Looking through the journal Health Psychology A 29-year reviewword精品文档12页

北师大版英语高二上学期期中复习试卷及解答参考一、听力第一节（本大题有5小题，每小题1.5分，共7.5分）1、What is the main topic of the conversation?A. A new product launchB. An upcoming sports eventC. A book reviewD. A school projectAnswer: CExplanation: The conversation is mainly about a book that the speakers are discussing, so the correct answer is a book review.2、How does the woman feel about the movie they just watched?A. She thinks it’s boring.B. She enjoys it but has a few criticisms.C. She thinks it’s a waste of time.D. She loved it and highly recommends it.Answer: BExplanation: The woman expresses enjoyment but also mentions a couple of points she didn’t like, indicating that she has mixed feelings about the movie.3、What is the relationship between the two speakers?•A) Teacher and student•B) Doctor and patient•C) Shop assistant and customer•D) Librarian and library user[Audio Clip Plays]Answer: C) Shop assistant and customerExplanation: In the conversation, the woman asks about the availability of a particular brand, and the man provides information about the stock, indicating he works at the store. The context clues from their discussion about products and prices point towards a shopping scenario.4、Why does the man apologize to the woman?•A) He gave her the wrong item.•B) He was late for their meeting.•C) He forgot to send an important email.•D) He couldn’t fix her computer on time.[Audio Clip Plays]Answer: A) He gave her the wrong item.Explanation: The man mentions that he accidentally mixed up the orders and handed her someone else’s purchase. He apologizes for the mistake and offers to correct it immediately, which indicates that the issue is related to giving her the incorrect product.请注意，以上内容是基于虚构情境生成的示例，并未提供实际的音频材料。

