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管理学组织案例管理学是一门研究组织和管理的学科，涉及到企业、组织的各个方面。
在这里，我将列举十个管理学组织案例，并按照要求进行描述。
1. 谷歌公司的管理模式：谷歌公司以扁平化管理为特点，强调员工自主性和创新精神。
他们采用20%的工作时间用于自由创新，激发员工的创造力和动力。
2. 乐高公司的组织结构：乐高公司采用模块化的组织结构，将不同部门划分为可独立操作的模块，提高了生产效率和灵活性，使得公司能够快速适应市场需求。
3. 苹果公司的领导风格：苹果公司的创始人乔布斯以他的强势和激情著称，他注重产品的创新和完美，通过激励和激励员工来实现公司目标。
4. 亚马逊公司的供应链管理：亚马逊公司通过建立全球化的物流网络，实现高效的供应链管理，确保商品能够及时送达客户手中。
5. 耐克公司的市场定位：耐克公司通过运动明星代言和创新的产品设计，成功地将自己定位为高端运动品牌，并在市场竞争中占据领先地位。
6. 微软公司的变革管理：微软公司在面临市场竞争和技术变革的压力下，进行了组织结构和文化的重塑，实现了公司的转型和发展。
7. 腾讯公司的创新管理：腾讯公司通过不断创新和投资，将自己打造成为全球领先的互联网公司，并在市场上取得了巨大的成功。
8. 三星公司的品牌管理：三星公司通过不断提高产品质量和品牌形象，成功地将自己打造成为全球知名的电子产品品牌。
9. 沃尔玛公司的供应链管理：沃尔玛公司通过建立高效的供应链网络，实现了快速货物流转和低成本运营，成为全球最大的零售商之一。
10. 联合利华公司的全球化战略：联合利华公司通过跨国并购和全球市场拓展，成功实现了品牌全球化和经济规模效益。
以上是十个管理学组织案例，每个案例都涉及到不同的管理模式、组织结构、领导风格等。
这些案例展示了各种不同的管理实践和策略，对于我们理解管理学的原理和应用具有重要的参考价值。
通过学习这些案例，我们可以更好地了解和应用管理学的知识，提高组织和管理的效果。
Answers to International Case Questions (Chapter 1-17)Chapter 1 McDonald’s: Serving Fast Food around the World (p.29)1. The biggest opportunity, which was realized, was to open the mass market fast-food business. Kroc did this through a balanced expansion of owned and franchise operations while maintaining quality control and not outstripping requirements for additional capital. He could have chosen to own all of the outlets or to restrict operations to certain regions. The threats were and still are alternate foods and alternate stores.2. McDonald’s was not without luck. At the time they expanded into Europe, American goods and styles were in fashion. In addition, McDonald’s maintained rigid quality and cost control. For example, while they were trying to develop a potato strain that could be grown in Europe they imported all of the potatoes from their suppliers in the U.S. This maintained their reputation for the “best fries,” one of the selling points for McDonald’s. The cultural differences between Asia and Europe are considerable and the trick was to find the commonalty between the two and the U.S. In Japan, for instance, heavy pre-opening advertising and large-scale locations, combined with contributions to the local community (similar to Toyota public relations in Asia and the U.S.), as well as inclusion of local specialties successfully launched McDonald’s name and products in Asia.3. The basic philosophy is expressed in the case: QSC&V. When he was alive, Ray Kroc personally visited locations and inspected the outside premises, inside food preparation areas and personnel. This set a tone for the corporation at the top. Its success is measured by the fact that you can get a Big Mac almost anywhere in the world.4. McDonald’s is expanding its menu in order to meet competition. It has expanded into competitors’ areas such as chicken and Mexican foods and in some European locations offers wine with meals. In the U.S., new low-carbohydrate diets emulate the Atkins model while low-fat menus were developed to appeal to that phase of American eating habits.5. Planning and attention to detail, combined with a thorough understanding of the local customs, have all contributed to McDonald’s success. The opening of McDonald’s in Moscow in 1990 illustrates som e of the factors in operation:∙It offered products not available elsewhere in a setting that was both interesting and conducive to a gathering of friends and family.∙The initial Canadian managers paid attention to training and the details of a fast-food operation before opening the restaurant. The cleanliness and sharp appearance were essential.∙The company engaged one of the few U.S. attorneys licensed to practice law in Russia to draw up the absolutely necessary contracts and agreements. The attorney, an Afro-American, was also a Don at Oxford at the time of opening.