新世纪研究生公共英语教材阅读PPTUnitTwo

新世纪研究生公共英语教材阅读BUnitUnit 9Animal EmotionsLaura TangleySheer joy. Romantic love. The pain of mourning.Scientists say pets and wild creatures have feelings, too.1. Swimming off the coast of Argentina, a female right whale singles out just one of the suitors that are hotly pursuing her. After mating, the two cetaceans linger side by side, stroking one another with their flippers and finally rolling together in what looks like an embrace. The whales then depart, flippers touching, and swim slowly side by side, diving and surfacing in perfect unison until they disappear from sight.2.In Tanzania, primatologists studying chimpanzee behavior recorded the death of Flo, a troop’s 50-year-old matriarch. Throughout the following day, Flo’s son, Flint, sits beside his mother’s lifeless body, occasionally taking her hand and whimpering. Over the next few weeks, Flint grows increasingly listless, withdrawing from the troop —despite his siblings’ efforts to bring him back–and refusing food. Three weeks after Flo’s death, the formerly healthy young chimp is dead, too.3.A grief-stricken chimpanzee? Leviathans in love? Most people, raised on Disney versions of sentient and passionate beasts, would say that these tales, both true, simply confirm their suspicions that animals can feel intense, humanlike emotions. For their part, the nation’s 61 million pet owners need no convincing at all that pet dogs and cats can feel angry, morose, elated—even jealous or embarrassed. Recent studies, in fields as distant as ethology and neurobiology, are supporting thispopular belief. Other evidence is merely anecdotal, especially for pets — dogs that become depressed, or even die, after losing a beloved companion, for instance. But the anecdote —or case study in scientific parlance—has now achieved some respectability among researchers who study animal behavior. As University of Colorado biologist Marc Bekoff says, “The plural of anecdote is data.”4.Still, the idea of animals feeling emotions remains controversial among many scientists. Researchers’ skepticism is fueled in part by their professional aversion to anthropomorphism, the very nonscientific tendency to attribute human qualities to non-humans. Many scientists also say that it is impossible to prove animals have emotions using standard scientific methods —repeatable observations that can be manipulated incontrolled experiments —leading them to conclude that such feelings must not exist. Today, however, amid mounting evide nce to the contrary, “the tide is turning radically and rapidly,” says Bekoff, who is at the forefront of this movement.5.Even the most strident skeptics of animal passion agree that many creatures experience fear —which some scientists defin e as a “primary” emotion that contrasts with “secondary” emotions such as love and grief. Unlike these more complex feelings, fear is instinctive, they say, and requires no conscious thought. Essential to escape predators and other dangers, fear —and its predictable flight, fight, or freeze responses — seems to be hard-wired into many species. Young geese that have never before seen a predator, for example, will run for cover if a hawk-shaped silhouette passes overhead. The shape of a nonpredatory bird, on the other hand, elicits no such response.6.But beyond such instinctual emotions and their predictable behavioral responses, the possibility of more complex animal feelings —those that entail mental processing —is difficult to demonstrate. “I can’t even p rove that another human being is feeling happy or sad,” says Bekoff, “but I can deduce how they’re feeling through body language and facial expression.” As a scientist who has conducted field studies of coyotes, foxes, and other canines for the past three decades, Bekoff also believes he can accurately tell what these animals are feeling by observing their behavior. He adds that animal emotions may actually be more knowable than those of humans, because they don’t “filter” their feelings the way we do.7.Yet because feelings are intangible, and so tough to study scientifically, “most researchers don’t even want to talk about animal emotions,” says Jaak Panksepp, a neuroscientist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio and author of Affective Neuroscience. Within his field, Panksepp is a rare exception, who believes that similarities between the brains of humans and other animals suggest that at least some creatures have true feelings. “Imagine where we’d be in physics if we hadn’t infer red what’s inside the atom,” says Panksepp. “Most of what goes on in nature is invisible, yet we don’t deny that it exists.”8.The new case for animal emotions comes in part from the growing acceptability of field observations, particularly when they are taken in aggregate. The latest contribution to this body of knowledge is a new book, The Smile of a Dolphin, which presents personal reports from more than 50 researchers who have spent their careers studying animals —from cats, dogs, bears, and chimps to birds, iguanas, and fish. Edited by Bekoff, who says it will finally “legitimize” research on animal emotions,thevolume has already garnered scientific attention, including a Smithsonian Institution symposium on the subject.9. One of the most obvious animal emotions is pleasure. Anyone who has ever held a purring cat or been greeted by a bounding, barking,tail-wagging dog knows that animals often appear to be happy. Beastly joy seems particularly apparent when the animals are playing with one another or sometimes, in the case of pets, with people.10.Virtually all young mammals, as well as some birds, play, as do adults of many species such as our own. Young dolphins, for instance, routinely chase each other through the water like frolicsome puppies and have been observed riding the wakes of boats like surfers. Primatologist Jane Goodall, who has studied chimpanzees in T anzania for four decades, says that chimps “chase, somersault, and pirouette around one another with the abandon of children.” In Colorado, Bekoff once watc hed an elk race back and forth across a patch of snow — even though there was plenty of bare grass nearby —leaping and twisting its body in midair on each pass. Though recent research suggests that play may help youngsters develop skills needed in adulthood, Bekoff says there’s no question that it’s also fun. “Animals at play are symbols of the unfettered joy of life,” he says11.Grief also seems to be common in the wild, particularly following the death of a mate, parent, offspring, or even close companion. Female sea lions witnessing their pups being eaten by killer whales are known to actually wail. When a goose, which mates for life, loses its partner, the bird’s head and body droop dejectedly. Goodall, who saw the young chimp Flint starve afterhis moth er died, maintains that the animal “died of grief.”12.Elephants may be nature’s best-known mourners. Scientists studying these behemoths have reported countless cases of elephants trying to revive dead or dying family members, as well as standing quietly beside an animal’s remains for many days, periodically reaching out and touching the body with their trunks. Kenyan biologist Joyce Poole, who has studied African elephants since 1976, says these animals’ behavior toward their dead “leaves me with little d oubt that they experience deep emotions and have some understanding about death.”13.But there’s “hard” scientific evidence for animal feelings as well. Scientists who study the biology of emotions, a field still in its infancy, are discovering many similarities between the brains of humans and other animals. In animals studied so far, including humans, emotions seem to arise from ancient parts of the brain that are located below the cortex,。

