大学物理上(英文版)期末复习资料整理

物理学专业英语基础期末题库Grammar: Choose the best answer （每小题2分）1 . Ice-cream in this restaurant. [单选题] *A. is servingis served(正确答案)C. servesD. served2. Mr. James ________ in China for ten years. Now he has got a job in Australia. [单选题] *A. workedB. has worked(正确答案)C. is workingD. has been working3. ---When will you come to see me, Dad?---I will come to see you when you ____ the training course. [单选题] *A. will have finishedB. will finishC. are finishingD. finish(正确答案)4. He told me that the final examination _______ next Thursday. [单选题] *A. is givenB. will be givenC. would have givenD. would be given(正确答案)5. The little girl _____ her heart out because she _____ her toy bear and believed she wasn’t ever going to find it. [单选题] *A. had cried; lostB. cried; had lost(正确答案)C. has cried; has lostD. cries; has lost6. Water ______ into ice. [单选题] *A. will changedB. must be changedC. should changeD. can be changed(正确答案)7. She had learned English for eight years by the time he from university last year. [单选题] *A. will graduateB. will have graduatedC. graduated(正确答案)D. is t graduate8. The new play _______ in theatre now .Why don’t you go in and see it [单选题] *A. is being shown(正确答案)B. is showingC. is shownD. show9. Can you tell _______ [单选题] *A. when did it happenB. when was it happenedC. when it happened(正确答案)D. when it was happened10. He has been working on the composition the whole morning and he still _____. [单选题] *A. has beenB. doesC. hasD. is(正确答案)11.The price _____, but I doubt whether it will remain so low. [单选题] *A. went downB. will go downC. has gone down(正确答案)D. was going down12.You can’t move in right now. The house _____. [单选题] *A. has paintedB. is paintedC. is being painted(正确答案)D. is painting13. – Is this raincoat yours?– No, mine _____ there behind the door. [单选题] *A. is hanging(正确答案)B. has hungC. was hangingD. hang14. We would like to go and thank him ourselves, but we _____ out his address yet. [单选题] *A. haven’t found(正确答案)B. hadn’t foundC. didn’t findD. don’t find15. Shirley _____ a book about China last year but I don’t know whether she has finished it. [单选题] *A. has writtenB. wroteC. had writtenD. was writing(正确答案)16. Do I have to take this medicine? It ____ terrible. [单选题] *A. tastes(正确答案)B. is tastingC. is tastedD. has tasted17. I must return the camera to Li Lei. I _______ it for two weeks. [单选题] *A. keepB. borrowedC. have kept(正确答案)D. have lent18. ______ the job ______ by Lucy or by John? Tell me the truth ,please. [单选题] *A. Has…finishedB. Has …being finishedC.Is …finishD. Has …been finished(正确答案)19. Isn’t this the third time that you _____ late? [单选题] *A. have been(正确答案)B. will beC. wereD. had been20. By this time tomorrow, we _____ the machine. [单选题] *A. have repairedB. will have repaired(正确答案)C. will repairD. would repair21. Have you discovered who __________your book by mistake? [单选题] *A. takesB. took(正确答案)C. takenD. will take22. It _________in the newspaper that a new railway will go through East Forest. [单选题] *A saysB. is said(正确答案)C. saidD. is saying23. We asked our teacher when we __________ for our study trip to New York. [单选题] *A. set outB. have set outC. will set outD. would set out(正确答案)24. The teacher told the students that the sun _________ eight planets. [单选题] *A. has(正确答案)B. haveC. hadD. had had25. If it __________rain tomorrow, we will go to the Botanic Garden to enjoy the beautiful flowers. [单选题] *A isB. willC. isn'tD. doesn't(正确答案)26. The hotel________ a lot of complaints because of the terrible service since last year. [单选题] *A. are receivingB. have receivedC. has received(正确答案)D. received27. I __________the streets in our neighborhood this time yesterday when you called me. [单选题] *A. was cleaning(正确答案)B. have cleanedC. am cleaningD. would clean28. ---You look very nice in your new dress today.---Thank you. I________ it when it was on sale. [单选题] *A. buyB. bought(正确答案)C. have boughtD. will buy29. At the meeting the boss was explaining his plan while his secretary___________ the notes. [单选题] *A. is takingB. was taking(正确答案)C. has takenD. takes30. There is someone who _________to see you. [单选题] *A. wantB. wants(正确答案)C. wantedD. will want31. I’ve something ________ you. [单选题] *A. tellB. toldC. to tell(正确答案)D. telling32. When I was young, my father used to ____me some interesting stories. [单选题] *A. sayingB. tell(正确答案)C. tellingD. speak33. Mrs Zhang told me that a rabbit’s large ears enable it ____ the slightest sound. [单选题] *A. hearB. hearingC. heardD. to hear(正确答案)34. Tom has worked for the whole day there. I think he is too tired to go on ____. [单选题] *A. workB. working(正确答案)C. workedD. to work35. Don’t be worried about me, Mom. As soon as I ____ in America, I will call you. [单选题] *A. arrive(正确答案)B. arrivesC. arrivedD. is arriving36. --- Can you tell me if Sandy ____ to have dinner with us?--- I think she will come if she ____ free tonight. [单选题] *A. come; will beB. come; isC. will come; is(正确答案)D. comes; is37. _______ you just have a look at the programme "I'm the chef today" on ICS, you______ able to change the channel. [单选题] *A. If; shouldn't beB. After; must beC. When; would beD. If; won't be(正确答案)38. The cat___________ to the people who live upstairs. [单选题] *A. belongB. belongs(正确答案)C. is belongingD. was belonging39. The game "Travel in space" sounds _______ and we are all _______ in it. [单选题] *A. interested; interestingB. interested; interestedC. interesting; interested(正确答案)D. Interesting; interesting40. We can protect our country by _________ the air, the water and the land. [单选题] *A. not polluting(正确答案)B. not polluteC. not to polluteD. to not pollute41. Wait a moment! He __________ a meeting in the meeting room. [单选题] *A. will haveB. hasC. is having(正确答案)D. had42. If the trees keep on _______ , it can be _________to block the sun out and cool the air. [单选题] *A. growing; tall and large enough(正确答案)B. grow; enough tall and largeC. living; tall and large enoughD. live; enough tall and large43. The government warned some factories _____ the water again, or they will be punished. [单选题] *A. polluteB. to polluteC. not polluteD. not to pollute(正确答案)44. George jumped out of bed quickly this morning when the alarm clock suddenly ____. [单选题] *A. went off(正确答案)B. went toC. went outD. went on45. ____! There are so many cars on the street. Don’t cross the street now. [单选题] *A. Look out(正确答案)B. Look afterC. Look upD. Look at45. I won’t go to Tom's birthday party tomorrow evening unless_______. [单选题] *A. invitingB. being invitedC. invited(正确答案)D. having invited47. He pretended _______with Mary when I saw him. [单选题] *A. I was talkingB. talkingC. to talkD. to be talking(正确答案)48. The captain, as well as his passengers ___________ alive when they were rescued from the sinking ship. [单选题] *A. was(正确答案)B. wereC. isD. are49. Bill got lots of help from others though he ____ the biggest trouble in life last year. [单选题] *A. met with(正确答案)B. meeted withC. had met withD. was meeting50. _______the early train, Tom got up very early this morning and rushed in a taxi to the railway station. [单选题] *A. CatchingB. CaughtC. To catch(正确答案)D. Catch。

