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牛顿英文简介:牛顿英文简介100字Isaac Newton (January 4, 1643 - March 31, 1727) Jazz, the British Royal Society, the famous British physicist, encyclopedia of the "all-rounder", author of "philosophy of nature Mathematical principles "," optics ".In his essay "Natural Law" published in 1687, he describes the gravitational and three laws of motion. These descriptions laid the scientific view of the physical world for the next three centuries and became the basis of modern engineering. By demonstrating the coherence between the Kepler's planetary law of motion and his gravitational theory, he shows that the movement of the ground object and the celestial body follows the same laws of nature; it provides strong theoretical support for the sun center and promotes Scientific revolution.In mechanics, Newton expounds the principle of momentum and angular momentum conservation, and proposes Newton's law of motion. In optics, he invented the reflection telescope, and based on the prism to white light into the visible spectrum of observation, developed a color theory. He also systematically expressed the law of cooling and studied the speed of sound.In mathematics, Newton shared with Gottfried William Leibniz the honor of developing a calculus. He also proves the generalized binomial theorem, and proposes the "Newton method" to the zero of the approximation function and contributes to the study of the power series.In economics, Newton proposed a gold standard system.TeenagerOn January 4, 1643, Isaac Newton was born in the Woolsthorpe manor in a small village of Woolthorpe village in Lincolnshire, England. At the time of Newton's birth, England did not use the Pope's latest calendar, so his birthday was recorded as Christmas in 1642. Newton was born three months before, he also named Isaac's father had just died. It was rumored that his mother, Hannah Ayscough, had said that Newton was born when he was small enough to put him in a quart of mugs. When Newton was three years old, his mother remarried and housed the home of the new husband Barnabus Smith, and entrusted Newton to his grandmother Margery Ayscough, The Young Newton did not like his stepfather and had some hostility to his mother because of his mother's remarriage, and Newton had even written: "threaten my stepfather and mother, and burn them together with the house.In 1648, Newton was sent to study. Junior Newton is not a child prodigy,his performance in general, but he likes to read, like to see some of the simple mechanical model production methods of reading, and inspired by their own hands to create some strange gadgets, such as windmills, Wooden bell, folding lanterns and so on.The legend of Newton touched the mechanical principle of the windmill, made a model of the mill, he tied the mouse to a wheeled treadmill, and thenput a corn in front of the wheel, just that place is The mouse is inaccessible position. The mouse would like to eat corn, and constantly running, so the wheels kept turning; once again when he was flying a kite, hanging on the rope with a small light, the night the village looked surprised to see the comet appeared; he also made a small bell The Every morning, a small water clockwill automatically drip into his face, urging him to get up. He also likes painting, sculpture, especially like carved sundials, home walls, windowsill everywhere placed with his portrayed sundial, to see the shadow of the move.school daysIn 1654, Newton went out of school with more than a dozen kilometers of Kowloon's King's Royal High School. Newton's mother had hoped that he would become a farmer, but Newton himself did not intend to, and love reading. With the increase in age, Newton more love to study, like meditation, do little science experiment. When he was studying at the Royal High School in Kingdez, he had been in a pharmacist's home and had been influenced by chemical tests.Newton has a great academic record in the middle school, loves to study, curious about natural phenomena, such as color, shadows, especially geometric, Copernicus, and so on. He also categorized notes, and liked to ingeniously do small tools, tips, small inventions, small tests.At that time the British society infiltrated the new ideas of Christianity, Newton home with two priests as a professional relatives, which may beNewton's religious life suffered. Only from these ordinary environment and activities, but also do not see the young Newton is a different from ordinary people can be different children.Later forced to live