公共组织单词

Public Organization Theory1,affirmative action The removal of artificial barriers to employment of women and minority groups; compensatory plans for previously disadvantaged groups, as in specific programs to recruit, hire, and promote qualified members of designated disadvantaged groups so as to eliminate the continuing effects of prior discrimination.2,captive agency An agency whose personnel and decision makers are directly or indirectly influenced by outside interest groups from the very industry the agency is required to regulate or serve.3,conscientious objection State laws that allow doctors to refuse to perform a procedure to which they have fundamental moral objection (e.g., abortions).earmarked Funds or tax revenues from a given source that legally must be spent for a given program or service. For example, gasoline taxes must be spent on highway construction or maintenance.4,grassroots lobbying A type or method of lobbying in which an interest group uses its own rank-and-file membership to send mass mailings, work phone banks, send mass e-mails, phone talk-radio shows, and walk the halls of the legislature to marshal public opinion and government policy toward its position on an issue.5,iron triangle A type of subgovernment; it refers to the three angles of the policy process for a particular policy area--(1) the bureaucrats who implement a policy, (2) the lawmakers and staff members who adopt a policy, and (3) the lobbyists from "clientele" interest groups; all of them work both formally and informally on specific policy issues.6,patronage The practice of awarding government jobs and contracts to faithful members of the political party in power.7,political culture The cluster of attitudes, beliefs, ideology, arid values that shapes our thinking about society and government and the role of the individual within both of them; the part of the overall societal culture that determines societal attitudes toward the quality, style, and strength of its political and governmental processes.8,political party A group of politically active individuals who organize for the purpose of capturing government by controlling the nomination and election of officials and thereby control the operation of government and determine public policy.9,reverse discrimination The perception that social programs to promote integration are racial preferences that promote the interests of minorities at the expense of members of the majority (usually considered to be white and male).10,systems model The concept that things are viewed as morethan the sum of a collection of parts; an entity in which everything relates to everything else.11,administrative doctrine The rules and standard operating procedures of an organization that embody its basic values and tenets.12,bureaucracy The totality of government offices or all government employees; all used as a derogatory term to refer to an inefficient organization plagued by red tape or calcified into an inflexible structure.13,charismatic authority Authority that rests on personal devotion to individuals because of their sanctity, heroism, or exemplary character.esprit de corps Group spirit; a sense of team shared by those in the same group or undertaking.14,group cohesion Shared assumptions, beliefs, and values that help organizational members operate as a team.15,group dynamics A subfield of organizational behavior that stresses how groups develop and behave internally and externally. 16,Hawthorne experiments A set of management studies conducted by Elton Mayo and associates from the Harvard Business School in the late 1920s and early 1930s at the Hawthorne Works of the Western Electric Company near Chicago;instrumental in developing the human relations school of organization theory.17,humanist theory A reaction to the overly authoritarian perceptions of classical organizational theory; approach emphasizes the creativity of human behavior and views efficiency and productivity as strongly influenced by informal aspects of organization; humanists stress noneconomic needs as motivating workers' performance.18,learning organization Peter Senge's term for organizations that nurture new patterns of thinking so that its members learn together to improve both the organization and their personal lives. 19,organization A group of people structured into a division of labor and working together to achieve common goals.20,organizational development An approach to organizational management that focuses on analyzing organizational problems and finding solutions.21,organization theory A set of laws or propositions that explain how people and groups behave in various organizational structures.22,POSDCORB An acronym for planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, and budgeting; the term was coined by Luther Gulick in 1937 to stress the essential elements of the workof a chief executive.23,quality circles Small groups of three to fifteen workers who meet regularly to discuss, analyze, and solve problems they experience on the job.24,scientific management An approach to managing people in an organization that believes there is "one best way" to do any task; it is the fastest and most efficient method to do so and is discovered through a scientific process of observation.25,systems theory A theory of organization that emphasizes an interactive and interrelated set of elements--an environment, inputs, processes, outputs, and feedback.26,Theory X A term coined by Douglas McGregor that describes a set of assumptions about human nature that guide an individual on how to manage people; it emphasizes that people dislike work, must be threatened to perform, prefer to be directed, and avoid responsibility.27,Theory Y A term coined by Douglas McGregor that describes a set of assumptions about human nature that guides management of workers; it holds that work is natural, workers can be self-directed, and imagination, ingenuity, and creativity are common.28,Theory Z Patterns of organization and operations ofcontemporary Japanese corporations that assume productivity is a function of social or managerial organization and can be greatly enhanced by communication, feedback, and worker involvement. 