The Gut Microbiota and the Development of the BrainThe human gut host 1014 bacterial organisms, an amount that exceeds eventhe number of somatic cells within the body. When combined with thebacteria living both inside and on the human body (a community collectivelyknown as microbiota, dwelling in the human microbiome), it is estimated that these (mostly) friendlyintruders outnumber the somatic and germ cells of their human home by a factor of 10 (Neufeld, Turnbaugh). Specific to the human gut is the commensal microflora, the microbial community thatenters into an important symbiotic association with the human host beginning with the colonization of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract by the bacteria within the first few postnatal days. The systematic takeover of the GI tract by this diverse array of microorganisms is actually a fairlyuseful and peaceful invasion, not the hostile takeover its numbers suggest it would be(Neufeld). Called “developmental processing,” the phenomenon begins at birth, continues throughearly development, and remains for life. Developmental processing is actually defined as a process by which environmental factors act during vulnerable or sensitive developmental periods and thus exert influences that impact the structure and function of organs that last throughout life (Heijtz). However, although the colonization of microbiota is due to postnatal environmental factors and is also affected by genetics, the relative abundance and distribution along the GI tract of the human microbiome is similar across healthy individuals, even those residing in different countries with different diets (Duff). The number and type of helpful bacteria is relatively consistent and is difficult to change. This stability is important because of the influences the microflora has on the development of a range of systems in the body. For example, the microbiota is essential to the proper development of the mucosal and systemic immune systems and in nutrient uptake and metabolism (Neufeld). In order to more fully understand the significance of these microorganisms, the Human Microbiome Project (HMP) has been launched worldwide. The HMP is an almost natural offshoot of the Human Genome Project and is hoped to not only bridge the gap between medical and environmental microbiology, but to reveal new insights into the world of health and diseases. Already, much has been found regarding the useful and important contributions these microbial symbionts make to an individual’s physiology (Turnbaugh, et al). Rec ent research regarding the HMP has revealed evidence that suggests these gut bacteria also influence the function of the central nervous system (CNS) and behavior (Neufeld). Of particular interest, though, is the impact on the functional development of the mammalian brain. Studies have shown the brain to be susceptible to internal and external cues during its perinatal life, an important point when considering the association between common neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g. autism, schizophrenia) and microbial pathogen infections during this same period. Related studies have shown support for this, at least in regards to mice; exposure to microbial pathogens within the perinatal period resulted in behavioral abnormalities such as anxiety-like behavior and impaired cognitive functions (Heijtz).Gut FeelingsThe relationship between the gut microflora and the brain, the so-called gut-brain axis, has been an important component for many years in gastrointestinal research. It is especially influential in such functional bowel disorders as Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and may play a part in ulcers. However, as with IBS, most of the studies have focused on a brain-to-gut control, a type of top-down relationship that examines mainly the impact of the brain on the function of the gut. New research in this field has also revealed that there may be close ties between the microbiota of the gut and the development and function of the central nervous system (CNS). This, in turn, has led to a discovery of a link between early life stress, altered stress activity later in life, and a change in the landscape of the microflora, all examined using the top-down approach. Further studies demonstrated the influence of microbiota over energy balance and their integral connections to the pathophysiology of obesity. Energy balance and the intake of food are both centrally mediated processes, and although the direct link between the gut microbiome and the central feeding circuits has not been discovered yet, it reveals the presence of the alternative bottom-up control, where the microbiota have an influence over the development and functionality of the brain. This discovery of bottom-up controlswill be important in the research regarding the relationship between brain development and the establishment of the gut microbiota (Neufeld). It also brings into light the possible role of the human microbiome in the incidence of neurodevelopmental disorders (Heijtz)./image.axd?id=b2487c81-5d3e-4bdc-a4bb-8b7102af2b5e&t=634164293398800000Evidence in MiceIn 2006, immunologist Sven Pettersson of the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm developed an interest in the bottom-up approach to the gut-brain axis when he and genomicistShugui Wang of the Genome Institute of Singapore discovered that the key brain chemical was regulated by the microbes in the gut (Pennisi). This finding led him to collaboration with a neurobiologist at the Karolinska Institute, Rochellys Diaz Heijtz , in order to further study the effects of gut microbiota on brain development and function using mice (Heigtz).For the study, they engineered germ-free (GF) mice that had no commensal intestinal microflora and therefore an underdeveloped immune system and specific pathogen free (SPF) mice with normal gut microbiota and put them through a series of tests in order to observe their exploratory activity and anxiety. Such tests included placing the mice in an open field box and measuring their spontaneous motor activity for an hour. Another test that assessed whether nonpathogenic gut microbiota could affect anxiety-like behavior involved both a light-dark box test and an elevated plus maze. In every case, the GF mice what are considered riskier behaviors, spending more time in the light box and in the open arms or end of the open arms of the elevated plus maze than the SPF mice. They also generated more spontaneous activity, traveling a greater total distance with more exploration of the open field than the SPF mice in the open field box. However, when the same battery of tests were performed with adult conventionalized offspring (CON) (offspring of GF mice that were exposed to the microbial pathogens early in their development), the CON mice displayed similar tendencies to the SPF mice instead of their GF parents. In order to check that this normalization of behavior patterns takes place only during a sensitive or critical period wherein the effects of the normal gut microbiota can occur, Heijtz et. al. then conventionalized adult GF mice and retested them. The new findings of the conventionalized adult GF mice showed no significant changes, displaying a failure to normalize their behavior at this late stage (Heijtz). Dr. Heijtz inferred from this data “that there is a critical period early in l ife when gut microorganisms affect the brain and change behavior in later life” (Pennisi).nerve-cell (Pennisi, Heijtz).This study clearly supports the hypothesis that the gut microbiota can have a significant impacton normal brain development and behavioral functions during a critical period early in the postnatal growth that lasts throughout life. It suggests also that during the course of evolution, microbiota colonization became an integral part of the development and programming of the brain with its effects extending to motor control and anxiety-like behaviors (Heijtz). However, Pettersson cautions that “it is importa nt to note that this knowledge can be applied only to mice, and that it is too early to say anything about the effect of gut bacteria on the human brain” (“Bacteria in the gut…”).Evidence in AutismEven with such cautions, it is hard to ignore the implications to the world of neurodevelopmental disorders. In fact, many GI disorders have shown a high comorbidity with psychiatric illnesses (Neufeld). The most widely hoped for link is between the gut microbiota and schizophrenia or autism. Children with autistic spectrum disorders, particularly, demonstrate a high incidence of severe gastrointestinal problems, combined with an onset in early childhood, perhaps linking to the critical period discovered by Heijtz et al (Parracho). In addition to several bodily and behavioral changes and difficulties, there often is an inflammation of the intestinal lining, causing the gut to be more permeable. Some of these symptoms have even been linked to changes in the gut microbiota due to treatment with antibiotics (Duff).Several studies have been done hoping to find an association between the microbiota and autism in order to begin finding a cause and then a cure. One such study tested 86 children with autism and revealed a substantial change in the metabolism of amino acids and in the normal microorganisms that inhabit the gut of a healthy person. These major differences were mostly concerned with the aerobic bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Enterococcus, and with the anaerobic bacteria Bacteroides and Bifidobacteria. E. coli is the most common aerobe of the microflora, accounting for around 80-90% of all aerobic bacteria. The second, then,is Enterococcus which accounts for just 5% of aerobes. When interpreting the results of the Bioscreenfaecal microbiology, it was found that the average amount of E. coli had considerably decreased, accounting for only 56% instead of its usual 90%. In 18 of the children, the amount of E. coli was actually less than 10%. Conversely, the amount of Enterococcus had risen to 40%, with a complete swap of the two aerobes in 19% of the children, as Enterococcus accounted for 95% of the aerobic bacteria. Relatedly, the anaerobes changed as well. There was a measurable decreasein Bacteroides whereas the Bifidobacteria increased (Duff).This study, however, is very basic and does not take into account many variables that would have to be considered in further examination of the role of the gut microorganisms in autism. For example, repeated microbial use (such as those commonly taken for autism) could cause disruptions in the indigenous microflora of the gut, accounting for some of the discrepencies. As Pettersson stated, at this point in the game, it is far too early to make any assumptions about the significance of the microbiota in the development of the human brain. In the future, who knows what will be discovered? Perhaps we will just have to listento our guts.References1. Duff, Jacques. "Autism and ADHD: Intestinal Dysbiosis." ADHD,ADD, AttentionDeficit Hyperactivity Disorder. BehaviouralNeurotherapy Clinic. Web.<.au/Intestinal_Dysbiosis.htm>.2. Heijtz, Rochellys Diaz, Shugui Wang, FarhanaAnuar, Yu Qian, Britta Björkholm,Annika Samuelsson, Martin L. Hibberd, Hans Forssberg, and SvenPettersson."Normal gut microbiota modulates brain development andbehavior." PNAS 108.7 (2011): 3047-052. PNAS: Proceedings of the NationalAcademy of Sciences of the United States of America. National Academy of Sciences,31 Jan. 2011. Web.</content/early/2011/01/26/1010529108.full.pdf+html>.3. KarolinskaInstitutet. "Bacteria in the gut may influence braindevelopment." ScienceDaily, 1 Feb. 2011. Web.4. Neufeld, BSc, Karen-Anne, and Jane A. Foster, PhD. "Effects of gut microbiota onthe brain: implications for psychiatry." Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience 34.3 (2009): 230-31. PubMed Central. Canadian Medical Association, May 2009. Web.</pmc/articles/PMC2674977/>.5. Parracho, H. M. "Differences between the gut microflora of children with autisticspectrum disorders and that of healthy children." Journal of MedicalMicrobiology 54.10 (2005): 987-91. . National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Aug. 2005. Web.</pubmed/16157555>.6. Pennisi, Elizabeth. "Do Gut Bugs Practice Mind Control?" Science/AAAS | News - Upto the Minute News and Features from Science. American Association for theAdvancement of Science, 31 Jan. 2011. Web.</sciencenow/2011/01/do-gut-bugs-practice-mind-contro.html>.7. Turnbaugh, Peter J., Ruth E. Ley, Micah Hamady, Claire M. Fraser-Liggett, RobKnight, and Jeffrey I. Gordon. "The Human Microbiome Project." Nature 449.7164 (2007): 804-10. Nature. Nature Publishing Group, 17 Oct. 2007. Web.</nature/journal/v449/n7164/abs/nature06244.html>.。