difficulties, the mother to Newton suspended in the house farming, support the family. But Newton had the opportunity to bury thebook, and even forget to work. Every time the mother told him to join the servant with the servant, familiar with the business of doing business, he pleaded with the servant a person took to the streets, he hid in the grove after reading. Once again, Newton's uncle was suspicious, and he followed Newton on the town and found his nephew Newton stretched out his legs, lying on the grass, and concentrating on a math problem. Newton's eager mind touched the uncle, so uncle to persuade his mother to Newton school, and encouraged Newton to college. Newton returned to school again, eager to learn thenutrition of the book.According to the "Men of Mathematics, ET Bell" and "An introduction to the history of mathematics, H. Eves" "Newton started school education in rural schools and was later sent to the King Middle School of Grantham and becamethe best student of the school. At Kings High School, he boarded the local pharmacist William (William Clarke), and at the age of 19 went to Cambridge University before the school, with the pharmacist's stepfather Anne Stowler (Anne Storer) engagement. Later, because Newton focused on his research and make love cooling, Stole It is said that Newton had a good memory of the affair, but then there was no other romance, and Newton did not marry for life.However, according to the description of the book "Memoirs of Sir Isaac Newton's Life" by William Stukeley, a friend of Newton's contemporary era, Strickley died after Newton's death Had visited Vincent (Madame Vincent), that is, Newton's lovers Miss Stole. The name of Mrs. Vincent is called Catherine, not Anne, Anne is her sister (see Arthur Storer), and the lady only said that Newton was the same time she was "pregnant with" the degree of "only."From the age of 12 to 17 years old, Newton in the Royal High School in the study of gold, in the school library windowsill can also see his signature of the year. He dropped out of school and returned to Elsopau in October 1659 because his widowed mother wanted Newton as a farmer. Newton, though obeying the mother, but according to Newton's peers later, the farming work made Newton quite unhappy. Henry Stokes, the principal of the Royal High School of King Kong, persuaded Newton's mother, who was sent back to school to finishhis studies. He completed his studies at the age of 18 and got a perfect graduation report.June 3, 1661, he entered the Cambridge University Trinity College. At that time, the college's teaching was based on Aristotle's doctrine, but Newton preferred to read some of the modern philosophers such as Descartes and astronomers such as Galileo, Copernicus and Kepler. In 1665, he discovered thegeneralized binomial theorem and began to develop a new mathematical theory, that is, later known to the world of calculus. In 1665, Newton got a degree, and the university was shut down to prevent the Great Plague in London. Over the next two years, Newton continues to study calculus, optics, and gravitational law at home.Political careerIn 1669, was granted to Lucas Professor of Mathematics.In 1689 he was elected a member of Congress. Newton was a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences from 1689 to 1690 and 1701 and became president of the Royal Society in 1703 and worked for 24 years, after Joseph Becks, who was also president of the French Academy of Sciences Of the members.In 1696, Newton passed the administration of the then Chancellor of the Exchequer Charles Montague to move to London for the supervision of the Royal Mint, until death. He presided over the UK's largest money recast, the job is generally idle, but Newton is very serious treatment. As the chief executive of the Royal Mint, Newton estimates that about 20% of the coins are forged. It is very difficult to convict those infamous criminals; but it is proved that Newton is doing well. Newton became a gentleman.In 1705, Newton was called the Queen by Anne Queen.Newton wrote a lot of religious pamphlets that dealt with the text of the Bible in the 1670s. Henry Moore's cosmic belief and refusal of Cartesian dualism influenced Newton's religious beliefs. In his never-published manuscript to John Locke, he disputed the existence of the Trinity.ResignationMarch 31, 1727 (Granville), the great Isaac Newton died, and many outstanding British people were buried in the Westminster Abbey. His tombstone engraved: Let people cheer such a great human glory has existed in the