步进电机中英文翻译

Stepping Motor TypesIntroductionStepping motors come in two varieties, permanent magnet and variable reluctance (there are also hybrid motors, which are indistinguishable from permanent magnet motors from the controller's point of view). Lacking a label on the motor, you can generally tell the two apart by feel when no power is applied. Permanent magnet motors tend to "cog" as you twist the rotor with your fingers, while variable reluctance motors almost spin freely (although they may cog slightly because of residual magnetization in the rotor). You can also distinguish between the two varieties with an ohmmeter. Variable reluctance motors usually have three (sometimes four) windings, with a common return, while permanent magnet motors usually have two independent windings, with or without center taps. Center-tapped windings are used in unipolar permanent magnet motors.Stepping motors come in a wide range of angular resolution. The coarsest motors typically turn 90 degrees per step, while high resolution permanent magnet motors are commonly able to handle 1.8 or even 0.72 degrees per step. With an appropriate controller, most permanent magnet and hybrid motors can be run in half-steps, and some controllers can handle smaller fractional steps or microsteps.For both permanent magnet and variable reluctance stepping motors, if just one winding of the motor is energised, the rotor (under no load) will snap to a fixed angle and then hold that angle until the torque exceeds the holding torque of the motor, at which point, the rotor will turn, trying to hold at each successive equilibrium point.Variable Reluctance MotorsFigure 1.1If your motor has three windings, typically connected as shown in the schematic diagram in Figure 1.1, with one terminal common to all windings, it is most likely a variable reluctance stepping motor. In use, the common wire typically goes to the positive supply and the windings are energized in sequence.The cross section shown in Figure 1.1 is of 30 degree per step variable reluctance motor. The rotor in this motor has 4 teeth and the stator has 6 poles, with each winding wrapped around two opposite poles. With winding number 1 energised, the rotor teeth marked X are attracted to this winding's poles. If the current through winding 1 is turned off and winding 2 is turned on, the rotor will rotate 30 degrees clockwise so that the poles marked Y line up with the poles marked 2.To rotate this motor continuously, we just apply power to the 3 windings in sequence. Assuming positive logic, where a 1 means turning on the current through a motor winding, the following control sequence will spin the motor illustrated in Figure 1.1 clockwise 24 steps or 2 revolutions:Winding 1 1001001001001001001001001Winding 2 0100100100100100100100100Winding 3 0010010010010010010010010 time --->The section of this tutorial on Mid-Level Control provides details on methods for generating such sequences of control signals, while the section on Control Circuits discusses the power switching circuitry needed to drive the motor windings from such control sequences.There are also variable reluctance stepping motors with 4 and 5 windings, requiring 5 or 6 wires. The principle for driving these motors is the same as that for the three winding variety, but it becomes important to work out the correct order to energise the windings to make the motor step nicely.The motor geometry illustrated in Figure 1.1, giving 30 degrees per step, uses the fewest number of rotor teeth and stator poles that performs satisfactorily. Using more motor poles and more rotor teeth allows construction of motors with smaller step angle. Toothed faces on each pole and a correspondingly finely toothed rotor allows for step angles as small as a few degrees.Unipolar MotorsFigure 1.2Unipolar stepping motors, both Permanent magnet and hybrid stepping motors with 5 or 6 wires are usually wired as shown in the schematic in Figure 1.2, with a center tap on each of two windings. In use, the center taps of the windings are typically wired to the positive supply, and the two ends of each winding are alternately grounded to reverse the direction of the field provided by that winding.The motor cross section shown in Figure 1.2 is of a 30 degree per step permanent magnet or hybrid motor -- the difference between these two motor types is not relevant at this level of abstraction. Motor winding number 1 is distributed between the top and bottom stator pole, while motor winding number 2 is distributed between the left and right motor poles. The rotor is a permanent magnet with 6 poles, 3 south and 3 north, arranged around its circumfrence.For higher angular resolutions, the rotor must have proportionally more poles. The 30 degree per step motor in the figure is one of the most common permanent magnet motor designs, although 15 and 7.5 degree per step motors are widely available. Permanent magnet motors with resolutions as good as 1.8 degrees per step are made, and hybrid motors are routinely built with 3.6 and 1.8 degrees per step, with resolutions as fine as 0.72 degrees per step available.As shown in the figure, the current flowing from the center tap of winding 1 to terminal a causes the top stator pole to be a north pole while the bottom stator pole is a south pole. This attracts the rotor into the position shown. If the power to winding 1 is removed and winding 2 is energised, the rotor will turn 30 degrees, or one step.To rotate the motor continuously, we just apply power to the two windings in sequence. Assuming positive logic, where a 1 means turning on the current through a motor winding, the following two control sequences will spin the motor illustrated in Figure 1.2 clockwise 24 steps or 2 revolutions:Winding 1a 1000100010001000100010001Winding 1b 0010001000100010001000100Winding 2a 0100010001000100010001000Winding 2b 0001000100010001000100010 time --->Winding 1a 1100110011001100110011001Winding 1b 0011001100110011001100110Winding 2a 0110011001100110011001100Winding 2b 1001100110011001100110011 time --->Note that the two halves of each winding are never energized at the same time. Both sequences shown above will rotate a permanent magnet one step at a time. The top sequence only powers one winding at a time, as illustrated in the figure above; thus, it uses less power. The bottom sequence involves powering two windings at a time and generally produces a torque about 1.4 times greater than the top sequence while using twice as much power.The section of this tutorial on Mid-Level Control provides details on methods for generating such sequences of control signals, while the section on Control Circuits discusses the power switching circuitry needed to drive the motor windings from such control sequences.The step positions produced by the two sequences above are not the same; as a result, combining the two sequences allows half stepping, with the motor stopping alternately at the positions indicated by one or the other sequence. The combined sequence is as follows:Winding 1a 11000001110000011100000111Winding 1b 00011100000111000001110000Winding 2a 01110000011100000111000001Winding 2b 00000111000001110000011100time --->Bipolar MotorsFigure 1.3Bipolar permanent magnet and hybrid motors are constructed with exactly the same mechanism as is used on unipolar motors, but the two windings are wired more simply, with no center taps. Thus, the motor itself is simpler but the drive circuitry needed to reverse the polarity of each pair of motor poles is more complex. The schematic in Figure 1.3 shows how such a motor is wired, while the motor cross section shown here is exactly the same as the cross section shown in Figure 1.2.The drive circuitry for such a motor requires an H-bridge control circuit for each winding; these are discussed in more detail in the section on Control Circuits. Briefly, an H-bridge allows the polarity of the power applied to each end of each winding to be controlled independently. The control sequences for single stepping such a motor are shown below, using + and - symbols to indicate the polarity of the power applied to each motor terminal:Terminal 1a +---+---+---+--- ++--++--++--++--Terminal 1b --+---+---+---+- --++--++--++--++Terminal 2a -+---+---+---+-- -++--++--++--++-Terminal 2b ---+---+---+---+ +--++--++--++--+ time --->Note that these sequences are identical to those for a unipolar permanent magnet motor, at an abstract level, and that above the level of the H-bridge power switching electronics, the control systems for the two types of motor can be identical.Note that many full H-bridge driver chips have one control input to enable the output and another to control the direction. Given two such bridge chips, one per winding, the following control sequences will spin the motor identically to the control sequences given above:Enable 1 1010101010101010 1111111111111111Direction 1 1x0x1x0x1x0x1x0x 1100110011001100Enable 2 0101010101010101 1111111111111111Direction 2 x1x0x1x0x1x0x1x0 0110011001100110 time --->To distinguish a bipolar permanent magnet motor from other 4 wire motors, measure the resistances between the different terminals. It is worth noting that some permanent magnet stepping motors have 4 independent windings, organized as two sets of two. Within each set, if the two windings are wired in series, the result can be used as a high voltage bipolar motor. If they are wired in parallel, the result can be used as a low voltage bipolar motor. If they are wired in series with a center tap, the result can be used as a low voltage unipolar motor. Bifilar MotorsBifilar windings on a stepping motor are applied to the same rotor and stator geometry as a bipolar motor, but instead of winding each coil in the stator with a single wire, two wires are wound in parallel with each other. As a result, the motor has 8 wires, not four.In practice, motors with bifilar windings are always powered as either unipolar or bipolar motors. Figure 1.4 shows the alternative connections to the windings of such a motor.Figure 1.4To use a bifilar motor as a unipolar motor, the two wires of each winding are connected in series and the point of connection is used as a center-tap. Winding 1 in Figure 1.4 is shown connected this way.To use a bifilar motor as a bipolar motor, the two wires of each winding are connected either in parallel or in series. Winding 2 in Figure 1.4 is shown with a parallel connection; this allows low voltage high-current operation. Winding 1 in Figure 1.4 is shown with a series connection; if the center tap is ignored, this allows operation at a higher voltage and lower current than would be used with the windings in parallel.It should be noted that essentially all 6-wire motors sold for bipolar use are actually wound using bifilar windings, so that the external connection that serves as a center tap is actually connected as shown for winding 1 in Figure 1.4. Naturally, therefore, any unipolar motor may be used as a bipolar motor at twice the rated voltage and half the rated current as is given on the nameplate.The question of the correct operating voltage for a bipolar motor run as a unipolar motor, or for a bifilar motor with the motor windings in series is not as trivial as it might first appear. There are three issues: The current carrying capacity of the wire, cooling the motor, and avoiding driving the motor's magnetic circuits into saturation. Thermal considerations