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南京邮电大学通达学院 2013/2014学年第一学期《专业英语（自学）》期末大作业专业信息管理与信息系统班级 46 学号姓名一二三四五六总分主题内容语法结构文采创新满分20 20 20 20 10 10得分Writing（100分）You will find several topics in the following lists. Please choose one of them and write a short paper to explain your own opinion.Requirements:(1) Name the paper by yourself;(2) Your own opinion should be clearly put forward.(3)Try to find some articles via the internet or journals as references.(4) More than 1200 words.Topics:0．“People often complain that products are not made to last. They feel that making products that wear out fairly quickly wastes both natural and human resources. What they fail to see, however, is that such manufacturing practices keep costs down for the c onsumer and stimulate demand.”Which do you find more compelling: the complaint about products that do not last or the response to it? Explain your position using relevant reasons and/or examples drawn from your own experience, observations, or reading.1．“Manufacturers are responsible for ensuring that their products are safe. If a product injures someone, for whatever reason, the manufacturer should be held legally and financially accountable for the injury.” Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion expressed above. Support your point of view with reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.2．Analysis of Issue Questions: “Studies have found that employees of not-for-profit organizations and charities are often more highly motivated than employees of for-profit corporations to perform well at work when their performance is not being monitored or evaluated. Interviews with employees of not-for-profit organizations suggest that the reason for their greater motivation is the belief that their work helps to improve society. Because they believe in the importance of their work, they have personal reasons to perform well, even when no financial reward is present. Thus, if our corporation began donating a significant portion of its profits to humanitarian causes, ouremployees’ motivation and productivity would increase substantially and our overall profits would increase as well.” What do you think about this point? Explain why?3．“All companies should inv est heavily in advertising because high-quality advertising can sell almost any product or service.” Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion expressed above. Support your point of view with reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.4．Analysis of Issue Questions: “Employers should have no right to obtain information about their employees’ health or other aspects of their personal lives without the employees’permission.” Which opinion do you prefer? Explain why?5．Analysis of Issue Questions: “Businesses and other organizations have overemphasized the importance of working as a team. Clearly, in any human group, it is the strong individual, the person with the most commitment and energy, who gets things done.” Which opinion do you prefer? Explain why?6．“Instead of relying on the advice of outside experts, organizations should place greater value on the advice that can come only from their own highly experienced employees.”Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above. Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.7．“When judging the qualifications of potential employees, business employers should rely solely on objective information, such as a candidate’s résumé and education. Personal interviews are much too subjective and are therefore not a valid basis on which to judge a person’s qualifications for a job.” Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above. Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.8．“Most people today place too much emphasis on satisfying their immediate desires. The overall quality of life would be greatly improved if we all focused instead on meeting our long-term needs.”Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above. Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.9．