world.When the New Year in 1727, 85 years old died, the British buried him in Westminster. Westminster's predecessor is a monastery, in 1579, the British Queen Elizabeth I will Westminster to college, the principal appointed by the British monarch. Westminster's official name was changed to "Westminster St. Peter's College Church", after three centuries, Westminster became Oxford and Cambridge after the third British institutions of higher learning. The poet Alexander Pope wrote the following epitaph for Newton: Nature and Nature 'lawlay hid in night; God said, "Let Newton be," and all was light. The laws of nature and nature are hidden in the darkness; God says, "Let Newton come!" So everything turned bright.For more than nine hundred years, Westminster Abbey was an important place for the British celebration, except for worship, prayer and worship. British celebrities can be buried after death to this glory. According to statistics, the area covers an area of 2972 square meters of Westminster Temple (Westminster St. Peter's College Church), buried a total of more than 3,300 people, including many contemporary celebrities, such as: Darwin, Dickens , Newton, Churchill ... ... countless people in the UK have far-reaching impact on the historical figures are resting in the Westminster Temple, there are many celebrities, itself is not buried here, there are written on the name of the stone plate embedded in the ground as a memorial. And the most famous inside is Newton, he is the first in the history of mankind to get the natural sciences of natural scientists.His cemetery is located in the center of the front hall of Westminster Abbey, that is, the nave, where the statue of a Newton statue stands above the cemetery, and the stone is sitting on a pile of books. There are two angels around, there is a huge earth shape to commemorate his achievements in science.No matter how many Newton's mysteries and controversies, but this is not enough to reduce Newton's influence. In 1726, Voltaire once said that Newton was the greatest man because "he ruled our minds with the power of truth, rather than enslave us with force."In fact, if you look at the index of a science encyclopedia, you will find that Newton and his laws and found more than two to three times more than any scientist. Leibniz is not Newton's friend, and there have been very intense debates between them. But he wrote: "From the beginning of the world to the time of Newton's life, the contribution to the development of mathematics is largely made by Newton." The great French scientist Laplace wrote: "The principle is human wisdom The most outstanding masterpiece of the product. "Lagrange often said Newton was the greatest genius ever.In the American scholar Mike Hart's "100 people who affect the history of human history list", Newton ranked No. 2, second only to Muhammad. The book pointed out: in Newton after the birth of hundreds of years, people'slifestyles found earth-shaking changes, and these changes are mostly based on Newton's theory and discovery. In the past 500 years, with the rise of modernscience, most people's daily life has undergone a revolutionary change. Compared with 1500 years ago, we wear different, different diet, work different, but also with them is that we have a lot of leisure time.Scientific discovery not only brings technological and economic revolution, it also completely changed the political, religious thought, art and philosophy.In 2021, the British Broadcasting Corporation was named one of the greatest British people in a global selection of the greatest British activities. "The global public is aware that Newton's achievements are cosmopolitan and have an impact on all mankind," said Tristram Hunt, a historian who specializes in editing Newton's album in the Great British family documentary. These voters apparently crossed the borders, and he was happy with Newton 's presence.感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。