suggest that, if the windings are wired in series, the voltage should only be raised by the square root of 2. The magnetic field in the motor depends on the number of ampere turns; when the two half-windings are run in series, the number of turns is doubled, but because a well-designed motor has magnetic circuits that are close to saturation when the motor is run at its rated voltage and current, increasing the number of ampere-turns does not make the field any stronger. Therefore, when a motor is run with the two half-windings in series, the current should be halved in order to avoid saturation; or, in other words, the voltage across the motor winding should be the same as it was.For those who salvage old motors, finding an 8-wire motor poses a challenge! Which of the 8 wires is which? It is not hard to figure this out using an ohm meter, an AC volt meter, and a low voltage AC source. First, use the ohm meter to identify the motor leads that are connected to each other through the motor windings. Then, connect a low-voltage AC source to one of these windings. The AC voltage should be below the advertised operating voltage of the motor; voltages under 1 volt are recommended. The geometry of the magnetic circuits of the motor guarantees that the two wires of a bifilar winding will be strongly coupled for AC signals, while there should be almost no coupling to the other two wires. Therefore, probing with an AC volt meter should disclose which of the other three windings is paired to the winding under power. Multiphase MotorsFigure 1.5A less common class of permanent magnet or hybrid stepping motor is wired with all windings of the motor in a cyclic series, with one tap between each pair ofwindings in the cycle, or with only one end of each motor winding exposed while the other ends of each winding are tied together to an inaccessible internal connection. In the context of 3-phase motors, these configurations would be described as Delta and Y configurations, but they are also used with 5-phase motors, as illustrated in Figure 1.5. Some multiphase motors expose all ends of all motor windings, leaving it to the user to decide between the Delta and Y configurations, or alternatively, allowing each winding to be driven independently.Control of either one of these multiphase motors in either the Delta or Y configuration requires 1/2 of an H-bridge for each motor terminal. It is noteworthy that 5-phase motors have the potential of delivering more torque from a given package size because all or all but one of the motor windings are energised at every point in the drive cycle. Some 5-phase motors have high resolutions on the order of 0.72 degrees per step (500 steps per revolution).Many automotive alternators are built using a 3-phase hybrid geometry with either a permanent magnet rotor or an electromagnet rotor powered through a pair of slip-rings. These have been successfully used as stepping motors in some heavy duty industrial applications; step angles of 10 degrees per step have been reported.With a 5-phase motor, there are 10 steps per repeat in the stepping cycle, as shown below:Terminal 1 +++-----+++++-----++Terminal 2 --+++++-----+++++---Terminal 3 +-----+++++-----++++Terminal 4 +++++-----+++++-----Terminal 5 ----+++++-----+++++-time --->With a 3-phase motor, there are 6 steps per repeat in the stepping cycle, as shown below:Terminal 1 +++---+++---Terminal 2 --+++---+++-Terminal 3 +---+++---++time --->Here, as in the bipolar case, each terminal is shown as being either connected to the positive or negative bus of the motor power system. Note that, at each step, only one terminal changes polarity. This change removes the power from one winding attached to that terminal (because both terminals of the winding in question are of the same polarity) and applies power to one winding that was previously idle. Given the motor geometry suggested by Figure 1.5, this control sequence will drive the motor through two revolutions.To distinguish a 5-phase motor from other motors with 5 leads, note that, if the resistance between two consecutive terminals of the 5-phase motor is R, the resistance between non-consecutive terminals will be 1.5R.Note that some 5-phase motors have 5 separate motor windings, with a total of 10 leads. These can be connected in the star configuration shown above, using 5 half-bridge driver circuits, or each winding can be driven by its own full-bridge. While the theoretical component count of half-bridge drivers is lower, the availability of integrated full-bridge chips may make the latter approach preferable.步进电机•介绍•变磁阻电机•单极电机•双极电机•单一电机•多相电机介绍步进电动机分成两类、永磁和变磁阻(也有混合电机、永磁电机与从控制器的观点)。

电机行业常用的中英文对照induction machine 感应式电机horseshoe magnet 马蹄形磁铁magnetic field 磁场eddy current 涡流right-hand rule 右手定则left-hand rule 左手定则slip 转差率induction motor 感应电动机rotating magnetic field 旋转磁场winding 绕组stator 定子rotor 转子induced current 感生电流time-phase 时间相位exciting voltage 励磁电压slot 槽lamination 叠片laminated core 叠片铁芯short-circuiting ring 短路环squirrel cage 鼠笼rotor core 转子铁芯cast-aluminum rotor 铸铝转子bronze 青铜horsepower 马力random-wound 散绕insulation 绝缘ac motor 交流环电动机end ring 端环alloy 合金coil winding 线圈绕组form-wound 模绕performance characteristic 工作特性frequency 频率revolutions per minute 转/分motoring 电动机驱动generating 发电per-unit value 标么值breakdown torque 极限转矩breakaway force 起步阻力overhauling 检修wind-driven generator 风动发电机revolutions per second 转/秒number of poles 极数speed-torque curve 转速力矩特性曲线plugging 反向制动synchronous speed 同步转速percentage 百分数locked-rotor torque 锁定转子转矩full-load torque 满载转矩prime mover 原动机inrush current 涌流magnetizing reacance 磁化电抗line-to-neutral 线与中性点间的staor winding 定子绕组leakage reactance 漏磁电抗no-load 空载full load 满载Polyphase 多相(的)iron-loss 铁损complex impedance 复数阻抗rotor resistance 转子电阻leakage flux 漏磁通locked-rotor 锁定转子chopper circuit 斩波电路separately excited 他励的compounded 复励dc motor 直流电动机de machine 直流电机speed regulation 速度调节shunt 并励series 串励armature circuit 电枢电路optical fiber 光纤interoffice 局间的waveguide 波导波导管bandwidth 带宽light emitting diode 发光二极管silica 硅石二氧化硅regeneration 再生, 后反馈放大coaxial 共轴的,同轴的high-performance 高性能的carrier 载波mature 成熟的Single Side Band(SSB) 单边带coupling capacitor 结合电容propagate 传导传播modulator 调制器demodulator 解调器line trap 限波器shunt 分路器Amplitude Modulation(AM 调幅Frequency Shift Keying(FSK) 移频键控tuner 调谐器attenuate 衰减incident 入射的two-way configuration 二线制generator voltage 发电机电压dc generator 直流发电机polyphase rectifier 多相整流器boost 增压time constant 时间常数forward transfer function 正向传递函数error signal 误差信号regulator 调节器stabilizing transformer 稳定变压器time delay 延时direct axis transient time constant 直轴瞬变时间常数transient response 瞬态响应solid state 固体buck 补偿operational calculus 算符演算gain 增益pole 极点feedback signal 反馈信号dynamic response 动态响应voltage control system 电压控制系统mismatch 失配error detector 误差检测器excitation system 励磁系统field current 励磁电流transistor 晶体管high-gain 高增益boost-buck 升压去磁feedback system 反馈系统reactive power 无功功率feedback loop 反馈回路automatic Voltage regulator(A VR)自动电压调整器reference Voltage 基准电压magnetic amplifier 磁放大器amplidyne 微场扩流发电机self-exciting 自励的limiter 限幅器manual control 手动控制block diagram 方框图linear zone 线性区potential transformer 电压互感器stabilization network 稳定网络stabilizer 稳定器air-gap flux 气隙磁通saturation effect 饱和效应saturation curve 饱和曲线flux linkage 磁链per unit value 标么值shunt field 并励磁场magnetic circuit 磁路load-saturation curve 负载饱和曲线air-gap line 气隙磁化线polyphase rectifier 多相整流器circuit components 电路元件circuit parameters 电路参数electrical device 电气设备electric energy 电能primary cell 原生电池energy converter 电能转换器conductor 导体heating appliance 电热器direct-current 直流time invariant 时不变的self-inductor 自感mutual-inductor 互感the dielectric 电介质storage battery 蓄电池e.m.f = electromotive fore 电动势unidirectional current 单方向性电流circuit diagram 电路图load characteristic 负载特性terminal voltage 端电压external characteristic 外特性conductance 电导volt-ampere characteristics 伏安特性carbon-filament lamp 碳丝灯泡ideal source 理想电源internal resistance 内阻active (passive) circuit elements 有（无）源电路元件leakage current 漏电流circuit branch 支路P.D. = potential drop 电压降potential distribution 电位分布r.m.s values = root mean square values 均方根值effective values 有效值steady direct current 恒稳直流电sinusoidal time function 正弦时间函数complex number 复数Cartesian coordinates 笛卡儿坐标系modulus 模real part 实部imaginary part 虚部displacement current 位移电流trigonometric transformations 瞬时值epoch angle 初相角phase displacement 相位差signal amplifier 小信号放大器mid-frequency band 中频带bipolar junction transistor (BJT) 双极性晶体管field effect transistor (FET) 场效应管electrode 电极电焊条polarity 极性gain 增益isolation 隔离分离绝缘隔振emitter 发射管放射器发射极collector 集电极base 基极self-bias resistor 自偏置电阻triangular symbol 三角符号phase reversal 反相infinite voltage gain 无穷大电压增益feedback component 反馈元件differentiation 微分integration 积分下限impedance 阻抗fidelity 保真度summing circuit 总和线路反馈系统中的比较环节Oscillation 振荡inverse 倒数admittance 导纳transformer 变压器turns ratio 变比匝比ampere-turns 安匝(数)mutual flux 交互(主)磁通vector equation 向(相)量方程power frequency 工频capacitance effect 电容效应induction machine 感应电机shunt excited 并励series excited 串励separately excited 他励self excited 自励field winding 磁场绕组励磁绕组speed-torque characteristic 速度转矩特性dynamic-state operation 动态运行salient poles 凸极excited by 励磁field coils 励磁线圈air-gap flux distribution 气隙磁通分布direct axis 直轴armature coil 电枢线圈rotating commutator 旋转（整流子）换向器commutator-brush combination 换向器-电刷总线mechanical rectifier 机械式整流器armature m.m.f. wave 电枢磁势波Geometrical position 几何位置magnetic torque 电磁转矩spatial waveform 空间波形sinusoidal density wave 正弦磁密度external armature circuit 电枢外电路instantaneous electric power 瞬时电功率instantaneous mechanical power 瞬时机械功率effects of saturation 饱和效应reluctance 磁阻power amplifier 功率放大器compound generator 复励发电机rheostat 变阻器self excitation process 自励过程commutation condition 换向状况cumulatively compounded motor 积复励电动机operating condition 运行状态equivalent T circuit T型等值电路rotor (stator) winding 转子（定子绕组）winding loss 绕组（铜）损耗prime motor 原动机active component 有功分量reactive component 无功分量electromagnetic torque 电磁转矩retarding torque 制动转矩inductive component 感性（无功）分量abscissa axis 横坐标induction generator 感应发电机synchronous generator 同步发电机automatic station 无人值守电站hydropower station 水电站process of self excitation 自励过程auxiliary motor 辅助电动机technical specifications 技术条件voltage across the terminals 端电压steady state condition 瞬态暂态reactive in respect to 相对….呈感性active in respect to 相对….呈阻性synchronous condenser 同步进相（调相）机coincide in phase with 与….