第1章（上册P40）1、某质点的运动方程分量式为x=10cos(0.5πt)m，y=10sin(0.5πt)m，则质点运动方程的矢量式为r= ，运动轨道方程为，运动轨道的形状为圆，任意时刻t的速度v= ，加速度 = ,速度的大小为，加速度的大小为，切向加速度的大小为0 ，法向加速度的大小为。

2、一质点做圆周运动的角量运动方程为θ=2+3t+4t2 (SI)。

它在2s末的角坐标为；在第3s内的角位移为，角速度为；在第2s末的角速度为，角加速度为；在第3s内的角加速度为；质点做运动。

3、某质点做直线运动规律为x= t2－4t+2(m)，在(SI)单位制下，则质点在前5s内通过的平均速度和路程为（C ）A、1m﹒s-1，5mB、3m﹒s-1，13mC、1m﹒s-1，13mD、3m﹒s-1，5mE、2m﹒s-1，13m4、某质点的运动规律为d v/dt=－k v2，式中k为常量，当t=0时，初速度为v0，则速率v随时间t的函数关系是（C ）A、v=½k t2+ v0B、v=-½k t2+ v0C、1∕v =kt+1∕v0D、1∕v =-kt+1∕v0E、1∕v =k t2∕2- v05、已知某一质点沿X轴座直线运动，其运动方程为x=5+18t－2t2,取t=0，x=x0为坐标原点。

在国际单位制中，试求：①第1s末及第4s末的位置矢量；②第2s内的位移；③第2s内的平均速度；④第3s末的速度；⑤第3s末的加速度；⑥质点做什么类型的运动？6、一物体沿半径R=0.10m的圆周运动，其运动方程为θ=2+4t3，在国际单位制中，试问：①在t=2s时，它的切向加速度和法向加速度各是多大？②当切向加速度的大小恰好为总加速度大小的一半时，θ的值为多少？③在哪一时刻，切向加速度的大小等于法向加速度的大小？第4章（P122）1、一质量为m的质点，在OXY平面上运动，其位置矢量为r= cos wt i+b sin wt j，式中 、b、w为正的常量。

全英语物理知识点总结Mechanics is the branch of physics that deals with the motion of objects and the forces that cause them to move. It is divided into two main areas: classical mechanics and quantum mechanics. Classical mechanics describes the behavior of macroscopic objects, such as cars and planets, while quantum mechanics deals with the behavior of subatomic particles.One of the key concepts in classical mechanics is Newton's laws of motion. These laws describe how objects move in response to forces. The first law states that an object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will remain in motion, unless acted on by an external force. The second law relates the force acting on an object to its acceleration, and the third law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.Another important concept in classical mechanics is conservation of energy and momentum. Energy is the ability to do work, and it comes in various forms, such as kinetic energy (energy of motion) and potential energy (energy of position). Momentum is a measure of an object's motion, and it is conserved in a closed system, meaning that the total momentum of the system remains constant over time.In the realm of quantum mechanics, one of the key concepts is the wave-particle duality of matter. This principle states that particles, such as electrons and photons, can behave as both waves and particles. This duality is illustrated in the famous double-slit experiment, where particles can exhibit wave-like interference patterns.Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with the transfer of heat and the conversion of energy. It encompasses the laws of thermodynamics, which describe the behavior of thermal systems. The first law of thermodynamics, also known as the law of conservation of energy, states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.The second law of thermodynamics introduces the concept of entropy, which is a measure of the disorder and randomness in a system. It states that in any spontaneous process, the entropy of the universe increases. This principle underlies many phenomena, such as the tendency of heat to flow from hot to cold objects and the irreversibility of natural processes. Electromagnetism is the branch of physics that deals with the interaction between electric and magnetic fields. One of the key concepts in electromagnetism is Coulomb's law, which describes the force between two electrically charged objects. It states that the force is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.Another important concept in electromagnetism is the relationship between electricity and magnetism, as described by Maxwell's equations. These equations unify the theories of electricity and magnetism and predict the existence of electromagnetic waves, which include visible light, radio waves, and X-rays.In modern physics, one of the key concepts is the theory of relativity, as developed by Albert Einstein. The theory of relativity encompasses both special relativity, which describes the behavior of objects in inertial reference frames, and general relativity, which describes the behavior of objects in non-inertial reference frames, such as those in gravitational fields.Special relativity introduces the concept of spacetime, which combines the three dimensions of space with the dimension of time into a single four-dimensional continuum. It also introduces the principle that the speed of light is constant for all observers, regardless of their motion relative to the source of light.General relativity explains gravity as the curvature of spacetime caused by the presence of mass and energy. It predicts phenomena such as time dilation and gravitational lensing, which have been confirmed by experimental observations.Another important concept in modern physics is quantum mechanics, which describes the behavior of matter and energy at the smallest scales. Quantum mechanics introduces the concept of quantization, which means that certain properties, such as energy and angular momentum, can only take on discrete, or quantized, values.One of the key principles of quantum mechanics is the uncertainty principle, as formulated by Werner Heisenberg. This principle states that certain pairs of properties, such as position and momentum, cannot be precisely determined simultaneously. This introduces a fundamental randomness and unpredictability into the behavior of subatomic particles.In conclusion, physics is a vast and complex field that encompasses many key concepts and principles. From classical mechanics to quantum mechanics, from thermodynamics to electromagnetism, and from relativity to quantum theory, physics provides a deep and fundamental understanding of the natural world. By studying these concepts and their applications, we can gain insight into the underlying laws and principles that govern the universe.。

