British merchant-navy officer,时间状语before his 1914 voyage,目的状语to make money from movie and still photography)都去掉,进一步简化为:Shackleton started a business.那么这个句子的几层意思就很明确了①Shackleton何许人,a onetime British merchant-navy officer who had got to within 100 miles of the South Pole in 1908②做了什么事,Shackleton started a business③什么时间做的,其目的为何 before his 1914 voyage to make money from movie and still photography实例2:These local citizens now have to balance their traditional self-supporting hunting lifestyle with the lifestyle offered by the modern French Republic, which brings with it not only necessary state welfare, but also alcoholism, betrayal and even suicide.本句也是含有定语从句的复合句,根据先主句再从句的分析方法,先去掉从句(which brings with it not only necessary state welfare, but also alcoholism, betrayal and even suicide.),再根据先主干再分支,把句子分支(offered by the modern French Republic过去分短语做定语)去掉简化为:These local citizens now have to balance their traditional self-supporting hunting lifestyle with the lifestyle.那么这个句子表达了两层意思:①当地市民得在传统自给自足的狩猎生活与现在生活方式之间找平衡。
18个实例让你学会分析长难句,高中英语阅读理解满分必备!阅读是英语考试的重中之重,对英语阅读中的长难句理解是攻克阅读的有效方法。
本文将着重讲解高考英语阅读真题中的长难句,希望提高大家阅读能力。
长难句解题思路1. 首先寻找连词:连词包含并列连词,从属连词和关系词,并且依据连词将长句划分成短句;2. 依据五大句型基本结构,判断短句的句子成分。
注意区分谓语动词和非谓语动词(现在分词,动名词,过去分词,不定式),明确句子的谓语动词,剥离定语,状语,从而确定句子的基本结构。
第1句:时间状语从句,定语从句When he returned, the boy was able to describe everything he had seen to the old man.长句分析:(1) when 引导的是时间状语从句;(2) he had seen: 是一个定语从句,修饰先行词everything. 由于定语从句缺少宾语,因此省略了关系代词that。
注意:先行词为不定代词everything时,关系代词不可使用Which;(3) to the old man: 是做动词describe的宾语补足语;(4) describe: 描述. Describe something to somebody : 向某人描述某物;长句翻译:当他回来时,这个男孩能向老人描述他所看到的一切。
第2句:目的状语从句,宾语从句The robot will have to have a certain way to receive the program so that it knows what it is to do.长句分析:(1) so that : 引导了一个目的状语从句,so 前面的句子是主句,that 后面的句子是目的状语从句;(2) what 引导的是it knows的宾语从句,充当knows的宾语,it 是指示代词,指代的是robot. What在宾语从句中充当do的宾语;(3) have to : 不得不;劝告或建议时用;表示一定真实或肯定发生;(4) have a way to do something : 拥有做某事的方法;长句翻译:机器人必须有一个特定的方式来接收程序,这样它才能知道它要做什么。
阅读难句分析1. In 1975 psychologist Robert Ader …conditioned mice to avoid saccharin by …with a drug that while suppressing their immune systems caused stomach upsets.分析:by短语有两个动名词短语:feeding them the sweetener和injecting them with a drug,而a drug的定语从句中又包含了“连词while+现在分词”结构。
1)从语义方面看,conditioned意为“使…形成条件反射”, conditioned mice to avoid saccharin意为“使老鼠对排斥糖精形成条件反射”;2)the sweetener 指saccharin.译文:1975年,罗切斯特大学医学院的心理学家Robert Ader在使老鼠对排斥糖精形成条件反射的试验中,喂食老鼠粮精的同时给它们注射了一种药剂,这种药在破坏老鼠免疫系统的同时还会引起腹痛。
2. Where is industry's and our recognition that protecting mankind's great treasure is the single most important responsibility?分析:主从复合句,that…responsibility是recognition的同位语从句,从句的主语是动名词短词protecting mankind's great treasure. 1)industry 此处指“公司,企业”。
如前文中的industrial denial指“来自企业或公司的拒绝。
2)the single most important 意为”惟一最重要的“,single在此表示强调。
译文:企业和我们个人什么时候才能意识到保护人类的资源宝藏是最最重要的责任呢? 3. If ever there will be time for environmental health professionals to come to the frontlines and provide leadership to solve environmental problems, that time is now.分析:注意本句的表达及ever的强调意义。
If ever there will be time for …,that time is now. 这一句型是个很有用的句型,表达时能经常用得上。
如:If ever there will be time for you to revenge yourself, that time is now. 如果你要复仇,现在正当其时。
译文:如果说有需要环保专业人员站同来担负起领导责任的最佳时机的话,现在可谓是正当其时。