28,total quality management (TQM) A new phase for quality control in its most expanded sense of a total and continuing concern for quality and the production of goods arid services; seeks organizational performance at an optimal level.29,traditional authority Authority that rests on a belief in the sacredness of immemorial traditions; obligation of personal loyalty to chiefs selected in the traditional way.29,critical path method (CPM) An analytical management technique that seeks the path with the smallest margin of extra resources with which to complete all assigned program activities. 30,focus group A small number of individuals (generally a dozen or fewer) who share a common characteristic and are brought together to discuss a product or service under the leadership of a trained observer.management The process of running an organization; the use of resources to accomplish goals; the individuals who are formally authorized to run an organization.31,managerialism An entrepreneurial approach to public management that emphasizes a set of beliefs that bettermanagement (that is, a reinvigorated scientific management) will solve a wide range of economic and social ills.32,management by objectives (MBO) An approach to program or policy management that defines short- and long-term objectives and keeps a record of actual program results to determine effectiveness.objective A short-term goal; it must be met on the way to a larger overall achievement.33,operations research (OR) A management technique that stresses efficiency by maximizing some "payoff" function clearly within the goals being sought; comes into play only after value choices have been made; relies on the use of probability theory, queuing techniques, and mathematical model building to allocate and use resources within a designated subsystem.34,opportunity costs The value resources would have when used in the best possible way or simply another specified alternative way. 35,organizational development (OD) A process for increasing an organization's effectiveness by stressing that maximum effectiveness is achieved by integrating an individual's desire for personal growth with organizational goals.36,performance management The systematic integration of an organization's efforts to achieve its objectives.37,productivity bargaining Method applied by public managers to use private-sector approaches to contract negotiation; links employee wage increases to various cost-cutting efforts, including increasing on-the-job productivity.38,program evaluation and review technique (PERT) A management analytical tool that maps out a series of steps that will carry out a program.39,reengineering A fundamental rethinking and redesign of organizational processes to bring about significant improvements in costs or quality of services.40,stakeholders People affected directly or indirectly by an organization's activities.41,strategic management A philosophy of management that links strategic planning to an organization's day-to-day operations and decisions.42,strategic planning A set of processes used by an organization to assess a strategic situation and develop strategy for the future. strategy The overall conduct of a major enterprise to achieve long-term goals; the pattern found in a series of organizational decisions.43,accountability Degree to which a person must answer to some higher authority for actions in the larger society or within an agencyor organization.44,active-negative Type of presidential personality wherein the president has a driving need to achieve and maintain power; Woodrow Wilson, Herbert Hoover, Lyndon Johnson and Richard Nixon are good examples.45,passive-negative Type of presidential personality in which the president emphasizes civic virtue; George Washington, Calvin Coolidge, and Dwight Eisenhower are good examples.46,passive-positive Type of presidential personality in which the president seeks to be loved and revered; William Taft, Warren Harding, and Ronald Reagan are examples.47,caretaker Style of leadership in which the executive is a political conservative seeing him- or herself as a custodian of the status quo.48,casework Services performed by legislators and their staffs on request from and on behalf of constituents.49,charisma Leadership based on the personality of the leader rather than on a formal position.50,congressional oversight Monitoring by U.S. Congress of executive branch agencies' activities and actions to assess if laws are being properly implemented.credibility recognition by an organization that a leader is competentto use the organization's powers and command its resources. 