西南政法大学2011-2012年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题

西南政法大学2012年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：1001英语（100分）共9页考生注意:请在答题纸上答题,在试题上答题不给分。

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Part I Vocabulary(10points)Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.1.You must be very careful.The work_____precision.A.retailsB.repelsC.retainsD.entails2.His_______words reached the effect he wanted and people gave money to help him.A.elegantB.eloquentC.evilD.Excessive3.The farmers received a________from the government to grow his crop.A.subsidyB.subsidiaryC.subordinateD.successor4.To________the risk of theft,install a good alarm system.A.decreaseB.minimizeC.limitD.eliminate5.I do not have the key,so I have to use________to open this locked door.A.strengthB.vigorC.energyD.force6.The scene is so beautiful that it________my power of description.A.ascendsB.descendsC.transcendsD.overtakes7.I've heard that you are going to________the boss’s job when she retires.A.put up withB.put in forC.put out toD.put in on8.The________wind in this area is from the northeast.A.prevailingB.controllingC.reigningD.persisting9.Working far away from his home,he had to________from Oxford to London every day.muteB.wanderC.rambleD.motioncking________political goals,the two parties quarreled.A.intricateB.coherentC.intrinsicD.distinct11.The mental commodity most in demand will be practical wisdom rather than specialized________.A.experimentB.expertiseC.witnessD.cleverness12.If you get into a bath full of water,some of the water will________onto the floor.A.overlapB.overflowC.flourishD.flutter.13.If she________her efforts,she will succeed.A.goes onB.retainsC.holds intoD.maintains14.Whether their football team will win is a matter of________to me.A.indifferenceB.discriminationC.deviationD.interests15.This article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports,each making onemajor point________the other.A.in honor ofB.in accordance withC.in contrast withD.in agreement with16.I must leave now.________if you want that book I will bring it tomorrow.A.OccasionallyB.AccidentallyC.IncidentallyD.Subsequently17.My son always likes to play in the________of tree in summer.A.shadowB.shadeC.darknessD.obscurity18.The________in industry resulted in a lot of unemployment.A.recipeB.recessionC.prosperityD.recognition19.Her speech was________and caused a lot of angry commentA.prospectiveB.proneC.provocativeD.promising20.Father gave us________consent to take the apples for he smiled when he saw us do it.A.explicitB.implicitC.ambiguousD.negativePart II Reading Comprehension(20points)In this part,there are five passages followed by twenty questions or unfinished statements,each with four suggested answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that you think is the best answer.Passage1For tens of thousands of profoundly deaf adults and children worldwide,cochlea implants have provided a useful substitute for natural hearing.These devices electrically stimulate the auditory nerve within the cochlea,enabling many users to carry on a conversation without visual cues,such as over the telephone.But for the patients whose nerve endings have degenerated or whose auditory nerves have been destroyed,the only hope for restoring hearing is to access later stages of the auditory system.Now California researchers are gearing up to do just that,going beyond cochlea implants with a device that will plug directly into the brain.At the Huntington Medical Research Institutes(HMRI)in Pasadena,Calif.,neuro-physiologist Douglas McCreey shows off a cat that is already using the new device.Like a cochlea implant,it consists of an external speech processor and a receiver implanted under the scalp.But the wires from the receiver bypass the cochlea and instead travel all the way to the brain stem.They end in an array of six iridium microelectrodes that penetrate the ventral cochlea nucleus,one of the auditory centers that normally receive input from the cochlea.The implant is not meant to enable McCreey’s cat to hear___its natural hearing is in fact still intact.Rather McCreey records the neural signals the implant produces and finds that the signals convey the frequency coded information sppropriate for the comprehension of speech.In its current form the brain stem implant features an array of eight flat electrical contacts that are simply placed against the surface of the brain stem near the ventral cochlea nucleus.The recipients of these devices---about150people globally---get enough auditory information to improve their lip-reading skills and to perceive environmental sounds,but they rarely attain good speech comprehension in the absence of visual cues.21.What does the passage mainly discuss?A.Cochlea implants.B.Reasons of deaf.C.A new auditory remedy.D.Structure of the auditory system.22.What’s the goal of California researchers mentioned in the first paragraph?A.To find a new method of cochlear implant.B.To stimulate the auditory nerve within the cochlear.C.To study cat’s cochlea.D.To access later stages of the auditory system.23.Why does Douglas McCreery show off a cat?A.To advocate people to protect animals.B.To cure the cat’S hearing loss.C.To carry out cochlear implant on the cat.D.To give a display of the new device.Passage2How fast is your personal computer?When people ask this question,they are typically referring to the frequency of a minuscule clock inside the computer,a crystal oscillator that sets the basic rhythm used throughout the machine.In a computer with a speed of one gigahertz(千兆赫),for example,the crystal“ticks”a billion times a second.Every action of the computer takes place in tiny steps,each a billionth of a second long.A simple transfer of data may take only one step;complex calculations may take many steps.All operations, however,must begin and end according to the clock’s timing signals.Because most modern computers use a single rhythm,we call them synchronous.Inside the computer’s microprocessor chip,a clock distribution system delivers the timing signals from the crystal oscillator to the various circuits,just as sound in air delivers the beat of a drum to soldiers to set their marching pace.Because all parts of the chip share the same rhythm,the output of any circuit from one step can serve as the input to any other circuit for the next