国内主要的心理学网站和杂志介绍一、主要心理学网站中国心理学网：/中国心理网：/华夏心理网：/enpsy/二、国内心理学期刊杂志简介1 心理学报《心理学报》(Acta Psychologica Sinica)，双月刊，中国心理学会和中国科学院心理研究所主办，科学出版社出版，主要发表我国心理学家最新、最高水平的心理学科技论文。

现任主编为陈永明研究员，曹日昌、潘菽、徐联仓、匡培梓、林仲贤曾任该刊主编。

《心理学报》1956年创刊，1966年因“文革”而停刊，1979年复刊，至2000年共出版32卷122期。

从2001年起改为双月刊。

1989年以前，《心理学报》由中国心理学会主办；1989年以后由中国心理学会和中国科学院心理研究所共同主办；1995年以后，香港中文大学心理系成为《心理学报》的协办单位。

《心理学报》是国家科技部“中国科技论文统计源期刊”。

作为反映我国心理学研究水平的主要窗口，《心理学报》不仅在中国心理学界享有很高的声誉，在国际上也有一定影响。

该刊的文章摘要被美国心理学会主办的《心理学文摘》（Psychological Abstracts）和心理科学数据库（PsycINFO Database）所收录。

2 心理科学《心理科学》(Psychological Science)，双月刊，中国心理学会主办，华东师范大学承办，香港大学心理学系协办的综合性心理学学术期刊。

该刊是国务院学位办审定的核心期刊。

《心理科学》全面反映心理学各个分支的成果，论文涉及心理学各个领域，反映国内外心理学的最新研究成果和最新进展。

理论联系实际，注重理论建设和实验研究的同时，加强对应用研究的重视，特别是心理学教学的研究。

为适应心理学发展的需要，在保证论文质量的前提下，特设专栏刊登一定数量的中、短篇论文，形成该刊的特色之一。

《心理科学》被国内多家权威检索机构收录，并收入于美国心理学会主办的《心理学文摘》（ Psychological Abstracts）和心理科学数据库（PsycINFO Database），在心理学界和相关学界享有声誉。

在美国看病如何用英文跟医生交流下面是由国内提供出国看病一站式服务的厚朴方舟整理的关于如何用英文跟外国医生交流的句子，希望大家永远也不会用到它们，但一定要懂它们！(1) 一般病情:Hefeels headache, nausea and vomiting. (他觉得头痛、恶心和想吐。

)He isunder the weather. (他不舒服，生病了。

)Hebegan to feel unusually tired. (他感到反常的疲倦。

)Hefeels light-headed. (他觉得头晕。

)Shehas been shut-in for a few days. (她生病在家几天了。

)Herhead is pounding. (她头痛。

)Hissymptoms include loss of appetite, weight loss, excessive fatigue, fever andchills. (他的症状包括没有食欲、体重减轻、非常疲倦、发烧和发冷。

)Hefeels exhausted or fatigued most of the time. (他大部份时间都觉得非常疲倦。

) He hasbeen lacking in energy for some time. (他感到虚弱有段时间了。

) Hefeels drowsy, dizzy and nauseated. (他觉得昏昏欲睡，头晕目眩和想吐。

)Hefeels as though everything around him is spinning. (他感到周围的东西都在打转。

)He hasnoticed some loss of hearing. (他发觉听力差些。

)Shehas some pains and itching around her eyes. (她眼睛四周又痛又痒。

) (2) 伤风感冒：He hasbeen coughing up rusty or greenish-yellow phlegm. (他咳嗽带有绿黄色的痰。

综述复杂性哀伤的国外研究现状钟爱芳1骆宏1,2根据2000年美国国家健康数据中心提供的资料,每年将近有100万美国人会经历丧偶之痛,其中绝大多是妇女。

丧偶使丧亲者增加了精神和生理疾病及社会问题的风险,一方面,丧亲后抑郁发作或焦虑障碍发生率增多,另一方面丧亲者因心脏病、肝硬化、自杀、事故等原因导致的死亡率也明显增加。

研究表明,大约20%~30%的丧亲者符合复杂性哀伤(co m pli cated gr i e ,f CG,以下均简称CG )的诊断,这不仅造成了个人的巨大痛苦,还影响到家庭、社区、工作单位以及医疗保健系统[1]。

目前已有不少国外学者报道了对CG 的研究,本文则对已有的研究结果作一综述,以期为国内开展相关研究提供参考。

1 CG 的定义和临床表现CG 有许多意义相近却又不尽相同的表述,如病理性哀伤(pa t ho l og ic g rief)、异常性哀伤(abno r m al g rief)、非典型性哀伤(atypical gr ief)、病理性哀悼(patho l og ic m ourni ng)和创伤性哀伤(trau m atic gr i e f)等。

美国9.11事件发生后,为与创伤后应激障碍(post trau m atic stress d i so rder ,PT SD )的哀伤症状相区别,CG 作为一个相对独立的概念而被广泛使用。

究竟CG 的含义是什么?H orow itz 等[2]认为CG 指在失去所爱之人后出现的以闯入式思维、回避和适应不良为核心症状的一种综合征。

而Pr i ge rson 和他的同事认为C G 核心症状是创伤性悲痛和分离性悲痛,且须达到功能缺损的程度[3]。

Jacobs [4]认为CG 是发生在重要他人去世后的一种障碍,核心症状是分离性悲痛,合并因死亡而导致精神受损的一系列丧亡反应。

虽然目前对CG 概念还没有统一,但已有CG 研究都参考了P ri ge rson 的观点,即认为CG 是出现在重要他人死亡后的一系列以分离性悲痛为主且社会功能受损的丧亡反应。

