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2020年高考英语写作新题型备考技巧专题（十一）概要写作+概写综合训练高考英语综合写作题型除了读后续写外, 另一种便是概要写作。
概要写作也是综合写作任务的一种常见形式, 被广泛应用于教学和评估活动中。
概要写作的目的不仅是要重述原文的主旨要义, 还要在不改变原文意思的前提下变换词汇和句子结构, 也就是要使用自己的语言写概要。
一．概要写作的考纲说明和题型介绍1.了解考纲说明根据教育部考试中心的相关说明, 概要写作中, 提供给考生一篇350以内的短文, 要求其基于该短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。
2.明白试题选材的特点提供给考生阅读的短文词数在350以内；所选材料体裁虽然没有限制, 但是多以说明文、议论文为主, 偶尔也会有记叙文或夹叙夹议的阅读材料。
考试说明所给的样题是一篇科普知识类的文章, 句子结构复杂, 难度较大。
3.熟知概要写作的评分标准（一）概要写作考查要求：（1）对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；（2）应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；（3）上下文的连贯性；（4）对各要点表达的独立性情况。
总之, 概要应具有独立性和自明性, 拥有与文章等量的主要信息, 即不阅读全文, 就能获得必要的信息；其次概要不容赘言, 故需逐字推敲；最后概要内容必须完整、一目了然。
（二）概要写作高考评分标准:注意：理解准确, 涵盖全部要求, 完全使用自己的语言, 避免抄原句, 准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇, 得分相应比较高。
相反, 如果概要写作部分出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象, 得分档次将会大大降低；所写内容与所提供内容无关不得分。
二．概要写作的能力要求和特点1.把握读后续写的能力要求和读后续写一样, 概要写作是一种读写结合任务, 也体现了读与写的融合。
但相比其它形式的读写结合任务, 概要写作更偏重对考生阅读理解和思维能力的考查, 要求考生具有分析、综合、概括和建构等高阶思维能力。
这些能力是考生进入高校继续学习的必备基础, 所以考生在平时写作训练中, 要有意识地培养这些高阶思维能力, 对概要写作有很大帮助。
考点19 概要写作技巧课前热身练 (1)核心考点梳理 (3)（一）概要写作常考体裁 (3)（二）写作步骤 (3)（三）如何概括主旨大意 (4)（四）如何用自己语言表达原文主旨 (6)当堂知识检测 (10)课后巩固提高 (16)课前热身练Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.Kangaroos can “talk” to usKangaroos can “talk” to people, according to a new study. The report is the first research of its kind to be done on marsupials—a type of creature whose young get carried in skin pockets on their mother’s body. It suggests kangaroos are cleverer than previously thought.Researchers from the University of Roehampton in the UK and the University of Sydney in Australia tested kangaroos at the Australian Reptile (爬行动物) Park, Wildlife Sydney Zoo and Kangaroo Protection Co-operative. The scientists put food in a box that the kangaroos could not open, and waited to see what the animals would do. Rather than giving up, 10 out of the 11 kangaroos actively looked at the person who had put the food in the box and then looked at the box. The researchers said this could be interpreted as the kangaroos requesting help to open the container.Dr Alexandra Green, a co-author of the study, told The Guardian newspaper that some of the kangaroos actually approached the person and started scratching (挠) and sniffing (嗅) him, then looked back at the box. “So they were really trying to communicate,” Green said. This behaviour is not uncommon in animals. However, it is usually only seen in domesticated animals, such as pets or farm animals. The lead author of the study, Dr Alan McElligott, explained, “Through this study, we were able to see that communication between creatures can be learnt and that the behaviour of looking at humans to access food is not related to domestication. “Indeed, kangaroos showed a very similar pattern of behaviour we have seen in dogs, horses and even goats, when put to the same test,” he added.It is hoped that the study will give people a more positive attitude towards kangaroos, which are sometimes seen as harmful creatures that damage farmers’ crops.____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________71．In a recent study, kangaroos have proved to be smarter than we thought—they have the ability to communicate with humans. Facing the inaccessible food in the tests, kangaroos which are similar to domesticated animals were found to turn to people using body language. The findings have refreshed the scientists’ understanding of kangaroos’ behaviour, probably improving our perception of them.【导语】本文是一篇说明文。
高考summary专题答题技巧详解【知识梳理】一. 定义概要写作是对原文的高度浓缩，是阅读者在不改变原文的中心思想、体裁和结构的前提下用简洁、精炼的语言表述一篇文章的主要内容、基本观点或事实。
它主要包括阅读和写作两个过程二. 要点简洁全面准确连贯客观三．写作的技巧1) 删除细节。
只保留主要观点。
2) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。
如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。
3) 避免重复。
在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。
但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。
应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
4) 压缩长的句子。
如下列两例：“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.”“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.”5) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。
请看下面的例子：“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”可以概括为：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.”6) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：“She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”可以概括为：”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.”7）巧妙使用连接词。