Analysis of Issue Questions: “If the primary duty and concern of a corporation is to make money, then conflict is inevitable when the corporation must also acknowledge a duty to serve society.” Which opinion do you prefer? Explain why?Market demand and resource maintenance“People often complain that products are not made to last. They feel that making products that wear out fairly quickly wastes both natural and human resources. What they fail to see, however, is that such manufacturing practices keep costs down for the consumer and stimulate demand."Which do you find more compelling, the complaint about products that do not last or the response to it? Explain your position, using relevant reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.The issue about the advantages and disadvantages for products to wear is a complex one. Different people hold different views due to their different angles. Many people feel that making products that wear out fairly quickly wastes both natural and human resources. On the other hand, it can be noted that such manufacturing practices keep costs down for the consumer and stimulate demand. In this discussion, I shall present arguments that favor the later statement and refute the first statement.As we know, no need, no consumption. Consumption and demand driven the economic development of a society, when a city or a country's consumption level increase, which will greatly that the city or the country's economic development is gradually progress and development, which shows that people in a good, progress direction, represent life is getting better and better. If people always meet the state, without the demand, the economy will remain stagnant, enterprises, factories, shops will not be able to run production,which is a kind of economic crisis. So, economic development cannot do without consumption, consumption cannot do without the demand, and the demand for lower cost to products and on the natural resources and human resources needs. It is not satisfactory to both sides.The product will be a waste of natural resources and human resources that should have a lot of explanation . First of all, products do need to wear out in order for newer, more innovative products to replace them. This is how the economy and technology progress. For example, in the computer industry, new technology is developed and older technology is replaced every two years.This is called the two-year cycle in the industry and this cycle has a tremendous effect to drive the research and development of computer industry to reach one peak after another. People may complain that their computers easily break and soon after two or three years they have to buy new computers. However they do also realize that the new computers they purchase are much more powerful, innovative, yet at roughly the same price as their old computers two years ago. This is a perfect exampleshowing how the cyclic replacement of older products can help stimulate demand and as a result, stimulate research and development of more innovative products and eventually keep the costs down.I find the response to the complaint more compelling. Although the complaint is valid, it is most often the case the building a product to last forever will indeed cost more than the average consumer is willing to pay. Creating such a product would require more materials and/or more heavy-duty wear resistant materials which inherently are more expensive. Another factor that would drive costs up is the fact that demand for products would decrease. The demand would decrease since people do not have to replace old products with new products as often. With the increased variable costs for materials combined with a reduction in the production volume associated with lower demand, manufacturers must raise prices to break even or maintain the current level of profits.Although a few producers may make products to last, it is understandable how these companies can be driven out of existence. If a new competitor enters the market with a similar product that has a shorter life but a substantially lower price, then they will probably steal major portions of the other company's market share. The effects depend heavily upon the consumer’s perception of quality and what the customers requirements from the product actually are.For example, consumers may decide between two types of automobiles. One car