∙They located in a city where consumers had a huge pent-up demand and sufficient disposable income to act on it.Chapter 2 Spirituality in the Workplace (p.51)1.Relating to, consisting of, or affecting the spirit; concerned with religious values;concerned with the soul; of, from, or pertaining to God.2.A code of ethics is often the outcome of spirituality.3.Recent scandals such as Parmalat, WorldCom, Adelphia, Enron and Global Crossing point out the need for better ethical standards and corporate governance as a fiduciary responsibility.4.Against: If the business of business is business, then spirituality has no place.For: Since spirituality is part of the ecology in which businesses operate, it would be remiss not to take it into account.Chapter 3 Starbucks——Quality Plus Social Conscious Sells Around the World (p.74) 1. It created a friendly environment and initially provided “specialty” coffee drinks and a place to access the Internet.2. Standardization and theme.3. It is doing that through expanding its non-coffee drinks and snack selections.4. The challenges are already here, which requires reorganization and regrouping, as illustrated in the press release above.Chapter 4 Developing V erifiable Goals (p.109)1.A division manager can develop verifiable goals, as illustrated in the case. The problem here is that the division head does not know if these are the same goals that the president would have for the division. It is always a good idea to test reality by closing the loop with the boss.2.The division manager seems to have been swept away by the lecture. Even though he has articulated some objectives, we do not know if they were attainable. Clearly, the subordinates have to be given guidelines and premises. The resources of capital and manpower are always limited and to prioritize them takes a lot of skill and participation, something not apparent in the case.Chapter 5 The Road Ahead for Shanghai V olkswagen (p.127)1. The real answer to this question is not portrayed in the case. It is implied, however, as being due to careful steps and slowly building a controlled quality operation. Since the automobile industry was a protected one, forming a joint venture in China was the first important step. Shutting out the competition is probably grounded in the sophisticated politics of the joint venture, reinforcing the interests of China and V olkswagen. However, the industry is now in an expansion phase and transitioning from decentralized small manufacturers to large, integrated ones. VW was insightful to be up and running at the right time. An excellent reference for the automobile industry in China is China Car Times.2. Now approaching production of 1.6 million cars, V olkswagen’s share of the current 7.2 million cars and commercial vehicles produced in China in 2006 represents 22% of the market. Honda closed a joint venture with Dongfeng Motor Corp in late 2003 for initial production of 30,000 units annually. It has since grown substantially and currently Honda has a total annual capacity of 480,000 units in China: Dongfeng Honda, where Honda CR-V and Honda Civic are made, has total capacity of 120,000 units and Guangzhou Honda, where Honda Accord, Fit are made, has a total capacity of 360,000 units. As the competition increases, prices will fall and demand will rise.3. If it is truly a joint venture, then the risk was minimized. The technology is available worldwide by hiring the right experienced people.Chapter 6. Carrefour-Which Way to Go? (p.145)1. His target markets are already identified and his new concept stores are