同相synchronous reactance 同步电抗algebraic 代数的algorithmic 算法的biphase 双相的bilateral circuit 双向电路bimotored 双马达的corridor 通路shunt displacement current 旁路位移电流leakage 泄漏lightning shielding 避雷harmonic 谐波的motor transport facilities 汽车运输设备motor transport maintenance 汽车运输保养motor treak 电动机驱动的断续器motor trend 汽车的发展趋向motor tricycle 三轮摩托车motor trolley 轨道摩托车motor truck 运货汽车; 载重卡车motor truck road 汽车干道motor truck supply 载重汽车补给motor truck terminal 载重汽车站motor tune-up 发动机调整motor turning 汽车转向motor type 电动机型式motor type insulator 电动机型绝缘子motor type relay 电动机式继电器; 电动机型继电器; 电动继电器motor tyre 汽车轮胎motor tyre casing 汽车轮胎外胎; 汽车外胎motor uniselector 机动选择器motor unit 电动机组; 运动单位motor unit potential 运动单位电势; 运动单位电位motor valve 马达阀motor vehicle 动力车; 汽车motor vehicle equipment 汽车装备motor vehicle passenger insurance 汽车乘客险motor vehicle third party insurance 汽车第三者责任保险motor vehicles in use 汽车使用数motor vessel 内燃机船motor wagon 电动货车motor winch 电动绞车; 机动绞盘motor windlass 电动起锚机motor wiring 电动机布线motor with combined ventilation 混合通风式电动机motor with compound characteristic 复励特性电动机motor with reciprocating movement 反转电动机; 往复运动电动机motor with self excitation 自激电动机motor with series characteristic 串励特性电动机motor with shunt characteristic 并励特性电动机motor with water cooling 水冷式电动机motor works 汽车制造厂motor wrench pipe dog 管子钳motor(vertical) 立装电动机motor-armature 电动机电枢motor-blower 电动鼓风机motor-booster 电动升压机motor-circuit switch 电动机馈线开关motor-compression refrigerator 电动机压缩式冰箱motor-converter 电动变流机motor-dom 汽车界; 汽车行业motor-drive lathe 电动车床motor-drive shaft and pinion 电动机传动轴和小齿轮motor-driven 电动的; 电动机拖动的; 电机驱动的motor-driven blower 电动鼓风机motor-driven cable-winch 电动电缆绞车motor-driven feed pump 电动给水泵motor-driven grader 机动平地机motor-driven interrupter 电动断续器motor-driven maize sheller 机动玉米脱粒机motor-driven pump 电动泵motor-driven seed cleaner 电机驱动种子清选机motor-driven starter 电动起动器motor-driven switch 电动机驱动开关motor-driven switch-group 机动组合开关motor-driven valve 电动机拖动阀motor-driven welding machine 电动旋转式焊机motor-field 电机磁场motor-field control 电动机磁场控制motor-field failure relay 电动机磁场故障继电器motor-generator arc welder 电动发电弧焊机motor-generator locomotive 电动发电机机车motor-generator set 整流机motor-generator welder 电动发电电焊机motor-generator welding unit 电动直流发电焊接设备motor-in-wheel 车轮电动机motor-mount pump 电动泵; 马达泵motor-mounted bicycle 机动脚踏车motor-oil 电动机润滑油motor-operated 电动机带动的motor-operated cam type flash welder 电动凸轮式闪光焊机motor-operated horn 电动喇叭motor-operated potentiometer 电动机操作的电位器motor-operated rheostat 电动操作变阻器motor-operated shutter 机动阀门motor-operated switch 电动断路器; 电动开关motor-operated valve 电动阀motor-operated welder 电动加压焊机motor-output 电动机出力motor-pumped well 机井motor-selector (MS) 电动选择器motor-show 汽车展览motor-torque generator 一种同步驱动发电机motor-trolley 轨道车motor-truck oscillator 电动机调谐振荡器motor-vehicle accident 汽车事故motor-vehicle chassis 汽车底盘motor-winch 电动绞车motoralternator 电动机发电机组motorbi-cycle 摩托车motorbicycle lead-acid storage battery 摩托车用铅酸蓄电池motorbike 机器脚踏车motorboat 汽艇motorboating 汽艇声; 低声频振荡motorbus 大型客车; 公共汽车motorcar 电动车; 小汽车motorcar brake 自动车闸motorcar bulb 摩托车灯泡motorcar fitter 汽车修配工motorcar interference 汽车发动机干扰; 汽车干扰motorcar jack 汽车千斤顶motorcar set 汽车无线电设备motorcycle 摩托车; 机器脚踏车motorcycle accessories 摩托车配件motorcycle alarm 摩托车防盗器motorcycle battery 摩托车电池motorcycle carburetor 摩托车化油器motorcycle chain 摩托车链条motorcycle engine 摩托车发动机motorcycle gloves 摩托手套motorcycle helmet 摩托车头盔motorcycle insurance 摩托车保险motorcycle jacket 摩托茄克motorcycle oil 摩托车油motorcycle oil pump 摩托车机油泵; 摩托车润滑油泵motorcycle petrol switch 摩托车汽油开关motorcycle radio 摩托车无线电设备motorcycle sidecar 机器脚踏车边车motorcycle speedometer 摩托车里程速度表motorcycle tyre 摩托车轮胎motorcycle wheel-rim 摩托车轮辋motorcycle-racing arena 摩托车比赛场motordrome 汽车场; 汽车试车场motordynamo 电动发电机; 电动机发电机组motorette 绝缘寿命试验模型; 绝缘寿命试验模型motorgenerator set ( M. G. set) 电动发电机组motorgrader 自动平路机motorgraphic 描记运动的motorial compensation 运动性代偿motorial inhibition 运动抑制motoricity 运动力motoring friction 空转摩擦力motoring ring test 带动试验motoring run 发动机试运转motoring test 空转试验motoring torque 运动力矩motorised roll 电机传动辊motorist 汽车驾驶员motorization 摩托化ized (motorised) 装有发动机的motorized and mechanized troops 摩托化机械化部队motorized antitank weapons 摩托化防坦克武器motorized artillery 摩托化炮兵motorized caravan 敞篷汽车motorized cart 自行装置motorized copying camera 电动复制照相机motorized detachment 摩托化分遣队motorized engineer regiment 摩托化工程兵团motorized grader 机动平地机motorized knapsack 背负式机动喷雾器motorized knapsack mistblower 背负式机动鼓风喷雾器motorized non-return valve 电动止回阀motorized pan and tilt head 马达驱动的云台motorized panning head 马达驱动的摇头motorized ramp 自动梯motorized reconnaissance 摩托化侦察motorized reducer 带电动机的减速器; 带电动机减速器motorized road grader 自动平地机motorized shop truck 摩托化修理车motorized snowplow 摩托化扫雪机motorized speed reducer 电动减速器motorized tar spreader 自动式喷洒沥青机motorized transport 摩托化运输motorized traverser dolly 电动旋转移动台车motorized tuning control 电动机驱动的调谐系统motorized valve 电动阀motorized wheel drive 马达轮驱动motorized zoom lens 马达驱动的可变焦距镜头motorlaunch 汽艇motorless 无动力的motorlorry 卡车Motorloy (一种汽油添加剂的商品名) 摩托乐意motormaker 电机厂motormeter 运动力计; 运动能力计; 汽车仪表motorpathy 运动疗法; 体育疗法; 肌动疗法motorplane 动力飞机motorpump 马达泵; 电动泵; 机动泵motorr bicycle oil 摩托车油motors 汽车公司证券motorscootor 小型机车motorsensory cortex 运动感觉皮层motorship 内燃机船motorshipengine 轮机motorstarting reactor 发动机起动反应器motortherapy 运动疗法motortilter (dumper car,dumper) 自动倾卸汽车motortruck (automotive truck) 载货汽车motorway 汽车道; 汽车路; 快车道; 机动车行道motor－driven control valve 电动机拖动控制阀movable brush type polyphase series motor 活动电刷式多相串激电动机moving coil type torque motor 动圈式转矩马达multi-speed motor 多速电动机multifrequency motor-generator 多频电动发电机multiloop motor 多回路电动机multiphase motor 多相电动机multiple-cage motor 多鼠笼电动机multiple-motor 多电动机multiple-motor unit 多发动机装置multiple-speed motor 多速电动机multispeed motor 多速电动机myotonia motor neuron 肌紧张运动神经元nervus motorius 运动神经neutralized series motor 补偿串励电动机noiseless motor 无噪声电动机non-excited synchronous motor 反应式同步电动机non-regenerative compound motor 非再生复激电动机non-reversing motor 不反转马达non-standard motor 非标准型电机non-synchronous motor 非同步电动机; 异步电动机nonventilated motor 自冷电动机nose suspended motor 鼻式悬挂电机nuclei motorii nervi trigemini 三叉神经运动核number of motors 电机数量obliquely slotted motor 斜槽式电动机off-road motor transport equipment 越野汽车运输装备oil hydraulic motor 液压马达oil motor 油马达; 液压电动机; 液压发动机oil pump motor 油泵电动机oil type servo-motor 油压式伺服电动机oil-immersed torque motor 湿式力矩马达oilhydraulic motor 液压马达one motor traveling crane 单马达移动吊车one-cylinder motor 单缸发动机one-motor travel(1)ing crane 单马达吊车one-seat motorcycle 单座摩托车open general-purpose motor 敞开式通用电动机open motor 敞开式电动机; 开敞型电动机open type electric motor 敞开式电动机open type induction motor 敞开式感应电动机operating motor 操作电动机; 执行电动机operational motor movement 作战汽车运送orbit maneuver motor 变轨发动机orbit motor 摆线转子马达orienting thrust motor 定向推力发动机oscillating armature motor 振动电枢式电动机oscillating motor 摇动马达oscillatory motor 摆动式液压马达outboard motor 外置马达; 外装电动机; 舷外发动机; 舷外挂机; 操舟机outdoor motor 室外型电动机; 户外型电动机; 露天电动机overhung-type motor 悬装式电动机pancake motor 短轴型电动机; 扁平型电动机paper feed motor 输纸马达paraffin motor 石蜡发动机parallel connection of the motors 电动机并联法pen motor 记录笔电动机peripheral motor neuron 周围运动神经元perma-split capacity motor 固定分相的单相电容式电动机permanent-capacitor motor 永久电容器式电动机permanent-magnet stepper motor 永磁步进电动机permanent-split capacitor motor 固定分相电容器式电动机permasyn motor 永磁同步电动机permissible motor 密闭型电动机; 防爆电动机; 安全电动机petrol motor 汽油发动机; 汽油机petrol motor car 汽油机汽车petrol motor roller 汽油压路机petroleum motor oil 石油车用润滑油Petter motor oil test 培特发动机润滑油试验phase-wound motor 相绕式电动机phonic motor 蜂音电动机physical motor pool 汽车集中调度场pilot motor 辅导电动机; 辅助电动机; 伺服电动机pilot pressure pump motor 辅助压力泵马达pipe-ventilated motor 管道通风电动机piston motor 活塞液压马达pivoted motor 悬吊翻转电动机pivoting motor 铰链吊挂式发动机planar motor 平面电动机planar stator motor 平面定子电动机plunger motor 柱塞式液压电动机; 柱塞液动机pneumatic motor 风动马达; 气动电动机; 气力马达pole change motor 换极电动机pole changing motor 变极电动机pole-change motor starter 马达变极启动器pole-changing motor 变极式感应电动机poly-change speed motor 多速电动机polypase series commutator motor 多相串励换向器电动机polyphase asynchronous motor 多相异步电动机polyphase commutator motor 多相换向器电动机polyphase compound commutator motor 多相复励换向器电动机polyphase induction motor 多相感应电动机polyphase motor 多相电动机polyphase series commutator motor 多相串激换向器电动机polyphase series motor 多相串激电动机polyphase shunt commutator motor 多相并激换向器电动机; 多相并励换相器电动机polyphase shunt motor 多相并激电动机; 多相并励电动机polypole induction motor 多极感应电动机pony motor 小型电动机; 辅助电动机positive displacement hydraulic motor 容积式液压马达positive displacement motor 容积式液压马达; 正排量电动机positive-displacement motor 容积式液压电动机power of motor 电动机功率; 电机功率power selsyn motor 电力自动同步电动机; 动力自动同步机power-control motor 动力控制电动机premium motor fuel 高级车用汽油premium motor oil 高级车用机油; 高级车用汽油; 优质发动机油pressure combustion motor fuel 压燃式发动机燃料pressurized motor 充高压气体的密封电动机pressurized-enclosure motor 增压防爆型电动机primary motor 主电动机prime motor 原动机print motor 微电机print(ed) motor 印刷电动机printed motor 印刷式电动机propelling motor 推进发动机proportioning motor 比例电动机propulsion motor 推进电动机protected motor 防护式电动机pulley motor 电动机皮带轮pulling motor 牵引电机pulling motor speed control 牵引电机速度控制pulsating current motor 脉动电流电动机pulsating motor 往复运动电动机pulse DC motor 脉冲式直流电动机pulse motor 脉冲电动机pulse-jet motor 脉动喷气发动机pump and motor fluid ports 泵和液压马达间的液流阀pump motor 泵的电动机; 泵用电动机push-type motor grader 推板式平路机quadruple screw motor ship 四螺旋桨船quiet motor 低噪声电动机; 低噪音电动机; 无噪声电动机quieter motor 无噪声马达radix motoria 运动根radix ventralis motoria 腹侧运动根rail motor car 铁道机动车rail-motor 铁路公路联运railroad motor car 铁道机动车railway motor 铁路用电动机railway motor car 内燃机车rational vane hydraulic motor 定量叶片式液压马达reaction hysteresis synchronous motor 反应式磁滞同步电动机reaction motor 反应电动机; 反应式电动机; 反应式发动机; 反作用电动机; 反作用式电动机; 反作用式发动机; 喷气发动机reaction stepping motor 反应式步进电机reactive step motor 反应式步进电机reactor start motor 电抗起动电机; 电抗线圈起动电动机reactor-start motor 电抗线圈起动式电动机reaping attachment for motormower 动力割草机的谷物收割附加装置reciprocable motor 往复运动电动机recorder motor 记录器电动机rectifier-driven motor 整流器馈电的电动机rectilinear screw-thread reluctance motor 直线螺纹磁阻电动机reel motor 卷带电动机; 卷带电动机; 带盘电动机; 磁带盘电机refrigerant gas for cooling motor 冷却电动机用冷煤气refrigerator compressor motor 冰箱压缩机电机regenerative motor 再生发动机; 再生冷却式液体火箭发动机regenerative rocket motor 再生式火箭发动机regular motor oil 正规的车用机油regulating motor 调节电动机regulation of motor 电动机调整reluctance motor 磁阻电动机; 反应式同步电动机rent motor 三槽板间的面石repeating motor 步进电机repulsion and induction type motor 推斥感应式电动机repulsion and induction type single phase motor 推斥感应型单相电动机repulsion induction motor 推斥感应型电动机repulsion motor 推斥电动机; 推斥式电动机repulsion type motor 推斥型电动机repulsion-induction motor 推斥感应电动机repulsion-start induction motor 推斥起动感应电动机resistance-start motor 电阻起动电动机; 电阻起动电机reversible generator motor 可逆式发电电动机reversible motor 可逆电动机reversing motor 双向电动机; 双向旋转电动机; 双向旋转马达reversing rotation of motors 改变电动机的旋转方向revolving field type motor 转场式电动机rewinding motor 倒带电机; 重绕电动机rib-cooled motor 散热肋冷却型电动机ribbed motor 肋片型电动机; 散热片型电动机Richter motor 里克特电动机Rigg motor 里格径向柱塞液压电动机ring motor 环形电动机ripple current motor 脉动电动机; 脉动电流电动机rocket motor 火箭发动机rocket motor assembly 火箭发动机组rocket motor case 火箭发动机体rocket motor dynamics 火箭发动机动力学rocket motor injector 火箭发动机喷嘴roll motor 辊道电动机rolling mill motor 轧钢电动机rolling vane motor 旋转式叶片电动机rotary abutment motor 旋转隔板电动机; 旋转隔板马达rotary field motor 旋转磁场电动机rotary fixed displacement motor 旋转式固定排量发动机rotary hydraulic motor 旋转式液压马达rotary motor 回转马达rotary motor pump 回转式马达泵rotary piston hydraulic motor 旋转柱塞液压马达rotary stepping motor 旋转式步进电动机rotary vane motor 转翼式液压马达rotating-armature motor 转枢式电动机rotor feed type motor 转子馈电式电动机rotor feed type polyphase shunt motor 转子馈电式多相并激电动机rotor motor 转子式发动机round body motor 圆机壳电动机round frame motor(无突出轴承) 圆机壳电动机run motor 运转电动机salient pole synchronous induction motor 凸极式同步感应电动机scanning motor 扫描电动机Schmidt motor 施密特活塞液压电动机Schrage motor 施拉盖电动机screen coil motor 屏蔽线圈电动机screw for motor starter 马达起动器螺钉screw motor 螺杆马达screwdown motor 轧钢机用电动机sealed chart-drive motor 密封式记录纸驱动电动机segmented secondary reluctance motor 次级分段的磁阻电动机self start synchronous motor 自动起动同步电动机self(-)compensated motor 自补偿电动机self-contained motor drive 单独电动机传动self-drive motor 自起动电动机self-excited motor 自励电动机self-oscillating linear induction motor 自振荡直线感应电机self-propelled motor atomizer 自走式动力喷雾机self-start motor 自起动电动机self-start synchronous motor 自起动同步电动机self-starting motor 自起动电动机self-starting synchronous motor 自起动同步电动机self-synchronous motor 自同步电动机; 自同步机self-ventilated motor 自然通风电动机; 自然通风式电动机selsyn motor 自动同步电动机; 自同步电动机selsyn motor impulse clock 同步式电钟selsyn-drive electric motor 自整角机驱动电动机selsyn-type electrical motor 自整角电动机semi enclosed type motor 半封闭式电动机semi-infinite motor 半无限长电动机semi-motor 往复旋转液压油缸semienclosed motor 半封闭式电动机semiprotected motor 半防护型电动机sensori-motor phase 感觉动作时相separate electrical motor 单独电机separate excited motor 分激电动机separated excitation D.C. motor 分激直流电机separately excited motor 他励电动机series commutator motor 串励换向器电动机series conduction motor 单相串励换向器电动机; 交流串励换向器电动机series motor 串激电动机; 串励电动机series parallel motor 串并激电动机; 串并联电动机series wound motor 串绕电动机series-characteristic motor 串激特性电动机; 反速电动机series-repulsion motor 串激推斥电动机; 串联推斥电动机series-wound