大学物理英语教材题库Introduction:Physics is a fundamental subject that plays a crucial role in understanding the laws and principles that govern the natural world. For university students studying physics, it is important to have access to a comprehensive and reliable textbook that not only covers the core concepts but also offers a variety of practice questions. In this article, we will explore the importance of a physics textbook in English, specifically designed for university students.Section 1: Benefits of a Physics Textbook in English1.1 Enhanced Language Skills:Studying physics in English can improve language proficiency, particularly in scientific terminology and usage. A physics textbook in English enables students to develop their reading and comprehension skills, as well as expand their vocabulary within the context of physics.1.2 Global Perspective:English is the international language of science, and having a physics textbook in English allows students to access a wider range of resources and research materials. It provides exposure to scientific advancements and discoveries from around the world, fostering a global perspective in the field of physics.1.3 Preparation for Academic and Professional Success:With English being the dominant language in academic and professional settings, a physics textbook in English equips students with the necessary language skills for higher education and future scientific careers. It prepares students for international collaborations, conferences, and research work.Section 2: Features of an Effective Physics Textbook2.1 Comprehensive Coverage:An ideal physics textbook should cover all the essential topics and concepts in a systematic and thorough manner. It should include detailed explanations, diagrams, and examples to facilitate understanding. Additionally, it should provide practice questions to reinforce learning.2.2 Relevance to University Curriculum:The content of a physics textbook should align with the university curriculum to ensure that students are studying relevant and up-to-date material. It should follow a logical progression, building upon previously learned topics and preparing students for advanced physics courses.2.3 Engaging and Interactive Elements:To sustain student interest, a physics textbook should incorporate interactive elements such as online simulations, videos, or supplementary materials. These features enhance the learning experience and provide opportunities for hands-on exploration of physics concepts.2.4 Diversity of Question Types:A good physics textbook should contain a diverse range of question types, including multiple-choice, numerical, conceptual, and problem-solving questions. This variety allows students to develop a comprehensive understanding of physics principles and practice different problem-solving techniques.Section 3: Importance of a Physics Question Bank3.1 Assessment Preparation:A physics question bank serves as a valuable resource for exam preparation. It provides students with a wide range of practice questions that cover different topics and difficulty levels. Students can assess their understanding and identify areas for improvement through regular practice.3.2 Reinforcement of Concepts:Practice questions in a physics question bank reinforce the understanding of key concepts and principles. By attempting various types of questions, students can solidify their knowledge and develop problem-solving skills, ultimately leading to better performance in exams.3.3 Self-paced Learning:A physics question bank allows students to learn at their own pace. They can choose specific topics or question types to focus on, enabling personalized learning and targeted improvement in areas of weakness. This flexibility promotes independent learning and self-motivation.Conclusion:In conclusion, a physics textbook in English designed for university students plays a vital role in enhancing language skills, providing a global perspective, and preparing students for academic and professional success.An effective physics textbook should have comprehensive coverage, relevance to the curriculum, engaging elements, and a diverse range of question types. Additionally, a physics question bank is essential for assessment preparation, concept reinforcement, and self-paced learning. By utilizing these resources, students can excel in their study of physics and develop a strong foundation for future endeavors in the field.。

刚体复习重点（一）要点质点运动位置矢量(运动方程) r = r (t ) = x (t )i + y (t )j + z (t )k ，速度v = d r/d t = (d x /d t )i +(d y /d t )j + (d z /d t )k ，动量 P=m v加速度 a=d v/d t=(d v x /d t )i +(d v y /d t )j +(d v z /d t )k曲线运动切向加速度 a t = d v /d t ， 法向加速度 a n = v 2/r .圆周运动及刚体定轴转动的角量描述 θ=θ(t )， ω=d θ/d t ， β= d ω/d t =d 2θ/d t 2，角量与线量的关系 △l=r △θ， v=r ω (v= ω×r )，a t =r β, a n =r ω2力矩 M r F 转动惯量 2i i J r m =∆∑， 2d mJ r m =⎰ 转动定律 t d L M =M J α= 角动量： 质点p r L ⨯= 刚体L=J ω；角动量定理 ⎰tt 0d M =L -L 0角动量守恒 M=0时, L=恒量； 转动动能2k E J ω= (二) 试题一 选择题（每题3分）1．一轻绳跨过一具有水平光滑轴、质量为M 的定滑轮，绳的两端分别悬有质量为m 1和m 2的物体(m 1＜m 2)，如图．绳与轮之间无相对滑动．若某时刻滑轮沿逆时针方向转动，则绳中的张力（答案：C ）(A) 处处相等． (B) 左边大于右边．(C) 右边大于左边． (D) 哪边大无法判断． 2．将细绳绕在一个具有水平光滑轴的飞轮边缘上，现在在绳端挂一质量为m 的重物，飞轮的角加速度为β．如果以拉力2mg 代替重物拉绳时，飞轮的角加速度将 （答案：C ）(A) 小于β． (B) 大于β，小于2 β． (C) 大于2 β． (D) 等于2 β．3. 均匀细棒OA 可绕通过其一端O 而与棒垂直的水平固定光滑轴转动，如图所示，今使棒从水平位置由静止开始自由下落，在棒摆动到竖立位置的过程中，下述说法哪一种是正确的？(A) 角速度从小到大，角加速度从大到小. (答案：A ）(B) 角速度从小到大，角加速度从小到大.(C) 角速度从大到小，角加速度从大到小.(D) 角速度从大到小，角加速度从小到大.4. 关于刚体对轴的转动惯量，下列说法中正确的是（答案：C ）(A) 只取决于刚体的质量，与质量的空间分布和轴的位置无关.(B) 取决于刚体的质量和质量的空间分布，与轴的位置无关.(C) 取决于刚体的质量，质量的空间分布和轴的位置.(D) 只取决于转轴的位置，与刚体的质量和质量的空间分布无关.5. 花样滑冰运动员绕通过自身的竖直轴转动，开始时两臂伸开，转动惯量为J 0，角速度为ω0．然后她将两臂收回，使转动惯量减少为J 0/3．这时她转动的角速度变为（答案：D ）(A) ω0/3． (B) ()3/1 ω0． (C) 3 ω0． (D) 3ω0．二、填空题1.（本题4分）一飞轮作匀减速运动，在5s 内角速度由40π rad/s 减少到10π rad/s ，则飞轮在这5s内总共转过了 圈，飞轮再经 的时间才能停止转动。