may be built to last a long time but may not have the performance or be as comfortable as another car that is cheaper. So most consumers would purchase the cheaper car even though it may not last-as long as the heavy-duty car. Consumers may not realize that the more expensive car is of higher quality in the sense that it will last longer and will not be willing to pay the extra cost.Consumer decisions also depend on what consumers are actually looking for in a product. Consumers typically get tired of driving the same car for many years and want to buy new cars fairly often. This tendency forces producers to keep costs low enough to allow low enough prices for people to buy cars often. People don’t want cars to last forever. In conclusion, producers are in the situation that they're in due to external forces from the consumers. Producers must compete and they have found the best way satisfy the majority of the consumers.In addition, manufacturing products that would wear out in some period is not a waste of human resources. In fact, in computer industry, a lot of innovative ideas aregenerated during the manufacturing process and these new ideas enable us to make newer and better products.Products that wear do not necessarily have poor quality. I believe that the most important factor to consider is if the new product is innovative enough to satisfy p eople’s needs. As long as innovation is generated and people’s needs are satisfied, no human resources are wasted. The group of people who feel that making products that wear out fairly quickly wastes human resources assume without justification that manufacturing products that wear out is not innovative and productive, which is just not true.Renewal is a common social phenomenon, when things are bad, people will buy new instead, when something old and not broken, people often because the market of new products tempted to buy new products to replace the old products, this update although the behavior of seem to squander natural resources and human resources, but only through the circulation and development so as to promote the economy, the important role of these natural resources and human resources to play really makes people benefit.Finally, I believe that manufacturing products that would wear out is not a waste of natural resources. Today, a lot of the older products can be recycled and reused. And recycle industry in turn creates millions of jobs that help propel the advancements of economy.Therefore, the world economic development will become better and better,people's lives will gradually entered a new milepost.Admittedly, products that wear out extremely easily and quickly are not good for either the consumer or the economy. However, there exists an optimal point how quickly a product should wear out in order to stimulate economy and lower costs.Therefore, based on the reasons mentioned above, I believe that manufacturing practices that make products that reasonably wear out can indeed help keep costs down for the consumer and stimulate demand, and they do not necessarily waste human and natural resources.。
南京邮电学院高等函授《英语3》考试复习资料复习重点及题型：主要是以《综合练习题》中的题型以及内容进行复习一、选择题：1.D. have severely polluted (严重污染)have+ ved 现在完成时eg: I have been to BeiJing twice.She has known all the things happened in your class.2.B. indicated 表明 be due to 由于eg: His failure is due to his carelessness.3. C reach the conclusion 得出结论4.C be known as …作为…而闻名Be known for …以…而闻名eg: Sun Zhongshan is known as the father of china.The scientist is known for winning the Nobel prize.5.A. see sb doing sth.看见某人在做某事give off 放出eg : They saw him stealing things from the store.6.D. a kind of =a type oftwo kinds of =two types of7.A. be based on 基于…What he said is based on his seeing. 他所说的话是在他所见的基础上.8. B. crash into each other. 彼此之间互相碰撞.9. D. 区分: deadly 致命的be dead ;(adj) die(v.)death; (n. ) be due to10. B. originally (原先的)We didn’t know each other originally.11. B. proceeded= went on =go on12. A as to =abouteg: We don’t know as to whether we should leave the U.S.A.13. B because 后面接的是句子.because of 后面接名词或动名词his broken legHe couldn’t take part in the sports meeting became of his broken leg. /his illness 14. A as far as…对于我来讲eg: As far as I am concerned, he is a really hero.15. C be to do sth (计划去做)=be going to do sth=be about to do sth (马上去做) eg: The Olympic Games in Beijing is to be held in 2008 year.She is about to come to our school because she wants to give a speech.16.D be talked into : 被谈论eg: She is talked into telling lies when she makes mistake.17. B. While=although 虽然 (含有让步的意思)While I admit that the problems are difficult, I don’t agree that they cannot be solved.