Unit 9Animal EmotionsLaura TangleySheer joy. Romantic love. The pain of mourning.Scientists say pets and wild creatures have feelings, too.1. Swimming off the coast of Argentina, a female right whale singles out just one of the suitors that are hotly pursuing her. After mating, the two cetaceans linger side by side, stroking one another with their flippers and finally rolling together in what looks like an embrace. The whales then depart, flippers touching, and swim slowly side by side, diving and surfacing in perfect unison until they disappear from sight.2.In Tanzania, primatologists studying chimpanzee behavior recorded the death of Flo, a troop’s 50-year-old matriarch. Throughout the following day, Flo’s son, Flint, sits beside his mother’s lifeless body, occasionally taking her hand and whimpering. Over the next few weeks, Flint grows increasingly listless, withdrawing from the troop —despite his siblings’ efforts to bring him back–and refusing food. Three weeks after Flo’s death, the formerly healthy young chimp is dead, too.3.A grief-stricken chimpanzee? Leviathans in love? Most people, raised on Disney versions of sentient and passionate beasts, would say that these tales, both true, simply confirm their suspicions that animals can feel intense, humanlike emotions. For their part, the nation’s 61 million pet owners need no convincing at all that pet dogs and cats can feel angry, morose, elated—even jealous or embarrassed. Recent studies, in fields as distant as ethology and neurobiology, are supporting this popular belief. Other evidence is merely anecdotal, especially for pets — dogs that become depressed, or even die, after losing a beloved companion, for instance. But the anecdote —or case study in scientific parlance—has now achieved some respectability among researchers who study animal behavior. As University of Colorado biologist Marc Bekoff says, “The plural of anecdote is data.”4.Still, the idea of animals feeling emotions remains controversial among many scientists. Researchers’ skepticism is fueled in part by their professional aversion to anthropomorphism, the very nonscientific tendency to attribute human qualities to non-humans. Many scientists also say that it is impossible to prove animals have emotions using standard scientific methods —repeatable observations that can be manipulated incontrolled experiments —leading them to conclude that such feelings must not exist. Today, however, amid mounting evide nce to the contrary, “the tide is turning radically and rapidly,” says Bekoff, who is at the forefront of this movement.5.Even the most strident skeptics of animal passion agree that many creatures experience fear —which some scientists define as a “primary” emotion that contrasts with “secondary” emotions such as love and grief. Unlike these more complex feelings, fear is instinctive, they say, and requires no conscious thought. Essential to escape predators and other dangers, fear — and its predictable flight, fight, or freeze responses — seems to be hard-wired into many species. Young geese that have never before seen a predator, for example, will run for cover if a hawk-shaped silhouette passes overhead. The shape of a nonpredatory bird, on the other hand, elicits no such response.6.But beyond such instinctual emotions and their predictable behavioral responses, the possibility of more complex animal feelings —those that entail mental processing —is difficult to demonstrate. “I can’t even prove that another human being is feeling happy or sad,” says Bekoff, “but I can deduce how they’re feeling through body language and facial expression.” As a scientist who has conducted field studies of coyotes, foxes, and other canines for the past three decades, Bekoff also believes he can accurately tell what these animals are feeling by observing their behavior. He adds that animal emotions may actually be more knowable than those of humans, because they don’t “filter” their feelings the way we do.7.Yet because feelings are intangible, and so tough to study scientifically, “most researchers don’t even want to talk about animal emotions,” says Jaak Panksepp, a neuroscientist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio and author of Affective Neuroscience. Within his field, Panksepp is a rare exception, who believes that similarities between the brains of humans and other animals suggest that at least some creatures have true feelings. “Imagine where we’d be in physics if we hadn’t infer red what’s inside the atom,” says Panksepp. “Most of what goes on in nature is invisible, yet we don’t deny that it exists.”8.The new case for animal emotions comes in part from the growing acceptability of field observations, particularly when they are taken in aggregate. The latest contribution to this body of knowledge is a new book, The Smile of a Dolphin, which presents personal reports from more than 50 researchers who have spent their careers studying animals —from cats, dogs, bears, and chimps to birds, iguanas, and fish. Edited by Bekoff, who says it will finally “legitimize” research on animal emotions, thevolume has already garnered scientific attention, including a Smithsonian Institution symposium on the subject.9. One of the most obvious animal emotions is pleasure. Anyone who has ever held a purring cat or been greeted by a bounding, barking,tail-wagging dog knows that animals often appear to be happy. Beastly joy seems particularly apparent when the animals are playing with one another or sometimes, in the case of pets, with people.10.Virtually all young mammals, as well as some birds, play, as do adults of many species such as our own. Young dolphins, for instance, routinely chase each other through the water like frolicsome puppies and have been observed riding the wakes of boats like surfers. Primatologist Jane Goodall, who has studied chimpanzees in Tanzania for four decades, says that chimps “chase, somersault, and pirouette around one another with the abandon of children.” In Colorado, Bekoff once watched an elk race back and forth across a patch of snow — even though there was plenty of bare grass nearby —leaping and twisting its body in midair on each pass. Though recent research suggests that play may help youngsters develop skills needed in adulthood, Bekoff says there’s no question that it’s also fun. “Animals at play are symbols of the unfettered joy of life,” he says11.Grief also seems to be common in the wild, particularly following the death of a mate, parent, offspring, or even close companion. Female sea lions witnessing their pups being eaten by killer whales are known to actually wail. When a goose, which mates for life, loses its partner, the bird’s head and body droop dejectedly. Goodall, who saw the young chimp Flint starve after his mother died, maintains that the animal “died of grief.”12.Elephants may be nature’s best-known mourners. Scientists studying these behemoths have reported countless cases of elephants trying to revive dead or dying family members, as well as standing quietly beside an animal’s remains for many days, periodically reaching out and touching the body with their trunks. Kenyan biologist Joyce Poole, who has studied African elephants since 1976, says these animals’ behavior toward their dead “leaves me with little doubt that they experience deep emotions and have some understanding about death.”13.But there’s “hard” scientific evidence for animal feelings as well. Scientists who study the biology of emotions, a field still in its infancy, are discovering many similarities between the brains of humans and other animals. In animals studied so far, including humans, emotions seem to arise from ancient parts of the brain that are located below the cortex,。