英语物理知识点总结1. Classical MechanicsClassical mechanics is the branch of physics that deals with the motion of objects and the forces that cause this motion. It is often divided into two main subfields: statics, which deals with the equilibrium of objects at rest, and dynamics, which deals with the motion of objects and the forces that cause this motion.One of the most famous equations in classical mechanics is Newton's second law of motion, which states that the force acting on an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration. This simple equation has profound implications and forms the foundation of classical mechanics.Other important concepts in classical mechanics include work and energy, momentum, and angular momentum. These concepts help us understand the behavior of objects in motion and are essential for many practical applications, such as engineering and transportation.2. ThermodynamicsThermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with the relationships between heat, work, and energy. It is a fundamental concept in many areas of science and engineering, including chemistry, biology, and materials science.One of the key principles of thermodynamics is the conservation of energy, which states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. This principle underlies many of the laws and equations of thermodynamics and plays a crucial role in our understanding of the natural world.Another important concept in thermodynamics is entropy, which is a measure of the disorder or randomness of a system. The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of any isolated system will always increase over time, leading to the concept of the arrow of time and the irreversibility of certain processes.3. ElectromagnetismElectromagnetism is the branch of physics that deals with the relationship between electricity and magnetism. It is one of the four fundamental forces of nature and plays a crucial role in many everyday phenomena, such as the behavior of electrical circuits, the generation of light and other electromagnetic waves, and the behavior of charged particles in electric and magnetic fields.One of the key equations in electromagnetism is Maxwell's equations, which describe how electric and magnetic fields are generated and how they interact with each other. These equations form the foundation of classical electromagnetism and have profound implications for our understanding of the behavior of light and other electromagnetic waves.Other important concepts in electromagnetism include electric potential, capacitance, inductance, and the behavior of electric and magnetic fields in matter. These concepts are essential for understanding the behavior of electrical circuits, the generation of electric power, and many other practical applications.4. Quantum MechanicsQuantum mechanics is the branch of physics that deals with the behavior of matter and energy at very small scales, such as the scale of atoms and subatomic particles. It is a fundamental theory that has revolutionized our understanding of the universe and has led to many technological advancements, such as the development of semiconductors and the theory of quantum computing.One of the key principles of quantum mechanics is the wave-particle duality, which states that matter and energy can exhibit both wave-like and particle-like behavior. This principle underlies many of the phenomena observed at the quantum scale and has profound implications for our understanding of the natural world.Another important concept in quantum mechanics is the uncertainty principle, which states that certain pairs of physical properties, such as position and momentum, cannot be simultaneously measured with arbitrary precision. This principle has important implications for our understanding of the behavior of quantum systems and the limitations of measurement in the quantum world.5. RelativityRelativity is the branch of physics that deals with the behavior of matter and energy at very large scales, such as the scale of stars, galaxies, and the universe at large. It is a fundamental theory that has revolutionized our understanding of the cosmos and has led to many important discoveries, such as the prediction of black holes and the expansion of the universe.One of the key principles of relativity is the principle of the equivalence of inertial and gravitational mass, which states that the gravitational force experienced by an object is equivalent to the inertial force experienced by the object in an accelerating frame of reference. This principle forms the foundation of general relativity and has profound implications for our understanding of the behavior of matter and energy in the presence of gravitational fields.Another important concept in relativity is the speed of light as a fundamental constant, which plays a crucial role in many of the phenomena observed at very large scales, such as the redshift of light from distant galaxies and the bending of light by gravitational fields.In conclusion, physics is a vast and complex field of study that encompasses many key concepts and topics. From classical mechanics to relativity, from thermodynamics to quantum mechanics, the foundational principles of physics have revolutionized ourunderstanding of the natural world and the universe at large. By studying these key concepts and topics, we gain valuable insights into the behavior of matter and energy and the fundamental principles that govern the cosmos. Physics is not only a fundamental science, but also a source of inspiration for many technological advancements that have transformed our world.。

1、vectors矢量：velocity（速度v）acceleration（加速度a）force（力f）displacement（位移）,Vectors(向量)2、scalars标量：speed（速率）weight（重量）mass（质量）volume（体积）energy（能量）work（功）3、The unit of SI(国际标准单位)：metre米,kilogram千克KG,second秒S,newton牛顿N,watt瓦特W,ampere安培A,joule焦耳J4、连线：length长度----metre(M米)，mass质量----kilogram(KG千克)，time时间----second(S秒)，current电流----ampere(A安培)，temperature温度----kelvin(K开尔文)，amount物质的量----mole(MOL摩尔)，charge电荷----coulomb(C库伦)，force力----neton(N牛顿)，energy能量----joule（J焦耳），resistance电阻----ohm（Ω欧姆）5、(√×)Average velocity is not necessarily the same as average speed.平均速度不等于平均速率。

6、概念Displacement位移is distance moved in a particular direction. metre (m).7、用点，他们的组合效果被称为合力。

8、The turning effect of a force is called a moment（力矩）9、On earth, everything feels the downward force of gravity。

This gravitational force is called weight.（重力）10、Near the Ether’s surface, the gravitational force on each kg is about 10 N:the gravitational field strength重力场强度is 10 N kg-1. This is represented by the symbol g.（g的概念）11、Work功is done whenever a force makes something move.12、Things have energy能if they can do work。

1．In the absence of force ,a body will either remain at rest,or continue to move with constant speed in a straight line.在不受力的情况下，物体将保持静止状态或匀速直线运动状态。

2．Modern scientific discoveries lead to the conclusion that energy may be created from matter and that matter in turn may be created from energy. 近代科学的发现得出这样的结论：物质可以产生能量，能量又可以产生物质。

3．Because energy can be changed from one from into another,electricity can be changed into heat energy,mechanical energy,light energy,etc. 因为能量可以从一种能量转化为另一种能量，电能可以转化为热能，磁场能，光能等。

4.To launch a space vehicle into orbit , a very big push is needed because the friction of air and the force of gravity are working against it要把宇宙飞行器送入轨道，需要施加很大推力，因为空气的摩擦力和地球引力对它起阻碍作用。

5.Einstein , who worked out the famous theory of relativity , won the nobel prize in 1921由于爱因斯坦提出了著名的“相对论”，因此，他于1921年获得了诺贝尔奖金6.The ferromagnetic materials can become paramagnetic, with the temperature being above the Curie temperature.温度高于居里温度时，铁磁质会变成顺磁质。