大学物理专业词汇（上）Mechanics(力学)kinematics运动学dynamics 动力学vector 矢量scalar 标量scalar product 点乘cross product 叉乘position vector 位置矢量（位矢）displacement 位移state quantity 状态量process quantity 过程量average velocity 平均速度instantaneous velocity 瞬时速度（速度）speed 速率average acceleration 平均加速度instantaneous acceleration 瞬时加速度（加速度）tangential acceleration 切向加速度normal acceleration or radial acceleration 法向加速度或径向加速度inertia惯性momentum 动量impulse 冲量work 功kinetic energy 动能potential energy 势能conservative force 保守力instantaneous power 瞬时功率（功率）mechanical energy conservation law机械能守恒定律work-energy principle 功能原理angular displacement 角位移angular velocity 角速度angular acceleration 角加速度torque 力矩rigid body 刚体rotational inertia 转动惯量angular Momentum 角动量the conservation law of angular momentum 角动量守恒定律Electricity(电学)electric field 电场electric charge 电荷test charge 试验电荷electric dipole 电偶极子Gauss’s law 高斯定理electric flux 电通量spherical shell 球壳electric potential 电势electric potential difference 电势差electrostatic force 静电力electric potential energy 电势能conductor 导体electrostatic induction 静电感应electrostatic equilibrium 静电平衡capacitors电容器capacitance 电容energy density能量密度Magnetism(磁学)magnetic field 磁场Lorenz’ Force 楞次定律magnetic field lines 磁力线magnetic force 磁力Biot-Savart Law 毕奥-萨伐尔定律solenoid 螺线管Ampere’s Law 安培定律（安培环路定理）the law of electromagnetic induction 电磁感应定律flux of a magnetic field 磁通量electromotive force(emf) 电动势motional emf 动生电动势induced emf 感生电动势。
角动量守恒定理及其应用摘要:角动量这一概念是经典物理学里面的重要组成部分，角动量的研究主要是对于物体的转动方面，并且可以延伸到量子力学以、原子物理及天体物理等方面。
角动量这一概念范畴系统的介绍的力矩、角速度、角加速度的概念，并且统筹的联系到质点系、质心系、对称性等概念。
关键词:角动量；力矩；角动量守恒；矢量；转动；应用Angular momentum conservation theorems and theirapplicationAbstract:Angular momentum to the concept of classical physics there is an important component of angular momentum of research mainly for the rotation, and may extend to the quantum mechanics and physical and in the astrophysical. angular momentum in the categorical system of the present moment, the angular velocity, the concepts of angular acceleration and co-ordination of the particle, the quality of heart, symmetry, and concepts.Key words:Angular momentum;Torque;Conservation of angular momentum; Vector; Turn; application.引言在研究物体运动时,人们经常可以遇到质点或质点系绕某一定点或轴线运动的情况。
例如太阳系中行星绕太阳的公转、月球绕地球的运转、物体绕某一定轴的转动等,在这类运动中,运动物体速度的大小和方向都在不断变化,因而其动量也在不断变化。
高中物理中的双星模型主要涉及到天体力学中的双星系统，其中包括质点双星和球面双星两种情况。
以下是一些常见的双星模型公式总结：1. 万有引力定律（Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation）：
两个质点之间的引力可以由以下公式表示：
F =
G * (m1 * m2) / r^2
其中，F 是引力大小，G 是万有引力常数，m1 和m2 是两个质点的质量，r 是两个质点之间的距离。
2. 角动量守恒定律（Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum）：
对于球面双星系统，其中一个球体的角动量可以通过以下公式计算：
L = I * ω
其中，L 是角动量，I 是惯性矩，ω 是角速度。
3. 开普勒定律（Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion）：
开普勒定律描述了行星运动的规律，其中包括三个定律：
第一定律（椭圆轨道定律）：行星绕太阳运动的轨道是椭圆，太阳位于椭圆的一个焦点上。
第二定律（面积速度定律）：在相等时间内，行星与太阳连线所扫过的面积是相等的。
第三定律（调和定律）：行星的公转周期的平方与行星到太阳平均距离的立方成正比。
这些公式和定律是在研究双星系统中应用最广泛的基本原理。
在实际应用中，还可能涉及到其他补充公式和计算方法，具体根据问题和情境而定。
Sc-Te Words and Expressions used in Theoretical MechanicsⅠAlphabet IndexAacceleration-due-to-gravi ty重力加速度acceleration加速度accommodate调和,调整addition合成aerodynamics空气动力学aerodynamic空气阻力algebra代数学align成一行amplitude振幅analytically解析法angular-impulse角冲量angular-momentum角动量angular-velocity角速度application应用apply施加,使用approach途径,趋近,方法arc-coordinates弧坐标axis轴Bbearing轴承,支撑面bit钻头bolt螺栓Ccam 凸轮cancel抵消,中和cantilever悬臂Cartesian-coordinate笛卡儿坐标系cast-iron铸铁center-of-gravity重心center-of-mass质心central-force向心力centroid形心chain-rule-of-differentia tion链导法则circular-frequency圆频率clockwise(CW)顺时针clutch离合器coefficient系数collar套筒collect提取（公因式）collinear共线combine motion复合运动combine合并同类项,联立complementary-solution通解component分量,构成元件composite-body组合体composite-motion复合运动concept概念concurrent汇交的cone圆锥conic-section圆锥曲线conservation-of-momentum动量守恒conservation守恒conservative-force保守力consistent with….与…保持一致constants（const.）常数contour等高线,参照线constraint 约束conventional惯例的convention约定,惯例的convert- conversion转化coplanar共面的Coriolis-acceleration科氏加速度corresponding相应的Coulomb's-law-of-friction库仑摩擦定律counterclockwise(CCW)逆时针couple(s)力偶crank曲柄cross-product叉乘法curvature曲率curved-surface曲面cycloid摆线cylinder圆柱,汽缸Dd'Alembert's-principle达朗贝尔原理damped-vibration衰减振动damp潮湿的,阻尼,衰减的dashed虚线的deduce推演，证明deformation形变degrees-of-freedom自由度density密度derivate求导derivative导数determinant行列式detrimental有害的diagonal对角线differential-differentiation微分dimension量纲,度量单位,维direction-cosine方向余弦direction方向displacement位移distributed-load分布载荷dot-product点乘法dynamics动力学Eeccentricity 偏心距,离心率ellipse椭圆elongation（弹簧等）伸长量equal-sign等号equation-of-motion运动方程equilibrium平衡equipotential-surfaces等势面equivalence等价equivalent等同的expand（多项式）展开exponent指数Ffinite限定的，有限的finite element method 有限元方法formula公式Fourier-series傅立叶级数frequency频率friction摩擦Ggradient梯度graphically图解法gravitation引力gravity重力Hhard-steel高碳钢harmonic-motion谐运动helix-helical螺旋hinge门绞,铰链homogeneous均匀的,齐次的horizontal水平的hub轮毂humidity湿度hyperbola双曲线Iidentity恒等式illustrate举例说明impact碰撞impending临界的impulse冲量incline倾斜indicate=locate标明Inertial-Reference-Frame 惯性系inertia惯性，惯量infinitesimal无穷小infinite无穷的initial-initially初始的initial-condition初始条件instant瞬时integral-integration积分interchangeability可交换的interval间隔inverse倒数invert反解investigate研究invoke调用Jjack千斤顶joint=node结合,节joule焦耳Kkey键，键槽kinematics运动学kinetic-energy动能kinetics=dynamics动力学LLaw-of-cosine余弦定理Law-of-sine正弦定理linear-vibration线振动line-segment线段load-intensity载荷强度load载荷lubricate润滑Mmagnitude量值大小mass质量matrix矩阵mean-radius中径mechanical-energy机械能mechanics力学mild-steel低碳钢misalignment未对准moment-arm矩臂moment-of-momentum(angular