疯狂英语(新悦读)保持感恩的心，把值得感恩的人和事记下来，这可以降低患心脏病的风险，可以增强幸福感，还可以维持良好的人际关系。

1It was at a San Diego hospital thatsome researchers studied the effects of gratitude on heart health.Participants kept a daily journal recording all the things they were grateful for.At the end of the eight weeks,their blood test resultsshowed a lower risk of heart disease.They also had a better mood and sleep.2Martin Seligman is a professor of psy⁃chology at the University of Pennsylvaniaand is also considered the father of posi⁃tive psychology.The field of positive psy⁃chology attempts (尝试)to help healthy people become happier.3In a research program,Seligmanasked his students to keep a gratitude jour⁃nal,where they wrote down five things they felt grateful for every week for ten weeks.At the end of the ten weeks,his students reported less stress and more happiness.Seligman later asked other students to write letters of gratitude to special people in their lives.He then had them visit these special people and read them the lettersout loud.This resulted in even higher lev⁃els of happiness and deeper connections between people.The practice of gratitudeor thankfulness for the good things in your life can increase your happiness not just in the moment but also in the long term.4Many people practice gratitude byThe power of gratitude感恩，前行的力量四川付利主题语境：人与自我篇幅：284词建议用时：6分钟33keeping a gratitude journal.Try it out. Every day,write down things that you re thankful for.This could be big things like getting a new job or small things like a cup of coffee or the joke you just shared with your friend.It s a cycle that builds upon itself.The more we practice feeling appre⁃ciation for the good things in our lives,the more we naturally notice good things in our lives.ReadingCheck1.What s the purpose of the first paragraph?A.To introduce a hospital.B.To show the importance of goodsleep.C.To share how to improve the mood.D.To lead in the topic of being grate⁃ful.2.What does positive psychology focus on?A.Increasing people s happiness.B.Inspiring people to be independent.C.Helping students with their writing.D.Making people communicate more.3.How can we become happier according to Seligman s research?A.By drinking coffee.B.By keeping a gratitude journal.C.By paying attention to special peo⁃ple.D.By writing and reading letters.4.What does the underlined sentence in the last paragraph possibly mean?A.Love is invaluable.B.Good hardly ends up with better.C.Gratitude will be paid off.D.Life is full of changes.LanguageStudySentence for writingIt was at a San Diego hospital that some researchers studied the effects of gratitude on heart health.正是在圣地亚哥的一家医院，一些研究人员研究了感恩对心脏健康的影响。

想要快乐？试试这10种科学方法10种经科学证明的方法让你快乐无比。

这篇帖子与Inc有合作关系，目的是向企业家和商人提供建议、各类资源和独到见解。

下面这篇文章最初发表在。

人们很轻易的就将“快乐”视为“结果”，但是“快乐”更多来说其实是一种“助推器”。

例一：当我确定要想方设法提高个人的工作效率时，可能提高效率最好的方法就是让自己更快乐。

快乐的人更容易取得成就。

尽管你可能认为说起来比做起来容易，是吧？事实上，很多东西改变起来是很容易的。

来自Buffer的Content Crafter 贝拉·贝丝介绍过10种建立在科学基础上的方法让你更快乐。

Buffer是一个社交媒体管理工具，它可让你安排自己的更新，或自动更新自己的状态或分析社交媒体更新的状态。

贝丝介绍的方法：1.锻炼7分钟足以想想，日常锻炼你可能没有时间？再想想。

看一下纽约时报曾提过的“7分钟锻炼计划”，这种锻炼计划可放进我们每个人的日常安排表里。

锻炼对我们的快乐感和健康有着深远的影响，因此也就成为克服抑郁的有效方法。

Shawn Achor的书本《幸福的优势》（The Happiness Advantage)里曾引用过一片研究:三组病人分别用药物、运动和前两者混合这三种方法来治疗抑郁症。

结果让人大吃一惊，尽管三组病人的快乐感都有所提高，但是追踪评估却大相径庭：六个月后，三组病人接受复发率的测试。

那些之接受药物治疗的病人当中，有38%的人抑郁症复发；那些通过药物和锻炼两种方法混合治疗的病人情况稍微好点，也有31%的人复发。

最令人震惊的是，那些通过锻炼治疗的一组病人，复发率只有9%。

但是，你不需要去患上抑郁症来体验运动的好处。

尽管可能不会减肥，但是运动有助于放松，增强脑力，甚至会提升你的身形。

我们对运动已经做过深入的研究，观察运动对大脑的作用，例如运动会促使大脑释放蛋白质以及让我们感觉幸福快乐的内啡肽。

《心理健康杂志》（Journal of Health Psychology）的一篇研究发现那些运动的人，身体尽管没有发生变化，但是依然会觉得身体更好了：对16名男性和18名女性在体重、体型和身体形象三个方面做过评估。

