Unit 9 语法导学案：定语从句专题讲解一、基本概念：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now? That is thehouse where h e lived ten years ago.定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词；定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导，关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作从句中的一个成分。
引导定语从句的关系代词有： that, who, whom, whose, which， as 关系副词有：when, where, why.二、定语从句的关系词引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括 that，which，who（宾格 whom，所有格 whose）等，关系副词包括 where，when，why等。
关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
定语从句的谓语动词由先行词来决定。
三、定语从句的分类根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。
限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。
四、关系代词的用法关系代词指代在定语从句中的作用that既指人，也指物主语、宾语which指物（相当于 that）主语、宾语who指人（相当于 that）主语whom指人宾语whose既指人，也指物定语1.that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。
在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略。
例如：Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle玛.丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。
（ that 作主语）The coat （that） I put on the desk is blue我.放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。
（that 作宾语）2.which 用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。
例如：The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket位.于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。
（作主语）The film （which） we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。
（作宾语）3.who， whom 用于指人， who 用作主语， whom 用作宾语。
在口语中，有时可用 who 代替 whom，也可省略。
例如：The girl who often helps me with my English is from England. 经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。
（作主语）Who is the teacher （ whom） Li Ming is talking to ？正在与李明谈话的老师是谁？（作宾语）注意：（1）当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在句末时， who， that，which 可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，只能用“介词 +which/whom”结构。
例如：This is the house in which we lived last year这.是我们去年居住的房子。
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel. 请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。
（2）含有介词的固定动词词组中，介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。
例如：This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。
（3）that 作介词的宾语时，介词不能放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面。
例如：The city that she lives in is very far away她.居住的城市非常远。
（4）关系词只能用that 的情况：a.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用 that，而不用 which.例如：He was the first person that passed the exam他.是第一个通过考试的人。
b.被修饰的先行词为 all， any， much， many， everything， anything， none，the one等不定代词时，只能用 that，而不用 which.例如：Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？你在商店里有什么东西要买吗？c.先行词被 the only， the very， the same， the last， little ， few 等词修饰时，只能用 that，而不用 which.例如：This is the same bike that I lost这.就是我丢的那辆自行车。
d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that，而不用 which.例如：I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room我.能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
e.以 who 或 which 引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that.例如：Who is the girl that is crying？正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁？f.主句是 there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用 which.例如：There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom桌.子上那本书是汤姆的。
（5）关系词只能用which ，而不用 that 的情况：a.先行词为 that， those时，用 which，而不用 that.例如：What‘ s that which is under the desk？在桌子底下的那些东西是什么？b.关系代词前有介词时，一般用which，而不用 that.例如：This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。
c.引导非限制性定语从句，用which，而不用 that.例如：Tom came back， which made us happy. 汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。
五、关系副词的用法（ 1）when 指时间，其先行词表示时间，在句中作时间状语。
它的先行词通常有：time, day, morning, night, week, year等例如： This was the time when he arrived这.是他到达的时间。
（ 2）where 指地点，其先行词表示地点，在句中作地点状语。
它的先行词常有：place, spot, street, house, room, city, town, country等。
例如： This is place where he works这.是他工作的地点。
注意：先行词表示地点 ,不一定都用 Where 引导定语从句一般来说 ,英语学习者的脑海中会形成这样一个概念 :在定语从句中 ,如果先行词是表示地点的名词 (如 place 等),就用关系副词 where 引导定语从句。
这种想法是错误的。
如果定语从句不缺少主语或宾语 ,而是缺少地点状语 ,便用 where 来引导 ;如果定语从句不缺少状语 ,而是缺少主语或宾语 ,则要用关系代词 (which 或 that) 来引导 , 以补足定语从句中所缺失的主语或宾语如1.In an hour, we can travel to places _____ would have taken our ancestors days to re ach.A. whereB. whenC. whichD. what2.This is the town_____I wanted to visit most.A. whereB. whenC. thatD. what3.This is the town _____I was born.A. whereB. whenC. whichD. what4.I ’ ve neverbeen to Beijing, but its the place ____.A. where I ’d like to visitB. in which I ’d like to visitC. I most want to visitD. that I want to visit it most（ 3）why 指原因，其先行词是原因，起原因状语作用。
它的先行词只有reason。
例如： Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school.没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。
1这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词 +which 结构：when = on (in, at, during......)+which;where=in (at, o......) + which;why = for which.例如：I was in Beijing on the day when (=on which) he arrived.The office where(=in which) he works is on the third floor.This is the chief reason why (=for which) we did it.练习题I.单项填空1.-Do you know the man ______is talking with your father？-Yes， he‘ s our headmaster.A. heB. whoC. whichD. whom2.Is this the river _____I can swim？A. whichB. in whichC. thatD. the one3.This is the best hotel in the city _____I know.A. whereB. whichC. thatD. it4.Can you lend me the dictionary ______the other day？A. that you boughtB. you bought itC. that you bought itD. which you bought it5.Anyone ______with what I said may put up you hands.A. which agreesB. who agreeC. who agreesD. which agree6. My watch is not the only thing ______ is missing.A. thatB. itC. which who7. The man ______coat is black is waiting at the gateA. who ‘sB. whoseC. that of which.8. The girl ______ is reading under the tree _____my sister.A. which ； isB. whom； wasC. who； isD. who； was9. I love places ______the people are really friendly.A. thatB. whichC. whereD. who10. The world ______ is made up of matter.A. in that we liveB. on which we liveC. where we live inD. we live inⅡ、用适当的关系代词that， which， who， whom 填空。