momentum)动量矩momentum(linear momentum)动量moment矩multiply乘法mutually相互的Nnatural-frequency固有频率negative负的negotiate=pass通过,越过non-collinear不共线的non-coplanar不共面的non-homogeneous非齐次non-inertial-reference-frame非惯性系normal法向的numerical数值的nut螺母Oobtain解得omitting忽略operator计算符,算子ordinary-differentiation常微分orthogonal-component正交分量outcome（最终）结果Pparabolic抛物线parallel-axis-theorem平行轴定理parallelogram-law平四法则parallel平行parameter参数partial-differentiation偏微分particle质点particular-solution特解path-coordinate自然坐标系pedal踏板pendulum摆period周期perpendicular垂直的phase相位pitch螺距plane平面plank铺板plot图像plus加上,正的polar-coordinate极坐标position-vector位矢positive正的postulate=assume假设potential-energy势能preceding先前的preclude=exclude排除preliminary 预备的principle-of-change-of-momentum动量定理principle-of-work-and-energy动能定理principle原理procedure=step步骤projectile抛体projection投影property性质proportional成比例的pulley滑轮Rradian弧度制radii= radius半径radius-of-gyration回转半径rate-of-change变化率rectangular- component正交分量rectangular矩形rectilinear直线运动reduce-reduction化简repel排斥resistance阻力resolve-resolution分解resonance共振resonance共振respectively =separately 各自的restoring-force回复力restrict- restriction约束resultant合力resultant moment 合力矩right-angle直角rigid body 刚体rim 轮缘,沿轮缘(滚动) rotate-rotation旋转Ssample示例scalar标量scale天平,磅秤screwdriver螺丝刀screw螺丝second-order-differentiat ion二阶微分section部件,截面sector扇形self lock自锁shaft连杆,轴simple-pendulum单摆simultaneously同时地solve the equations simultaneously联立求解方程式skid=brake制动slack松弛,缝隙slope斜度,斜率slot滑槽socket插槽,嵌槽speed速率(s)spool线框,线轴stability稳定性statics静力学steer=drive操纵,驾驶stiffness劲度系数subscript下标substantially充分的substitute-substituting取代subtract=subtraction减法sufficient-and-necessary-condition充要条件summation求和superposition叠加survey测量,调查suspend悬挂symmetry对称Ttangent-tangential切向(的)Taylor-series泰勒级数tendency倾向term术语theorem定理法则thread螺纹thrust插入tip尖端,翻倒tire=tyre轮胎torque扭矩traction牵引trajectory=path轨迹transfer-couple附加力偶translate平动transport牵连的triangle三角triple矢量混合积tripod三脚架truss桁架Uuniform=homogeneous均匀的universal-joint万向节unwind绷紧的,伸直的Vvalidate验证(有效)vector矢量velocity速度(v)versus对,比vertex-angle顶角vertical垂直virtual-work虚功vise虎钳Wwarrant=guarantee保证watt瓦特wear磨损wedge楔weld焊接winch绞盘wrench扳手,力螺旋Yyield服从（定律）ⅡClassified Index▉AlgebraAlgebra代数学approach途径,趋近，方法equal-sign等号equivalence等价equivalent等同的formula公式identity恒等式operator计算符,算子positive正的negative负的plus加上,正的minus减去,负的coefficient系数constants常数parameter参数exponent指数inverse倒数multiply=time乘法subtract=subtraction减法arc-coordinates弧坐标Cartesian-coordinate笛卡儿坐标系polar-coordinate极坐标path-coordinate自然坐标系cross-product叉乘法dot-product点乘法triple矢量混合积matrix矩阵determinant行列式dimension维,量纲,度量单位rate-of-change变化率derivative导数derivate求导chain-rule-of-differentiation链导法则integral-integration积分differential-differentiation微分ordinary-differentiation常微分partial-differentiation偏微分second-order-differentiat ion二阶微分differential-equation微分方程homogeneous齐次的non-homogeneous非齐次的complementary-solution通解particular-solution特解initial-condition初始条件Fourier-series傅立叶级数Taylor-series泰勒级数gradient梯度direction-cosine方向余弦infinitesimal无穷小numerical数值的plot图像proportional成比例的slope斜度,斜率▉Geometrycone圆锥cylinder圆柱rectangular矩形triangle三角sector扇形conic-section圆锥曲线ellipse椭圆hyperbola双曲线parabolic抛物线cycloid摆线eccentricity 偏心距,离心率helix-helical螺旋line-segment线段projection投影radii= radius半径right-angle直角vertex-angle顶角plane平面section截面diagonal对角线centroid形心symmetry对称curvature曲率curved-surface曲面Law-of-cosine余弦定理Law-of-sine正弦定理▉Basic Concepts & Termsconcept概念aerodynamics空气动力学mechanics力学statics静力学kinematics运动学kinetics=dynamics动力学Inertial-Reference-Frame 惯性系non-inertial-reference-fr ame非惯性系inertia惯性，惯量mass质量particle质点rigid刚体center-of-gravity重心center-of-mass质心restriction约束couple(s)力偶transfer-couple附加力偶wrench力螺旋aerodynamic空气阻力central-force向心力friction摩擦力resistance阻力gravitation引力gravity重力resultant合力conservative-force保守力moment矩moment-arm矩臂orthogonal-component正交分量rectangular- component正交分量stiffness劲度系数elongation（弹簧等）伸长量torque扭矩scalar标量vector矢量position-vector位矢direction方向displacement位移acceleration加速度acceleration-due-to-gravity重力加速度Coriolis-acceleration科氏加速度combine motion复合运动composite-motion复合运动degrees-of-freedom自由度equation-of-motion运动方程rectilinear直线运动translate平动rotate-rotation转动trajectory=path轨迹composite-body组合体projectile抛体deformation形变density密度equilibrium平衡load载荷distributed-load分布载荷load-intensity载荷强度stability稳定性self