Exercise 1Water is very important for living things. Without water there can be no life on the earth. All animals and plants need water. Man also needs water. Almost everyone knows that water covers three- fourths of the earth5s surface. Most of it, however, is in the oceans and is too salty to drink. Also, some of it is frozen and cannot be used. In fact, less than one percent is left for the use of people, animals and plant life.All through history men have tried to build their homes near the sources of fresh water. Now fresh water is becoming scarce, but more and more is needed because of the increasing number of people in the world. Some industries also use large amounts of fresh water in the production of things such as steel, petrol, paper, rubber and so on.Meanwhile, water problem is becoming more serious and more complex. Our increasing population tremendously increases urban wastes, primarily polluted water. On the other hand, increasing demands for water will decrease substantially the amount of water available for diluting(稀释）wastes. Rapidly expanding industries which involve more and more complex chemical processes will produce larger volume of liquid wastes, and many of these will contain chemicals which are poisonous. To feed our rapidly expanding population, agriculture will have to be intensified. This will involve ever-increasing quantities of agricultural chemicals. Scientists estimate that the problem of water shortage will become severe. Thus it is apparent that effective steps must be taken immediately to develop corrective measures for the pollution problem and to find new ways of saving and producing fresh water as well. Some nations have worked on the problem and are already sharing their information with others. They are trying to keep their rivers from becoming polluted. Deep wells are also being dug, and rain water is being collected in huge artificial lakes. In one way or another, they hope to provide enough water to satisfy the needs of their people.参考范文：Water is essential for all the living things on the earth.(要点1) With the worldwide increase ofpopulation，more water is needed.(要点2) Meanwhile，water sources are getting polluted by poisonous chemical wastes produced by human beings in one way or another.(要点3) Thus measures are being taken to solve this problem, hoping to find better ways to save and produce water to meet the needs.分析过程1.核心内容本文是一篇说明文，全文分为四段。
Exercise 1With only two weeks to go before Christmas, buying presents is a high priority for a lot of people. However, this year not so many people are leaving their homes to go shopping. These days lots of people can do their shopping in the comfort of their own home with the help of the Internet.Online shopping is becoming more and more popular for a number of reasons: prices are often lower online; you don’t have to queue up in busy shops and you can buy almost any product imaginable with just a few clicks of your mouse.Both male and female are buying into the trend, but women are expected to do more shopping on the Internet than men. It seems women are now more attracted to the convenience of online shopping than they used to be. Average spending online this Christmas by women will rise to £ 240 (3.360 yuan) compared to the slightly lower average of £ 233 (3,262 yuan) for men.In the past a lot of people were reluctant to shop online. Many were worried about the security of entering their card details on the Internet and the reliability of the Internet but as shopping online has become more widespread, these worries have begun to disappear. 45% of Internet users still do have security worries but it hasn’t slowed down the ever-increasing numbers of online shoppers.One victim of the online shopping boom is the UK high street. The average spending per person on the high street is only £197. 70% of Internet users who are now buying their Christmas gifts online.参考范文：This year, people are doing Christmas shopping online at home rather than leave their homes for cheaper goods and more convenience.(要点1) With increasing popularity of online shopping, women spend more than men.(要点2) Although safety is a major concern for shopping online,still more and more people choose to shop online.(要点3) With the pressure from widespread online shopping, traditional shops in the UK high street began their sales promotion earlier this Christmas.(要点4)分析过程：一、试题详解1.核心内容本文是一篇说明文,共分五段。
Exercise 1A father’s relationship to his child’s current and future academic success and the level of his or her development in academic potential and scholastic achievement are both factors with some rather interesting implications that educators are beginning to study. As a matter of fact, “life with father” has been discovered to be a very important factor in determining a child’s progress or lack of progress in school.A recent survey of over 16,000 children made by the National Child Development Study in London revealed that children whose fathers came to school conferences and accompanied their children on outings did better in school than those children whose fathers were not involved in those activities. The study, which monitored children born during a week in March, 1992，from the time of their birth through the years of their early schooling, further revealed that the children of actively involved fathers scored much higher in reading and math than those children whose only involved parent was the mother. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the role played by fathers in the raising of a child. It indicated a much higher level of parental involvement by the father than had been anticipated. Over 66% of the fathers were said to have played a major role in parental responsibility.The study also suggested that the greatest level of parenting took place in the families of only child. As the number of children and financial expenses increases, the father’s apparent interest and involvement with the children decreased. However, no matter what the size or financial condition of the family，a father’s active participation in the child’s development made a definite difference in the child’s progress.The study further revealed that while the frequency of overnight absences reflected a corresponding deficiency of the child’s level in math and reading, a father’s employment on night shifts appeared to have little effect on the child’s academic progress. The information evaluating the level of the father’s parenting performance was taken primarily from the admittedly subjective observations of their wives.参考答案：A recent study discovered that a father^ influence played a significant role in the level of the child’s academic progress.(要点1) As is suggested, the father’s involvement with children was affected by the size of the family and its financial expenses.(要点2) So children who tended to progress academically were those only children.(要点3) Moreover, a father’s frequent overnight absence had a bad effect on the child’s progress.(要点4)分析过程：试题详解1.核心内容本文是一篇说明文，共四段。
2020届高考英语概要写作专题2019-06汪敏概要写作专题一. 基本考情（一）高考官方大纲要求学习内容学习水平学习要求记叙文基本结构D分析语篇的基本结构和主要信息，把握记叙文的主旨大意和段落大意；就日常生活中的话题和需要，灵活运用记叙文完成口头或书面的表达主旨大意、段落大意关键词句、隐含意思C 在口头或书面交流中推断语段或语篇的隐含意义说明文说明方法 C掌握举例、分类、比较等各种说明方法；在口头或书面表达中运用恰当的说明方法进行介绍或描述议论文论点与论据C掌握语篇的论点及相关论据；推断论点或论据中关键词句的隐含意思；在口头或书面表达中提出论点，运用恰当的论据支撑论点（二）高考真题及评分标准Directions:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Learning by Rote in the Digital AgeRote learning has become seen as an outdated method of teaching. The dictionary defines learning ‘by rote’ as: ‘from memory, without thought of the meaning; in a mechanical way’.The decline of rote learning has been quickened by technology. No one needs to memorize friends’ phone numbers or email addresses because such data is conveniently stored and accessible electronically. And why remember when and where World War Two broke out when you can find the answer on the internet in about 6 seconds? But now there are voices for a need to return to rote learning.In fact, memorizing key data is essential to learning any skill. Doctoring requires knowledge of medicine and lawyering requires knowledge of cases and laws. Of course, being able to recall things will not further your understanding of those things, but without memorizing these foundation elements, you cannot progress to a deeper understanding of a subject.While the internet and computers have weakened the need for us to remember things, it may well be that mobile learning can help bring this style of learning back to life by making it more convenient and more fun.Drilling yourself-with flashcards or by repetition-is usually hard and boring work, which is why most people need their multiplication tables to be drilled into them by teachers or parents. Rote learning without a willing third party can be a battle of discipline and motivation. But mobile learning can make those flashcards and drills more appropriate to individual study; our digital devices can challenge and inform us at the same time and also keep us motivated, whether through game-like structures or recording our progress.Once you’ve acquired the essentials of a subject by rote learnin g, you will find it easier to go deeper in the application of knowledge which is important.参考答案（仅供阅卷老师参考）Rote learning means mechanical memorization. Although technology makes it less needed, its value is being rediscovered. Rote learning helps people acquire basic knowledge, laying a foundation for further understanding. In fact, technology makes mobile learning possible, which motivates learners in rote learning and makes memorization more interesting and individualized.评分标准:1. 本题总分为10分, 其中内容5分, 语言5分。
高考英语作文复习策略：以上海为例As the exam season approaches, students in Shanghai are busy preparing for the upcoming college entrance examination, particularly the English section, which includes a writing component. The English essay, often the most challenging part of the exam, requires a combination of language proficiency, critical thinking, and organizational skills. In this article, we will explore effective strategies for revising and improving one's English essay writing skills, with a focus on the Shanghai context.**1. Understanding the Exam Format and Requirements** The first step in preparing for the English essay is to familiarize oneself with the exam format and requirements. This includes understanding the word limit, the expected content and structure, and the grading criteria. By understanding these requirements, students can ensure that their essays are tailored to meet the expectations of the examiner.