51,demagogue Style of leadership that rallies support among followers by appeals to emotions and prejudice52,executive accountability Constitutionally specified role of the president as chief executive and responsible for enforcing laws, court decisions, and treaties.legislative accountability Legislative branch's responsibility to answer for how government is run.53,frustrated warrior Style of leadership in which an unsuccessful policy entrepreneur ends up simply frustrated in his or her attempts to lead, usually because of legislative branch opposition.54,functions of leadership T o define an organization's missions and role, the institutional embodiment of purpose, defending an institution's integrity, and ordering internal conflict.55,policy entrepreneur Style of leadership involving a progressive and highly activist executive who proposes and funds new programs.56,trait theory Belief or assumptions that leadership is based on traits that leaders possess that impart unique characteristics and qualities that enable them to assume responsibility. A belief in "born" leadership.57,transformational leadership Leadership that strives to changean organization's culture and goals, reflecting the leader's ability to develop a values-based vision for the organization and to convert the vision into reality and sustain it over time.58,evaluation research An attempt to assess specific policy options by conducting experiments, assessing their outcomes, and recommending whether or not an experimental policy option should be more broadly implemented.59,policy analysis Study to assess the probable effects of a policy.60,program evaluation The systematic analysis of any activity or group of activities conducted by a government to assess short- and long-term effects, both anticipated and unanticipated.61,results-oriented management Style of management that stresses realistic, measurable, and outcomes-oriented program objectives.62,stakes How much an individual or an agency stands to gain or lose depending on the outcome of policy bargaining.63,communication The exchange of information and the transmission of meaning; the very essence of organization and a social process that influences the functioning of any organization; best viewed in relation to the social system in which it occurs and the particular function it performs in that system.64,coding process Any system that receives information has a characteristic coding process, a limited set of coding categories to which it assimilates the information received; results in omission, selection, refinement, elaboration, distortion, and transformation. 65,crisscrossing information A subordinate in one unit talks to a boss in another unit, or vice versa.66,downward communication From superior to subordinate, following the authority pattern of hierarchical positions; used to direct, coordinate, and control.67,upward communication Information that ascends the hierarchical levels of an organization and provides task coordination and emotional and social support to the individual; flows from subordinate to superior.68,efficiency of communication Measured by the number of communications flowing in a given network.69,formal communication Written communication that follows the formal chain of command in an organization; influenced by the size of an organization and its public nature.70,informal communication Oral or written communication that does not follow formal channels.71,horizontal communication Movement of information among peers at the same organizational level.72,operational feedback Systematic information acquisition and analysis closely tied to the organization's ongoing functions and sometimes is an integral part of those functions.73,administrative regulatory agency An agency with combined legislative, executive, and judicial powers.74,administrative responsibility A concept that incorporates the values of accountability, competence, fairness, and responsiveness..75,complaint handling A formal and expeditious way of receiving and processing complaints.76,interpretative rules Rules that advise clients on how an agency interprets a statute or regulation.77,legislative rules Also known as substantive rules, these rules are authorized by statute and applied by well-established procedure with the full force and effect of law.78,new public management A general approach to regulation in stark contrast to the traditional managerial model; strongly market-oriented, promotes self-regulation, and trusts that the regulated and government can become partners.79,procedural rules Rules that govern an agency's internal practices.80,regulatory rachet Tendency of regulatory agencies to add moreand more regulations to their list without deleting those that become obsolete.81,strategies of support Methods used by government agencies to seek regular input from clientele groups.82,merit system The selection, retention, and promotion of public employees based on competitive examinations or formal educational qualifications.83,NIMBY The acronym for Not in My Backyard; it denotes opposition to certain government programs or facilities that are deemed undesirable but which are or could be located in one's neighborhood or area; typical examples are sewage- treatment plants, solid-waste recycling plants, and prisons.84,needs hierarchy A set of five goals or basic needs arranged in a hierarchical order; associated with Abraham Maslow and the human relations school of organization theory.85,SWOT analysis A review of an agency's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.86,tactics The short-term, immediate decisions that, in their totality, lead to the achievement of strategic goals.87,total quality management (TQM) A new phase for quality control in its most expanded sense of a total and continuing concern for quality and the production of goods and services; seeksorganizational performance at an optimal level.88,cross-subsidies Surrogate market regulations that create a condition in which one set of customers pays prices that are intended to subsidize another set of customers.89,clientele agency A bureaucratic agency that serves, protects, or promotes the interests of those it was established to oversee, often at the expense of the general public rather than organized special interest groups.。