lock自锁velocity速度(v)angular-impulse角冲量angular-momentum角动量angular-velocity角速度circular-frequency圆频率impulse冲量momentum动量moment-of-momentum动量矩kinetic-energy动能potential-energy势能mechanical-energy机械能parallel-axis-theorem平行轴定理parallelogram-law平四法则principle-of-change-of-mo mentum动量定理principle-of-work-and-ene rgy动能定理conservation守恒conservation-of-momentum 动量守恒equipotential-surfaces等势面radius-of-gyration回转半径virtual-work虚功amplitude振幅damped-vibration衰减振动damp潮湿的,阻尼,衰减的frequency频率harmonic-motion谐运动linear-vibration线振动natural-frequency固有频率pendulum摆period周期phase相位restoring-force回复力resonance共振▉Common Mechanism & Structureaxis轴bearing轴承,支撑面bit钻头bolt螺栓cam 凸轮cantilever悬臂clutch离合器collar套筒crank曲柄cylinder汽缸，液压柱hinge门绞,铰链hub轮毂jack千斤顶joint=node结合,节key键，键槽mean-radius中径nut螺母pedal踏板pitch螺距plank铺板pulley滑轮rim 轮缘scale天平,磅秤screwdriver螺丝刀screw螺丝shaft连杆,轴simple-pendulum单摆slack松弛,缝隙slot滑槽socket插槽,嵌槽spool线框,线轴thread螺纹tip尖端tire=tyre轮胎tripod三脚架truss桁架universal-joint万向节vise虎钳wedge楔winch绞盘wrench扳手▉Keywords in Solutionsaccommodate调和,调整according to依据（定理）analytically解析法的graphically图解法的application应用sample示例apply施加,使用invoke调用postulate=assume假设preclude=exclude排除approach途径principle原理theorem定理法则property性质procedure=step步骤deduce推演，证明illustrate举例说明indicate=locate标明validate验证(有效) warrant=guarantee保证yield服从（定律）reduce-reduction化简resolve-resolution分解addition合成superposition叠加projection投影cancel抵消,中和collect提取（公因式）combine合并同类项,联立expand（多项式）展开summation求和invert反解substitute-substituting取代convert- conversion转化obtain解得outcome（最终）结果initial=initially初始的conventional惯例的convention约定,惯例的corresponding相应的finite限定的infinite无穷的respectively =separately各自的，分别的preliminary 预备的simultaneously同时地，联立substantially充分的interchangeability可交换的sufficient-and-necessary-condition充要条件omitting忽略subscript下标▉State Descriptionalign成一行misalignment未对准clockwise(CW)顺时针counterclockwise(CCW)逆时针collinear共线coplanar 共面的 noncollinear 不共线的 noncoplanar 不共面的 component 分量,构成元件 resultant 合力，合成量 horizontal 水平的 incline 倾斜 vertical 铅垂的 perpendicular 垂直的 parallel 平行 normal 法向的 tangent-tangential 切向(的) concurrent 汇交的 initial=initially 初始的 final 末态的 instant 瞬时 impending 临界的 interval 间隔 magnitude 量值大小 direction 方向 sense 方向 mutually 相互的 uniform=homogeneous 均匀的 unwind 绷紧的,伸直的 contour 等高线,参照线 negotiate=pass 通过,越过 repel 排斥 skid=brake 制动 suspend 悬挂 tendency 倾向 thrust 插入 wear 磨损 weld 焊接▉Interchangeable Words apply =invoke 调用，使用 indicate=locate 标明 joint=node 结合,节 kinetics=dynamics 动力学 negotiate=pass 通过,越过 postulate=assume 假设 preclude=exclude 排除 procedure=step 步骤 radii= radius 半径 rectangular-component =orthogonal-component 正交分量 respectively =separately 各自地 steer=drive 操纵,驾驶 tire=tyre 轮胎 uniform=homogeneous 均匀的 warrant=guarantee 保证▉AbbreviationCCW=counterclockwise 逆时针 CW=clockwise 顺时针 FBD=Free-body-diagram MAD=Force-acceleration-di agram const=constant 常数，恒量 rev=revolution 转数 deg=degree 度数 A.M.=absolute-motion R.M.=relative-motion T.M.=transport-motion DOF=degree-of-freedom 自由度数 IRF= Inertial-Reference-Frame 惯性系 ▉Others axiom 公理 theorem 定理 law 定律 principle 原理 sequence, inference, deduction 推论 definition 定义 conclusion 结论 convention 约定 hypothesis 假设 equation 方程 equality 等式 inequality 不等式 formula, formulas / formulae 公式 formulation （集合名词）公式 assumption 假设 significant digit 有效数字 integral 整数 fraction 分数 decimal 小数 cast-iron 铸铁 hard-steel 高碳钢 mild-steel 低碳钢 aluminum 铝 humidity 湿度 joule 焦耳 watt 瓦特 Newton ’s law 牛顿运动定律 D'Alembert's-principle 达朗贝尔原理 Cartesian-coordinate 笛卡儿坐标系 Coriolis-acceleration 科氏加速度 Coulomb's-law-of-friction 库仑摩擦定律 Taylor-series 泰勒级数 Fourier-series 傅立叶级数Ⅲ read the expression correctly21a half /(one)half 31a third41a quarter/ one(a) fourth 43three fourth /three over four 125five twelfth 212 two and a half 1.0 point one35.2 two point three five9.4 four point nine recurring + plus /positive / and－ minus /negative /subtract()⋅⨯ times / (be ) multiplied by() (be) divided by= is equal to /equals≈ is approximately equal to ≡ is identically equal ton x the nth power of x / x to the power n 2x x square 3x x cubenx 1 the nth root of x x the square root of xb a > a is greater than b b a < a is less than bb a >> a is much (far)greater than b()x f x x lim 1→ the limitation of ()x f when xapproaches (tends) to x sub oney ' y prime y '' y double prime y ''' y triple primex x dot xx double dots / x two dots ∆ delta()x x f bad ⎰ integral between limits a and b∞ infinity x yd d the first derivative of y with respect to xxy22∂∂ the second derivative of y with respect to xxu∂∂the partial derivative of u with respective to x欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考！致力为企业和个人提供合同协议，策划案计划书，学习课件等等打造全网一站式需求。