successful. The powerful image of Carrefours is his most important asset.2. Copying Wal-Mart’s strategy would imitate, not distinguish, and probably work against his progress to date.3. By focusing on choice, innovation, freshness, and own label as well as maintaining local price leadership.4. The characteristics of people in a shared place and time are largely dependent on generational influences and vary according to the country and its socio-economic environment. The eating and buying habits of each country are available through government agencies such as the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Department of Commerce and research groups such as A. C. Nielsen, which track consumer spending patterns.Chapter 7 Reengineering the business process at Procter & Gamble (p.182)1. Since the restructuring involved changes in authorities and responsibilities of specific personnel, the human system and policies had to be covered.2. If they did not become product line (group) managers, they were probably disgruntled, unless there were compensating factors such as increase in pay, visibility or opportunity for advancement.3. A restructuring such as P&G’s has to come from the top, with active participation and approval by the Board ofDirectors, the CEO and COO. It impacts too many people and redeploys assets at too high a cost to be otherwise.However, since organizational changes naturally create uncertainty, and uncertainty in turn produces anxiety, both can be eased through careful definition of the new structure and solicitation of input from the bottom up.Chapter 8 The restructuring of Daimler –Benz (p.199)1. The performance is reflected in the stock price of the company, which had fallen drastically when compared to competitors such as BMW and Renault. The aerospace buy-in was done at a time when there was obvious over capacity in the industry and when the giants such as Boeing and Airbus were struggling to maintain market share.2. The problem in this particular case is that the potential targeted companies such as Chrysler and Mitsubishi were in trouble before the merger or acquisition. One might question the wisdom of going ahead with an acquisition or merger, but once there, executing a turnaround plan calls for very close controls rather than autonomous operations.3. To answer this question, one needs to examine the background and psychological makeup of the principal drivers such as Schrempp. It can’t be done on leveraging the acquired company’s earnings. Daimler has now reduced its stake in EADS by a third and Schrempp has been replaced.4. He’s gone and Zetsche has increased EBIT from € .873 million in 2005 to €8.710 in 2007.Chapter 9 Ford’s European Organization Changes Strategy (p.212)1. There are great advantages in commonality as distinct from centralization or de-centralization in the automotive business. Modern technology has enabled designers and engineers to collaborate across borders as designs are discussed and approved in joint international conferences, and overnight transmissions of data and details to working groups at Ford. However, local tastes prevail both the United States and in other areas of the world. The cars that sell well in the Midwest may not be the cars of choice in Southern California and the peculiarities of the London market are distinct from those in Hamburg. The significant cost of an automobile assembly line mandates some centralization of production facilities, but the dealer networks and service centers argue for regional de-centralized territories.2. The rationale was to reduce costs, but the execution didn’t work.3. The vision was to rely on technology to bring