英语高考的实词与虚词
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高中英语语法——句子成分详解句子成分概述英语在其长期发展过程中形成了一种相对固定的句子结构:“主语+谓语”,这与汉语是相似的。
“主语”是句子的话题,是信息传递的出发点;“谓语”是对话题所作的说明,是说话人说要传递的信息。
试观察下列句子:主语谓语I am a Chinese boy.Mary has two best friendsSeeing is believing .To do is harder than to say.We wish you success!从上述例子可以看出,作为句子的话题,主语通常是一些事物性或实体性的词,否则,主语便不能成为句子的话题,不能成为信息传递的出发点。
所以,主语通常是个名词、名词词组、或者相当于名词(词组)的语法结构。
而谓语是对主语所做的说明,它指出主语所表示的事物或概念是或不是什么,有或没有什么,要或不要什么,做了或未作什么等等。
因此,谓语通常是述说性的,他能说明情况,表达意愿,评判美丑,分辨是非。
所以,谓语通常由动词或动词词组来担任,而且谓语部分在结构上通常要比主语长一些或者更复杂一些。
英语句子的谓语是动词性的,这就是说,谓语是以动词为中心的。
而在汉语中,谓语有的是:①动词性的,如:“我去北京。
猫吃老鼠”;但也有:②名词性的,如:“那张桌子四条腿。
今天星期一。
”如果硬说“有三条腿、是星期一”,在汉语中反倒不自然。
可是,倘用英语来表达这些句子,则必须有个动词;在汉语中还有:③形容词性谓语,就是直接拿形容词作谓语,不带任何动词,如:“那孩子聪明。
那件事危险。
”,就用不着动词。
但诸如此类的句子用英语去表达,可千万别忘了动词。
“The boy is clever. That matter is dangerous.”由此可见,在汉语中,名词和形容词都可以独立作谓语,但在英语中却不可以。
下面我们就从主语和谓语入手详细剖析英语的句子成分。
句子成分的定义:组成一个句子的各个部分,叫做句子成分。
高考冲刺语法填空考点预测(考点1 谓语动词)语法填空主要涉及的知识点用八个字概括:动、名、形、副(实词);介、冠、连、代(虚词),今天我们主要以谓语动词为主进行总结。
备注:•虽然目前大多数模拟预测中,时态主要考察上以上三种,但是同学们不要忽略其他的时态,例如过去完成时(had done)在以前的江苏等试卷中有出现过考点的。
另外,虚拟语气也需要多加注意,尤其是一些固定句式中的虚拟。
预测卷中谓语占比基本维持1~2个。
•谓语动词解题三技巧:①时间状语②上下文语境或并列谓语③固定句式例1(2022广东省一模)①The museum 57 (name) Six Arts because it is about thesix senses and stimulating all of your senses.(主句缺少谓语)②Founded in 2018, the four-storey museum now 58 (house) more than 40,000 Chinese antiquesdating back to the Ming and Qing dynasties (1368 -1911),with another 60, 000items 59 stored (store) in warehouses (仓库).(简单句缺少谓语,利用时间状语)Keys: ① is named ② houses例2(2022广东省二模)57Combining (combine) Chinesemusic and global folk music, he 58 (post) 17 videos so far on socialmedia platforms, gaining millions of views.(简单句缺少谓语,利用时间状语)Keys: has posted例3(2022广州一模)It was not allplain sailing and there were many difficulties Lucy met, including 59 arranging (arrange) visas to enter some countries.But the challenges 60 (outweigh) by the memorable experiences on her way.(简单句缺少谓语,利用前后谓语判断)Keys:were outweighed例4(2022广州二模)Given the fun and often silly nature, it’snot surprising thatmany of these festivals 65 (hold) on April Fool’s Day!(从句中缺少谓语)Keys: are held例5(2022深圳一模)①So far, a theme park in western France 56 (employ) six birds, moreexactly six crows, to collect and deal with garbage —mainly cigarette ends andother small pieces.(简单句缺少谓语,利用时间状语)②“It has become 64an exciting game for them,”Nicolassays. “They pick up the trash on the ground, and every day they 65(reward) for what they have done.”Keys: ① has employed ② are rewarded例6(2022深圳二模)① It is roughly estimated that there 58 (be) at least a thousand paintings inthe gallery.(从句中缺少谓语)② In the 19th century, when white 61 settlers (settler)came toAustralia, most of the children of the aboriginals 62 (take) away from their own parents and brought up by whiteparents.(并列句中缺少谓语,利用并列谓语提示)Keys: ① are ② were taken例7(2022茂名二模)The new route(主语), opened in December 2019 as part ofpreparations 39 for the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic and ParalympicGames, 40 (reduce) (谓语)travel time forthe 174-kilometer journey from three hours to less than 60 minutes so far.(简单句缺少谓语,利用时间状语)Keys: has reduced例8(2022大湾区二模)① Analysis of data later 63 (indicate) that the signal came from a dwarf galaxy (矮星系)three billion light years away.(主句缺少谓语,利用前后谓语判断)② The first pulse from FRB121102 64 (spot)by FAST on August 30.