step.The synchronization provided by the clock helps chip designers plan sequences of actions for the computer.The use of a cental clock also creates problems.As speeds have increased,distributing the timing signals has become more and more difficult.Present-day transistors can process data so quickly that they can accomplish several steps in the time that it takes a wire to carry a signal from one side of the chip to the other.Keeping the rhythm identical in all parts of a large chip requires careful design and a great deal of electrical power.Wouldn’t it be nice to have an alternative?Our research group at Sun Microsystems Laboratories seeks such alternatives.Along with several other groups worldwide,we are investigating ways to design computing systems in which each part can proceed at its own pace instead of depending on the rhythm of a central clock.We call such systems asynchronous.Each part of an asynchronous system may extend or shorten the timing of its steps when walking across rough terrain.24.What determines the rhythm of the personal computer?A.An alarming clock.B.A crystal oscillator.plex calculations.D.The clock’s timing signals.25.Why does the author mention sound in air in the second paragraph?A.To illustrate the timing signals are delivered in a similar way sound travels in air.B.To show us that timing signals’speed can be as fast as that of sound.C.Because the wave of timing signals is similar to the sound wave.D.Because sound is delivered by timing signals.26.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a disadvantage of the use of a central clock?A.Distributing the timing signals is more difficult when speeds are higher.B.It has to take a wire to carry a signal from one side of the chip to the other.C.Careful design is necessary to keep the rhythm identical in all parts of a large chip.D.A great deal of electrical power is required to a whole chip synchronous.27.The word“alternative”means________.A.methodB.substituteC.answerD.machine28.We can infer from the article that__________.A.the structure of an asynchronous system is different from that of a synchronous systemB.the central clock sets the rhythm of parts of an asynchronous systemC.each part of an asynchronous system can change the rhythm of the central clockD.searching for a better replacement for the synchronous system is an internationalProblemPassage3A snowfall consists of myriads of minute ice crystals that fall to the ground in the form of frozen precipitation.The formation of snow begins with these ice crystals in the subfreezing strata of the middle and upper atmosphere when there is an adequate supply of moisture present.At the core of every ice crystal is a minuscule nucleus,a solid particle of matter around which moisture condenses and freezes.Liquid water droplets floating in the upper atmosphere and free ice crystals cannot coexist within the same cloud,since the vapor pressure of ice is less than that of water.This enables the ice crystals to rob the liquid droplets of their moisture and grow continuously.The process can be very rapid,quickly creating sizable ice crystals,some of which adhere to each other to create a cluster of ice crystals or a snowflake.Simple flakes possess a variety of beautiful forms,usually hexagonal,though the symmetrical shapes reproduced in most microscope photography of snowflakes are not usually found in actual snowfalls.Typically,snowflakes in actual snowfalls consist of broken fragments and clusters of adhering ice crystals.For a snowfall to continue,once it starts,there must be a constant inflow of moisture to supply the nuclei.This moisture is supplied by the passage of an airstream over a water surface and its subsequent lifting to higher regions of the atmosphere.The Pacific Ocean is the source of moisture for most snowfalls west of the Rocky Mountains,while the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean feed water vapor into the air currents over the central and eastern sections of the United States.Other geographical features also can be the source of moisture for some snowstorms.For example,areas adjacent to the Great Lakes experience their own unique lake-effect storm,employing a variation of the process on a local scale.In addition,mountainous sections or rising terrain can initiate snowfalls by the geographical lifting of a moist airstream.29.What is at the center of an ice crystal?A.A small snowflakeB.A nucleus.C.A drop of waterD.A hexagon.30.Which of the following statements is NOT true?A.A minuscule nucleus is a kind of solid particle of matter.B.The free ice crystals can grow continuously.C.In actual snowfalls,we can usually find that simple flakes possess symmetrical shapes.D.For a snowstorm,there must be an adequate source of moisture.31.If a snowfall continues some time since it begins,we can conclude that________.A.there is plenty of moistureB.there must be a source of water nearby and the temperature will fallC.the snowflake consists of broken fragments and clusters of adhering ice crystalsD.there are airstreams’motions from over water surface to higher regions32.How do lake-effect snowstorms form?A.Water temperatures drop below freezing.B.Moisture rises from a lake into air streams.rge quantities of wet air come-off a nearby mountain.lions of ice crystals form on the surface of a large lake.Passage4If you want to see the future of broadband communications,look to the stars.The heavens could soon be filled with more than400satellites providing internet users with low cost,direct-to-the-home connections that are hundreds of times faster than today’s dial-up moderns.With unobstructed views of virtually the entire world,satellites are poised to deliver interactive broadband services in ways even advanced ground-based networks will be hard-pressed to match.The new breed of satellites will act as powerful signal repeaters in the sky,receiving and resending radio transmissions from ground-based antennas.Costing far less per unit capacity than most satellites now in service,they will employ new digital technologies that will improve the capacity,reliability and security of data communications.Moreover,because the systems will operate at extremely high radio frequencies,they will use narrow radio beams capable of communicating with ultra small antennas that can be easily mounted on most homes.Two