Looking through the journal Health Psychology: A 29-year review Abstract：Reflected in the journal Health Psychology, various topics concerning the relationship between physical health and psychological as well as sociocultural factors, being investigated on different levels and with kinds of methods, are integrated on the platform provided by health psychology.Key words：Health Psychology; Definition; Topic; Methodology1 Looking through the journal Health Psychology: A 29-year reviewBorn more than 30 years ago, it is still difficult to put a clear definition for health psychology. As Division 38 of APA, Health Psychology, sets it, health psychology “seeks to advance contributions of psychology to the understanding of health and illness through basic and clinical research, education, and service activities and encourages the integration of biomedical information about health and illness with current psychological knowledge.”(See /about/division/div38.aspx.) This description does not tell us whether health psychology is a branch or subdiscipline of psychology, a multi-disciplinary science, a fusion of medicine, behavior science, psychology, and so on, or a collection of whatever topic that is related to health. With the following logic one can get a paradoxical conclusion: Syllogism OneMajor premise: Mental life will definitely influence health directly (e.g., when we talk about mental health) or indirectly (e.g., when we say that grief weakens one’s immune function);Minor premise: Psychology is a discipline surrounding the study of mental life;Conclusion: Psychology is related directly or indirectly with health.Syllogism TwoMajor premise: When we talk about health, we are concerning about human well-being;Minor premise: All aspects of psychology (and medicine) concerns about human well-being;Conclusion: All aspects of psychology(as well as everything related to medicine) can belong to health psychology.Syllogism ThreeMajor premise: If a topic belongs to psychology, it also belongs to health psychology (Conclusion of Syllogism Two);Minor premise: Anything talked about has some subjective component that can be named as psychological content;Conclusion: Everything we talk about is more or less related to health psychology.The result is that, since everyone has a mental life and can give some thoughts on his own mental life, virtually any piece of assertion can get some meaning in the territory of health psychology. Such a situation reminds us of the famous statement of Ernest Rutherford that “all science is either physics or stamp collecting.” If all information in the world that exists for human were covered by health psychology, one could simply substitute science for the term. This is not true, so there must be a distinctive character for health psychology. But what is it?Fortunately, what people working in this new field are devoting to is being reflected in the journal Health Psychology, “a scholarly journal devoted to furthering an understanding of scientific relationships between behavioral principles on the one hand and physical health and illness on the other.” (See /pubs/journals/hea/index.aspx.) Published by Division 38 itself, this journal might provide us with an overview of the whole field as well as its frontier. (We may expect that its editors know what kind of researches is suitable under the name of health psychology.)2 Topics under DiscussionHealth psychology was not founded from basement but with plenty of materials accumulated in the past years’practice and research. Before the foundation of Division 38, related articles could frequently be found in psychological, medical, and psychiatric journals, though some other areas were also useful resources. Even to this day, medical psychology, behavioral medicine, and health psychology could sometimes substitute each other. Before completing the second year’s publication, health psychology had already found itself at the crossroads.If medicine had already turned to the biopsychosocial model, taking all the biological, psychological and social elements into consideration, should health psychology necessarily exist? What kind of training should be given to students, most of whom majored in psychology, and most of whom were going to take a health-related occupation? A conference was arranged and a general agreement was reached that health psychology should not be restricted to a solidified discipline. (Almost) every area in psychology, from social tophysiological, was related to health, thus to health psychology, in some aspect. Without a final solution to the problem of vague definition, the new field survived and is attracting more and more expert eyes, largely because of its tight relationship with applied science. (For details, get a look at Issue 1, V olume 6, 1987.)Some topics have always been discussed intensively. In V olume 8 (1989) there was a summary of most-often-appeared subjects,including cardiovascular disorders,psychoneuroimmunolo-gy,cancer,AIDS,smoking, and health policy. Throughout the years researchers are giving interest to these subjects-- hypertension and cardiovascular reactivity, stress and coping, smoking and other kinds of drug abuse, obesity, weight control, and physical activity, as well as several serious diseases. They are selected and kept for different reasons.One obvious reason is the prevalence of a disease. When one feels himself well, he may not concern with his health all the time. While falling ill, he has to pay close attention to it. The prevailing of a disease calls both the public and the specialists to dig the truth out. Studies on the relationship between stress and cardiovascular disorders set a perfect example to illustrate it. With the declaration of the fact that such disorders are influenced not only by inherited diathesis and infection but also one’s life style, including stress and coping, researches on this topic become more instead of less, some to explore the mechanism of their interaction and others the application of known principles. The journal has slightly more interest in the latter, because the design, the administration, and the evaluation of an applied program are themselves a traditional topic in health psychology. In this category there are also conditions like cigarette use, surgery, diabetes, healthy dietary and weight control, and so forth.Topics on cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia, end-stage renal disease, COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases), dementia, and so on, were first selected not for the prevalence of these diseases, but for the availability of a sample large enough. Their victims are relatively concentrated in the office of a few specialists, and they are usually visited regularly because of the duration of their suffering. Besides, these chronic diseases force those caring for sufferers to adjust their own life, generating a new series of study on the health problems of care-givers. What is more, these groups are favorable to be prepared for special educational programs, another topic sprouting in the journal. In one sense quite a lot of programs working with children and adolescents are put into practice for the same reason. What seems easier is done earlier. For instance, among so many kinds of m alignant tumor, breast cancer has been unproportionally stressed, because it is easier to be detected and has a relatively high incidence. On the other hand, lung cancer is more dangerous but harder to be studied thoroughly.Sometimes we may encounter an absolutely new topic in the journal. These can be summarized into three categories. The first is connected with recently emerged social events (e.g., terrorism in 2001, SARS in 2003) and is hurriedly investigated in order to provide suitable service in time. When at last the impact of the event dimmed, the number of published papers would fall sharply after a short interval. The second category is influenced by related areas (medicine, pathology, genetics, immunology, etc.). When scholars in these areas get a new insight into risk factors, health psychologists are quick in tailing these breakthroughs. For a long time cigarette smoking has been perceived as a pure learned behavior. When geneticists pointed out that smoking may have an inherited component, a great many researches were devoted to this argument, asking the journal to prepare special issues for them. There is another instance. When psychologists decide to take a novel viewpoint and interpret all mental processes from a new perspective, topics like decision making and risk perception are also invented. The third category is somewhat a result of the former two. When some opinions are considered as valuable enough, usually there will be a conference on which they can be fully discussed. The conference itself gives the cue that something is worthy to be done. For example, in V olume 14 (1995) there was an appeal for investigation on minority health, directly introduced by the conference (the National Conference on Behavioral and Sociocultural Perspectives on Ethnicity and Health). Health condition of minorities was previously considered as an inherited sin of these people or some results of their socioeconomical status. The conference made scholars think more from the perspective of the minorities before giving a conclusion. The same happened to studies on women, the older, homosexual, and other communities related to different cultures. Conferences in 2000 (the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Conference, Maintenance of Behavior Change in Cardiorespiratory Risk Reduction) and 2005 (the Basic and Applied Decision Making in Cancer Control Meeting) gave a similar impetus. Most recently, there were three conferences in 2008, discussing theoretical advances in diet and physical activity interventions, mediation and moderation, and tobacco smoking. We can wait to see the effect of them in coming issues.。