虽然我承认这些问题很困难,我不同意它们不能解决.18.D. track down 追溯出.找出The policemen decide to track down the killer.. 19. A. outgrow 不适用/不适合Outgrow one’s strength , grow too quickly (during child hood),so that the health suffers.The boy outgrew the coat.20. A. water at…流口水The little girl’s mouth waters at thebig cake.21.D. make for:往…方向去They saw the thief made his way for a narrow street.22.A. widen(睁大)wideBroaden(扩张)broadEg：Japan wants to broaden its country to other country.The road is widening in process. 这条道路正在进行拓宽工程。
1.So What is Cloud Computing?We see Cloud Computing as a computing model, not a technology. In this model “custom ers” plug into the “cloud” to access IT resources which are priced and provided “on-dema nd”. Essentially, IT resources are rented and shared among multiple tenants much as offi ce space, apartments, or storage spaces are used by tenants. Delivered over an Internet connection, the “cloud” replaces the company datacenter or server providing the same se rvice. Thus, Cloud Computing is simply ITservices sold and delivered over the Internet. R efer to section of Types of Cloud Computing.译文：我们把云计算看作是一种计算模型,而不是一种技术.在这个模型中,客户插入到云中访问IT资源,而这些资源被定价且按需提供。
从本质上讲，IT资源和写字楼，公寓，或是存储空间一样是被多个用户租用和共享的。
通过互联网连接，“云”取代该公司的数据中心或服务器提供相同的服务。
因此，云计算是简单的在互联网上出售及交付的IT服务。
参考部分云计算的类型。
2.PaaS(Platform as a Service)Delivers virtualized servers on which customers can run existing applications or develop new ones without having to worry about maintaining the operating systems,server hardw are, load balancing or computing capacity. These vendors provide APIsor development pl atforms to create and run applications in the cloud – e.g. using the Internet. Managed Ser vice providers with application services provided to IT departments to monitor systems an d downstream applications such as virus scanning for e-mail are frequently included in thi s category译文：提供虚拟化服务器上，客户可以运行现有应用程序或者开发新的应用程序，无需担心维护操作系统，服务器硬件，负载均衡或计算能力。
专业英语短文翻译2南京邮电大学复习资料五:《专业英语》短文翻译1.The reader may ask , how does the demultiplexer know which groupof 8-digits relates to channel 1, 2, and so on ? Clearly this is important ! The problem is easily overcome by specifying a frame format , where at the start of each frame a unique sequence of pulses called the frame code , or synchronization word , is placed so as to identify the start of the frame. A circuit of the demultiplexer is arranged to detect the synchronization word, and thereby it knows that the next group of 8-digits corresponds to channel 1.2.Advances in audio, video and speech coding and compression algorithms and progress in Very Large System Integration technology influence the bit rate generated by a certain service and thus changethe service requirements for the network. In the future, new services with unknown requirement will appear. For the time being it is yet unclear, e. g. what the requirement in terms of bit rate for HDTV will be. A specialized network has great difficulties in adapting to changing or new service requirements.3.When the transmitter wishes to send data, it first places the line in a space level (i. e. , the complement of a mark) for one element period. This element is called the start bit and has a duration of T seconds. The transmitter then sends the character, 1 bit at a time, byplacing each successive bit on the line for a duration of T seconds, until all bits have been transmitted. Then a single parity bit is calculated by the transmitter and sent after the data bits. Finally, the transmitter sends a stop bit at a mark level (i. e. the same level as the idle state) for one or two bit periods. Now the transmitter may send another character whenever it wishes4.The cellular switch, which can be either analog or digital, switches calls to connect mobile subscribers to other mobile subscribers and to the nationwide telephone