motor 串激电动机; 串励电动机servohydraulic rotary motor 液压伺服转子马达shaded-pole motor 罩极电动机shaft-drive motorcycle 轴动机器脚踏车shear motor 剪切机电动机shell-type motor 封闭型电动机shielded-pole motor 屏蔽极电动机shipboard-type motor 船用电动机short-hout motor 短期工作电动机short-period motor 短期工作发动机shunt motor 并激电动机; 并励电动机; 并绕电动机shunt-conduction motor 并激整流式交流电动机shunt-wound motor 并激电动机side drive motor mower 侧驱式动力割草机silage motor chain saw 切青贮料用的链锯silent motor 无噪声电动机simple selsyn motor system 简化自动同步机方式simplex motor 单工电动机; 同步感应电动机simulating motor 模拟电动机sine motor 正弦电动机; 正弦马达single cylinder motor 单汽缸发动机single cylinder two-stroke motor 单缸二冲程发动机single fed repulsion motor 单馈推斥式电动机single motor 单电动机; 单发动机single motor car 单电动机车single motor equipment 单发动机装置single phase commutator motor 单相整流子式电动机single phase selsyn motor 单相自动同步电动机single phase series commutator motor 单向串励换向器电动机single rail motor crab 单轨电动起重绞车single sided linear induction motor 单边直线感应电动机single speed motor 单速电动机single-phase capacitor operation asyn. motor 单相电容运转异步电动机single-phase capacitor starting induction motor 单相电容起动感应电动机single-phase clutch motor 单相离合器电动机single-phase commutator induction motor 单相整流子感应电动机single-phase commutator motor 单相换向器电动机; 单相整流电动机single-phase compound motor 单相复绕电动机single-phase condenser motor 单相电容电动机single-phase double-speed motor 单相双速电动机single-phase induction motor 单相感应电动机; 单向感应电动机single-phase motor 单相电动机single-phase selsyn. motor 单相自同步电动机single-phase series commutator motor 单相串激换向器电动机; 单相串激整流子电动机; 单相串励换向器电动机single-phase series motor 单相串激电动机; 单相串励电动机; 单相串联电动机single-phase shunt commutator motor 单相并励换向器电动机single-phase shunt motor 单相并激电动机; 单相并联电动机single-phase single-speed motor 单相单速电动机single-phase speed regulating motor 单相调速电机single-phase synchronous motor 单相同步电动机single-phase two-speed motor 单相双速电动机single-winding multispeed motor 单绕多速电动机skeleton(-type) motor 开敞型电动机slave motor 随动电动机slewing motor 回转电动机sliding-sleeve motor 滑阀配气发动机sliding-vane motor 叶片电动机; 叶片马达slip of induction motor 异步电动机的转差率slip ring motor 滑环式电动机slip-ring induction motor 滑环式感应电动机slip-ring motor 滑环电动机slip-ring type induction motor 滑环式感应电动机slow-speed motor 低速电动机small single-phase induction motor 小型单相感应电动机small size motor 小电动机small type motor 小型电动机small-capacity motor-driven thresher 电动小型脱谷机solo type motor cycle 单座式机器脚踏车somatic motor column 体壁运动柱somatic motor fiber 体壁运动纤维sound-proof motor 声处理的马达spare motor 备用电动机special (type) motor 特殊电动机special-duty motor 特殊工作制电动机; 特用电动机special-purpose motor 特殊功用电动机specific motor retardation 特殊运动迟缓speech motor hallucination 言语运动性幻觉speed control servo-motor 调速伺服电动机speed measuring motor 测速电机speed of motor 自动机转速; 自机转速speed of rotation of motor 电动机转速speed regulating motor 调速电动机; 调速伺服电动机speed-changer motor 同步器电动机spheric motor 球形电动机spin motor 旋转发动机spindle drive motor 主轴电动机spindle motor 主轴电动机spinner motor 双转子电动机splash-proof type induction motor 防溅式感应电动机split field motor 串励绕组分段式直流电动机split phase induction motor 分相感应电动机split phase starting system induction motor 分相起动式感应电动机split winding type synchronous motor 抽头绕; 抽头绕组式同步电动机split-field motor 串激绕组分段式直流电动机split-phase induction motor 分析感应电动机split-phase motor 分析电动机; 分析机; 分相电动机; 分相机split-phase starting system induction motor 分析起动式感应电动机split-pole motor 分极电动机; 分级电动机spring motor 发条传动装置squirrel-cage induction motor 鼠笼式感应电动机squirrel-cage motor 鼠笼式电动机; 短路式电动机squirrel-cage repulsion motor 鼠笼式推斥电动机stabilized shunt motor 稳定并绕电动机stabilized shunt-wound motor 稳并励电动机stage-motor 多级火箭发动机stand motor 轧机电机stand-by motor 辅助电机startability of motor fuel 发动机燃料起动性starter motor 起动电动机starter motor commutator 起动电动机整流子starter motor control 起动电动机控制starter motor cover 起动机盖starter motor drive spring 起动马达传动簧starter motor shift lever 起动机传动臂starter motor strap 起动电动机固定带starter motor wire 起动马达导线starting motor 起动电动机; 起动马达; 发动机起动机starting motor brush 起动机电刷starting motor flange 起动机连接盘starting motor pinion 起动机驱动齿轮starting motor torque 起动机扭矩starting servo-motor 起动伺服马达stationary motor pison pump 固定式动力活塞泵stator-feed-type poly-phase shunt motor 定子馈电式多相并激电动机stator-feed-type shunt motor 定子馈电式并激电动机steam motor car 蒸汽车steam-powered motor-car 蒸汽动力汽车steel motor lifeboat 钢质机动救生艇step-by-step motor 步进式电动机step-servo motor 步进电机; 步进伺服电机step-up motor 步进电动机stepless servo-motor 无级调速伺服电动机stepper motor 步进电动机; 步进电机; 步进马达stepping motor 步进电机; 步进马达stepping motor bank 步进马达群stepping motor controlled module 步进马达控制模块stop motion motor 间歇驱动电机straight motor 直管式发动机straight shunt-wound motor 直并激电动机straight tubular motor 直管式发动机straight-run motor fuel 直馏发动机燃料Sturm motor 斯特姆式叶片液压电动机; 斯特姆式叶片液压马达submersible motor 潜水电动机; 潜水式电动机; 防水发动机subminiature motor 超小型电动机superconducting motor 超导电机; 超导马达supersilent motor 绝对无噪声电动机; 绝对无噪声电动机; 高无噪声电动机supersynchronous motor 超同步电动机support of motor 电动机支座sustainer motor 主发动机; 主火箭发动机; 续航发动机swashplate motor 斜盘电机sweep motor 扫描电动机; 扫描用电动机sychronous homopolar motor 同步单极电动机symmetrical motor 对称电动机sync motor 同步马达synchro differential motor 差动式自动同步电动机; 差动同步电动机synchronized asynchronous motor 同步化的异步电动机synchronous asynchronous motor 滑环式感应电动机synchronous clock motor 电钟同步电动机synchronous hysteresis motor 同步磁滞电动机synchronous induction motor 同步感应电动机synchronous linear motor 同步线性电动机synchronous motor clock 同步电钟synchronous motor-generator 同步电动发电机synchronous receiving motor 同步接收电动机synchronous reluctance motor 同步磁阻电动机synchronous-asynchronous motor 同步异步电动机synthetic motor oil 合成机油table drive motor 工作台驱动电动机table-drive motor 工作台驱动马达tandem motor 串联式电动机; 串联电动机; 级联电动机tap-field motor 分段励磁绕组电机tape feed motor 卷带电机; 卷带电机telechron motor 遥控电动机textile motor 纺织电机thermomagnetic motor 热磁电动机。

About stepper motor and drive systemStep characteristics for machine for angular displacement for entering the electrical engineering is first kind will give or get an electric shocking the pulse signal conversion cowgirl or line potential moving battery carry outing a piece, having the fast stopping, accurate step entering and directly accepting the arithmetic figure measuring, because of but got the extensive application.Such as in the drafting machine, print the machine and optical instrument inside, and all adopt the inside of a place control system for entering the electrical engineering to positioning to paint the pen print head or optical prinipal, especially indrstry process the type control, and move to spread to feel the to can immediately attain the precision fixed position because of its precision and need not potential, and control the technique along with the calculator of continuously deveolp, applied to would be more and more extensive.Control and can is divided into the simple control sum the complicacy to control to motor two kind.The simple control points to proceeds to start to motor, the system move, positive and negative revolution and sequential plicacy the control point to the motor's revolving speed, screw angle, turning moment, tension, electric current etc. physics quantisty progress control.Control technique that the development that motor get force is in latest development achievement that micro-electronics technique, electric power electronics, spread to feel the the technique, automatic control the technique, tiny machine the application technique to wait.Exactly the advance of these techniques make the motor control the technique at near two 10-year insides change for turn overing the ground of day is take placed.Among them the motor's control division have already been controled by emulation gradually let locate to regard single flake machine as principle of microprocessor control, formation the mix control system of the arithmetic figure and emulation and the application of the pure arithmetic figure control system, combine control the direction to total amount word to quickly deveolp.The motor's drive part of power forusing the piece experienced a few renewals to change the on behalf, current switch speed sooner, more simple whole type power piece of control the MOSFET become the main current with IGBT.Stepper motors have the following benefits:•Low cost•Ruggedness•Simplicity in construction•High reliability•No maintenance•Wide acceptance•No tweaking to stabilize•No feedback components are needed•They work in just about any environment•Inherently more failsafe than servo motors.There is virtually no conceivable failure within the stepper drive module that could cause the motor to run away. Stepper motors are simple to drive and control in an open-loop configuration. They only require four leads. They provide excellent torque at low speeds, up to 5 times the continuous torque of a brush motor of the same frame size or double the torque of the equivalent brushless motor. This often eliminates the need for a gearbox. A stepper-driven-system is inherently stiff, with known limits to the dynamic position error.Stepper Motor DisadvantagesStepper motors have the following disadvantages:•Resonance effects and relatively long settlingtimes•Rough performance at low speed unless amicrostep drive is used•Liability to undetected position loss as a result ofoperating open-loop•They consume current regardless of loadconditions and therefore tend to run hot•Losses at speed are relatively high and can causeexcessive heating, and they are frequently noisy(especially at high speeds).•They can exhibit lag-lead oscillation, which isdifficult to damp. There is a limit to their availablesize, and positioning accuracy relies on themechanics (e.g., ballscrew accuracy). Many ofthese drawbacks can be overcome by the use ofa closed-loop control scheme.Note: The Compumotor Zeta Series minimizes orreduces many of these different stepper motor disadvantages.There are three main stepper motor types:•Permanent Magnet (P.M.) Motors•Variable Reluctance (V.R.) Motors•Hybrid MotorsWhen the motor is driven in its full-step mode, energizing two windings or “phases”at a time (see Fig. 1.8), the torque available on each step will be the same (subject to very small variations in the motor and drive characteristics). In the half-step mode, we are alternately energizing two phases and then only one as shown in Fig. 1.9. Assuming the drive delivers the same winding current in each case, this will cause greater torque to be produced when there are two windings energized. In other words, alternate steps will be strong and weak. This does not represent a major deterrent to motor performance—the available torque is obviously limited by the weaker step, but there will be a significant improvement in low-speed smoothness over the full-step mode.Applications in hazardous environmentsor in a vacuum may not be able to use a brushed motor. Either a stepper or a brushless motor is called for, depending on the demands of the load. Bear in mind that heat dissipation may be a problem in a vacuum when the loads are excessive.continuous duty applications suit the servo motor, and in fact a step motor should be avoided in such applications because the high-speed losses can cause excessive motor heating.are the natural domain of the stepper due to its high torque at low speeds, good torque-to-inertia ratio and lack of commutation problems.The brushes of the DC motor can limit its potential for frequent starts, stops and direction changes.continuous duty applications are appropriate to the step motor. At low speeds it is very efficient in terms of torque output relative to both size and input power. Microstepping can be used to improve smoothness in lowspeed applications such as a metering pump drive for very accurate flow control.Stepper motor is a stepper motor for precise electrical and mechanical actuators, which are widely used in industrial