1.情绪调节情绪调节是一个古老而又年轻的话题。

中国传统医学把情绪调节放到了相当重要的位置，如“怒伤肝，忧思伤脾”的观点，反映了朴素的心理免疫思想以及对情绪调节与身心健康关系的认识[1]。

情绪情感是我们日常生活中的重要组成部分，人们所体验的情绪以及应对情绪的方式构成了其人格的一部分并对其心理健康有着重要的影响。

自20世纪80年代来，情绪调节日益成为情绪心理学研究中的一个热点和重要问题。

在这一领域的研究中，Gross及其同事做了大量的实验与测量研究，提出了许多有价值的结论，对情绪调节研究产生了重要影响，使该领域的研究有了很大的进步。

情绪是不断被个体所唤醒和体验的一种状态，情绪的唤醒有时是显意识的，有时是无意识的[2]。

Gross在他的一篇文章中就指出情绪调节包含两个方面：一方面是情绪调节生活事件；另一方面是情绪自身的调节。

个体的情绪反应有时候与生活环境的变化协调一致，但有时候则与个体的生活环境与社会交往产生矛盾与冲突，与特定的生活情景不相适应，这就需要个体经常进行情绪调节以适应生活环境[2]。

情绪调节是个体管理和改变自己或他人情绪的过程，在这个过程中，通过一定的调节方式（策略）和机制，使情绪在生理反应、主观体验、表情行为等方面发生一定的变化[3]。

作者简介：李娜（1977.10-），女，陕西蓝田人，陕西师范大学心理学院发展与教育心理学研究生，从事发展与教育心理研。

Gross情绪调节模型及对心理健康的影响李娜摘要：Gross的情绪调节理论指出，在情绪发生过程中的情绪调节主要有情景选择、情景修正、注意分配、认知改变和反应调整五个方面。