英语物理知识点归纳Introduction:Physics is a branch of science that deals with the understanding of natural phenomena and the laws governing the universe. It involves the study of matter, energy, motion, and the relationship between them. English is a global language, and having a good understanding of physics-related vocabulary and concepts in English is essential for students, scientists, and professionalsin the field. In this article, we will explore various physics topics andtheir corresponding English terms.1. Mechanics:Mechanics is the branch of physics that deals with the study of motion, the forces that cause it, and the concepts related to it. Some important terms related to mechanics include:- Motion: The change in position of an object over time.- Velocity: The rate of change of an object's position with respect to time.- Acceleration: The rate of change of an object's velocity with respect to time.- Force: A push or pull exerted on an object that causes it to change itsstate of motion.- Mass: The amount of matter in an object.- Inertia: The resistance of an object to changes in its state of motion.- Newton's Laws of Motion: Three fundamental laws that describe therelationship between motion and forces.2. Thermodynamics:Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with the study of heat, energy, and their interconversion. Some important terms related to thermodynamics include:- Temperature: A measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance.- Heat: The transfer of energy between two systems at different temperatures. - Thermal equilibrium: When two objects in contact with each other reach the same temperature.- Laws of Thermodynamics: A set of principles that govern the behavior of energy in a system.- Entropy: A measure of the disorder or randomness in a system.3. Electromagnetism:Electromagnetism is the branch of physics that deals with the study ofelectric and magnetic fields, their interactions, and their effects on matter. Some important terms related to electromagnetism include:- Electric charge: The physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electric field.- Electric current: The flow of electric charge.- Voltage: The electrical potential difference between two points.- Resistance: The measure of opposition to the flow of electric current.- Capacitance: The ability of a system to store an electric charge.- Magnetic field: A region around a magnet or a moving electric charge where magnetic forces can be detected.- Electromagnetic spectrum: The range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation.4. Optics:Optics is the branch of physics that deals with the study of light and its properties. Some important terms related to optics include:- Reflection: The bouncing back of light when it hits a surface.- Refraction: The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another.- Lens: A transparent material that can focus or diverge light rays.- Prism: A transparent object with flat, polished surfaces that can disperse light into its component colors.- Diffraction: The bending or spreading of waves when they encounter an obstacle or a small opening.- Interference: The interaction of two or more waves that results in a combined effect.Conclusion:Physics is a complex and expansive field of study, and understanding its terminology and concepts is essential for anyone interested in the subject. This article provided a brief overview of some important physics topics andtheir corresponding English terms, including mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, and optics. Building a strong foundation in these concepts will help students and professionals communicate and understand physics-related information in English more effectively.。

Concept Summery for FP FINAL 2012 spr.Chapter 1 【force and motion】(1) Concept1.particle: ideal object with mass, neglect size, shape, internal structure ...When the size of the object is much less than its moving range. It could be treat as a particle.2.description：equation of motion/position vector/displacement/Velocity (vector)/speed(scalar)/acceleration/instantaneous velocity/Angular velocity/acceleration –circular motion=>Common particle motions: Circular motion, projectile motion and general curvilinear motionmon force: Gravity/ Elastic force/ Friction/ Universal gravity4.Newton’s law of motion:[FIRST] Every object continues in its state of rest, or of uniform motion in a straight line, unless it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed upon it. [SECOND] The change of motion is proportional to the net force exert on the object, and occurs on the direction of the net force.[THIRD] If two objects interact, the force F12 exerted by object 1 on object 2 is equal in magnitude to and opposite in direction to the force F21 exerted by object 2 on object 1.5.Galilean relativity: You can not determine whether a frame is still or move at aconstant speed by mechanical experiment in this frame. This is called the Galilean relativity.(2) Calculation:1.v=dx/dt a=dv/dt 积分应用2.力学动力学过程分析Chapter 2【Conserved quantities and laws in motion】1.(1)Centroid: The center of mass of the system is called centroid.(2) Theorem of motion of centroid:No matter how distribution in mass of the body and how external froces are exerted on the body, the movement of centroid is like that all the mass as well as all the external force are focused at this point. (理解：炮弹飞行轨道上爆炸其质心运动的轨迹不变。

物理英语知识点总结Physics is the study of matter, energy, and the interactions between them. It is a fundamental science that seeks to understand the world around us and the laws that govern it. In this summary, we will cover a range of key physics concepts and principles, including mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, and modern physics.**Mechanics**Mechanics is the branch of physics that deals with the behavior of objects under the influence of forces. It is divided into two main subfields: classical mechanics and quantum mechanics.Classical mechanics is the study of the motion of objects and the forces that act upon them. It is based on three fundamental laws: Newton's laws of motion. These laws state that an object at rest will stay at rest unless acted upon by an external force, the force acting on an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration, and for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.Quantum mechanics, on the other hand, is the study of the behavior of particles at the subatomic level. It is based on the principles of wave-particle duality, uncertainty, and superposition. Quantum mechanics plays a crucial role in understanding the behavior of particles in atomic and subatomic systems.**Thermodynamics**Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with the relationship between heat and other forms of energy. It has several key concepts, including the laws of thermodynamics, heat engines, and entropy.The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or converted from one form to another. The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of an isolated system will always increase over time.Heat engines are devices that convert heat energy into mechanical work. They operate based on the principles of the Carnot cycle, which describes the idealized thermodynamic cycle of a heat engine.Entropy is a measure of the disorder or randomness in a system. The second law of thermodynamics implies that the entropy of a closed system will always tend to increase, leading to the concept of the arrow of time and the irreversibility of natural processes.**Electromagnetism**Electromagnetism is the branch of physics that deals with the relationship between electricity and magnetism. It is based on the principles of electric charge, electric fields, magnetic fields, and electromagnetic radiation.Electric charge is a fundamental property of matter, and it can be either positive or negative. Like charges repel each other, while opposite charges attract each other.Electric fields are regions of space around charged particles where electric forces are exerted on other charged particles. They are represented by lines of force that point away from positive charges and towards negative charges.Magnetic fields are regions of space around magnets where magnetic forces are exerted on other magnets or magnetic materials. They are represented by lines of force that form closed loops around the magnet.Electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy that travels through space as a combination of electric and magnetic fields oscillating perpendicular to each other. It includes visible light, radio waves, microwaves, and X-rays, among others.**Modern Physics**Modern physics is the branch of physics that deals with the behavior of matter and energy at the smallest and largest scales. It includes the study of relativity, quantum mechanics, and particle physics.Relativity is a theory developed by Albert Einstein that explains the behavior of objects moving at speeds close to the speed of light. It has two main components: special relativity, which deals with the behavior of objects in inertial frames of reference, and general relativity, which extends the theory to include gravity.Quantum mechanics, as discussed earlier, is the study of the behavior of particles at the subatomic level. It has several key concepts, including the wave-particle duality, the uncertainty principle, and the quantum mechanical model of the atom.Particle physics is the study of the fundamental particles and forces that make up the universe. It includes the study of the standard model of particle physics, which describes the interactions between quarks, leptons, and gauge bosons.In conclusion, physics is a vast and complex field of study that covers a wide range of concepts and principles. By understanding the fundamental laws and principles of physics, we can gain a deeper appreciation of the natural world and the forces that govern it.。

