课时规范训练必修4-Unit4
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Ⅰ.阅读理解(共两节)第一节阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C、D)中，选出最佳选项。
All day long，litter builds up between brain cells.Astudy now finds that trash(垃圾)is washed away by fluids inthe brain during sleep.That's potentially good news becausesuch garbage(废物) includes a substance linked toAlzheimer's disease.Evidence of this brain washing emerged in a study on mice.But the finding gave researchers an idea of what may happen in the brains of sleeping people.A sleep researcher at the University of Wisconsin-Madison，Chiara Cirelli called the new finding “eye-opening and exciting”．Maiken Nedergaard is a neuroscientist.Her team had been studying a drainage process in the brain that acts like a sewer system(排水系统)．What the scientists hadn't expected was to find that this system performs a different role during sleep than it does while animals are awake.As animals slept，fluids began flowing from the brain into the spaces between brain cells.These fluids washed away the junk that had built up while animals were awake.Other studies had shown that during waking hours，brain cells pump out bits of protein and other substances.The longer someone stays awake，the more litter builds up.That trash includes proteins that gather in the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease，which causes people to lose the ability to think，learn and remember.Once mice fell asleep，fluids flowed into their brains.“It was almost like you opened a tap”，Nedergaard said.As the fluid passed through the spaces between brain cells，it washed away the litter.The tap slowed to a trickle(涓流) when mice woke up.The scientists then looked closely at the brain cells.They found that the cells shrank during slumber(睡眠)—enough to open space through which the fluid can flow freely.When mice were awake，the cells swelled，lessening the fluid's flow.The newfound house-cleaning activity occurs in a part of the brain that few people study，noted scientist Houzel.“That space between brain cells is usually disregarded.It's considered just space，”she said.The new discovery also may help scientists solve an age-old mystery：Why do animals sleep？Every animal does it.Without it，they die，although no one knows why.Some studies suggest that the brain solidifies memories during sleep.However，Nedergaard notes，“You don't die from forgetting what you learned yesterday.”1．According to the text，Maiken's discovery was________.A．a real surprise B．a natural resultC．a big reward D．a personal purpose解析：选A。
细节理解题。
根据第四段中的“What the scientists hadn't expected...animals are awake.”可知，他们并没有想到会发现这个现象，因此这属于一个意外的发现，所以选A。
2．When we are awake，________.A．brain cells take in more proteinsB．litter of proteins build up in our brainsC．fluids in the brain continue flowingD．our brains have more fluids flow解析：选B。
细节理解题。
根据第五段中的“The longer someone stays awake，the more litter builds up.”可知，当我们醒着的时候，大脑分泌出来很多垃圾并且在大脑中堆积。
3．From what Houzel said，we know the space between brain cells________.A．is in fact a kind of spaceB．has ever been carefully studiedC．used to be regarded as unimportantD．is where litter is stored in the end解析：选C。
推理判断题。
结合倒数第二段中的“That space between brain cellsis usually disregarded.It's considered just space”可知，原先人们对大脑中细胞之间的空隙没有给予太多的重视，认为仅仅是空间，因此选C。
4．What Nedergaard said in the last paragraph suggests that________.A．we can't remember what we learned yesterdayB．it is very easy for us to forget the past thingsC．the loss of memories may cause a person to dieD．we may die from lack of sleep rather than memories解析：选D。
推理判断题。
根据最后一段中的“Why do animals sleep？Every animal does it.Without it，they die”以及“You don't die from forgetting what you learned yesterday.”可知，人会因为缺少睡眠而死，但不会因为失去记忆而死。
故选D。
第二节根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。
选项中有两项为多余选项。
When you ask someone what is the opposite of love，most people will say “hate”．Both of these words imply a deeply felt emotion ，so it makes sense that most people would believe this to be true.But it isn't true.1.____________People who are in love experience strong emotions，e.g.，feeling as though you were walking on air，anxiously waiting for that valuable phone call or text message，caring about appearance and trying to look beautiful or handsome for that special someone，etc.2.____________Things that usually annoy you suddenly don't seem quite so annoying.There is a feeling of well-being and a lightness of heart that stay with you long after you see or talk to your loved one.The feeling of hatred is equally intense but it's an emotion that is so corrosive that it can destroy your life.3.____________The difference is that when you love someone，your heart is open to loving more，tolerating more，and overlooking more of the flaws of others，but when you hate someone，everything inside you is so focused on evil that there is no room in your heart or in your thoughts for anything else.When you are going through a miserable experience，you may hate the personwho is responsible for doing this terrible thing to you.Once the incident is over and some time has passed，a person is usually able to release the passion that has been dominating his thoughts and emotions.4.____________Most people can handle being the object of someone's hatred more easily than being ignored by that person.5.____________It often produces such anger and frustration and feelings of worthlessness that he becomes bitter and hateful.A．You walk around smiling.B．The opposite of love is indifference.C．Loving and hating both take a lot of energy.D．Try ignoring him to get his attention.E．It takes a great deal of energy to love or to hate.F．And eventually a feeling of indifference replaces the anger.G．Indifference can produce turbulent emotions in the other person.1．解析：选B。