network.. It also contains data links providing supervision links between the processor and the switch and between the cell sites and the processor. The radio link carries the voice and signaling between the mobile unit and the cell site. Microwave radio links or wire lines carry both voice and data between the cellsite and the MTSO.5.Today's telecommunication networks are characterized by specialization . This means that for every individual telecommunication service at least one network exists that transports this service. A few examples of existing public networks are described below Computer data are transported in the public domain by a packet switched data network (PSDN) based on X.25 protocol6.Today’s telecommunication networks are characterized by specialization . This means that for every individual telecommunication service at least one network exists that transports this service. A few examples of existing public networks are described below:Computer data are transported in the public domain by a packet switched data network (PSDN) based on X.25 protocols.Television signals can be transported in three ways: broadcast via radio waves using ground antenna, by the coaxial tree network of the community antenna TV (CATV) network or recently via a satellite, using the so-called direct broadcast system (DBS)7.By far the most popular serial interface between a computer andits CRT (显示器) terminal isthe asynchronous serial interface . This interface is so called because the transmitted data and the received data are not synchronized over any extended period and therefore no special means of synchronizing the clocks at the transmitter and receiver is necessary. In fact, the asynchronous serial data link is a very old form of data transmission system and has its origin in the era of the第1页共4页南京邮电大学teleprinter.8.At the receiving end of an asynchronous serial data link, the receiver continually monitors the line looking for a start bit. Once the start bit has been detected, the receiver waits until the end of thestart bit and then samples the next N bits at their centers, using a clock generated locally by the receiver. As each incoming bit is sampled, it is used to construct a new character. When the received character has been assembled, its parity is calculated and compared with the receivedparity bit following the character. If they are not equal, a parityerror flag is set to indicate a transmission error.9.If we consider binary transmission , the complete informationabout a particular message will always be obtained by simply detecting the presence or absence of the pulse. By comparison, most other forms of transmission systems convey the message information using the shape , or level of the transmitted signal ; parameters are most easily affected by the noise and attenuation introduced by the transmission path . Consequently there is an inherent advantage for overcoming noisy environments by choosing digital transmission.10. The Internet is the largest repository of information which can provide very large network resources . The network resources can be divided into network facilities resources and network information resources . The network facilities resources provide us the ability of remote computation and communication . The network information resources provide us all kinds of information services , such as science , education , business , history , law , art , and , entertainment , etc11.The SDH standards are based on the principle of direct synchronous multiplexing which is the key to cost effective and flexible telecommunication networking. In essence, it means that individual tributary signals may be multiplexing directly into a higher rate SDH signal without intermediate stage of multiplexing. SDH Network Elements can then be interconnected directly with obvious cost and equipment savings over the existing network.12.Improvements in component performance, cost, and reliability by 1980 led to major commitments on the part of telephone companies. Fibre soon became the preferred transmission medium for long-haul trunks. Some early installations 0. 8 µm light sources and graded-index multimode fibre, but by 1983, designers of intercity links were thinking in terms of 1. 