Unit 2Key to ExercisesI. Comprehension Checkl.D 2.C 3.A 4.B 5.C 6.D 7.C 8.D 9.B l0.CII. Vocabulary StudyI.l. advocated 2 extravagant 3. vulnerable 4. guru 5. potentia1 6. dispel7. shunned 8. acc1aimed 9. enthusiasts 10. stave off 1l. attendant 12. venturedII.l. eradicated 2. enthralled 3. obso1ete 4. disproved5. foster6. ludicrous7. apparent8. avert9. displaced l0. compatriots 1 l. endeavors l2. hailedIII. (略)III. Clozel.C 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.D 6.C 7.D 8.B 9.A 10.C ll.B l2.B l3.C l4. C l5. D 16.A l7.B l8. C l9.A 20.CIV. Translationl. Some cyber gurus claim that the Internet will Prevent wars, reduce pollution, and combat various forms of inequality.2. Although the Internet undeniably fosters communications, it will not put an end to war, since wars are by no means caused simply by the failure of different peoples to understand each other adequately.3. The Internet can help reduce energy consump1ion and pollution only if doing things online genuinely displaces real-world activities.4. The poor are not shunning the Internet because they cannot afford it The problem is that they lack the skills to exp1oit it effectively. Therefore, it makes more sense to aim for universal literacy than universa1 Internet access.5. Thanks to the Internet, income inequality between people doing similar jobs in different countries has been reduced. However, the inequality between information workers in poor countries and their poorest compatriots has been increased.6. If human nature remains stubbornly unchanged, despite the claims of the techno-Prophets, humanity cannot simply invent away its failings.课文参考译文:因特网不能做什么？1 在1858年第一根横穿大西洋的通讯电缆铺设成功时，维多利亚时代的积极分子们曾欢呼说：“像电报这种为世界各国交流思想的工具诞生之后；那些根深蒂固的偏见与敌意不可能再长时间存在了。