machinery, digital control, for the system reliability, interoperability, maintainability, and cost-optimal, according to the control system functional requirements and Control system through the microcontroller memory, I/O interface, interrupt, keyboard, LED display of the expansion of the annular distributor stepping motor, drive and protection circuit, man-machine interface circuit, interrupt system and reset circuit, a single voltage drive circuit, etc.designed to achieve a four-phase stepper motor rotating, and emergency stop functions.To achieve the stepping motor system in NC Machine Tools, system design, two external interrupts, in order to achieve within a certain period of time stepper motor repeated Reversible function, ie, the turret CNC automatic feed movement. With the continuous development of single chip microcomputer, microcontroller in household electronic products widely applied, since the since the early sixties, the stepper motor applications are greatly enhanced.People use it to drive the clock and other instruments with pointers, printers, plotters, disk CD-ROM drive, a variety of automatic control valves, various tools, as well as robots and other mechanical devices.In addition,as the acIn addition, as the actuator, stepper motor is one of mechanical and electrical integration of the key products are widely used in a variety of automatic control systems, microelectronics and computer technology with the development of its requirements with the Japanese fear of growing in all the field of application of the national economy has. Stepper motor digital control system of electromechanical actuators commonly used, due to its high precision, small size, flexible to control, so the smart meter and position control hasbeen widely used in large-scale integrated circuits technology development, and SCM The increasing popularity of design features, the lowest price of the stepper motor control driver provides advanced technology and adequate resources.步进电机及其驱动系统简介步进电机是一种将电脉冲信号转换成相应的角位移或线位移的机电执行元件，具有快速启停、精确步进以及直接接受数字量的特点，因而得到了广泛的应用。

步进电机细分数英文单词全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：Stepper motors play a crucial role in a wide range of devices and machinery today, from 3D printers and CNC machines to robotics and medical equipment. One important parameter that defines the performance of a stepper motor is the number of steps it can take per revolution, known as the step resolution or step division. In this article, we will delve into the concept of step division in stepper motors and explore how it impacts their operation and performance.第二篇示例：Stepper motor is a kind of electric motor that moves in discrete steps. It is different from other types of motors in that it divides a full rotation into a number of equal steps. One of the key parameters that define the performance of a stepper motor is the number of steps per revolution, also known as the step resolution or step size.第三篇示例：Stepper Motor Step CountA stepper motor is a type of motor that moves in discrete steps rather than continuously rotating like a traditional motor. This unique characteristic makes stepper motors ideal for precision control applications where accuracy and repeatability are essential. In order to achieve precise control of a stepper motor, the concept of step count or step resolution comes into play.第四篇示例：Stepper motors, also known as step motors, are a type of brushless DC electric motor that converts electrical pulses into mechanical movement. They are widely used in various applications that require precise positioning and speed control, such as 3D printers, CNC machines, and robotic arms.。

Stepper motorStepper motor is the electric pulse signals into angular displacement or linear displacement of the open-loop stepper motor control element pieces. In the case of non-overloaded, the motor speed, stop position depends only on the pulse frequency and pulse number, regardless of load changes, when the driver receives a step pulse signal, it will drive a stepper motor to Set the direction of rotation of a fixed angle, called the "step angle", which the angle of rotation is fixed step by step operation. Number of pulses can be controlled by controlling the angular displacement, so as to achieve accurate positioning purposes; the same time by controlling the pulse frequency to control the motor rotation speed and acceleration, to achieve speed control purposes.WorkInduction motor is a stepper motor, does it work is the use of electronic circuits, the DC power supply into a time-sharing, multi-phase timing control current, this current stepper motor power supply, the stepper motor to work properly , The drive is sharing power supply for the stepper motor, the polyphase timing controllerAlthough the stepper motor has been widely used, but the stepper motor does not like a normal DC motor, AC motor in the conventional use. It must be double-ring pulse signal, power driver circuit composed of the control system can be used. Therefore, it is not easy with a good stepping motor, which involves mechanical, electrical, electronics and computers, and many other specialized knowledge.As the stepper motor actuators, electromechanical integration, one of the key products, widely used in a variety of automatic control systems. With the development of microelectronics and computer technology, increasing demand for stepper motor, has applications in all areas of the national economy.CategoriesNow more commonly used include the reaction of step motor stepper motor (VR), permanent magnet stepper motor (PM), hybrid stepper motors (HB) and single-phase stepper motor.Permanent magnet stepper motorPermanent magnet stepper motor is generally two-phase, torque, and smaller, usually 7.5 degree step angle or 15 degrees;Permanent magnet stepper motor output torque, dynamic performance, but a large step angle.Reaction Stepper MotorReaction is generally three-phase stepping motor can achieve high torque output, step angle of 1.5 degrees is generally, but the noise and vibration are large. Reaction by the stepper motor rotor magnetic circuit made of soft magnetic materials, a number of the stator phase excitation winding, the use of permeability changes in torque. Step Motor simple structure, low production costs, step angle is small; but the dynamic performance is poor.Hybrid Stepping MotorHybrid Step Motor combines reactive, permanent magnet stepper motors of both, it's asmall step angle, contribute a large, dynamic performance, is currently the highest performance stepper motor. It is also sometimes referred to as Permanent Magnet Induction Stepping Motor. It consists of two phases and the five-phase: the general two-phase step angle of 1.8 degrees and the general five-phase step angle 0.72 degrees. The most widely used Stepper Motor.Stepper motor drive for energy savingThree-phase stepper motor drive special features:■180% low torque output, low frequency characteristics of a good run■Maximum output frequency 600Hz, high-speed motor control■full range of detection of protection (over voltage, under voltage, overload) instantaneous power failure restart■acceleration, deceleration, such as dynamic change in the stall protection function to prevent■Electrical dynamic parameters of automatic recognition function to ensure stability and accuracy of the system■quick response and high-speed shutdown■abundant and flexible input and output interface and control, versatility■use of SMT production and three full-mount anti-paint treatment process, product stability and high■full range of Siemens IGBT power devices using the latest, to ensure the quality of high-qualityBasic principlesUsually for the permanent magnet rotor motor, when current flows through the stator windings, the stator windings produce a magnetic field vector. The magnetic field will lead to a rotor angle of the magnetic field makes the direction of a rotor and the stator's magnetic field direction. When the stator magnetic field vector rotating at an angle. As the rotor magnetic field is also transferred from another perspective. An electrical pulse for each input, the motor turning a point forward. It is the angular displacement of the output and input the number of pulses proportional to speed and pulse frequency is proportional to. Power to change the order of winding, the motor will reverse. Therefore, the number of available control pulse, frequency and power the motor windings of each phase in order to control the stepper motor rotation. Reaction Stepper MotorAs the response to stepping motor works is relatively simple. The following describes the first principle of three-phase stepping motor response.1, the structure: uniformly distributed rotor with many small teeth, the stator excitation windings of three teeth, the geometric axis of the rotor tooth axis in order were staggered. 0,1 / 3 て, 2 / 3 て, (adjacent to the two axes of the rotor tooth pitch distance between the てsaid), that is, with the teeth a relatively homogeneous A, B and staggered tooth 2 to the right 1 / 3 て, C and the right to stagger tooth 3 2 / 3 て, A 'and the tooth 5 is relatively homogeneous, (A' is A, is the gear teeth 5 1) The following is the rotor's expansion plan:2, rotation: If the A-phase power, B, C phase is not energized, the magnetic field,alignment of teeth 1 and A, (without any power of the rotor are the same the following). Such as the B-phase power, A, C phase is not energized, gear 2, and B should be aligned, when the rotor over to the right 1 / 3 て, this time offset teeth 3 and C 1 / 3 て, teeth 4 and A shift (て-1 / 3 te) = 2 / 3 て. Such as the C-phase power, A, B phase is not energized, gear 3, and C should be aligned, this time right off the rotor Youxiang 1 / 3 て, 4 and A gear shift time is 1 / 3 てalignment. Such as the A-phase power, B, C phase is not energized, 4 and A-aligned teeth, the rotor Youxiang right over 1 / 3 てso after A, B, C, A are energized, gear 4 (ie, the previous tooth 1 teeth) to the A-phase, rotor to the right around a pitch, if you continue to press the A, B, C, A ... ... power, the motor for each step (per pulse) 1 / 3 て, Rotate Right. Such as by A, C, B, A ... ... power, the motor to reverse. This shows that: the location and speed of motor conduction times by the (number of pulses) and frequency into one relationship. The direction determined by the conductivity of the order. However, out of torque, smooth, noise and reduce the angle considerations. Often with A-AB-B-BC-C-CA-A this conductive state, so that each step the original 1 / 3 てchanged to 1 / 6 て. Even through different combinations of two-phase current, so 1 / 3 てinto 1 / 12 て, 1 / 24, te, which is the basic theory of the motor-driven basis for subdivision. Easily introduced: m phase on the stator excitation windings, the axis of the rotor tooth axis were offset 1 / m, 2 / m ... ... (m-1) / m, 1. And conductivity at a certain phase sequence reversing motor can be controlled - this is the rotation of the physical conditions. As long as we meet this condition can theoretically create any phase stepper motor, because of cost, and many other considerations, the market generally two, three, four, five-phase is more.3, the torque: the motor once energized, will produce between the stator and rotor magnetic field (magnetic flux Ф) when the rotor and stator stagger angle to produce force F and (dФ / dθ) is proportional to S the magnetic flux Ф = Br * S Br for the flux density, F and S for the magnetic area of L * D * Br core is proportional to L, effective length, D is rotor diam eter Br = N • I / RN • I was excited winding ampere turns (current x turns) R for the magnetic resistance. Torque = force * radius of the torque and the motor turns the effective volume * An * is proportional to the flux density (only consider the linear state), therefore, the greater the effective volume of the motor, the greater the excitation ampere turns, the smaller air gap between stator and rotor, the motor torque, and vice versa.Induction Stepping Motor1, features: Induction, compared with the traditional reactive, structural reinforced with a permanent magnet rotor, in order to provide the working point of soft magnetic materials, and the stator excitation magnetic field changes only need to provide to provide the operating point of the consumption of magnetic materials energy, so the motor efficiency, current, low heat. Due to the presence of permanent magnets, the motor has a strong EMF, the damping effect of its own good, it is relatively stable during operation, low noise, low frequency vibration. Induction can be seen as somewhat low-speed synchronous motor. A four-phase motor can be used for four-phase operation, but also can be used for two-phase operation. (Must be bipolarvoltage drive), while the motor is not so reactive. For example: four phase, eight-phase operation (A-AB-B-BC-C-CD-D-DA-A) can use two-phase eight-shot run. Not difficult to find the conditions for C =, D =. a two-phase motor's internal winding consistent with the four-phase motors, small power motors are generally directly connected to the second phase, the power of larger motor, in order to facilitate the use and flexible to change the dynamic characteristics of the motor, its external connections often lead to eight (four-phase), so that when used either as a four-phase motors used, can be used for two-phase motor winding in series or parallel.2, classificationInduction motors can be divided in phases: two-phase motor, three phase motor, four-phase motor, five-phase motor. The frame size (motor diameter) can be divided into: 42BYG (BYG the Induction Stepping motor code), 57BYG, 86BYG, 110BYG, (international standard), and like 70BYG, 90BYG, 130BYG and so are the national standards.3, the stepper motor phase number of static indicators of terms: very differently on the N, S the number of magnetic field excitation coil. Common m said. Beat number: complete the necessary cyclical changes in a magnetic field pulses or conducting state with n said, or that turned a pitch angle of the motor pulses needed to four-phase motor, for example, a four-phase four-shot operation mode that AB -BC-CD-DA-AB, shot eight four-phase operation mode that A-AB-B-BC-C-CD-D-DA-A. Step angle: corresponds to a pulse signal, the angular displacement of the rotor turned with θ said. θ = 360 degrees(the rotor teeth number of J * run shot), the conventional two, four-phase, the rotor teeth 50 tooth motor as an example. Four step run-time step angle θ = 360 ° / (50 * 4) = 1.8 degrees (commonly called the whole step), eight-shot running step angle θ = 360 ° / (50 * 8) = 0.9 degrees (commonly known as half step.) Location torque: the motor is not energized in the state, its locked rotor torque (as well as by the magnetic field profile of harmonics caused by mechanical error) static torque: the motor under the rated static electricity, the motor without rotation, the motor shaft locking torque. The motor torque is a measure of volume (geometry) standards, and drive voltage and drive power, etc. has nothing to do. Although the static torque is proportional to the electromagnetic magnetizing ampere turns, and fixed air gap between the rotor teeth on, but over-use of reduced air gap, increase the excitation ampere-turns to increase the static torque is not desirable, this will cause the motor heating and mechanical noise.4, the dynamic indicators and terminology:1, step angle accuracy: turn a stepper motor step angle for each actual value with the theoretical value of the error. Expressed as a percentage: Error / Step Angle * 100%. Its value is the number of different running different beat, four beat running should be within 5%, eight runs should take less than 15%.2 step: the motor running operation steps, is not equal to the theoretical number of steps. Called the step.3, offset angle: the axis of the rotor tooth offset angle of the axis of the stator teeth, the motor is running there will be misalignment angle, the error caused by themisalignment angle, using division drive can not be solved.4, the maximum no-load starting frequency: a drive motor in the form of voltage and rated current, in the case without load, the maximum frequency can be started directly.5, the maximum operating frequency of load: a drive motor in the form of voltage and rated current, the motor maximum speed with no load frequency.6, running torque-frequency characteristics: the motor under test conditions in a measured frequency of operation between the output torque and running torque curve is called the frequency characteristic curve which is the motor number of the most important dynamic is the fundamental basis for motor selection. As shown below: There used to frequency characteristics of other features, starting frequency characteristics. Electrical Once selected, the motor torque to determine the static and dynamic torque is not the case, the motor torque depends on the dynamics of the average motor current (rather than static current), the average current increases, the greater the output torque of the motor, that motor frequency characteristics of the more hard. As shown below: where the maximum curve 3 current, or voltages; curve a minimum current, or voltage is the lowest curve and the load maximum speed of the intersection point of the load. For the average current, voltage increase as much as possible, so that the use of small inductor high current motor.7, the resonance point of the motor: stepping motor has a fixed resonance region, two, four-phase Induction in the resonance region is generally between 180-250pps (1.8 degree step angle) or about the 400pps (step angle 0.9 degrees), the higher the motor drive voltage, motor current increases, the lighter the load, the smaller the size the motor, the resonance shift upward, and vice versa, the motor output torque is large, yet further, and the whole system noise reduction, the general operating point should be offset more resonance.8, motor reversing control: timing is energized when the motor windings AB-BC-CD-DA or () is a positive turn, power the timing for the DA-CD-BC-AB or () when reversed.Some of the basic parameters of the stepper motorNatural step angle motorIt said each of the control system sends a pulse signal, the motor rotation angle. Motor factory, a step angle is given a value, such as 86BYG250A motors is given in 0.9 ° / 1.8 ° (half-step work that is 0.9 °, when the work of the whole step 1.8 °), the step angle can be called 'natural step angle motor', which is not necessarily true when the actual work the motor step angle, the real step angle and drive on.Stepper motor step angle is usually the general computing β calculated as follows.β= 360 ° / (Z • m • K)Where β-stepper motor step angle;Z-rotor teeth;m-phase stepper motor number;K-control factor, the film is the ratio of the number of coefficients with the phase numberPhase stepper motorRefers to the number of the motor coil group, the commonly used two-phase, three phase, four-phase, five-phase stepper motor. Different number of motor phases, the step angle is different, the general two-phase motor step angle of 0.9 °/ 1.8 °, three-phase for the 0.75 ° / 1.5 °, five-phase for the 0.36 ° / 0.72 °. In the absence of sub-drive, the user select a different number of phases depends mainly on the stepper motor step angle to meet their own requirements. If you use the sub-drive, the 'phases' will become meaningless, the user simply changes in the subdivision number on the drive, you can change the step angle.Holding torque (HOLDING TORQUE)Stepper motor is energized but no rotation, the stator locked rotor torque. It is the stepper motor one of the most important parameters, usually when the stepper motor torque at low speed near the holding torque. As the stepper motor's output torque increases with the speed and continuous attenuation, output power increases with the speed change, so keep the torque stepper motor to become a measure of one of the most important parameters. For example, when people say 2N.m the stepper motor in case of no special note is the holding torque of the stepper motor for the 2N.m. DETENT TORQUE:Stepper motor is not energized, the stator locked rotor torque. DETENT TORQUE translation in the country there is no uniform way, easy to misunderstand us; the reaction is not a permanent magnet stepper motor rotor material, so it does not DETENT TORQUE.Characteristics of the stepper motor1. The general accuracy of the stepper motor step angle of 3-5%, and not cumulative.2. Appearance of the stepper motor to allow the maximum temperature.Stepper motor causes the motor temperature is too high the first magnetic demagnetization, resulting in loss of torque down even further, so the motor surface temperature should be the maximum allowed depending on the motor demagnetization of magnetic material points; Generally speaking, the magnetic demagnetization points are above 130 degrees Celsius, and some even as high as 200 degrees Celsius, so the stepper motor surface temperature of 80-90 degrees Celsius is normal.3. Stepper motor torque will decrease with the increase of speed.When the stepper motor rotates, the motor winding inductance of each phase will form a reverse electromotive force; the higher the frequency the greater the back emf. In its role, the motor with frequency (or speed) increases with the phase current decreases, resulting in decreased torque.4. Low-speed stepper motor can operate normally, but if not higher than a certain speed to start, accompanied by howling.Stepper motor has a technical parameters: no-load starting frequency, ie the stepper motor with no load to start the normal pulse frequency, pulse frequency is higher than the value if the motor does not start, you may lose steps or stall occurs. In the case of a load, start frequency should be lower. If you want the motor to achieve high-speed rotation, the pulse frequency should speed up the process, which started lower frequency, and then rise by a certain acceleration of the desired frequency(motor speed from low rise to high-speed).Stepper motor with its significant features, in the era of digital manufacturing play an important purpose. Along with the different development of digital technology and the stepper motor itself, improvements in technology, the stepper motor will be applied in more fields.。