3 µm, single-mode systems. The single-mode fibere, used in conjunction with a 1. 3 µm laser, provides a bandwidth advantage which translates into increased repeater spacings for high data rate system.13.The individual elements of multimedia are already handled by a standard 486 personal computer, such things as audio, graphics and text, but the major challenge is in real time video, for this is the major business requirement and a necessity if multimedia systems are to become standard items for the desktop. This real time processing requires a vast amount of data storage and this is a function of the amount of information contained in a colour picture, for instance a normal640×480pixel colour picture requires well over 1 M bytes of storage to give the required quality, though for full motion video this is increased up to 100 M bytes of data.1.读者也许会问，解复用器怎么知道哪一组8位码对应于第一路、第二路及其他各路呢?显然这是很重要的。
第一篇chaotic 混沌的chaos 混乱/混沌solitons 光孤子sampling interval取样间隔attractor吸引子embedding dimension嵌入维数logistic map逻辑图fluid dynamical model流体动力学模型single longitudinal or transverse-mode 单纵模或单横模resonator configuration谐振腔构造circular cavity环形腔complex envelope复数包络Ikeda attractor/map 池田吸引子/图correlation dimension相关维数generalised non-linear Schrödinger equation (GNLSE)广义非线性薛定谔方程stimulated brillouin scattering (SBS)受激布里渊散射distributed optical feedback分布式光反馈Stokes emission phenomenon斯托克斯辐射现象(吸收与辐射峰有斯托克斯位移) modulatiion depths调制深度repeaterless long distance communications无中继长距离通信dynamics动力学spatio-temporal chaos时空的混沌optical turbulence光动乱/湍流diffraction衍射dipoles双极子on the fly 动态的第二篇LAN(local area network)局域网Industrial-Scientific-Medical (ISM) bands工业，科学，医疗（ISM）频段Interference干涉FCC（Federal Communications Commission，美国联邦通信委员会）Infrared红外的Multipath fading多路衰退Multipath dispersion多路色散Infrared transceivers红外收发器optical filtering光学滤波器shot noise散弹噪声radio-frequency射频line of sight (LOS)视线field of view (FOV)视场diffusion lens扩散棱镜intensity modulation强度调制Poisson process泊松过程additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN)加性高斯白噪声impulse response 脉冲响应single sided power spectral density单边功率谱密度harmonics谐波International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)国际电工委员会maximum permissible exposure (MPE)最大允许照射intrabeam viewing光束内视light emitting diode (LED)发光二极管laser diode (LD)激光二极管focal length焦距pre-amplifier前置放大器Single-element receivers 单元素接收器Coherent optical communication相干光通信on-off keying (OOK) 开关键控duty cycle占空比filter滤波器sampling instant采样时刻threshold detector阈值检测器phase locked loop锁相环packet error rate (PER) 包误码率common-mode rejection共模抑制第三篇Quantum dots量子点size quantization effects 量子尺寸效应up-conversion上变频self-organized growth自组织生长holographic process全息过程ground state基态catastrophic optical mirror damage(COMD) 严重光学镜面损伤Semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs)半导体光放大器cross gainmodulation交叉增益调制renormalization重正化Edge-emitting lasers边发射激光器Vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers垂直腔面发射激光器distributed feedback 分布式反馈(DFB)distributed Bragg reflective 分布式布拉格反射DBR激光器electroluminescence电致荧光Raman amplifiers拉曼放大器第四篇Solar Cells太阳能电池hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H)氢化非晶硅Staebler-Wronski effect (SWE) Staebler-Wronski效应transparent conductive oxide (TCO)透明导电氧化物indium tin oxide(ITO)铟锡氧化物ohmic contact欧姆接触thermal evaporation热蒸发RF（radio frequency）sputtering射频溅射glow discharge technique辉光放电技术vacuum chamber真空室photovoltaic inactive光电的不活跃conversion efficiency转换效率air mass 大气质量zenith angle天顶角short circuit current短路电流open circuit voltage开路电压maximum power point最大功率点fill factor填充因子conversion efficiency转换效率Tandem 串联第五篇modular system 模块化系统routing路由选择actuators驱动器polymer-based optical waveguides基于聚合物光波导pitch节距beam propagation method (BPM)光束传播法Bosch process罗伯特·博世过程volume current method体电流法finite difference time domain (FDTD)时域有限差分法directional coupler定向耦合器multimode interference (MMI)多模干涉bandpass filter带通滤波器mode adaptation模式适应plasmonic waves等离激元波surface plasmon polaritons(SPPs)表面等离(子体)激元polarization controlled (PC)偏振控制eye diagram眼图第六篇architecture结构codec编解码器reduced instruction set computer(RISC)精简指令集计算机memory hierarchy organisation内存层次结构组织motion estimation（ME）运动估计direct memory access-based data transfers直接内存访问数据传输prototyping原型机制造Discrete cosine transform(DCT)离散余弦变换Codec profiling编解码程序概要分析inverse