新世纪研究生公共英语教材阅读A第1-9单元答案+课文翻译(全)Unit 1A Young Boy’s AmbitionVocabulary Study：1.permanent永恒的2.had assembled 集合3.discharging卸货4.meekly温和/胆怯5.apprentice 学徒6.partiality 偏爱偏见7.obscure 默默无闻的8.exalted 提升提拔某人9.intruding 闯入打扰10.cordially 热情的热忱的11.ambition雄心12.gallantly勇敢的CLOZE：BDCAB ADABB DBDAA CCDCB、Ⅳ. Translation1.他想当足球明星的梦想随着时间的推移慢慢消退了。

His dream of becoming a football star faded out as time went by.2.一架波音747飞机没有升到足够的高度以飞越那座高山，转瞬间一头撞向大山爆炸了。

机上无人生还。

A Boeing 747 aircraft didn’t gain enough height to clear the mountain. In a twinkling, it crashed into the mountain and blew up. No one survived the accident.3.学生们可以很容易地获得图书馆的资源，所以他们应该充分地利用好图书馆。

Students have easy access to the resources in the library, so they are supposed to make the best of it.4.当时世界上最豪华的游轮泰坦尼克号在她前往美国的途中撞到了冰山，结果轮船沉没在大西洋中，成百上千的人死于这场海难。

Titanic, the most luxurious ship in the world at that time, hit an iceberg when she was under way to the US. Consequently, the ship sank into the Atlantic Ocean and thousands of people died in this shipwreck.5. 每年夏天，游客们都涌向这一著名的海滩。