4. The Times newspaper agrees, complaining that quality has suffered as student numbers soared, with close tutorial supervision giving way to “mass production methods more typical of European universities.”分析:本句中谓语动词agrees的内容是前句中对扩大招生的怀疑态度,现在分词短语complaining that … 说明原因,介词短语will…表示结果,说明现在分词短语。
译文:《泰晤士报》对此有同感,它抱怨说,由于学生人数激增,教学质量受影响,因为个别指导不得不让位于“欧洲大陆国这家高校里惯有的大规模生产方式。
”5. Those current changes are logged into a computer that sorts out odors based on their electrical signatures.分析:应注意,based on their electrical signatures不应看作过去分词短语作odors的定语,而应看作形容词短语作状语说明sorts out. 1)current changes,从上下文看指“电流的变化”。
2)log作名词意为“航海(或飞行)日志”,作动词为“把…记入航海(飞行)日志”此处引申为“记录”。
6. If food already contains natural carcinogens, it does not make sense to add dozens of new man-made ones.分析:句中it是形式主语,不定式短语to add dozens of new manmade ones 是真实主语。
1)if 此处等于even if,表示让步而非条件。
2)make sense意为“讲得通,有意义”。
此处可理解为“有道理”。
译文:尽管食品中已经含有了天然的致癌物质,但是,再人为地增加一些有毒物质也是很不应该的。
7. By studying mineral grains found in materials ranging from rocks to clay articles, previous researchers have already been able to identify reversals dating back …,including …。
分析:本句较长,应注意几个现在分词短语的作用。
Ranging from…修饰materials,而dating back…和including…修饰reversals.1)mineral grains:矿物颗粒2)clay articles:陶器,articles此处指“物件”3)此外,应注意reversals和switch是同义替换,都指“polarity reversal”。
译文:通过研究岩石,陶器等一系列材料中含有的矿物颗粒,先前的研究人员已能够确认早在1.7亿年发生的磁场两极转化现象,以及发生在73万年以前的最新一次两极转化现象。
8. Several theories link polarity flips to external disasters such as meteor impacts.分析:1)link sth. to sth. else 意为:“将某物与另一物联系起来”,此处可理解为“将…归因于…”2)flips此处是polarity reversals的同义说法。
3)impact:物理学上指“撞击,冲击,碰撞”,此处不应理解为“影响”9. They could not learn: they could not benefit from experience because this emotionless world would lack rewards and punishments.本保存涉及了认知学方面的重要原理,即:人们能够学习的原因是:人的经历能够带来奖励或惩罚。
换言之,如果人的某一行为得到的是鼓励,他重复这种行为;如果他的某一行为带给他的是惩罚,他会避免这种行为。
为了获得鼓励,避免惩罚,人会努力去做他人认可的事情,从而不断进步。
10. Out of our emotional experiences…comes a social feeling of agreement that…, and we apply these categories to every aspect of our social life——from…to…will accept.分析:本句由and连接两个并列分句,第一个分句为保持句子平衡而采用了倒装语序,将介词短语置于句首,主语置于句尾;第二个分句中破折号后的from…to结构比较大,用于说明动词apply的范围。
此外,第一分句中的that 从句是agreement的同位语从句。
11. The current crisis, it contends, does not derive from a legitimate desire to put learning to productive ends.分析:1)从上下文看,the current crisis显然指前句内容,即…has increasingly catered to narrow-minded careerism while failing to cultivate a global vision among their students.2)此外,contend此处意为“坚持认为,坚决主张”3)derive from:“起源,由来,来源于…”,表示因果关系4)legitimate:本义指“合法的”,此处可理解为“合理的,正确的”。
译文:报告坚持认为,当前高校面临的危机不是由将知识运用于生产这一指导思想导致的,这一思想是完全正确的。
12. Yet for all the talk of a forthcoming technological utopia little attention has been given to the implications of these developments for the poor.分析:“for all+句词短语”结构表示“尽管”。
译文:然而,尽管人们正在大谈特谈即将到来的令人神往的科技王国,却很少有人意识到这些技术发展对发展中国家意味着什么。
13. The electronic economy made possible by information technology allows the haves to increase their control on global market,——with destructive impact on the have ——nots.分析:过去分词短语make possible by information technology修饰主语The electronic economy. With 介词短语说明整个句子,表示结果。
14. Home schoolers habor few kind words for public schools, charging shortcomings that range from lack of religious perspective in the curriculum to a herd-like approach to teaching children.分析:现在分词短语charging…to teaching children作伴随情况状语,that range from…to teaching children 是修饰shortcomings 的定语从句。