about a new way of making and selling cars, but the infrastructure was not in place to sustain that vision. Ford allowed its costs to get out of control by focusing on the Internet instead of building good cars and trucks. Ford is re-centralizing to improve quality and reduce the costs of new products.margins. However, relocation costs to Irvine, California, and product problems contributed to significant losses and in 2008, Mulally reached definitive agreement with Tata Motors of India to sell the Jaguar Land Rover segments for $2.3 billion, substantially less than Ford had paid for the brands under Nasser.5. Ford is competing well in Europe, with new Mondeo and Kuga models, but trails GM in China. By concentrating on the Ford marque and reducing capacity in the U.S., Mulally is bringing new potential to the company and hopes that its new campaign Ford. Drive One! Can return customers to the showrooms and experience the improvements firsthand.Chapter 10 Restructuring at Korea’s Daewoo (p.227)1. Obviously the divisions got out of control and were not contributing to the welfare of the parent company. The advantages are motivation and flexibility to meet customer demands.2. The company’s reputation is so damaged, it is uncertain whether it can be competitive wi thout government support.3. Kim should respond by holding the managers responsible for making a profit. The controllable factors are providinga common sense of purpose and direction. The uncontrollable factors are economic conditions and competition.4. The Commission of European Communities in its declaration did not view GM’s acquisition of Daewoo’s automotive assets as a competitive threat. The success depends on how GM develops the dealer networks and which models are carried forward. GM has rebadged its cars and dropped the Daewoo marque.5. Ford was struggling with its turnaround plan and GM acquired only parts of the company that it wanted.6. It is difficult to say if the automotive successor company will grow, in light of the competition and other problems at GM.Chapter 11 Trials and Challenges for Mr. Barrett at Intel (p.266)1. Barrett is presently Chairman of the Board. He was replaced by Paul Otellini as CEO in 2005 and Otellini is presently running the organization, competing with AMD and focusing on 45nm technology, while expanding into WiMax and cellular products. The semiconductor industry is known for its roller coaster pattern in bill-to-book ratios.2. Frequent reorganizations create uncertainty and anxiety. Some of the reorganizing was in the interest of cost-cutting and improving margins and it continues into the present.3. All capital investments in the microprocessor lines are most substantial. They have risen from $100 million in 1985 to $2.0 billion today for a complete manufacturing facility. In high technology, one must focus on preparing now for the distant future, especially with research and development expenditures and capital expenditures, in order to remain competitive. The investments are so large that their return has to be calculated in years in the future.Chapter 12.Woman CEO Manages by the Textbook (p.286)1. We know from the results, especially turning around a company, that she must have been a strong, analytical leader. In turning a company around, one has to be very convincing to many constituencies and have a clear idea about what needs to be done. Her career path was grounded in high-tech and multinational companies.2. One can surmise that the problems that women encounter in the U.S. are compounded in Italy.3.It depends on what is meant by “managing by the textbook.” We understand that management’s underlying