Unit 1meek cordial ambitious apprentice permanence gallant intrusion exalt partial discharge obscurity assemble1. When you are asked to fill out an application form, you are often required to write down your permanent address.2. All the employees had assembled in the hall before the meeting started.3. The porters are busy discharging the cargo form the ship onto the dock.4. Jack spoke to his boss meekly because he was late again for the work.5. He worked as a(n) apprentice until he became skillful.6. A teacher should not show partiality to one particular student.7. The politician made a speech full of obscure political jokes and many people fell asleep during his speech.8. Mary has been exalted to the position of personnel manager due to her hard work.9. You look quite busy now. I hope I am not intruding.10. The delegation was cordially welcomed by the local government.11. Ben told his mother that his ambition was to become an astronaut in the future.12. The captured solider faced up gallantly to the Nazi enemy and said that he would never betray his motherland.Unit 2guru venture advocate shun stave off vulnerable dispel attendant enthusiast potential acclaim extravagant1. The British government publicly advocated a policy of non-cooperation with European fishing fleets.2. Elizabeth is very extravagant. She goes to restaurants and gets taxis even though she can’t really afford it.3. Ground floor windows are particularly vulnerable and secure locks should be fitted.4. It soon became apparent that Colin was the guru of the whole department.5. She may not be a great violinist yet but she has potential.6. The Central Bank attempted to dispel rumors of a possible financial crisis.7. When the truth emerged about her husband being in prison, the neighbors shunned her and talked about her behind her back.8. Her work on finding a cure for cancer has been widely acclaimed by her colleagues in the medical profession.9. Real enthusiasts are willing to pay up to $12,000 for an original copy of this book.10. For 12 years, we’ve sought to stave off this ultimate threat of disaster.11. We have all the problems attendant upon starting a new business.12. I ventured to suggest that he might have made a mistake.Unit 3drought loose graze spine sink rainfall flower venture pore trap fertile clear1. Slowly the flood waters sank and life got back to normal.2. Desert nights are often cold because clear skies allow heat to escape into the atmosphere.3. This is half the average monthly rainfall of London’s Kew Gardens.4. A drought is a long period of time during which no rain falls.5. Flowering shrubs, trees, or plants are those which are planted mainly for the decorative quality of the flowers that they produce.6. There were some loose wires hanging out of the wall.7. The small holes on the surface of plants or in the skin of people and animals are called pores.8. We used to graze sheep on the fields where the corn is grown.9. Your spine is the row of bones down your back that supports your body and that has your spinal cord inside it.10. Fire officers had to use cutting equipment to free his legs, which were trapped under a steel beam.11. I might actually venture into advertising if I had enough money.12. The valleys are so fertile that three crops a year can grow.Unit 4restore muscle pathological psychological physical diverse refreshment symptom vigor accumulate anxious precipitate1. Physical fatigue is the result of heavy manual labor and exhausting work.2. The accumulation of metabolic waste products in your blood is the result of overworking your muscles.3. There is a great diversity of exercise you can do to deal with fatigue.4. Psychological tiredness is usually precipitated by emotional problems and conflicts.5. His body is muscular because of his hard physical work.6. Some fatigue has pathological causes.7. Prolonged fatigue might be symptomatic of an underlying disease like cancer or diabetes.8. After that vigorous exercise he experienced a pleasant tiredness.9. She is psychologically a very healthy person.10. Anxiety can be a major cause of fatigue.11. He feels completely restored to health after a period of intensive care.12. Having had a good sleep and a substantial meal, he felt thoroughly refreshed.Unit 5distinguish rigid tactile foundation recognize fruitful unique outlet uniform ascertain secure acquisition1. Rural communities are usually more uniform in their child-rearing methods, while in the town there is more variety.2. On a clear day we can distinguish the letters on the airliners as they take off.3. The guard ascertained that there was nobody in the room.4. The tune was recognized as the one in the musical The Fiddler on the Roof.5. This stamp is unique; all others like it have been lost or destroyed.6. Jack enjoys playing rock music, as playing rock music is a good outlet for his energy.7. A child must be allowed to enjoy the tactile stage of discovery by playing with mud and sand and water.8. Both drivers and pedestrians should be in rigid obedience to traffic regulations.9. My son used to feel secure holding his old blanket.10. Some language educators have written some books and papers on the relationship between first language acquisition and second language