types of satellite systems have been proposed.Geostationary satellites will orbit 36,000kilometers(22,000miles)above the equator at the same speed as the earth’s rotation and thus appear from the ground to be stationary.They will communicate with fixed orientation dish antennas attached to customers,homes and use advanced signal processing to compensate for transmission delays caused by the great distances their radio signals must travel.Low---earth orbit(LEO)satellites,in contrast,will circle the globe once every two hours at altitudes under1,500kilometers,reducing the time needed to beam signals to and from the earths surface.But they will require sophisticated subscriber antennas able to track and communicate with the fast---moving LEO satellites.Both types of satellites will avoid many of the complications that plague ground-based networks.Specific advantages include the following.The dirty little secret of broadband is that the technical limitations of ground-based networks will severely restrict availability.Digital subscriber line(DSL)signals decay on long telephone lines or on those of poor quality.Local multipoint distribution service(LMDS) signals cannot penetrate leafy trees,buildings or other obstructions.Cable performance deteriorates if too many households in a neighborhood log on at the same time.Fiber-to-the-home is so costly as a retrofit that is usually considered economically viable only for new housing construction.For up to one third of the population in the U.S.and an even greater portion worldwide,satellite technology will not simply be d choice,it will be the choice.33.Which of the following is not true according to the passage?A.Satellites will make the access to the Internet cheaper and more convenient.B.Satellites cost less than today’S dial-up modems.C.Satellites will be superior to ground-based networks to deliver interactive broad-bandservices.D.Ground,based antennas can send radio transmissions.34.All Of the following is mentioned as the new type of satellites is described EXCEPT__________.A.narrow radio beams will be usedB.new digital technologies will be takenC.the systems of them will work at extremely high radio frequenciesD.their signals can be easily mounted on most homes35.Why does a geostationary satellite appear to be immobile?A.Because it is fixed all the time.B.Because its orbit speed is the same as the earth’s rotation.C.Because its position is above the equator.D.Because it can communicate with fixed-orientation dish antennas.36.What advantage does the last paragraph intend to focus on?A.Satellites can improve the availability of the Internet.B.To transmit the DSL signals without delay.C.their signals can penetrate obstructions.D.Low cost.Passage5The importance and focus of the interview in the work of the print and broadcast journalist is reflected in several books that have been written on the topic.Most of these books,as well as several chapters,mainly in,but not limited to journalism and broadcasting handbooks and reporting texts,stress the“how to”aspects of journalistic interviewing rather than the conceptual aspects of the interview,its contexts,and implications.Much of the“how to”material is based on personal experiences and general impressions.As we know,in journalism as in other fields,much can be learned from the systematic study of professional practice.Such study brings together evidence from which broad generalized principles can be developed.There is,as has been suggested,a growing body of research literature in journalism and broadcasting,but very little significant attention has been devoted to the study of the interview itself.On the other hand,many genera]tests as well as numerous research articles on interviewing other than journalism have been written.Many of these books and articles present the theoretical and empirical aspects of the interview as well as the training of the interviewers.Unhappily,this plentiful general literature about interviewing pays littleattention to the journalistic interview.The fact that the general literature on interviewing does not deal with the journalistic interview seems to be surprising for two reasons.First,it seems likely that most people in modern Western societies are more familiar,at least in the positive manner,with journalistic interviewing than with any other form of interviewing.Most of us are probably somewhat familiar with the clinical interview,such as that conducted by physicians and psychologists.In these.situations the professional person or interviewer is interested in getting information necessary for the diagnosis and treatment of the person seeking help.Another familiar similar situation is the job interview.However,very few of us have actually been interviewed,personally by the mass media,particularly by Television. And yet,we have a vivid acquaintance with the journalistic interview by virtue of our roles as readers,listeners,and viewers.Even so,true understanding of the journalistic interview, especially television interviews,requires thoughtful analyses and even study,as this book indicates.37.Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?A.Personal experiences and general impressions should be excluded from journalistic interviews.B.Concepts and journalistic interviews.C.Priority should be given to the systematic study of journalistic interviewing.D.Contextual implications and general principles should be the main concern.38.Much research has been done on interviews in general__________.A.and the training of journalistic interviewers has likewise been strengthenedB.but journalistic interviewing as a specific field has unfortunately been neglectedC.so the study of the interviewing techniques hasn’t received much attentionD.so there has been a dramatic growth in the study of journalistic interviewing39.Most of the Westerners may not have been interviewed by the mass media_____.A.and they don’t hope to have the chance to be interviewedB.and they would like to have a true understanding of itC.though most of them wish to stay away from itD.though they are familiar with the journalistic interview40.It is most likely that the passage is part of__________.A.a news articleB.a prefaceC.a journalistic interviewD.a research reportPart III Translate the following sentences into English(10points)41.1996年,世界上海拔最高的现代化的、多功能的大型图书馆西藏自治区图书馆建成开馆。