角动量守恒车轮实验原理The conservation of angular momentum is a fundamental principle in physics that states the total angular momentum of a closed system remains constant over time. This concept is crucial in understanding the behavior of rotating objects, such as a spinning wheel on an axle. The conservation of angular momentum can be demonstrated through the popular physics experiment involving a spinning bicycle wheel mounted on a vertical axle. This experiment is not only educational but also fascinating to observe in action.角动量守恒是物理学中的基本原理，它规定闭合系统的总角动量随时间保持恻常不变。
这个概念在理解旋转物体的行为中至关重要，比如装在竖直轴上的旋转自行车轮就能证明角动量守恒。
这个实验不仅具有教育意义，而且观察起来十分有趣。
In the experiment, a bicycle wheel with its axis mounted vertically is set into rotation using a string wrapped around its rim. When the wheel is spinning, it is then suspended by holding onto the axle. Interestingly, when the bicycle wheel is initially spinning and tilted sideways, it exhibits a peculiar behavior – it starts rotating about avertical axis perpendicular to the axle. This unexpected motion is a result of the conservation of angular momentum, where the torque caused by gravity causes the axis of rotation to change.实验中，把轴装在竖直位置的自行车轮用绕在轮缘上的绳子旋转起来。
圆周运动角动量与能量的关系The relationship between angular momentum and energy in circular motionIn physics, angular momentum and energy are two important physical quantities, and there is a certain relationship between them, especially in circular motion. To understand this relationship, we first need to understand the basic concepts of angular momentum and energy.Angular momentum is a vector representing the momentum of an object rotating around a point. In circular motion, the angular momentum of an object can be calculated by the formula L=mvr, where m is the mass of the object, v is the velocity of the object, and r is the distance from the object to the center of rotation. The law of conservation of angular momentum states that, in the absence of external torque, the angular momentum of the system remains constant.Energy is a measure of the motion or interaction of an object. In circular motion, the energy of an object mainly includes kinetic energy and potential energy. Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by an object due to its motion, which can be calculated by the formula 1/2mv2, where m is the mass of the object and v is the velocity of the object. Potential energy is the energy possessed by an object due to its position or state. For example, in a gravitational field, the potential energy of an object is related to its height.There is a relationship between angular momentum and energy in circular motion. According to the law of conservation of angular momentum, when an object moves on a circle without external torque, the angular momentum of the object will remain constant. This means that the product of the object's velocity v and the distance r, mvr, will remain constant. Since the velocity v is directly related to the kinetic energy 1/2mv2, the conservation of angular momentum also indirectly affects the kinetic energy of the object.On the other hand, changes in potential energy also affect the angular momentum of an object. For example, in a gravitational field, when an object moves from a lower position to a higher position, its potential energy increases, while itskinetic energy decreases. This leads to a decrease in the object's velocity v, which affects its angular momentum L=mvr. Therefore, there is a mutual influence relationship between angular momentum and energy in circular motion.Overall, angular momentum and energy are interrelated in circular motion. The conservation of angular momentum affects the kinetic energy of an object, while changes in potential energy also affect the angular momentum of an object. This relationship has important applications in physics, such as in spacecraft attitude control, wind power generation, and other fields, where the relationship between angular momentum and energy needs to be considered.在物理学中，角动量和能量是两个重要的物理量，它们之间存在一定的关系，特别是在圆周运动中。
空翻中的角动量守恒定律摘 要：杂技和芭蕾舞演员、跳水、滑冰以及体操运动员的各种空翻等高难度优美动作经常美得让人叹为观止。
它们都是人体在一定的时间、空间范围内相对于地面或器械的机械运动，它们依靠人体肌肉的力量改变人体各部分的相对位置，进而完成这些动作。
本文试从角动量守恒定律的角度研究人体在完成这些动作过程中所遵行的力学原理。
关键词：空翻；机械运动；角动量守恒定律；力学原理The law of conservation of angular momentum in ourcountryAbstract : acrobatics and ballet dancer, diving, skating and gymnastics athlete in our country, etc all kinds of difficult beautiful action often breathtaking. They are all human body in a certain time, space, range relative to the ground or the instrument of mechanical motion, they rely on human body muscle power to change human body each part of the relative position, then completes the movements. This paper tries to conservation of angular momentum from the perspective of human body in complete these movements in the process of do mechanics principle.Key words : in our country; Mechanical motion; Conservation of angular momentum; Mechanics principle引言空翻运动对于舞蹈以及竞技运动员来说并不陌生，正是这些酣畅淋漓的动作，才使得运动员的表现如行云流水般自然流畅，无懈可击。