其中情景选择、情景修正、注意分配、认知改变是在情绪反应趋势形成之前发生，属于先行关注情绪调节；反应调整是在情景反应形成之后发生，属于反应关注情绪调节。

同时Gross还提出了两种最常用的情绪调节策略———认知重评和表达抑制，并分析了它们对心理健康的影响。

关键词：情绪调节认知重评表达抑制心理健康962.情绪调节的过程模型Gross 认为情绪调节是在情绪发生过程中展开的，在情绪发生的不同阶段，会产生不同的情绪调节。

2024年06月大学英语四级考试真题和答案（第1套）Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: Suppose your university is seeking students’ opinions on whether university libraries should be open to the public. You are now to write an essay to express your view. You will have 30 minutes for the task. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.PartⅡ Listening Comprehension (25 minutes)Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A）, B), C) and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard.1. A) Due to a fire alarm in their apartments.B) Because of the smoke and heat damage.C) Due to the water used to extinguish the flames.D) Because of the collapse of the three-story building.2. A) Investigating the cause of the incident.B) Helping search for the suspect of the crime.C) Rescuing the businessmen trapped in the building.D) Checking town records for the property developer.Questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard.3. A) It plays a less important role in one’s health than nutrient intake.B) It impacts people’s health to a lesser degree than sun exposure.C) It is associated with people’s mental health conditions.D) It is linked with older adults’ symptoms of depression.4. A) It was indefinite.B) It was systematic.C) It was straightforward.D) It was insignificant.Questions 5 to 7 are based on the news report you have just heard.5. A) It has helped solve several murder cases.B) It has become a star police dog in Beijing.C) It has surpassed its mother in performance.D) It has done better than naturally born dogs.6. A) To speed up investigation into criminal cases.B) To test the feasibility of cloning technology.C) To cut down training expenses.D) To reduce their training time.7. A) Cloning is too complicated a process.B) The technology is yet to be accepted.C) Cloning is ethically controversial.D) The technology is too expensive.Section BDirections:In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A），B），C)and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 8 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.8. A) He read it somewhere online.B) He heard about it from a coworker.C) He read an article reviewing it.D) He watched a TV series based on it.9. A) His publications.B) His first book.C) His address.D) His name.10. A) Collect a lot more data.B) Relax a bit less often.C) Clarify many new concepts.D) Read more reference books.11. A) Find out the show’s most interesting episodes.B) Watch the series together with the woman.C) Get an e-copy of the book to read.D) Check to see when the show starts.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.12. A) To check the prices of his farm produce.B) To ask the way to the Newcastle City Hall.C) To inquire about the vegetarian food festival.D) To seek the man’s help with her work on the farm.13. A) Bakers.B) Vendors.C) Vegetarians.D) Organisers.14. A) The issuing of certificates to vendors.B) The completion of the baking task.C) The festival they are organising.D) The deadline for application.15. A) The closing date of submission.B) The website of his company.C) The details of the ceremony.D) The organiser’s address.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear three passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.16. A) Most scenic sites have been closed.B) Access to official campsites is limited.C) Health experts advise going outdoors.D) People have more time during the summer.17. A) It is strongly opposed by nearby residents.B) It leads to much waste of public money.C) It has caused environmental concerns.D) It has created conflicts among campers.18. A) Look for open land in Scotland.B) Leave no trace of their camping.C) Avoid getting close to wilderness.D) Ask for permission from authorities.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.19. A) They outcompete mythical creatures.B) They usually mind their own business.C) They truly exist in the Amazon region.D) They resemble alarmingly large snakes.20. A) Scar tissue from dolphins’ fighting.B) Skin infection from water pollution.C) Unhealed wounds from snake bites.D) Swimming along in seasonal floods.21. A) It has been shrinking at an astonishing pace.B) It has been placed under international protection.C) It has been appealing to both freshwater and sea dolphins.D) It has been abandoned as a battleground for male dolphins.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.22. A) About 58% of young adults call parental support the new normal.B) Most adult children enjoy increasing sources of financial support.C) A full 70% of the young adults cannot afford to buy a car by themselves.D) Most early adults cannot sustain their lifestyles without parental support.23. A) It renders them dependent.B) It causes them to lose dignity.C) It makes them mentally immature.D) It hinders them from getting ahead.24. A) It challenges one’s willpower.B) It results from education.C) It calls for due assistance.D) It defines adulthood.25. A) Current lifestyles.B) Poor budgeting.C) College loans.D) Emergency expenses.Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once．It’s well known that physical exercise is beneficial not just to physical health but also to mental health. Yet whereas most countries have____26____, evidence-backed guidelines on the type and intensity of exercise____27____for various physical health benefits, such guidelines do not yet exist for exercise and mood.This is____28____due to a lack of necessary evidence. However, a new systematic review brings us usefully up-to-date on the current findings in this area.Before____29____into some of the key take-aways, animportant____30____made in the review is between aerobic exercise and anaerobic. The former____31____such things as walking, jogging and cycling and means exercising in such a way that your body is able to use oxygen to burn fat for energy. In contrast, anaerobic exercise—such as lifting heavy weights—is of such____32____intensity that your body does not have time to use oxygen to create energy and so instead it breaks down glucose (葡萄糖) in your blood or muscles.Beginning first with the influence of exercise intensity on the moodbenefits of aerobic exercise, the researchers, led by John Chan at Shenzhen University, found____33____results from 19 relevant studies. Some favoured higher intensity, others low, while seven studies found that intensity made no____34____to mood benefits.In relation to the intensity of anaerobic exercise, however, the results were far clearer—the optimum (最佳选择) for improving moodis____35____intensity, perhaps because low intensity is too dull while high intensity is too unpleasant.A) constitutesB) contradictoryC) decisionD) detailedE) differenceF) dippingG) distinctionH) fallingI) involvesJ) moderateK) notifiedL) partlyM) requiredN) traditionallyO) vigorousSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Why Do Americans Work So Much?A) How will we all keep busy when we only have to work 15 hours a week? That was the question that worried the British economist John Maynard Keynes when he wrote his short essay “Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren” in 1930. Over the next century, he predicted, the economy would become so productive that people would barely need to work at all. For a while, it looked like Keynes was right. In 1930 the average working week was 47 hours in the United States. But by 1970, the number of hours Americans worked on average had fallen to slightly less than 39.B) But then something changed. Instead of continuing to decline, the duration of the working week remained stable. It has stayed at just below 40 hours for nearly five decades. So what happened? Why are people working just as much today as in 1970?C) There would be no mystery in this if Keynes had been wrong about the power of technology to increase the economy’s productivity, which he thought would lead to a standard of living “between four and eight times as high as it is today.” But Keynes got that right: Technology has made the economy massively more productive. According to Benjamin M. Friedman, an economist at Harvard, the U.S. economy is right on track to reach Keynes’s eight-fold (八倍) multiple by 2029. That is a century after the last data Keynes would have had access to.D) In a new paper, Friedman tries to figure out why that increased productivity has not translated into increased leisure time. Perhaps people just never feel materially satisfied, always wanting more money to buy the next new thing. This is a theory that appeals to many economists. “This argument is, at best, far from sufficient,” he writes. If that were the case, why did the duration of the working week decline in the first place?E) Another theory Friedman considers is that, in an era of ever fewer settings that provide effective opportunities for personal connections and relationships, people may place more value on the socializing that happens at work. There is support for this theory. Many people today consider colleagues as friends. But Friedman argues that the evidence for this theory is far from conclusive. Many workers report that they would like to spend more time with family, rather than at work. Furthermore, this theory cannot explain the change in trend in the U.S. working week in the 1970s.F) A third possibility proves more convincing for Friedman. That is: American inequality means that the gains of increasing productivity are not widely shared by everyone. In other words, most Americans are too poor to work less. Unlike the other two explanations Friedman considers, this one fits chronologically (按年代). Inequality declined in America during the period following World War II, along with the duration of the working week. But since the early 1970s it has risen dramatically.G) Keynes’s prediction of a shorter working week rests on the idea that the standard of living would continue rising for everyone. But Friedman says that this is not what has happened. Although Keynes’s eight-fold figure holds up for the economy as a whole, it is not at all the case for the median (中位数的) American worker. For them, output by 2029 is likely to be around 3.5 times what it was when Keynes was writing. This is a bit below his fourto eight-fold predicted range.H) This can be seen in the median worker’s income over this time period, complete with a shift in 1973 that fits in precisely with when the working week stopped shrinking. According to Friedman, between 1947 and 1973 the average hourly wage for normal