(简单句中缺少谓语,利用时间状语)Keys:① indicated ②was spotted例9(2022汕头二模)The skeleton 43 (name)after the shape of the metal sleds used in the 1890s, when the sport first started.(主句中缺少谓语,利用时间状语)Keys:is named例10(2022广东佛山二模)① As the world’s first “dual Olympic city”, it 57 (pay)attention to the details in every aspect to support the safe and smooth 58 operation (operate) of the Games while overcoming the difficulties brought bythe COVID- 19 pandemic.(简单句中缺少谓语,利用语境)② The design concept of this platform 64 (develop)from the traditional painting in Dunhuang, Gansu Province. Keys:①paid ② is/was developed例11(2022山东枣庄高考适应性考试)This unique art 36 (create)during the Western Han Dynasty some 2,000 years ago.(简单句中缺少谓语,利用时间状语)Keys:was created例12(2022湖南长郡中学模拟)Today,the only existingancient book using dragon-scale(简单句中缺少谓语,利用时间状语)Keys: is preserved例13(2021浙江高考真题)① It doesn't impress like GeorgeWashington's plantation on the Potomac, but Lincoln's home in downtown Springfield,Illinois, 56 (prove)irresistible to visitors since it opened tothe public. (并列句缺少谓语,利用时间状语)② The little home 60 (paint)white.Keys: ①has proved/has proven ② waspainted例14(2021新高考真题)You can't help wondering how hard it 61 (be)for the people then to put all thoserocks into place.(从句中缺少谓语,利用时间状语)Keys: wasTips: 通过部分模拟题以及真题的回顾,可以看出谓语一般涉及到简单句、并列句和复合句的分析,并且在解题的过程中需要同学们认真寻找解题突破口(时间标志词)结合句子的翻译有时候是否需要使用被动,只有充分考虑到主动、被动、主谓一致,才能够得出正确答案!利用常考时态时间状语解题在高考语法填空中,有时会给出时间标志,考生可根据所给标识词或时间状语轻松得出答案。
高考常见近义实词虚词辨析2基础试题2014-08-06 0512高考常见近义实词虚词辨析2一、实词中近义词同音词辨析1.【辨正辨证】辨正:辨明是非,纠正谬误。
如“辨正发音”,可写作“辩正”。
辨证:辨析考证,如“经学者多方辨证”。
亦为中医术语,“辨证医治”。
辩证:哲学术语,如“辩证唯物主义”。
亦同“辨证”第一义。
2.【表扬表彰】表扬:对好人好事公开赞美。
表彰:表扬伟大功绩、壮烈事迹。
3.【补偿弥补】补偿:抵消(损失、消耗);补足(缺欠、差额)弥补:把不够的部分填足。
如:~缺陷4.【不齿不耻】不齿:不愿提到,表示鄙视,如:人所~不耻:不以为耻5.【不只不止】不只:表示递进的关联词,可换成“不仅”或“不但”不止:①不停②表示超出某个数目或范围。
如:~六十岁6.【不利不力】不力:不尽力。
如“措施不力”。
不利:没好处,不顺利,如:出师不利。
7.【布置部署】布置:安排,陈列部署:安排布置(比较大的事)8.【苍茫苍莽】苍茫:多指夜色、水域、大地等旷远、迷茫。
引申为模糊不清。
苍莽:多指树林、山岭、大地等广阔无边。
引申为意境心胸开阔。
9.【草率轻率】草率:(工作)粗枝大叶,敷衍了事。
如:做事要认真负责,不能~从事。
轻率:(说话做事)随随便便;没有经过慎重考虑。
10.【侧目刮目】侧目:形容畏惧又愤怒。
刮目:彻底改变眼光。
11.【颁布公布】颁布:一般用于法令、条律等,用于比较郑重的场合如:~法令。
公布:公开发布,使大家知道,一般使用范围较广,如:~新宪法食堂的帐目每月~一次。
12.【包含包涵】包含:里面含有包涵:请人原谅如:请多~13.【保障保证】保障:保护(生命、财产、权利等),使不受侵害。
如:~安全~权利。
保证:担保,担保做到。
14.【报复抱负】报复:打击批评自己或损害自己利益的人。
抱负:远大的志向。
15.【抱怨报怨】抱怨:指因不满而埋怨。
如:做错事只能怪自己,不能抱怨别人。
报怨指对所有怨恨的人做出反应,现在不常用,常见的似乎只有成语“以德报怨”。
英语的虚词与实词虚词<介词、代词、连词、冠词、数词>虚词没有实在意义,不能独立承担句子成分,包括冠词、介词、连词和感叹词:而且还有一个重要的特点,那就是,虚词没有词形的变化:一、冠词(art..):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。
如:a,an,the.1.不定冠词:a,an2.定冠词:the二、介词(prep.):表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。
如in,on,from,above,behind, across, against, along, around, among, before, below, beneath, besides, beyond, despite, during, except, front, including, inside, like, into, next, near, of, onto, out, out of, outside, over, owning to, per, regarding, since, through, till, towards, under, unlike, until, up, upon, via, while, with, within, without…1.简单介词:是由一个单词构成的介词。
可分为三类:①普通介词:如at,by,for,from,in,of,on,to,with等②合成介词:如onto,into,within等③分词介词:如including等2.二重介词:是由两个简单介词连用而构成的介词。
如:from behind,since before,until after等3.短语介词:是由两个或两个以上的词所组成的短语构成的介词。
如:in front of,because of,instead of等三、连词(conj.):用来连接词、短语或句子。