learning.11. Learning together is a fruitful source of relationship between children and parents.12. The foundation on which many ancient types of society were built was the use of slaves.Unit 6well-informed plague reflect on enrich positive implement enroll academic versus aspiration asa matter of fact commitment to1. As a matter of fact, I did not begin work until he had gone.2. At this time of year university admission officers are plagued with inquires from anxious applicants.3. The poem handles the problem of instinct versus intellect in man.4. I have been reflecting on the likely consequences of their course of action.5. It’s no use just telling me to do it; give me some positive advice as to how to do it.6. The government is implementing its policy of helping the unemployed.7. Most universities will enroll new students the first week in September.8. American culture has been enriched by European immigrants.9. His father never had a(n)aspiration for the job of managing director, and was very surprised when it was offered to him.10. A good historian must have an academic mind.11. The news came from a well-informed man.12. He felt he did not have to make a commitment the poorly dressed man.Unit 7vital downsize accelerate criterion dynamic yield shirk jeopardize budget inflict guarantee priority1. The company downsized its personnel in response to a poor economy.2. Churchill provided dynamic and inspiring leadership when it was most needed.3. We have calculated the probable yield from this investment at around 17%.4. We were traveling through bandit country, but the king had guaranteed our safety.5. They won’t let any foreign power inflict any further blows on their national pride.6. The Finance Minister will open a new budget in April.7. They insist that the right to live should take priority over all other considerations.8. Ian drove up Park Boulevard and headed out of town, accelerating rapidly.9. It is dishonorable to shirk military service.10. These small and gradual physical changes are vitally important the child’s development.11. Would such legislation jeopardize chances for a treaty?12. When you go for a job interview, it’s important to find out what the panel’s criteria are.12 years ago, Joe Royds took a pony called Jupiter along to for mentally handicapped children and, with his wife, Felicity, started to give the children rides. He thought thatToday,retired businessman, termsthe psychology faculty of thediscussions with Plessey, and identifying the mechanism of horse therapy.Joe believes that there may be an inexplicable rapport between horses an severely mentally handicappedhorses a remarkable docility.“”and horses fearless the horse, the more effective the communication.Unit 2Every week a van in a run-down Nottingham back streetcarrying a slides for playgroups, hand-made desks and leisure materials for handicapped children.But though the commercial cost of having these made individually’average of two years and for a variety of reasons. Most have struggled to get a job —any job —in an area of declining industry.’sthose with a—as we can see in his sculpture.For Professor Bell is not only the biographer of his aunt, Virginia Woolf. He is an art historian, an academicthe Central School and painting was a professional potter, but when universityteaching began to of his time, he started“Quentin is in his shed,”said his“levitating ladies”keep her up, Mr. Bell?” His secret is glass fiber.Unit 4Pantomime, the traditional Christmas entertainment for children know,anyone who has never seen itsure I was making fun of him. He thought I had been talking about croquet.’s sisters are played by men, and so on.“How old are you?” asks the comedian.“I’m twelve.”“That’” Children love it.Unit 5’t like it, to have money in his pocket and freedom to come and go as he wishes in the world. The boys and girls, a year or two older than he is,adult worldnecessary part“Really, I’life—he accepts the discipline of the material or the process he is working with. “The job must be done” in accordlife. The work process constitutes a reality in some sense superior to that of school, and this is why he so oftenlongs to’s wet, games can be cancelled; if the maths master is ill one even the boyUnit 6To suggest that a creative writer, in a time of conflict, must split his life into two compartments, may seemis to destroy yourself as a writer. We feel this dilemma to be a painful one, because we see the need to engage in—in the name of political loyalty, to debase themselves asworkers. The artist, and especially the writer, is in fact, itpoliticians ever ask of him. If he refuses, that does not mean that he is condemned to inactivity. One half of him,Unit 7journals realize that the biggest single group they can aim at large proportion of theWorld working classes. It is of course important not to confuse theintellectual minority with the earnest minority: a sense of social purpose need not accompany the possession of brains. Nor do all those who enjoy advanced education abandon their social class emotionally or physically.meant that manyworking-classtime when thosesophisticated market research at hand to help them. We must be on our guard against developing a new kind of1．他想当足球明星的梦想随着时间的推移慢慢消退了。