workers (those who were not in management roles) in private industries other than agriculture nearly doubled in terms of what their money could buy. But by 2013 the average hourly wagefor ordinary workers had fallen 5 percent from the 1973 level in terms of actual purchasing power. Thus, though American incomes may have gone up since 1973, the amount that American workers can actually buy with their money has gone down. For most Americans, then, the magic of increasing productivity stopped working around 1973. Thus, they had to keep working just as much in order to maintain their standard of living.I) What Keynes predicted was a very optimistic version of what economists call technological unemployment. This is the idea that less labor will be necessary because machines can do so much. In Keynes’s vision, the resulting unemployment would be distributed more or less evenly across society in the form of increased leisure. But Friedman says that, for Americans, reality is much darker. Americans now have a labor market in which millions of people—those with fewer skills and less education —are seeking whatever poorly paid work they can get. This is confirmed by a recent poll that found that, for half of hourly workers, their top concern is not that they work too much but that they work too little. This is most likely not because they like their jobs so much. Rather, we can assume it is because they need the money.J) This explanation leaves an important question. If the very rich—the workers who have reaped above-average gains from the increased productivity since Keynes’s time—can afford to work less, why do they continue to work so much? (Indeed, research has shown that the highest earners in America tend to work the most.) Friedman believes that for many top earners, work is a labor of love. They are doing work they care about and are interested in, and doing more of it is not necessarily a burden. For them, it may even be a pleasure. These top earners derive meaning from their jobs and work is an important part of how they think of themselves. And, of course, they are compensated for it at a level that makes it worth their while.K) Friedman concludes that the prosperity (繁荣) Keynes predicted is here. After all, the economy as a whole has grown even more brilliantly than he expected. But for most Americans, that prosperity is nowhere to be seen. And, as a result, neither are those shorter working weeks.36. Some people view socializing at the workplace as a chance to develop personal relationships.37. As ordinary American workers’ average hourly pay had decreased despite increasing productivity, they had to work just as many hours as before to keep their living standards.38. American workers’ average weekly working time has not changed for nearly half a century.39. Friedman believes inequality in the U.S. largely explains why increasing productivity has not resulted in reduced working hours. 40. Many economists assume people’s thirst for material things has prevented them from enjoying more leisure time.41. An economist’s prediction about a shorter average working week seemed to be correct for a time in the 20th century.42. In the U.S. labor market, the primary concern of people with less schooling and fewer skills is to secure any employment even if it is low-paid.43. Keynes was right in predicting that technology would make the economy much more productive.44. Many of the highest earners have a keen interest in and love for what they are doing.45. According to Keynes, there would be a shorter working week with everyone’s standard of living continuing to rise.Section CDirections:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Lao Zi once said, “Care about what other people think and you will always be their prisoner.”People-pleasing, or seeking self-worth through others’ approval, is unproductive and an exhausting way to go through life. Why do we allow what others think of us to have so much power over how we feel about ourselves? If it’s true that you can’t please all people all of the time, wouldn’t it make sense to stop trying?Unfortunately, sense often isn’t driving our behavior. For social beings who desire love and belonging, wanting to be liked, and caring about the effect we have on others, is healthy and allows us to make connections. However, where we get into trouble is when our self-worth is dependent upon whether we win someone’s approval or not.This need to be liked can be traced back to when we were children and were completely dependent on others to take care of us: Small children are not just learning how to walk and communicate, they are also trying to learn how the world works. We learn about who we are and what is expected of us based on interactions with others, so, to a four-year-old, if Mommy or Daddy doesn’t like him or her, there is the danger that they will abandon them. We need to understand that when we desperately want someone to approve of us, it’s being driven by that little kid part of us that is still terrified of abandonment.As you become more capable of providing yourself with the approval you seek, your need for external validation will start to vanish, leaving youstronger, more confident, and yes, happier in your life. Imagine how much time we lose each moment we restrain our authenticselves in an effort to be liked.If we base our worth on the opinions of others, we cheat ourselves of the power to shape our experiences and embrace life not only for others but also for ourselves, because ultimately, there is no difference. So embrace the cliché(老话) and love yourself as it’s highly doubtfulthat you’ll regret it.46. What can we conclude from Lao Zi’s quotation?A) We should see through other people’s attempt to make a prisoner of us.B) We can never really please other people even if we try as hard as we can.C) We can never be truly free if taking to heart others’ opinion of us.D) We should care about other people’s view as much as they care about our own.47. What will happen if we base our self-worth on other people’s approval?A) Our desire to be loved will be fulfilled.B) Our life will be unfruitful and exhausting.C) Our identity as social beings will be affected.D) Our sense of self will be sharpened and enhanced.48. What may account for our need to be liked or approved of?A) Our desperate longing for interactions with others.B) Our understanding of the workings of the world.C) Our knowledge about the pain of abandonment.D) Our early childhood fear of being deserted.49. What can we do when we become better able to provide ourselves with the desiredapproval?A) Enjoy a happier life.B) Exercise self-restraint.C) Receive more external validation.D) Strengthen our power of imagination.50. What does the author advise us to do in the last paragraph?A) Embrace life for ourselves and for others.B) Base our worth on others’ opinions.C) See our experiences as assets.D) Love ourselves as we are.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Some people have said aging is more a slide into forgetfulness than a journey towards wisdom. However, a growing body of research suggeststhat late-in-life learning is possible. In reality, education does an aging brain good.Throughout life, people’s brains constantly renovate themselves. In the late 1960s, British brain scientist Geoffrey Raisman spied growth in damaged brain regions of rats through an electron microscope; their brains were forging new connections. This meant brains may change every time a person learns something new.Of course, that doesn’t mean the brain isn’t affected by the effects of time. Just as height usually declines over the years, so does brain volume: Humans lose about 4 percent every decade starting in their 40s. But that reduction doesn’t necessarily make people think slower; as long as we are alive and functioning, we can alter our brains with new information and experiences.In fact, scientists now suspect accumulating novel experiences, facts, and skills can keep people’s minds more flexible. New pathways can strengthen our ever-changing mental structure, even as the brain shrinks.Conventional fixes like word puzzles and brain-training apps can contribute to mental durability. Even something as simple as taking a different route to the grocery store or going somewhere new on vacation can keep the brain healthy.A desire for new life challenges can further boost brainpower. Research about aging adults who take on new enterprises shows improved function and memory as well as a reduced risk of mental disease. Openness —a characteristic defined by curiosity and a desire for knowledge—may also help folks pass brain tests. Some folks are born with thistake-in-theworld attitude, but those who aren’t as genetically gifted aren’t necessarily out of luck. While genes can encourage an interest in doing new things, a 2012 study in the journal Psychology and Aging found completing reasoning tasks like puzzles and number games can enhance that desire for novel experiences, which can, in turn, refresh the brain. That’s why brain scientist Richard Kennedy says “It’s not that old dogs can’t learn new tricks. It’s that maybe old dogs don’t realize why they should. ”51. What do some people think of aging adults?A) Their wisdom grows as time goes by.B) Their memory gradually deteriorates.C) They can benefit from late-in-life learning.D) They are likely to have mental health issues.52. What can we conclude from Geoffrey Raisman’s finding?A) Brain damage seriously hinders one’s learning.B) Brain power weakens slower than we imagine.C) Brains can refresh and improve with learning.D) Brains forge connections under new conditions.53. What is one thing that helps maintain the health of our brain even as it shrinks?A) Doing daily routines by conventional means.B) Avoiding worrying about our mental durability.C) Imitating old dogs’ way of learning new tricks.D) Approaching everyday tasks in novel ways.54. What does the author say can contribute to the improvement of brain function?A) Being curious and desiring knowledge.B) Being eager to pass brain tests at an old age.C) Rising to life’s challenges and avoiding risks.D) Boosting immunity to serious mental diseases.55. What is the finding of the 2012 study in the journal Psychology and Aging?A) Wishing to solve puzzles enhances one’s reasoning power.B) Playing number games unexpectedly stimulates one’s memory.C) Desiring new experiences can help to renovate the brain.D) Learning new tricks should not be confined to old dogs only.Part Ⅳ Translation (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chineseinto English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.四合院（siheyuan）是中国一种传统的住宅建筑，其特点是房屋建造在一个院子的四周，将院子合围在中间。