全程指导大学物理知识点总结(大一-大四)(精华版)英文版Comprehensive Guide to Summarizing Key Physics Concepts (Year 1-4) (Essential Edition)In this document, we will cover a wide range of essential physics concepts that are typically taught in the first to fourth years of university. The goal is to provide a concise summary of key topics to help students grasp the fundamental principles of physics.Year 1:- Introduction to classical mechanics- Kinematics and dynamics- Newton's laws of motion- Work, energy, and power- Conservation of energy- Conservation of momentum- Circular motionYear 2:- Introduction to electricity and magnetism - Electric fields and forces- Gauss's law- Electric potential and capacitance- DC circuits- Magnetic fields and forces- Electromagnetic inductionYear 3:- Introduction to waves and optics- Wave properties- Geometric optics- Interference and diffraction- Doppler effect- Modern physics- Special relativity- Quantum mechanicsYear 4:- Thermodynamics- Laws of thermodynamics- Heat engines and refrigerators- Entropy- Statistical mechanics- Nuclear physics- Radioactivity- Nuclear reactionsThis guide aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the key physics concepts that students are expected to learn throughout their university education. By focusing on the essential topics and avoiding unnecessary complications, students can build a strong foundation in physics and achieve success in their academic pursuits.。

目录1.kinematic 运动学2.mechanical motion 机械运动3.vector 向量4velocity and speed 速度和速率5.acceleration 加速度ws of conservation 守恒定律7.quantities obeying the laws of8.conservation 符合守恒定律的量9.kinetic energy 动能10.work 功11.conservative forces 保守力12.potential energy in an external force field 在外力场中的势能13.mechanics of a rigid body 刚体力学14.motion of a body 物体运动15.motion of the center of mass of a body物体质心的运动16.rotation of a body about a fixed axis 绕固定轴的物体的运动17.molecular physics分子物理学18.statistical physics and thermodynamics 热动力学19.mass and size of molecules 分子的质量和大小20.state of a system process 系统运动状态21.internal energy of a system 系统内能22.the first law of thermodynamics 热力学第一定律23.work done by a body upon changes in volome物体通过改变体积做功24.temperature 温度25.equation of state of an ideal gas 理想气体状态方程26.statistical physics 统计物理rmation form the theory of probability概率原理28.nature of the thermal motion of molecules分子热运动的本质29.number of collisions of molecules with a wall 分子碰撞密度30.pressure of a gas on a wall optics 光学31.interference of light 光的干涉32.interference of light waves 光波干涉33.coherence相干的34.ways of observing the interference of light观察光干涉的方法35.diffraction of light 光的衍射36.introduction 前言37.huygens-fresnel principle 惠更斯-菲涅尔原理38.fresnel zones区域39.electricity and magnetism 电学和磁学40.electric field in a vacuum真空中的电场41.electric charge电荷42.coulomb’s law库仑定律43.system of untis 单位体系44.rationalized form of writing formulas正规性合理化的书写形式45.potential 电势46.electric field 电场。

物理专业英语知识点总结第一篇：物理专业英语知识点总结目录1.kinematic2.mechanical motion 运动学3.vector 机械运动 4velocity and speed 向量5.acceleration 速度和速率ws of conservation 加速度7.quantities 8.conservation obeying the 守恒定律laws of量符合守恒定律的9.kinetic energy 10.work 动能11.conservative forces 功12.potential 保守力external energy inan 的势能force field 在外力场中13.mechanics of a rigid body 体力学刚14.motion of a body 15.motion 物体运动 of a bodyof the center of mass 16.rotation 物体质心的运动fixed of a body abouta 动axis 绕固定轴的物体的运17.molecular 学physics分子物理18.statistical thermodynamics physics and 19.mass 分子的质量和大小and size 热动力学of molecules 20.state 统运动状态of asystem process 系21.internal 系统内能energy of a system 22.the thermodynamics first law of 律热力学第一定23.work changes 变体积做功in donevolomeby a 物体通过改body upon 24.temperature 25.equation gas of state 温度of an ideal 26.statistical physics 理想气体状态方程rmation 统计物理of probability28.nature of the thermal motion 概率原理form thetheory of molecules29.number 分子热运动的本质molecules 密度with ofa wall collisions 分子碰撞of 30.pressure of a opticsgas on a wall 31.interference 光学涉of light 光的干32.interference 光波干涉of light waves 33.coherence34.ways interference of 相干的的方法of lightobserving 观察光干涉the 35.diffraction of light 36.introduction 37.huygens-fresnel 前言光的衍射更斯-菲涅尔原理principle惠38.fresnel zones39.electricity 区域学和磁学and magnetism 电40.electric 空中的电场fieldin a vacuum真41.electric charge42.coulomb43.system of untis ’s law库仑定律电荷44.rationalized 单位体系 formulasform of writing 形式正规性合理化的书写45.potential 46.electric stbengthfield 电势电场。