1lush [lʌʃ]adj.丰富的，豪华的；苍翠繁茂的2libido [li'bi:dəu]n. 性欲；生命力3wobbly ['wɔbli]adj. 不稳定的；摆动的；歪斜的4stock [stɒk]adj. 存货的，常备的；平凡的5awe [ɔ:]n. 敬畏；惧怕6withered ['wɪðəd]adj. 枯萎的；憔悴的；凋谢了的；尽是皱纹的7spinster ['spinstə]n. 老姑娘；未婚女人8Parisian [pə'rizjən]n. 巴黎人9spoils [spɔilz]n. 战利品（spoil的复数）；赃物10scoot [sku:t]vt.迅速跑开；猛冲11clutch [klʌtʃ]vt.抓住；紧握12rave [reiv]v. 赞扬；吹捧13antisocial [,ænti'səuʃəl]adj. 反社会的；扰乱社会的；不爱交际的14sage [seidʒ]n. 圣人；贤人；哲人15meditation [,medi'teiʃən]n. 冥想；沉思，深思16embrace [im'breis]vt.拥抱；信奉，皈依；包含17demographer [di:'mɔɡrəfə]n. [统计] 人口统计学家，人口学家18momentum [məu'mentəm]n. 势头；[物] 动量；动力；冲力19wreak[riːk]vt.发泄；报仇；造成（巨大的破坏或伤害）20havoc ['hævək]n. 大破坏；浩劫；蹂躏21Spaniard ['spænjəd]n. 西班牙人22Scandinavian [,skændi'neiviən; -vjən]n. 斯堪的纳维亚人；斯堪的纳维亚语；北欧日耳曼语系23Briton ['britən]n. 英国人；大不列颠人24outnumber [,aut'nʌmbə]vt.数目超过；比…多25tony ['təuni]adj. 时髦的，漂亮的；贵族化的26track [træk]n. 轨道；足迹，踪迹；小道27foster ['fɔstə]vt.培养；养育，抚育；抱（希望等）28sharp [ʃɑ:p]adj. 急剧的；锋利的；强烈的；敏捷的；刺耳的；精明的；漂亮的；潇洒的；时髦的29savvy ['sævi]adj. 有经验的；聪慧的30temperamentally [,temprə'mentli]adv. 气质地31affiliate [ə'filieit, ə'filiit, -eit]n. 联号；隶属的机构等；分支机构；会员32hefty ['hefti]adj. 重的；肌肉发达的；异常大的；强壮的；有力的；相当多的33crop [krɔp]n. 产量；农作物；庄稼；平头34connotation [,kɔnəu'teiʃən]n. 内涵；含蓄；暗示，隐含意义；储蓄的东西（词、语等）35wanderlust ['wɔndəlʌst]n. 流浪癖；漫游癖；旅游热36shy [ʃai]adj. 害羞的；畏缩的，胆怯的；不足的；未达到的；缺乏的37allot [ə'lɔt]vt.分配；拨给；分派38addictive [ə'dɪktɪv]adj. 使人上瘾的39strain [streɪn]vt.拉紧；滥用；滤去；竭力40complex ['kɔmpleks]n. 复合体；综合设施；建筑群；综合性建筑41driven['drɪvn]adj. 被动的，受到驱策的；有紧迫感的；（人）发愤图强的42gentrification [,dʒentrifi'keiʃən]n. 下层住宅高档化；乡绅化43latte ['lɑːteɪ; 'læteɪ]n. 牛奶；拿铁咖啡（coffee latte）44mainstay ['meinstei]n. 支柱；中流砥柱；主要的依靠；主桅支索45urbanite ['ə:bənait]n. 都市人46lager ['lɑ:ɡə]n. （美）贮藏啤酒（等于lager beer）47bicker ['bikə]vi. 闪动；斗嘴；潺潺而流48committed [kə'mitid]adj. 坚定的；效忠的；承担义务的49requisite ['rekwizit]adj. 必备的，必不可少的；需要的50hypothetical [,haipəu'θetikəl]adj. 假设的；爱猜想的51vista ['vistə]n. 远景，狭长的街景；展望；回顾52marketer ['mɑ:kitə]n. [贸易] 市场商人；市场营销人员53clamorous ['klæmərəs]adj. 吵闹的；大声要求的54groan [ɡrəun]vt.呻吟；抱怨55compact [kəm'pækt, 'kɔmpækt]adj. 紧凑的，紧密的；简洁的56prop [prɒp]n. 支柱，支撑物；支持者；道具；（橄榄球中的）支柱前锋57churn [tʃə:n]vt.搅拌；搅动58cellulite ['selju:lait]n. （胖女人臀腿部的）脂肪团59stiletto heel[stɪ'letəʊ]n.（女式高跟皮鞋的）细鞋跟60buoyant ['bɔiənt]adj. 轻快的；有浮力的；上涨的61diabetes [,daiə'bi:ti:z]n. 糖尿病；多尿症62portal ['pɔ:təl, 'pəu-]n. 大门，入口63sublime [sə'blaim]adj. 庄严的；令人崇敬的；极端的；超群的64sexologist [seks'ɔlədʒist]n. 性学家；性科学家65heterosexual [,hetərəu'seksjuəl]adj. 异性的；异性恋的66attached [ə'tætʃt]adj. 附加的；依恋的，充满爱心的67buzz [bʌz]vi. 作嗡嗡声；东奔西忙68modem ['məudem]n. 调制解调器（等于modulator-demodulator）69cheeky ['tʃi:ki]adj. 无耻的；厚脸皮的70shod ['ʃɔd]adj. 穿鞋的；装有蹄铁的；有金属包头的71mandatory ['mændətəri:, -,tɔ:ri]adj. 强制的；托管的；命令的72fusion['fjuːʒ(ə)n]n. 融合；熔化；熔接；融合物；[物] 核聚变73tramp [træmp]vi. 流浪；践踏，踩；脚步沉重地行走74divorcee [divɔ:'si:, -'sei]n. 离了婚的人75seismic ['saizmik, 'sais-]adj. 地震的；因地震而引起的76societal [sə'saiətəl]adj. 