郑州航空工业管理学院英文翻译2014 届电气工程及其自动化专业班级姓名学号指导教师职称二О一四年 2 月22 日Stepper motorStepper motor is the electrical pulse signal into angular displacement or linear displacement of an open loop stepper motor control element pieces . In the case of non- overloading , motor speed , stopped position depends only on the number of pulse frequency and pulse signals , which are not affected by changes in load , when stepper drive receives a pulse signal , it will drive a stepper motor the rotational direction is set to a fixed angle , referred to as " step angle ", which is fixed to the rotational angle of the step by step operation . The number of pulses can be controlled by controlling the amount of angular displacement , so as to achieve accurate positioning ; while the pulse frequency can be controlled by controlling the motor rotation speed and acceleration to achieve speed control purposes .1. basic introductionStepper motor is an induction motor, it works by using an electronic circuit .The DC power into power -sharing , multi-phase timing control current, this current is powered stepper motor , stepper motor to work properly, the stepper motor drive is powered -sharing , multi-phase timing controller .Although the stepper motor has been widely used, but the stepper motor does not like an ordinary DC motors, AC motors for use in routine under . It must be by a two- ring pulse signal , power driver circuit composed of the control system can be used. So make good use of a stepper motor , but not easy, it involves a lot of expertise in mechanical ,electrical , electronics and computers.Stepper motors as actuators , is one of the key products of mechatronics , widely used in a variety of automated control systems. With the development of microelectronics and computer technology, the growing demand for stepper motor , has applications in various fields of national economy .Stepper motor is an electrical pulse into the angular displacement of the actuator. Plainly speaking : When the stepper drive receives a pulse signal , it will drive a stepper motor to set the direction of rotation of a fixed angle ( ie, step angle ) . The number of pulses can be controlled by controlling the amount of angular displacement , so as to achieve accurate positioning ; while the pulse frequency can be controlled by controlling the motor rotation speed and acceleration to achieve speed control purposes .2. major categoriesThere are three main types of stepper motors in the structure : Reaction (Variable Reluctance, VR), permanent magnet (Permanent Magnet, PM) and hybrid (Hybrid Stepping, HS).Reaction: the stator windings , the rotor soft magnetic material. Simple structure, low cost , small step angle up to 1.2 °, but poor dynamic performance , low efficiency, heat a large , difficult to guarantee reliability .Permanent magnet : permanent magnet stepper motors with permanent magnet rotor material, the number of poles of the rotor and the stator of the same number of poles . Which is characterized by good dynamicperformance, output torque, this motor but poor accuracy , a large step angle (typically 7.5 ° or 15 °).Hybrid : a combination of hybrid stepping motors and permanent magnet reactive advantage of its multi-phase windings on the stator , the rotor permanent magnet material , the rotor and the stator teeth are a number of small steps to improve the accuracy of the moment . It features an output torque, good dynamic performance, step angle is small, but the structure is complex, the cost is relatively high.Press the stator windings to points , a total of two-phase , three-phase and five equal series. Most popular is the two-phase hybrid stepping motor , accounting for more than 97 % market share , the reason is the high cost , coupled with good results after the breakdown of the drive. This kind of basic step angle of the motor 1.8 °/ step , half step back coupled with the drive to reduce the step angle of 0.9 °, coupled with sub-drive after its step angle can be broken up to 256 -fold (0.007 °/ micro step ) . Due to friction and manufacturing precision and other reasons , the actual control accuracy is slightly lower . Same stepper motors can be equipped with different segments of the drive to change the precision and effectiveness.3. selection methodStepper motor and drive selection methods :Determine how much torque is required : static torque stepper motor is to choose one of the main parameters. Load is large, requires the use of high torque motor. Indicators big moment , the motor appearance is also large.Determine motor speed : high speed requirements , should be selected phase current is larger , smaller inductor motors to increase power input. And select the drive when using higher supply voltages.Select motor installation specifications : as 57,86,110 , the main requirements for the moment .Determine the precision positioning requirements and vibration aspects of the case : to determine whether the required segments, the number of segments required .According to the motor current , supply voltage breakdown and select the drive .4. Basic PrinciplesWorksThe rotor is a permanent magnet motor typically , when a current flows through the stator windings , the stator winding generates a magnetic field vector . The rotating magnetic field to drive the rotor at an angle such that the magnetic field of the stator is consistent with a direction of the magnetic field of the rotor. When the stator magnetic field vector rotation angle. As the rotors turn a field angle . Each input an electrical pulse , the motor rotation angle forward. The number of pulses proportional to the angular displacement of the output and its input , the pulse frequency is proportional to the rotational speed . Change the order of the winding is energized , the motor will reverse. Therefore, the number of pulses can be used to control power-on sequence , frequency and motor windings to control each phase stepper motor rotation .Fever principleUsually see all kinds of motors , are all inside the core and windings . Windings resistance , power will produce loss , the loss is proportional to the square of the size of the resistance and current , and this is what we often say that the copper losses , if the current is not a standard DC or sine wave , but also produce harmonic losses ; core has hysteresis eddy current effect , in the alternating magnetic field will produce losses , its size and materials , current, frequency , voltage dependent , called iron loss. Copper and iron losses are manifested in the form of heat , thus affecting the efficiency of the motor . Stepper motors are generally pursue positioning accuracy and torque output , efficiency is relatively low, the current is generally relatively large, and the high harmonic components , the frequency of the alternating current with the speed of change, thus stepping motor widespread fever cases and situations than the general severe AC motor .5. major tectonicStepping motor is also called a stepper , which uses the principle of electromagnetic , mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy , People as early as the 1920s began to use this motor . As embedded systems ( such as printers, disk drives , toys, wipers, pager vibration , mechanical arm and video recorders , etc. ) of the increasingly popular use of the stepper motor also began surge. Whether in industrial, military , medical, automotive or entertainment industry , as long as a piece of the object needs to be moved from one location to another , the stepper motor will certainly come in handy. Stepper motors have many shapes and sizes, but regardless of how the shape and size , they can be classified into two categories : a variable reluctance stepper motors and permanent magnetstepper motors.A stepper motor is wound on the motor fixing part - the stator coils driven alveolar . Typically , a ring-shaped metal wire called a solenoid winding , and in the motor , the teeth around the winding wire is called the coil or phase .6. index termsStatic index terms1, number of phases : produce different on pole N, S magnetic excitation coil pairs. Common m said .2, Beats: cyclical changes in the magnetic field required to complete a number of pulses or conductive state with n, or refer to the motor turned a pitch angle required number of pulses to four-phase motor, for example , there are four ways with four -run shot that AB-BC-CD-DA-AB, four-phase eight-shot operation That way A-AB-B-BC-C-CD-D-DA-A. 3, step angle : corresponds to a pulse signal , the angular displacement of the rotor turn is repre sented by θ. θ = 360 degrees / ( number of rotor teeth * run shot ) to the conventional two , four-phase , the rotor teeth 50 teeth motor, for example . Four beats running step angle is θ = 360 degrees / ( 50 * 4 ) = 1.8 degrees ( commonly known as the full step ) , eight-shot operation step angle of θ = 360 degrees / ( 50 * 8 ) = 0.9 degrees ( commonly known as half-step ) .4, the detent torque : motor is not energized in the state itself locked rotor torque ( harmonics and mechanical error by the magnetic field caused by the tooth ) .5, static torque : motor at rated static electricity effect, the motor doesnot rotates when the motor shaft locking torque. This moment is a measure of the volume of the standard motor , regardless of the driving voltage and driving power supply. Although static torque is proportional to the electromagnetic excitation ampere-turns , and set the air gap between the rotor teeth related, but over the use of the air gap decreases , increasing the excitation ampere-turns to increase the static torque is not desirable, this will cause motor heating and mechanical noise.Dynamic Indicators term1,step angle accuracy: stepper motor turned every error between the actual value and the theoretical value of a step angle . Expressed as a percentage : error / step angle * 100 %. Different running different beats its value , when the four -run shot in the 5% ,eight shot should run less than 15 %.2, step : the number of steps the motor running operation does not mean that the theoretical number of steps . Called out of step .3, the offset angle: rotor stator teeth tooth axis shift axis angle , the motor is running there must be offset angle , angle error generated by the imbalance , driven by subdivision can not be solved .4, he maximum no-load starting frequency : motor in the form of a drive voltage and rated current, in the case without the load, the maximum frequency can directly start .5, the operating frequency of the maximum load : the motor in the form of a drive voltage and rated current, the maximum speed of the motor with no load frequency .6, running torque characteristics : Measured motor running undercertain test conditions the output torque versus frequency curve is called the running torque-frequency characteristic , which is the motor of many dynamic curve of the most important , but also the fundamental basis for the motor selection.Other features include inertia frequency characteristics, starting frequency characteristics. Once the motor is selected, the static torque of the motor is determined , and dynamic moment is not the case , the dynamic torque motor depends on the average current ( rather than static current ) motor is running , the average current , the greater the motor output torque that the motor frequency characteristics of the harder . For the average current, the drive voltage to maximize the use of small high-current inductor motor .7, the resonance point of the motor : stepper motor has a fixed resonance region , two , four-phase Induction resonance zone is generally between 180-250pps ( step angle of 1.8 degrees ) , or about 400pps ( step angle 0.9 degrees ) , the higher the motor drive voltage , motor current increases, the lighter the load , motor size smaller, the upward shift resonance region , and vice versa , so that the motor output torque