英语解释物理知识点总结Physics is a fundamental science that seeks to understand the behavior of the universe through the study of matter and energy. It encompasses a wide range of phenomena, from the smallest particles of matter to the largest structures in the cosmos. In this article, we will explore some key concepts in physics, including classical mechanics, electromagnetism, thermodynamics, and quantum mechanics.Classical MechanicsClassical mechanics is the branch of physics that deals with the motion of objects and the forces that act upon them. It is based on Isaac Newton's laws of motion, which describe the relationship between an object's mass, its acceleration, and the forces acting upon it. These laws form the foundation of classical mechanics and are still used today to understand the motion of everyday objects.One of the key concepts in classical mechanics is the principle of conservation of energy. This principle states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another. This concept is central to the understanding of how objects move and interact with one another, and it has important implications for fields such as engineering and environmental science.Another important concept in classical mechanics is the study of circular motion and gravitational forces. Sir Isaac Newton developed the theory of gravity, which describes how all objects with mass are attracted to one another. This theory has been used to explain the motion of planets, stars, and other celestial bodies, and it has provided a foundation for our understanding of the universe.ElectromagnetismElectromagnetism is the branch of physics that deals with the interactions between electrically charged particles and magnetic fields. It is based on the work of James Clerk Maxwell, who developed a set of equations that describe how electric and magnetic fields are related and how they interact with matter.One of the key concepts in electromagnetism is the understanding of electric fields and electric potential. Electric fields are created by electric charges and exert forces on other charges within the field. Electric potential is a measure of the energy stored in an electric field, and it is used to describe the behavior of charged particles in different situations.Another important concept in electromagnetism is the study of magnetic fields and magnetic forces. Magnetic fields are created by moving electric charges, such as the movement of electrons in a wire. These fields exert forces on other charges and can be used to produce motion, as in the case of electric motors and generators.ThermodynamicsThermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with the study of heat and its relationship to energy and work. It is based on the laws of thermodynamics, which describe how heat and energy are transferred between systems and how they can be used to perform work.One of the key concepts in thermodynamics is the understanding of heat and temperature. Heat is a form of energy that can be transferred from one object to another, and temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance. These concepts are used to explain the behavior of gases, liquids, and solids, and they are important in fields such as engineering and chemistry.Another important concept in thermodynamics is the study of heat engines and the conversion of heat into work. This concept is central to the understanding of how engines and power plants operate, and it has important implications for the development of sustainable energy sources.Quantum MechanicsQuantum mechanics is the branch of physics that deals with the behavior of matter and energy at the smallest scales. It is based on the work of scientists such as Max Planck and Albert Einstein, who developed the theory of quantum physics to explain the behavior of particles at the atomic and subatomic levels.One of the key concepts in quantum mechanics is the understanding of wave-particle duality. This concept describes how particles such as electrons and photons can behave as both particles and waves, depending on the situation. It has important implications for our understanding of the behavior of matter and energy at the smallest scales.Another important concept in quantum mechanics is the study of quantum states and their interactions. Quantum states are described by wave functions, which represent the probability of finding a particle in a particular location. These wave functions can be used to study the behavior of atoms, molecules, and other small particles, and they have important implications for fields such as chemistry and materials science.ConclusionPhysics is a rich and diverse field that encompasses a wide range of phenomena, from the smallest particles of matter to the largest structures in the universe. It is based on key concepts such as classical mechanics, electromagnetism, thermodynamics, and quantum mechanics, which provide a foundation for our understanding of the behavior of the natural world.By studying these key concepts and the principles that underlie them, physicists have been able to develop a deep understanding of the universe and its behavior. This understanding has led to important technological advances and has helped to shape our understanding ofthe world around us. As our knowledge of physics continues to grow, we can expect to see even more exciting discoveries and innovations in the future.。

英语物理知识点总结人教版1. MechanicsMechanics is the branch of physics that deals with the study of motion, forces, and energy. It is a fundamental area of physics that underpins all other branches of the subject. In mechanics, we study the laws of motion, the behavior of objects under the influence of forces, and the transfer and transformation of energy. Some key topics in mechanics include:- Newton's laws of motion: These laws describe the relationship between the motion of an object and the forces acting on it. They are fundamental principles in the study of mechanics and provide a basis for understanding the behavior of objects in the physical world.- Kinematics: This is the branch of mechanics that deals with the description of motion without considering the forces that cause it. It includes the study of displacement, velocity, and acceleration.- Dynamics: Dynamics is the study of the forces that cause motion and the resulting motion of objects. It includes the study of force, mass, acceleration, and momentum.2. ThermodynamicsThermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with the study of heat, temperature, and the relationship between energy and work. It is an important area of physics that has wide-ranging applications in engineering, chemistry, and environmental science. Some key topics in thermodynamics include:- Laws of thermodynamics: The laws of thermodynamics are fundamental principles that govern the behavior of energy and heat. They provide a framework for understanding the behavior of systems and the conversion of energy between different forms.- Heat transfer: Heat transfer is the study of the movement of heat from one place to another. It includes the processes of conduction, convection, and radiation, which are important in understanding the behavior of materials and systems.- Thermodynamic processes: Thermodynamic processes describe the changes in a system's state variables, such as temperature, pressure, and volume, as it undergoes a transformation. These processes are important in the study of energy conversion and the performance of heat engines and refrigeration systems.3. ElectromagnetismElectromagnetism is the branch of physics that deals with the study of electric and magnetic phenomena. It is a fundamental area of physics that has diverse applications in technology, from electronics and telecommunications to power generation and transportation. Some key topics in electromagnetism include:- Electric charge and field: Electric charge is a fundamental property of matter that interacts with other charges through the electric field. The study of electric fields and their effects provides a basis for understanding electrical phenomena.- Magnetic fields and forces: Magnetic fields are produced by moving charges and exert forces on other moving charges. The study of magnetic fields and their effects provides a basis for understanding magnetic phenomena and their applications.- Electromagnetic waves: Electromagnetic waves are energy-carrying waves that are generated by oscillating electric and magnetic fields. They play a crucial role in the transmission of information and energy and are fundamental in the study of light, radio, and other forms of electromagnetic radiation.4. OpticsOptics is the branch of physics that deals with the study of light and its interactions with matter. It is an important area of physics that has diverse applications in technology, from imaging and microscopy to telecommunications and laser technology. Some key topics in optics include:- Geometric optics: Geometric optics is the study of the behavior of light as it interacts with mirrors, lenses, and other optical components. It provides a basis for understanding the formation of images and the design of optical instruments.- Wave optics: Wave optics is the study of the behavior of light as a wave, including phenomena such as interference, diffraction, and polarization. It provides a basis for understanding the wave nature of light and its interactions with matter.- Modern optics: Modern optics encompasses the study of advanced optical phenomena and technologies, including laser physics, fiber optics, and the development of optical materials and devices. It is an important area of physics with wide-ranging applications in technology and industry.5. Modern physicsModern physics is the branch of physics that deals with the study of phenomena beyond the scope of classical physics, including quantum mechanics, relativity, and particle physics. It is a fascinating and rapidly advancing area of physics that has revolutionized our understanding of the physical world. Some key topics in modern physics include:- Quantum mechanics: Quantum mechanics is the branch of physics that deals with the behavior of matter and energy at the atomic and subatomic scales. It provides a basis for understanding the behavior of particles such as electrons and photons and has led to the development of new technologies such as quantum computing and quantum cryptography. - Special relativity: Special relativity is the theory developed by Albert Einstein that describes the behavior of objects moving at high speeds. It provides a basis forunderstanding the nature of space, time, and energy at relativistic velocities and has had a profound impact on our understanding of the universe.- Particle physics: Particle physics is the branch of physics that deals with the study of the fundamental particles and forces of nature. It has led to the discovery of new particles such as quarks, leptons, and bosons, and has played a crucial role in the development of the standard model of particle physics.In conclusion, physics is a fascinating and fundamental science that provides us with a deeper understanding of the physical world. The key concepts summarized in this article provide a comprehensive overview of the subject and its diverse applications in technology and industry. By studying physics, we can gain a better understanding of the principles that govern the behavior of matter and energy and develop new technologies to address the challenges of the future.。