principlesand theory are universal, but many managers want to think that they are the ones with “something special,” implyi ng that it can’t be taught and must be learned “the hard way.” Experience is, of course, very valuable, but it can be enhanced with a good understanding of the theory involved.Chapter 13 Jack Welch leading organizational change at GE(p.305)1.This is really a case specific question because of the massive layoffs of over 100,000 employees. Some authors focuson the social consequences of restructuring and others detail the innovations and self-actualization processes that Welch initiated and which led to the rise of GE in corporate value.2.Personal feelings vary, but identifying issues and alternatives are universal.3.To enhance a company’s corporate image and to become visible in order to benefit shareholder value.4.Welch made sure that GE’s value system w as published and disseminated through the ranks. Values are difficult toappraise in performance, but since they were well known, some standard criteria were probably developed to measure both results and attitudes.5.Stretch objectives do make executives push, whether it is to exceed forecast or increase the rewards. They exist in alldynamic, growing companies, whether or not they are identified as such.6.Since rigorous succession planning was one of the key elements of Welch’s tenure, it would imply ra nking as amatter of course. As long as everyone knows the ground rules, ranking should be accepted as a practice, even if the specific results are questioned. The second part of the case question raises the issues of what makes one division “far superior?” It might be due to proprietary technology or other market factors, rather than the management team.7.The reorganization, which included divestitures as well as acquisitions, was dramatic. If the criterion is shareholdervalue, there is no question that the objective was achieved. If the criterion departs from that measure to include economic impact and social or ethical considerations, then the answer is arguable.Chapter 14 Managing the Hewlett-Packard way: will it continue? (p.342)1. Much of the old HP spirit has been restored by Mr. Hurd.2. The old managerial style was a direct reflection of the personalities of Hewlett and Packard. You would need similar managerial profiles for it to work elsewhere.3. Ms Fiorina was not successful at HP and was removed after conflict with HP heirs.Chapter 15 Profiles of two visionaries: Bill Gates and Steve Jobs (p.365)1. Both leaders brought their companies up from nothing to be leaders in the field. Microsoft dominates in PCs with over 90% of their operating systems market share and Jobs was responsible for the introduction of the iPod and iPhone, as well as for new models of its Mac Book (Mac Book Air) and graphics desktops. Their styles were charismatic, which was what was needed in the beginning. And Jobs’ vision restored Apple after Scully’s disappointing tenure as CEO. Gates style was probably more directed to crushing competitors while Jobs was focused on hardware andinnovations like the iTunes and iPod. Both were known for their excessive confidence, bordering on egomania and Jobs was known for his denigration of subordinates, which has moderated since his return. Gates has left Microsoft operations2. Jobs was described in Inc Magazine as being one of the most aggressive egotists in Silicon Valley, while the Justice Department pictured Gates as a monopolistic competitor. Gates had the good sense to back himself with good managers. Jobs got a CEO from PepsiCo who did not make the transition, and had to retake the reins of the company.3. Microsoft