大学物理（上）英文课程描述College Physics IPrerequisites:math, physics, chemistry and calculus of high schoolTeaching Goals:●Develop the knowledge and ability of solving problems in classic kinematics using calculus●Master the method of solving problems in classic mechanics by us ing Newton’s three laws●Have a preliminary understanding of the concept and basic method of developing physical models●Learn to abstract physical models from conc rete problems, and improve ability of solving physical problems●Develop the knowledge and ability of studying macroscopic property and law of gases by using statistical methods and gas molecules’ model●Improve the knowledge and ability of studying thermodynamic problems by using the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics●Develop a preliminary understanding of the concept of entropy.Content:Chapter 1: Force and Motion1-1 Description of particles motionsThis section features reference and coordinate frame, space and time, kinematics equation, position vector, displacement, speed, and acceleration.1-2 Circular motion and general curvilinear motionThis section features tangential acceleration and normalacceleration,angular variables of circle motion,vector of throwing motion.1-3 Relative motion, common forces and fundamental forces 1-4 Newton’s law of motion and examples of its applications1-5 Galilean principle of relativity, non-inertial system, inertial force,spatial-temporal view of classical mechanics Chapter 2: Conserved quantities and conservation law 2-1 Internal and external forces of particles system,theorem of centroid movement2-2 Theorem of momentum，law of conservation of momentum2-3Work and theorem of kinetic energy2-4 Conservative force, work of paired force, potential energy 2-5 Work-energy principal of particles system, law of conservation of mechanical energy2-6 Collision2-7 Law of conservation of angular momentum2-8 Symmetry and law of conservationChapter 3:motion of rigid body and fluid3-1 Model of rigid body and its motion3-2Moment of force, rotational inertia, law of fix-axis rotation3-3 Work-energy relation in fix-axis rotation3-4 Angular momentum theorem and conversation law of rigid body in fixed-axis3-5 Procession3-6 Perfect fluid model, steady flow, Bernouli Equation3-7 Chaos, inherent randomness of Newtonian mechanicsChapter 4:Foundation of the theory of relativity4-1 Basic principles of special theory of relativity, Lorentz transformation4-2 Speed conversion of relativity4-3 Spatial-Temporal view of special relativity4-4 Foundation of dynamics in special relativity4-5 Brief introduction to general relativityChapter 5:Kinetic theory of gases5-1 Description of thermal motion, of the ideal gas model and state equation5-2 Molecular thermal motion and statistical law5-3 Pressure and temperature formula of ideal gas5-4 Energy Equipartition Theorem , internal energy of ideal gas5-5 Maxwell Distributions of Speeds5-6 Maxwell- Boltzmann energy distribu tion law, particle’s d istribution in gravitational field according to altitude 5-7 Molecular collision and mean free path5-8Transport phenomena in gas5-9 A ctual gas, Van der Waals’s EquationChapter 6: Basics of thermodynamics6-1 Zeroth and the First Law of Thermodynamics6-2 Applications of the First law of Thermodynamics in quasi-static process of ideal gas6-3 Cyclic process, Carnot Cycle6-4 Second Law of Thermodynamics6-5 Reversible process and irreversible process, Carnot Theorem6-6 Entropy, Boltzmann Relation6-7 Statistically significance of the Second Law of Thermodynamics, Mathematical expression6-8Dissipative structure, information entropyCourse Requirements:Homework assignments and class participation (30%)Midterm examination(35%)Final examination(35%)Suggested TextbookGeneral Physics Author: Shouzhu Chen and Zhiyong Jiang; Publisher: Higher Education Press 2006Supplemental MaterialsMechanics Author: Kunmiao Liang; Publisher: Higher Education Press 2010Thermotics Author: Yunhao Qin; Publisher: Nanjing Uiversity Press 1990General Physics Author: Shouzhu Chen, Zhiyong Jiang; Publisher: Higher Education Press 2006Physics Auhor: Kezhe Liu, Zhiyong Jiang; Publisher: Higher Education Press 2006College Fundamental Physics Author: Sanhui Zhang; Publisher:Tsinghua University Press 2003。