**2. Building a Solid Foundation of Vocabulary and Grammar**A strong vocabulary and grammatical knowledge are essential for writing a coherent and well-structured essay. Students should review and revise their vocabulary lists, focusing on words and phrases that are relevant to the exam topics. Additionally, they should practice using these words and phrases in sentences and paragraphs to improve their fluency and accuracy.**3. Practicing with Sample Essays**Practicing with sample essays is a great way to familiarize oneself with the exam format and improvewriting skills. Students can find numerous sample essays online or in exam preparation books. By analyzing these essays, students can learn about effective organizational strategies, transitions, and language use. They can alsotry writing their own essays based on the same prompts to practice applying these strategies.**4. Seeking Feedback and Revision**Feedback and revision are crucial for improving writing skills. Students should seek feedback from their teachers, peers, or even online essay checking tools. By carefully reviewing their essays and making necessary corrections, students can identify their weaknesses and areas for improvement.**5. Incorporating Local Context and Culture**As a student in Shanghai, it is important toincorporate local context and culture into your essays.This can help make your writing more authentic and engaging. For example, you can draw upon local events, historical figures, or cultural practices to illustrate your points. Additionally, using local examples can help you connectwith the examiner and demonstrate your familiarity with the Shanghai context.**6. Managing Time and Stress**Finally, managing time and stress is essential for performing well on the exam. Students should allocate sufficient time for essay preparation and revision, while also ensuring that they have enough time to rest and relax.By staying calm and focused, students can approach the exam with confidence and avoid last-minute panic.In conclusion, preparing for the English essay sectionof the Shanghai college entrance examination requires a综合性 approach that combines vocabulary and grammar revision, practice with sample essays, feedback and revision, local context incorporation, and time management. By following these strategies, students can improve their writing skills and confidently tackle the essay section of the exam.**高考英语作文复习策略：以上海为例**随着考试季节的临近，上海的学生们正忙于准备即将到来的高考，特别是英语作文部分。
概要写作一、Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Unshellfish loveAmid a slump in tourism, one national park in Thailand has seen a dramatic rise in visitors. So numerous are the hermit crabs thronging the otherwise empty beaches of Koh Lanta that shells for them to live in have become a scarce commodity. The Thai government moved quickly to ease the housing shortage, launching a public appeal for empty shells that netted over 200 kg. On December 5th these were distributed around the park in a ceremony marking the birthday of the late king, Bhumibol Adulyadej.Hermit crabs rely on discarded shells to protect their soft bodies, moving to larger shells as they grow. On Koh Lanta and the surrounding smaller islands, their rapid increase seems to be a natural phenomenon, rather than directly related to the absence of tourists. But the shortage of shells may be man-made; pretty ones have long been gathered to be sold as souvenirs. Crabs had begun to make do with potential death-traps such as plastic caps and bottles.The shell drive was part of a government initiative to “restore the balance of nature”. “I have instructed all national parks to do whatever it takes,” says Varawut Silpa-archa, the minister for natural resources. His inspiration comes from the hiatus (间歇、空隙) in tourism brought on by covid-19. A ban on international visitors and the closure of national parks have helped nature rebound, bringing black-tipped reef sharks back into Thai waters and endangered leatherback turtles back onto Thai beaches. In the coastal provinces of Phang Nga and Phuket, turtles have laid the largest number of eggs for 20 years.The government has decided to try to mimic the respite (暂缓、休息) forced on it by the coronavirus in future. From now on, all national parks will be required to close for part of theoff-season and to limit the number of tourists through a reservation system when they are open. Although such restrictions mean reduced earnings from tourism in the short term, in the longer run more pristine (原始的、未开发的) parks may help to keep the tourists coming._______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________参考答案：A decline in tourism and human activity has led to a shortage of the shells which the hermit crabs depend on.To address the problem, the Thai government helps homeless hermit crabs find homes.The Thai government has decided to replicate this policy in the future to restore the ecology.解析：1.要点摘录①Amid a slump in tourism, one national park in Thailand has seen a dramatic rise in visitors.①The Thai government moved quickly to ease the housing shortage, launching a public appeal for empty shells that netted over 200 kg.①But the shortage of shells may be man-made; pretty ones have long been gathered to be sold as souvenirs.①His inspiration comes from the hiatus in tourism brought on by covid-19.①The government has decided to try to mimic the respite (暂缓、休息) forced on it by the coronavirus in future. From now on, all national parks will be required to close for part of theoff-season and to limit the number of tourists through a reservation system when they are open. 2.缜密构思将第1、2、3三个要点进行重组，将第4、5两个要点进行整合。