专业应试题库一，专业词汇翻译A spherical system of coordinates 球坐标系Absolute scale绝对温标Absolute temperature 绝对温度Absolute zero 绝对零度Acute angle锐角Adiabatic process绝热过程Adjacent邻近的Amount of heat 热量Amplitude振幅Analytical expression解析式Angular momentum角动量Angular velocity角速度Annihilate湮灭Appreciable相当多的Approximate solution近似解Arbitrarily任意的变换莫测的Assume that 假设At constant pressure定压At rest静止的，Axial symmetry轴对称Axis of rotation转轴Be independent of 独立的，Be proportional to 与……成正比Bend使弯曲的Capacitor电容器Center of mass质心Centripetal force向心力Cgs厘米-克-秒制（Centimeter-Gram-Second）Change in jumps 突变Chaotic无序的Charge by conduct 接触起电Charge by induction 感应起电Circulation motion圆周运动Classical mechanics经典力学Coefficient系数Coherent相干性Combustion engine内燃机Comparison 参照物Compensate 补偿，抵消Conductor导体Consecutive 连贯的Consequently结果，因此Conservation守恒Considerable 相当大的Constant常量Constructive interference 干涉相长Coordinate system坐标系Coulomb’s law库仑定律Counter-phase反相Cross-sectional 横截面Curl旋度Curvilinear motion曲线运动Cyclic process循环过程Decrement衰减率Denominator分母Density密度Derivative导数Destructive interference干涉相消Developing显影Deviation from脱离逸出Diatomic双原子的Difference差异Diffraction衍射Dimension 维Discrete value离散值Displacement位移Distance 距离Distribution function分布函数Divergence 散度Dynamics动力学Elastic collision弹性碰撞Electric dipole电偶极子Electric field 电场Electric potential 电势Electric potential energy电势能Electrically polarized电极化Electrodynamics电动力学Electromagnetic电磁学Electron电子Electrostatic静电Elementary mass元质量，质量元Embodiment体现具体化Emulsion感光剂Energy能量Energy level 能级Entropy 熵Equilibrium平衡Equipartition principle均分定理Ether以太Exposure曝光External force外力Factor因素First law of thermodynamics热力学第一定律Focal plane焦平面Fraunhofer diffraction夫琅和费衍射Free fall自由落体Friction摩擦力Gamma photon伽马射线General theory relativity广义相对论Geometrical几何的Gradient梯度Gravity重力，地心引力Grow proportionally to 正比增长Harmonic function调和函数Harmonic oscillator谐振子Heat 热Heat capacity 热容Heat engine热机Heat transfer热传递Hence因此Histogram直方图Hologram 全息图Holography 全系照相Homogeneous（反应堆）燃烧和减速剂均匀调和的Huygens’ Principle惠更斯原理Hypothetical medium 假设介质Ideal gass理想气体Identical 同一的，完全相同的Illuminate说明Impart 给予Impulse冲量Inalienable不可分割的Incident light入射光Inclination倾角Incoherene非相干的Increase增加Increment增量Inertia惯性Inertial reference frame惯性参考系Infrared radiation 红外辐射Initial moment 初始时刻Instantaneous瞬间的Insulator 绝缘体Integral 积分Interference 干涉Internal energy 内能Internal force内力Intra-molecular energy 分子内能Isotropic 各向同性的Kinematics运动学Law of cosine square余弦定理Length contraction长度收缩Macroscopic宏观的Mass质量Mass-energy conversion质能转换Mean distance 平均距离Mechanical equivalent of heat热功当量Mechanics力学Medium 介质Microscopic 微观的Molar heat gas capacity 气体摩尔热容Mole 摩尔Molecular physics分子物理学Momentum动量Monatomic单原子Monochromatic light单色光Motion运动Multiply乘以Neutron中子Newton’s first law牛顿第一定律Non-equilibrium state非平衡态Normal acceleration法向加速度Normal to 垂直于Nuclei原子核Nucleon 核子Numerator 分子Object beam 物体光束Obtuse angle钝角Operator算符Overlap 重叠Polarization两极分化极化Parallel axis theorem平行轴定理Parallel beams平行光束Parallel rays平行光Parallelogram method平行四边形法则Parameter of state状态参数Perfectly rigid body刚体Perpendicular垂直的Phase difference相位差Phenomena现象Piston活塞Point charge点电荷Point particle质点Power功率Preference优先权Principle of relativity相对性原理Probability可能性Probability distribution function概率分布函数Projection 投影Propagate传播Proton质子Pseudoscopic幻视镜的Quantitative conclusion定量结论Quasi-static 准静态的Radian弧度Radius半径Rarefaction稀薄的Real image实像Rectilinear motion 直线运动Redistribution重新分配Reference frame参考系Reference wave参考波Relative atomic mass of an element相对原子质量Relative molecular mass of substance相对分子质量Relaxation process弛豫过程Relaxation time 弛豫时间Reversible (process)可逆过程Rotational inertia转动惯量Scalar标量Scalar field标量场Semiconductor半导体Semitransparent 半透明的Solid angle立体角Spatial coherence 空间相干性Special theory of relativity狭义相对论Specific heat capacity 比热容Speed 速度速率Stationary 固定的Subscript下标Superpose 重叠的Superposition叠加Symmetry对称的Temperature温度Temporal coherence 时间相干性Terminal velocity末速度Test charge检验电荷The difference on optical path 光程差The equation of state of an ideal gass理想气体物态方程The magnitude of a vector向量的大小The number of degree of freedom自由度数量The reciprocal of 倒数The refractive index折射率The right-hand screw rule右手螺旋定则The second derivative of 二阶导数The square of distance距离的平方The tangential acceleration切向加速度Thermodynamic temperature scale热力学温标Three dimensional三维的Time averaged value时间均值Time dilation时间膨胀Timepiece计时器Torque力矩Torsion balance扭秤Translation motion平动Triatomic三原子的Tuning fork音叉Twin paradox孪生佯谬Ultraviolet light紫外线Undeformable body不可形变体，刚体Uniform circular motion匀速圆周运动Unit time单位时间Vector field 矢量场Vectors矢量Velocity 速度,矢量Virtual image虚像Wave length 波长Wave number波数Weight重量)二、段落翻译翻译('541、For a stationary field, the work done on a particle by the forces of the field may depend on theinitial and final position of the particle and not depend on the path along which the particle moved. Forces having such a property are called conservative.对于固定的场,力作用在质点上的公取决于初始位置和末位置,而与路径无关,具有这个性质的力叫保守力.2、 A combination of bodies that are stationary relative to one another with respect to whichmotion is being considered an a timepiece indicating the time forms a reference frame.由运动上相对静止的物体所组成的复合体，外加显示（记录）时间的仪器，一起构成了参考系统。