discrete cosine transform(IDCT)非连续反余弦变换quarter common intermediate format 四分之一通用中间格式〈176×144像素〉Million Instructions Per Second（MIPS）每秒百万条指令memory management unit (MMU)内存管理单元Wavelet transformation小波变换direct memory access（DMA）存储器直接存取full-search block-matching全搜索块匹配sum of absolute differences (SAD)绝对差总和phase阶段cell 单元ease简化densely centred uniform P-search密集中心统一P-搜索（DCUPS）macroblock (MB)宏模块device high speed (DHS) optimised高速优化的设备（DHS）device low leakage (DLL) optimised 低泄漏优化的装置（DLL）第七篇emitter-coupled logic (ECL)射极耦合逻辑quantum mechanics量子力学Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Transistor（CMOS）互补型金属氧化物半导体artificial neural networks人工神经网络ballistic transistors弹道晶体管（可用石墨烯做）nanocrystals纳米晶体nanoclusters纳米簇decoherence退相干resonant-tunneling hot electron transistor (RHET)共振隧穿热电子晶体管（RHET）heterostructure transistors 异质结晶体管quantum well laser diodes量子阱激光二极管quantum box量子盒（点/箱）quantum dot lasers 量子点激光器photonic memory devices光子存储器设备high electron mobility transistor(HEMT)高电子迁移率晶体管low thermal budget oxides 低温堆积氧化物reliability figures of merit 可靠性灵敏值thresholdless lasers 无阈值激光器break-even distance盈亏平衡距离Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)综合业务数字网（ISDN）static fatigue strength静疲劳强度wall-plug efficiency电光转换效率polymer optical fiber (POF)聚合物光纤（POF）refractive index profile折射率分布图optoelectronic multichip module (OE-MCM)光电多芯片组件（OE-MCM）total internal reflection (TIR)全内反射（TIR）micro-solder bumps微焊料凸块erbium-doped optical amplifier (EDOA)掺铒光放大器（EDOA）Holographic memory全息存储器spatial light modulator (SLM)空间光调制器（SLM）index perturbations (the hologram)(折射率)指数(索引)微扰（全息图）Laser beam welding激光束焊接Laser beam microwelding (LBM)激光束微型焊接（LBM）第八篇Global System for Mobile communication（GSM）全球移动通信系统 cellular phone蜂窝电话wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM)波分复用on-off keying开关键控Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA)掺饵光纤放大器direct-detection differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) 直接检测差分相移键控（DPSK）reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer (ROADM)可重构的光分/插（上行/下行）复用器（ROADM）phase-modulated相位调制的Homodyne crosstalk同频串扰cross-phase modulation (XPM)交叉相位调制（XPM）self-phase modulation (SPM)自相位调制（SPM）arrayed-waveguide grating ( AWG) 阵列波导光栅（AWG）micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS)微机电系统（MEMS）第九篇Cadence and Synopsys design tools Cadence和Synopsys设计工具包Layout版图routing布线/工艺路线technology工艺submicron亚微米的DLX多元未饱和型指令集结构（deluxe缩写：豪华的，高级的）ring oscillator环形振荡器。
南京邮电大学研究生专业英语翻译刘旭老师2017年第一学期注：译文仅供参考Reading 2(1)Wireless communication, despite the hype of the popular press, is a field that has been around for over a hundred years, starting around 1897 with Marconi’s successful demonstrations of wireless telegraphy. By 1901, radio reception across the Atlantic Ocean had been established; thus rapid progress in technology has also been around for quite a while.尽管受到大众媒体的炒作，从大约1897年马可尼无线电报成功示范开始，无线通信是一个已经存在一百多年的领域。
到1901年，横跨大西洋的无线电接收已经被建立；因此，技术的快速发展也已经有一段时间了。
(2)In the intervening hundred years, many types of wireless systems have flourished, and often later disappeared. For example, television transmission, in its early days, was broadcast by wireless radio transmitters, which is increasingly being replaced by cable transmission. Similarly, the point to point microwave circuits that formed the backbone of the telephone network are being replaced by optical fiber.在这一百年的时间里，许多类型的无线系统已经蓬勃发展，并且后来又消失了。
第一单元1 Passage Translation邮政的历史邮政的起源已经在时间的迷雾中消失了。
在一些古老的土地上，比如中国、波斯、埃及、希腊以及罗马帝国各省，我们发现了一种通信系统的遗迹，此通信系统通过口头或书面形式，由驻扎在公路沿线各点的人马接转传送。
这种邮政由君王和诸侯们垄断，而他们主要关心的也只是他们的命令能否到达其辽阔疆域最偏远的角落。
随着社会生活的发展，私人也被允许通过君王和修道院的信差相互联系。
这种半官半私的初期邮政组织一直持续到中世纪末期，但是不久人们就发现这种组织不足以满足不断变化的社会需求。
随着印刷术的出现，教育渗透到了社会的各个阶层，而新大陆的发现及其影响又加强了各国之间的联系。
于是通信稳步发展。
迫于此类需求，邮政也必然得以发展。
十六世纪时，弗朗索瓦·塔克西斯首次推出了一种在几个欧洲国家运营的邮政业务。
在他的推动下，邮政开始超越国界。
后来到十八世纪，邮政终于成为一种公共服务设施，并且逐渐呈现出现在的面貌。
起初，国际邮政交流由适合各国具体需求的双边协定来进行管理。
这种系统由于涉及到了使用不同货币、按不同重量单位来计算的各种资费，使得邮政业务的运作变得很复杂，阻碍了邮政的发展。
蒸汽机航海和铁路的发明给邮政带来了变化。
各国邮政部门意识到，要使国际通讯跟得上交通方式的发展，就要减少各种手续并使其标准化。
1840年，英国在这方面迈出了第一步。
在罗兰.希尔的建议下，英国国内信件的邮资降至一便士；与此同时，邮票产生了。
1868年，德国人海恩里希·冯·斯特凡草拟了建立世界邮政联盟的计划提纲。
在瑞士政府的邀请下，1874年9月15日召开了伯尔尼会议。
他建议政府把此计划呈交给伯尔尼会议进行研究讨论。
政联盟的计划提纲。
在瑞士政府的邀请下，1874年9月15日召开了伯尔尼会议。
他建议政府把此计划呈交给伯尔尼会议进行研究讨论。
2、Passage Translation万国邮政联盟万国邮政联盟成立于1874年10月9日，总部设在瑞士的伯尔尼。