2020上海高考英语一模概要写作指导写作汇编上海高考英语题型训练: 写作2020高三第一学期期末质量抽查IV. Summary Writing （10 分）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point （s）of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. 松江It goes without saying that the language spoken by the majority of British people has the same name as the language spoken by most citizens of the U.S.A. Nonetheless, quite apart from well-documented lexical （词汇的）differences - pavement/sidewalk, lift/elevator, etc. - there are still some words and phrases which can cause confusion and misunderstanding between speakers of the two different forms. That's why sonic people say that Great Britain and the United States are nations separated by a common language. There are practical reasons for this.When the first English settlers arrived in what we now call America, the language they spoke was naturally the same as that spoken by their compatriots （同胞）on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean. However, they immediately saw things which didn't exist in Europe, often items used and made by Native Americans, such as canoes and moccasins and creatures such as buffalo. They also picked up words which they heard being used by other European immigrants. The word "boss”,for example, was used by settlers from Holland in New York in the mid-17th century. It comes from the Dutch word "baas'" which means master. The word "cookie" also comes from the Dutch "koekje”.There are many words, phrases and even grammatical structures which are mistaken for Americanisms （美式英语用语）in Britain when they are nothing of the sort. Very often, they represent not an American import, but an original form of British English which has disappeared in Britain. The verbs "guess” meaning think and “loan” meaning lend and the adjective "mad" meaning angry are frequently criticized as Americanisms, yet they all appeared in British English hundreds of years ago. In the case of “loan”, it was used as long ago as 1,200 years! In fact, English spoken in the UK has changed so thoroughly in the last 500 years that American English now represents the last place where some original British English forms can be found.参考答案：Although American English and British English are the same language, there are great differences. Two reasons account for the phenomenon. New words were created after the first English settlers in America saw new things and learned words from other Europeans. Additionally, some original expressions have been changed by British people while they are still being used by Americans.崇明Giving ThanksThis is the season for taking the time to reflect on what we're thankful for in life. Spending that time with friends and family to give thanks is what makes the holidays so special. But why should we limit it to just a few weeks in the years? Gratitude is a muscle we should strengthen year-round to make us healthier, happier humans and leaders.Emmons, through his research, found that grateful people reported feeling healthier, both mentally and physically. Specifically, those who were grateful were 25 percent happier than those who weren't. In the workplace, well-being is a crucial topic when it comes to preventing employee burn-out and promoting engagement. Beyond the research that shows that employees who arc shown that they arc appreciated arc more productive by 50 percent, caring for your employees’ well-being is simply the right thing to do. Providing programs that support managing life's everyday challenges, offering fitness classes or implementing flexible work schedules are just a few things that, when paired with gratitude, can lead to more productive, engaged and happier working professionals.Working in an ever-evolving, fast-paced industry, I am surrounded by ambitious people who are always striving for more and better. Gratitude challenges yon to reflect in the moment instead of always thinking about the future. It starts by paying attention to what's going on in your life, and that true self-awareness is a key ingredient to being successful in your career.Gratitude is a powerful tool for strengthening relationships, both at work and in your personal life. People who express their gratitude tend to be more willing to forgive others and therefore able to create long-lasting connections.The old sa ying goes “It’s never too late to say you’re sorry,” but the same is true of gratitude. That’s a gift worth celebrating 365 days a year.