按在句子中的作用可分为并列连词和从属连词:After, although, also, and, anywhere, as, as long as, as soon as, because, before, both…and…but, considering, either… or… even if, even so, even though,, everywhere, for, hence, however, if, in case, in order that, instead of, likewise, never, nevertheless, not only…but also, now that, once, or, otherwise, regardless, since, so, so that, such that, thus, till, until, unless, when, whenever, wherever, whether, where, while…1.并列连词①表示平行或对等关系的并列连词:and,both…and,as well as,not only…but also,neither…nor等②表示转折关系的并列连词:but,yet,while等③表示选择关系的并列连词:or,either…or等④表示因果关系的并列连词:for,so等2.从属连词:是引导从句的连词①引导名词性从句的连词:that,whether,if②引导副词性从句的连词:when,while,as,since,before,after,once,as soon as,until,till,because,now that,although,though,even if,even though,no matter how,no matter what,whatever,however,whether…or,if,unless,so long as,as long as,in order that,so that,so…that,as if,as though,than,where,wherever 等四、代词(pron.):主要用来代替名词。
如:all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, every, everybody, everything, he, her, himself, themselves, itself, I, it, me, mine, yours, neither, nobody, none, nothing, other, others, so, some, something, someone, that, these, they, this, those, us, what, whatever, when, whenever, who, whoever, whose, …五、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。
如:oh,well,hi,hello1). 名词前面一般用冠词,代词或介词等。
①. A young man, while traveling through a desert, came across a spring of clear water. ________ water was sweet.②. Besides, shopping at this time of the year was not ________ pleasant experience.③. The young man went home ________ a happy heart.④. Mo Yan won the Nobel Prize for ________ great works.⑤._______ time going by, the boy has grown into a strong man.⑥.The girl danced ______ the music of Paul Mallrat’s band.(2). 缺主语或宾语,一般填代词。
①. Here are two bags. The blue ________ is mine.②. Suddenly the wall moved——________ was made of trees.③. New technologies have made _________ possible to turn out new products faster.④._________ is important for our students to exercise one hour every day.(3). 并列的两个或多个单词,短语,或句子之间设空,一般填入并列连词and, but, or等。
①. Each winner receives a gold medal, a diploma ________ a sum of money.②. He was very tired from doing this for a whole day, ________ he felt very happy.③. Which do you prefer, folk music ________ pop music?(4). 两句之间,如果不是并列句,则很可能是主从句,因此需要填入从属连词(what,which,who, how, when等)。
比如宾语从句,定语从句或者是状语从句的连接词。
这种空格需要同学们根据句子结构,分析到底是什么从句,从而选择合适的从属连词。
①. Finally he reached a lonely island ________ was completely cut off from the outside world.②. ________hard your try, it is difficult to lose weight.③. If you happen to get lost in the wild, you’d better stay ________ you are.④. ________we have enough evidence, we cannot win the case.⑤. Some children want to challenge themselves by learning a language different from______ their parents speak at home.⑥.At the same time, there had been a growing number of overseas students ________came back to China after study.⑦.My face turned red on hearing ________ my mother said.⑧._______ she couldn’t understand was _______ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.⑨.It was the ability to do the job ____ matters not where you come from or what you are.⑩.No sooner had she gone out___________ a student came to visit her.实词是指有实在意义,能独立承担句子成分的词,包括名词、代词、形容词、副词、动词和数词。
而且还有一个重要的特点,那就是,实词有词形的变化,尤其是动词,可谓变化多端:1、名词(n.):表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。
如:boy,morning,bag,ball,class,orange.2、形容词(adj..):表示人或事物的性质或特征。
如:good,right,white,orange .3、数词(num.):表示数目或事物的顺序。
如:one,two,three,first,second,third,fourth.4、动词(v.):表示动作或状态。
如:am,is,are,have,see .5、副词(adv.):修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。
如:well,very,here,often,quietly,slowly.构词法Word Formation在英语中词的构成方式主要有三种:合成、转化和派生。