社会的77flurry ['flʌri]vi. 慌张；激动78penthouse ['penthaus]n. 阁楼；顶层公寓，屋顶房间79mortgage ['mɔ:ɡidʒ]n. 抵押80diaper ['daiəpə]n. 尿布81ominous ['ɔminəs]adj. 预兆的；不吉利的82slant [slɑ:nt, slænt]vi. 倾斜；有倾向83prickle ['prikl]vt.针一般地刺；戳；使感到刺痛84tuna ['tju:nə]n. 金枪鱼，鲔鱼85wistful [英[ˈwɪstfl] 美[ˈwɪstfəl]adj. 渴望的；沉思的，默想的；引起怀念的；不满足似的86coupon ['ku:pɔn]n. 息票；赠券；联票；[经] 配给券87whiff [hwif]n. 一点点；单人小划艇；琴鲆属鱼；吸气或吹气88precariousness [pri'kɛəriəsnis]n. 不安全；不稳定89ballast ['bæləst]n. 压舱物，[建] 压载物；道渣，碎石90curmudgeon [kə:'mʌdʒən]n. 脾气坏的人，乖戾的人；吝啬鬼；存心不良的人91mortal ['mɔ:təl]n. 人类，凡人92accrete [æ'kri:t]vi. 合生；增大生长；依附93toppling v. 推翻（topple的ing形式）94ritual ['ritjuəl, -tʃu-]n. 仪式；惯例；礼制95consolation [,kɔnsə'leiʃən]n. 安慰；慰问；起安慰作用的人或事物96void [vɔid]n. 空虚；空间；空隙97hallmark ['hɔ:lmɑ:k]n. 特点；品质证明98snug [snʌɡ]adj. 舒适的；温暖的；紧身的；隐藏的99smug [smʌɡ]adj. 自鸣得意的；自以为是的；整洁的100s pineless ['spainlis]adj. 没有骨气的；无脊椎的；懦弱的101m uffler ['mʌflə]n. 围巾；消音器；面纱；厚手套102d affodil ['dæfədil]n. 水仙花103b enign [bi'nain]adj. 良性的；和蔼的，亲切的；吉利的104o ft [ɔft, ɔ:ft]adv. 常常；再三105c ontemplation [,kɔntem'pleiʃən]n. 沉思；注视；意图106p lume [plu:m]vt.用羽毛装饰107r apturous ['ræptʃərəs]adj. 狂喜的；兴高采烈的；欢天喜地的108m using ['mju:ziŋ]adj. 沉思的；瞑想的109w holesome ['həulsəm]adj. 健全的；有益健康的；合乎卫生的；审慎的110d issipating v. 驱散，消散（dissipate的ing形式）111s elf-effacing ['selfə'feisiŋ]adj. 谦让的；谦逊的；不出风头的112l urk [lə:k]vi. 潜伏；潜藏；埋伏113s quander ['skwɔndə]vt.浪费114c edar ['si:də]n. 雪松；香柏；西洋杉木115l itany ['litəni]n. 冗长而枯燥的陈述；连祷116a rgyle [a:'gail]n. 多色菱形花纹；多色菱形图案的袜子117w indowsill ['windəusil]n. [建] 窗台；[建] 窗沿118g astronomical [ɡæstrə'nɔmik,-kəl]adj. 美食学的，美食法的119l atchkey ['lætʃki:]n. （尤指住所前门的）门锁钥匙；弹簧锁钥匙120s hove [ʃʌv]vt.挤；强使；撞；猛推121I RS abbr. 美国国税局（Internal Revenue Service）122m ayonnaise [,meiə'neiz]n. 蛋黄酱123w obble ['wɔbl]vi. 摇晃；摇摆；游移不定124m arshmallow ['mɑ:ʃ,meləu]n. 棉花糖；蜀葵糖剂；药蜀葵125m oonscape ['mu:nskeip]n. 月球表面；月面景色126e nchanted [in'tʃa:ntid]adj. 被施魔法的127w ring [riŋ]vt.拧；绞；紧握；使痛苦；折磨。

《新世纪研究生公共英语教材阅读A》课文Unit 3 Ocean of SandFrom The Guardian1. There is more deserts than sun and sand。

On these two pages you can find out how plants，animals and people manage to survive in these apparently barren places。

2. All deserts are dry。

The hot，sandy places we think of when we talk about deserts are subtropical deserts。

They are found near the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn where the warm air which rises at the Equator sinks down again, giving a climate of clear skies and very low rainfall. The Sahara is almost one-third the size of Africa, and is nearly as big as the U. S. A. , the fourth largest country. It was not always a desert. Over millions of years it has been convered in ice, sea，forests and grasslands.3. Desert winds are usually dry. Some deserts are in “rain shadow” areas where the winds have lost what moisture they had crossing high ground。