参考答案：We should show gratitude year-round as it is beneficial to both our personal and professional life. First, it helps our physical and mental health and makes us happier, thus promoting production at work. Second, it makes us more self-aware, which can contribute to career success. Lastly，it makes us more likely to forgive others and helps build strong relationships. (59 words)虹口The Zeigarnik EffectHave you ever found yourself thinking about a partially finished project for school or work when you were trying to focus on other things? Or perhaps you wondered what would happen next in your favorite TV show or film series. If you have, you’ve experienced the Zeigarnik effect. You tend to remember unfinished tasks better than finished tasks. Knowledge of the Zeigarnik effect can be put into use in everyday life.The effect is especially well suited for helping overcome procrastination or delaying an action to a later time. We often put off big tasks that seem overwhelming. However, the Zeigarnik effect suggests that the key to overcoming procrastination is to just get started. The first step could be something small and seemingly insignificant. In fact, it’s probably best if it’s something fairly easy.The Zeigarnik effect can be useful for students who are studying for an exam. The effect tells us that breaking up study periods can actually improve recall. So instead of cramming for an exam all in one sitting, breaks should be scheduled in which the student focuses on something else. This will cause intrusive（侵入的）thoughts, enabling students to rehearse and consolidate the information that must be remembered, leading to better recall when they take the exam.The Zeigarnik effect also points to reasons why people may experience mental health problems. If an individual leaves important tasks incomplete, the intrusive thoughts that result can lead to stress, anxiety, difficulty sleeping, and emotional distress. Conversely, completing a task can give an individual a sense of accomplishment and lead to a feeling of closure that can improve psychological well - being.The Zeigarnik effect can actually be used to positively impact your work productivity.参考答案：The Zeigarnik effect, the tendency to remember incomplete tasks better than complete ones, is useful in daily life. Firstly, it can keep people from putting off things when the y start with a small step. Besides, it encourages breaks in students’ study, thus improving recall in exams. Thirdly, it promotes mental health by providing the motivation needed to finish tasks.徐汇The Decline of BiodiversityBiodiversity is the range of living things in an area. During the last 100 years, scientists have seen a great decline in biodiversity. Some studies show that one in eight plant species is threatened with extinction. It is estimated that 140,000 species of plants are lost each year.Most of the extinctions in the last thousand years are due to humans. The main cause is the chopping down of tropical rain forests. Most of this destruction is done to create pasture (牧场) for beef cattle. Many rainforests in Central and South America have been burnt down to make way for cattle farming, which supplies beef to the rest of the world. It is estimated that for each pound of beef produced, 200 square feet of rainforest are destroyed. The forests are also cut down to make wheat for bread as well as fruit for human consumption.The introduction of exotic (外来的) species is another threat. The latest research from the University of Southampton has revealed the impact of exotic species upon native wildlife, which could potentially lead to the extinctions of local species. When exotic species are introduced to a place, they try to establish a self-sustaining population. While the local species, which haven’t had a chance to evolve, often lack defenses and thus cannot compete against the exotic species.The disappearance of certain food animals can be disastrous not only to larger animals but also to the entire ecosystem. It is these small creatures which convert much of the energy in an ecosystem from unusable (i.e. microscopic plants, decaying matter, etc.) into usable forms, namely their bodies. Their absence makes most energy and nutrients trapped in forms unusable to other species. This makes the environment less suitable for healthy living, and less capable of producing resources that humans need.参考答案：Biodiversity is declining fast. One major reason is that people cut down tropical rain forests to raise cattle for beef or to grow food. Another reason is that some local species may extinct because they cannot compete with exotic species. The disappearance of certain species can do great harm to the ecosystem and environment.（54 words）VI. Guided Writing (25 分)Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below m Chinese.松江你校准备为高三学生开展一次普及上海历史知识的活动，现有两个方案征求大家意见：1. 学校组织学生集体驱车前往上海市历史博物馆(Shanghai History Museum),现场参观并聆听专业讲解员(professional museum guide)介绍上海历史，共计五小时；2. 学校邀.请某知名大学历史教授到校以“上海历史''为主题做讲座，共计两小时。