OS dominates, while Macintosh OS is a favorite with graphics intensive applications. Both have competitors around the corner, such as Linux, which is gaining on Microsoft at the server level as well as Google with its on line free applications. The question is alternately framed by asking: what is the future of Information Technology and how will it change the way we do things?Chapter 16 To merge or not to merge: that is the question for HP, Compaq, and CEO Fiorina (p.381)1. The pros for the merger centered around consolidation of product lines, which had an 80% overlap in the PC market, reduction of common costs and stronger presence in the services business. The cons brought in the efficiencies of competitor Dell, which had managed to increase its share with no inventory hangover while Compaq had months of unsold machines at the time of the deal, and questioning the wisdom of competing in the PC market. There were also doubts about the strength and profitability of the services part of Compaq joined with HP.2. The personal risk was her job as head of HP. She lost.3. The vote was a narrow victory of 51%, with rumors of reciprocal influence with institutional investors and overcoming a court challenge by heirs of the founders.4.Potentially cutting 15,000 jobs does not endear a CEO with the workers. In addition, she referred to the “new HP’which by inference devalued the legacy of the HP Way and its past supporters.paq’s head was appointed president of HP, but he left after six months to rescue MCI and take it out of theWorldCom bankruptcy. This would indicate unrest, if not a lack of confidence. She has also reworked her “Invent”slogan to incorporate cost factors and reorganized several departments more than once. The turmoil was terminal and she was replaced by an experienced CEO who turned the company around.Chapter 17 Could the challenger accident have been avoided (p.402)1. The principal lesson is the penalty managers pay for not speaking what is on their mind and how they must be emotionally free to do so.2. Organization intimidation expressed in a lack of communication and in an overemphasis to please the customer (NASA) regardless of the risk.。
现代管理学案例现代管理学逐渐走进了人们的视野，成为了越来越多企业和组织的重要组成部分。
在如今这个高速发展的时代，管理者们需要不断更新自己的管理思路和方法，以适应不断变化的市场，取得更好的经营业绩。
本文将介绍几个现代管理学的典型案例，以期给读者提供一些新的思路和启发。
1.以用户为中心的管理模式——谷歌作为全球最大的搜索引擎，谷歌的成功不仅仅来自于技术的创新，更是来自于以用户为中心的管理模式。
在谷歌，管理者们始终将用户需求放在首位，不断改进产品和服务，以满足用户需求。
为了更好地了解用户需求，谷歌会定期进行用户调研，不断优化产品和服务。
此外，谷歌还不断招聘优秀的人才，并提供优厚的薪酬和福利，以保证员工的满意度和工作积极性。
2.扁平化管理模式——ZapposZappos是美国最大的在线鞋类销售商，也是一家以扁平化管理模式闻名的企业。
在Zappos，所有员工都享有很高的自主权和工作灵活性，没有繁琐的层级关系和复杂的决策程序。
此外，Zappos还鼓励员工们在工作和生活中保持平衡，并为员工们提供充足的培训和发展机会，以帮助员工们实现自我价值。
3.数据驱动的管理模式——NetflixNetflix是一家以在线视频服务为主的公司，凭借其出色的数据驱动的管理模式在行业内独占鳌头。
在Netflix，管理者们会通过大数据分析和人工智能技术，不断了解用户喜好和行为，以优化影片推荐算法和服务体验。
此外，Netflix还会根据数据分析结果，不断调整公司战略和产品计划，以应对不断变化的市场环境。
4.共识型管理模式——IDEOIDEO是一家以产品设计和创新驱动为主的公司，其共识型管理模式成为行业内的一个典范。
在IDEO中，所有员工都可以尽情表达自己的创意和观点，并参与到团队的决策和协作之中。
IDEO的管理者们会注重孵化员工间的良好合作关系，不断提高员工的团队协作和沟通能力。
此外，IDEO还会通过与客户沟通和市场调研，不断了解市场需求和趋势，保持公司的创新力和竞争力。
管理学组织结构案例分析案例一：谷歌公司谷歌公司是当前互联网界的巨头之一，它在全球各地设有许多办公室和研发中心。
这些机构的组织结构可以用一个“矩阵式组织结构”来概括。
矩阵式组织结构是一种将不同的组织形式相结合的形式，使得团队能够跨越多个层次和部门独立地行动，同时又在职能上协调一致。
一方面，谷歌公司设置了大量的跨本地及多地的小组，这些小组通常由5~20个人组成，负责定制和执行广泛的项目，以满足谷歌公司对科技创新和敏捷性的要求。
另一方面，谷歌公司在全球各地设有许多分部，这些分部负责开展地方化的业务，并且根据本地市场的情况制定销售及推广策略。
与此同时，谷歌公司还在各个领域建立了独立的团队来处理特殊项目，这些团队创新性地利用新的技术、算法和数据处理方法，以推动谷歌公司在研发和设计领域的发展。
谷歌公司的组织结构体系区别于传统的部门式和职能式结构，它突破了传统的限制，将团队的活力和机动性与公司的整体管理方向结合在一起。
同时，它也为公司的各项业务提供了大量的自由度，使得团队能够以最有效的方式快速解决问题并提升自己的竞争力。
案例二：亚马逊公司亚马逊公司是一家把重点放在电商和云计算业务上的公司，它近年来取得了骄人的成绩。
谷歌公司通常采用的是一种更加开放和灵活的组织结构，而亚马逊公司则采用了一种类似于传统的部门式结构，由CEO领头，各个业务部门分工明确、职责分明。
这个组织结构在公司发展中扮演了重要的角色。
亚马逊公司将其业务划分为五大部分：消费者、数字媒体、亚马逊商家服务、AWS和其它。
这些部门都有自己的管理层和负责人。
而且公司还建立了多个小组，这些小组都有各自的任务和目标，同时也渗透在公司的管理层中。
这种组织结构的好处是每个部门都有各自的目标，各自负责自己的业务。
每个部门都有一个清晰的领导人，以便负责推动其任务的完成，同时还鼓励员工在他们所处的部门中互相合作和学习。
这种结构也提高了信息流通和决策的效率，每个雇员都知道自己责任以及该如何采取行动。
电大管理案例分析-任务2谷歌的组织“变革”第五章案例补充本文为《电大管理案例分析》任务2的谷歌的组织“变革”第五章案例的补充内容。
以下是对案例的简要分析：案例描述了谷歌在2000年至2009年期间面临的组织变革挑战。
谷歌在初创阶段迅速发展，但随着规模的增长，公司内部出现了许多管理问题。
其中，最重要的问题是如何保持创新和高效的组织文化。
谷歌的组织变革从2001年开始，约翰·马塞斯上任CEO后，采取了一系列措施来改善公司的组织结构和管理方式。
他提出了“20%规则”，鼓励员工将20%的工作时间用于自由创新项目，以促进创新和创造力。
此外，他还引入了“OKR”目标管理方法，强调制定明确的目标和关键结果来推动团队的工作。
在组织结构方面，谷歌采用了“平面化”模式，取消了多个中层管理职位，提倡开放式办公环境并重视员工参与决策的权利。
此外，谷歌还积极发展公司文化，鼓励员工相互交流和分享知识。
这些组织变革措施为谷歌带来了很多益处。
它们促进了创新和创造力的发展，增强了员工的工作积极性和满意度。
此外，这些变革还使谷歌成为一个具有强大吸引力和竞争力的雇主，吸引了许多优秀人才加入。
然而，谷歌的组织变革也面临了一些挑战。
随着公司规模的扩大，团队之间的协调和沟通变得更加困难，同时出现了一些管理混乱和决策滞后的问题。
此外，一些员工对谷歌的变革措施持怀疑态度，认为这些变革可能会影响公司的创新和决策效率。
总的来说，谷歌的组织变革在很大程度上促进了公司的发展和创新能力，但也面临了一些挑战。
通过持续改进和创新，谷歌可以进一步完善其组织结构和管理方式，以应对未来的发展需求。
参考文献：- O'Reilly, C. and Tushman, M. (2013). "Organizational Ambidexterity in Action: How to Manage New and Core Businesses in Parallel". Harvard Business Review.。
管理学基础试题及答案1一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 管理学中的“计划”是指：A. 制定目标B. 组织资源C. 执行任务D. 控制过程答案：A2. 下列哪一项不是管理的四大职能之一？A. 计划B. 组织C. 领导D. 创新答案：D3. 马斯洛的需求层次理论中，最高层次的需求是：A. 生理需求B. 安全需求C. 社交需求D. 自我实现需求答案：D4. 泰勒的科学管理理论强调：A. 工作满意度B. 工作效率C. 人际关系D. 员工参与答案：B5. 以下哪个概念与“授权”无关？A. 分权B. 责任C. 监督D. 集中答案：D6. 组织文化的核心是：A. 组织结构B. 组织战略C. 组织价值观D. 组织目标答案：C7. 以下哪项不属于SWOT分析的内容？A. StrengthsB. WeaknessesC. OpportunitiesD. Goals答案：D8. 决策过程中的“评估”阶段是指：A. 确定问题B. 确定决策标准C. 评估备选方案D. 选择最佳方案答案：C9. 以下哪个不是有效沟通的特征？A. 清晰B. 简洁C. 冗长D. 准确答案：C10. 管理中的“控制”是指：A. 制定计划B. 监督执行C. 纠正偏差D. 组织资源答案：C二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 简述管理的基本职能。
答案：管理的基本职能包括计划、组织、领导和控制。
计划是确定目标并制定实现目标的策略；组织是分配资源和协调活动；领导是激励和指导员工；控制是监督活动并确保计划的实施。
2. 描述泰勒的科学管理理论的主要内容。
答案：泰勒的科学管理理论主张通过科学方法研究工作过程，以提高工作效率。
主要内容包括工作分析、工作设计、时间研究、激励机制以及管理与劳动的分离。
3. 解释什么是组织文化，并举例说明其对组织的影响。
答案：组织文化是组织成员共享的价值观、信仰、习惯和行为准则。
它影响员工的行为和决策，塑造组织的氛围和形象。
案例分析G o o g l e：人力资源管理使其出类拔萃2009年1月23日，《财富》杂志公布了2009年度美国最佳雇主百强名单，谷歌排名第四。
《财富》杂志2008年1月23日公布的美国2008年100家“最佳雇主”，Google因股价突破700美元，99%员工获期权而成为最热门的求职企业，名列榜首1。
2008年1月25日，《福布斯》发布了2008年度“成长最快的25家美国科技公司”排行榜，Google排名第一2。
2008年5月21日，《财富》杂志公布2008年度美国最佳MBA雇主，Google再度蝉联首位3。
优信咨询(Universum)北美区CEO Claudia Tattanelli认为，Google已经成为一个享誉全球的品牌，汇集了全球最优秀的人才。
Google能够获得这一系列的殊荣，是因为它在人力资源管理方面付出了很多努力，正如Claudia Tattanelli所言：“在人力资源管理方面，Google引发了一场革命。
众所周知，Google 可以让员工感到快乐。
”公司概况Google是全球驰名的搜索引擎技术开发商和高效的广告宣传媒介。
从1998年创立以来，Google富于创新的搜索技术和典雅的用户界面设计使Google从当今的第一代搜索引擎中脱颖而出。
作为世界着名的搜索引擎，Google将自身建立在网页级别（PageRankTM）技术之上，这项获得专利的技术可确保Google始终将最重要的搜索结果首先呈现给用户。
Google的使命是整合全球的信息，使其为每个人所用，让所有人受益。
Google是目前被公认的全球规模最大的搜索引擎，它提供简单易用的免费服务，用户可以在瞬间得到相关的搜索结果。
Google还依托着强大的媒体传播联盟，与美国在线及Netscape(美国Internet浏览器开发商)等公司合作，可搜索包括html、pdf、ps等13种文件格式；拥有一百多种语言界面和35种语言搜索结果。
1、企业设计员工激励机制需要考虑哪些因素?谷歌中国是如何激励员工的。
答：企业设计员工激励机制需要考虑外在激励因素和内在激励因素。
外在激励因素是指企业（组织）直接控制的激励资源，主要以物质激励为体现。
在社会生活中，每个人都离不开一定的物质需求和物质利益，这不仅是维持生存的基本条件，而且也是每个人在各方面获得发展的重要前提。
外在激励因素主要包括薪金激励因素和职工福利激励因素两个方面。
（1）薪酬激励因素报酬体系集中体现了企业员工的物质激励，是企业激励机制的核心，可以吸引，保留和激起企业所需的人力资源。
一个完整的激励报酬体系，还应充分考虑报酬的内部公平性和外部竞争性。
（2）职工福利激励因素高薪只是短期内人力资源市场供求关系的体现，而福利则反映了企业对员工的长期承诺。
职工福利要发挥很好的激励作用，一是要与职工良好的工作绩效紧密相关；二是要满足个人的需要。
这样不仅可以加强员工对自己福利计划的参与，使员工满足产生有权利和价值的感觉。
同时也让他们清楚他们所享受的福利值多少钱，有利于强化福利的激励功能。
内在激励因素分析内在激励是通过精神的满足来强化个体行为的，人的精神需要比较宽泛，因以此激励的方法较多，有的是有形的，有的是无形的。
以下是部分内在激励因素：（1）目标激励因素明确的目标是走向一切成功的起点，对企业而言，目标是企业发展的持久动力。
明确的目标是激励员工的重要手段。
(2) 情感激励因素分析情感是人类所独具的。
人们任何熟悉和行动都是在一定的情感推动下完成的。
积极的情愿可以焕发惊人的力量去克服困难，消极的情感则会大大妨碍工作的进行。
(3) 职工参与激励据心理学研究发现，假如一个单位领导者能够充分发扬民主，给予广大下属参与决策和治理的机会，那么这个单位的生产、工作和群众情绪，内部团结都能处于最佳状态。
广大职工参与的程度越高，越有利于调动他们的工作积极性。
(4) 荣誉激励荣誉是贡献的象征，每一个职工都有一种强烈的荣誉感，当获得某种荣誉时，就能增强信心，就会对企业满腔热情，体会到自己生活在这个社会中的价值，因此，满足员工的荣誉感，可以迸发出强大的能量。