is large , and the entire system without losing step noise reduction , general working point should shift more resonance region .8, motor reversing control : the timing of when the motor windings are energized for the forward , the timing is energized when AB-BC-CD-DA or () DA-CD-BC-AB or ( ) when inverted.7. features characteristicThe main features1, the general accuracy of the stepper motor step angle of 3-5 % , and does not accumulate.2, the appearance of the stepper motor maximum temperature allowed . First, make a stepper motor temperature magnetic motor demagnetization ,Resulting in the loss of torque down even further , so the maximum temperature of the motor should be allowed depending on the appearance of magnetic motor demagnetization points ; generally speaking, magnetic demagnetization points above 130 degrees Celsius , and some even as high as 200 degrees Celsius above , so the stepper motor surface temperature at 80-90 degrees Celsius completely normal .3, stepper motor torque will increase with the speed of decline .When the stepping motor rotates , the inductance of the motor windings of each phase will form a counter electromotive force ; the higher the frequency, the greater the back EMF . In its role, the motor with frequency ( or speed ) increases the phase current is reduced , resulting in decreased torque .4, the stepper motor can operate normally at low , but if more than a certain speed will not start , accompanied by howling.Stepper motor has a technical parameter : load starting frequency , ie stepper motor under no-load conditions to start the normal pulse frequency , if the pulse frequency is higher than this value, the motor does not start properly , you may lose steps or stall . Under a load , the starting frequency should be lower . If you want the motor to achieve high-speed rotation , the pulse frequency should speed up the process ,which starts at lower frequencies , and then rise to the hope that at a certain acceleration frequency ( motor speed rise from low speed ) . Stepper motor with its remarkable features in the era of digital manufacturing plays a significant purpose. Along with improving the different development of digital technology and the technology itself, stepper motor , stepper motors will be applied in more fields .Key FeaturesA stepping motor can be operated must be added before the drive , the drive signal is a pulse signal to be no pulse when the stepping motor is stationary, if the addition of a suitable pulse signal will at a certain angle ( called a step angle ) is rotated. Rotational speed and the pulse frequency is proportional to .2, phase stepper motor step angle of 7.5 degrees, 360 degrees around , you need to complete the 48 pulses .3, stepper motor with instant start and stop the rapid superior characteristics .4, change the order of the pulse , you can easily change the direction of rotation .Therefore , printers , plotters , robotics and other equipment to the stepper motor driven core .8. speed methodStepper motor pulse signal is converted to angular displacement or linear displacement .First, the overload is good. Its speed independent of load size , unlikeordinary motor when the load increase rate decline occurs when using the stepper motor speed and position , there are stringent requirements.The second is easy to control. Stepper motors are "steps" as a unit rotation , digital features more obvious .Third, the whole structure is simple . Traditional mechanical speed and position control structure is complicated , difficult to adjust after using stepper motors , which makes it simple and compact structure . Motor rotation speed is converted into a voltage , and passed as a feedback signal to the input terminal . Tacho is an auxiliary motor , the motor is installed at the end of the ordinary speed DC motor , the voltage generated by the motor speed feedback to the DC power supply, DC motor speed control to achieve the purpose .9. function module designThis module can be divided into the following three parts:· SCM system : control of stepper motors ;· Peripheral circuits : PIC microcontroller interface circuit and stepper motors ;· PIC procedure : Write SCM stepper electric power machine interface program to achieve output of the triangular wave signal.( 1 ) stepper motor and microcontroller interface .SCM is the excellent performance of the control processor, stepper motor control , interface components must have the following features.① voltage isolation .SCM work at 5V, while the stepper motor is working in dozens of V, or even higher. Once the voltage to the microcontroller series stepper motor , it will damage the microcontroller ; signals would interfere with chip stepper motor , the system may also lead to errors in the work , so the interface device must have isolation .② messaging functions.Interface components should be able to pass information to the microcontroller stepper motor control circuit generates control information needed work , corresponding to different ways of working, interface components should be able to produce a corresponding job control waveform.③ produce different frequencies required .To the stepping motor at different speeds to suit different purposes , interface components should produce different operating frequencies . ( 2 ) V oltage Isolation interface.Isolation voltage isolation interface dedicated to the low-pressure part of the microcontroller and the stepper motor drive circuit high-voltage part , to ensure that they work properly.V oltage pulse transformer isolation interface or optical isolator is basically the use of optical isolators. Microcontroller output signal can be sent directly to the TTL gate or base of the transistor , and then driven by the transistor optocoupler devices emitting diodes.Light -emitting diodes on the opto-coupler devices inside the photodiode , converted into electrical signals , go drive a stepper motor power amplifier circuit , current amplification interface is a stepper motoramplifier circuit preamplifier circuit . Its role is to optical isolator output signal current amplification in order to provide enough power amplifier circuit drive current .( 3 ) Work interface and frequency generator .MCU controlled stepper motor requires the input and output interfaces for controlling stepper motors using three I / 0 lines, this time, the microcontroller I / O port RA0, RAI, RA2 control three-phase stepping motor .10. advantages and defectsAdvantage1, the angle of rotation of the motor is proportional to the number of pulses ;2, when the motor is stopped with a maximum torque ( when winding excitation time ) ;3, the accuracy of each step in the three percent to five percent , but the error will not accumulate to the next step and thus a better position accuracy and repeatability movement ;4, excellent response from the stop and reverse ;5, since there is no brush , high reliability, and therefore the life of the motor depends only on bearing life ;6, only the response of the motor is determined by the digital input pulse , which can be open-loop control, which makes the structure of the motor can be relatively simple and cost control ;7, only the load can be connected directly to a very low speed synchronous rotation on the shaft of the motor ;8, since the speed is proportional to the pulse frequency , and thus a relatively wide speed range.Defect1, if not properly controlled prone resonance ;2, the high speed operation is difficult ;3, it is difficult to obtain a large torque ;4, there is no advantage, low energy efficiency in terms of volume and weight ;5, more than the load will destroy the synchronization , will be issued when the high speed vibration and noise .11. drive methodStepper motors can be connected directly to the power frequency AC or DC power source to work , but must use a dedicated stepper motor driver , which occurs by the pulse control unit , power drive unit , the protection unit and so on. Stepper motor drive unit with direct coupling , can also be interpreted as a stepper motor controller microprocessor power connector.12. drive requirements1, can provide rapid current rise and fall times ,Current waveform as close as possible to make a rectangle .With a cut-off period for the release of the current flow loop to reducethe back electromotive force at both ends of the windings and accelerate the current decay .2, has a high rhyme power and efficiency.Stepper motor driver , which is a pulse signal into the control system of the angular displacement of the stepper motor , or : a control signal for each pulse issued by the stepper motor drive of a step angle of rotation . That frequency is proportional to the speed of the stepper motor pulse signal. So to control the frequency pulse signal , the speed of the motor can be accurately ; controlled stepper pulse number , you can pinpoint the motor . There are a lot of stepper motor drive , power requirements should be based on the actual reasonable choice drive.13. Major ApplicationsSelect the stepper motorThere are step angle stepping motor ( related to the number of phases ) , static torque , and the current composition of the three elements .Once identified three elements , the stepper motor model has determined.1, step angle selectionStep motor angle accuracy depends on the load requirements , the minimum resolution of the load ( equivalent ) conversion to the motor shaft , the number of angles ( including gear ) for each equivalent motor should go. Step motor angle should be equal to or less than this angle. Step angle stepping motor on the market are generally 0.36 °/ 0.72 °( five-phase motors ) , 0.9 degrees / 1.8 degrees ( two , four-phase motor ) , 1.5 degrees / 3 degrees ( three-phase motors ) and so on.2, static moment of choiceDynamic torque stepper motor is difficult to determine all of a sudden , we tend to first determine the static torque of the motor. The choice is based on static torque load on the motor work, and the inertia of the load and the load can be divided into two kinds of friction load . Single inertia load and a single load is not present in friction . When direct start ( generally low ) when the two loads are to be considered , the main consideration inertial load during acceleration start, constant run into just consider friction loads. Under normal circumstances, the static torque should be 2-3 times the load of friction is good, static torque Once selected, the machine base and be able to determine the length of the motor down ( geometry ) .3, the current selectionLike static torque motors , due to the different current parameters , their operating characteristics vary greatly, can be based on torque-frequency characteristic curve , determine the motor current . Application note points1, the stepper motor used in low-speed situations --- rpm less than 1000 rpm , ( 0.9 degrees 6666PPS), preferably using 1000-3000PPS (0.9 degrees ) between , can make it work here through deceleration devices, At this high electrical efficiency, low noise ;2, the stepper motor is best not to use the state of the whole step , whole step when the state of vibration ;3, due to historical reasons, only a nominal voltage of 12V 12V motors , the voltage value other than the motor drive voltage V value, drive selectdriving voltage according to ( suggestions : 57BYG DC 24V-36V, 86BYG DC 50V, 110BYG using higher than the DC 80V), of course, in addition to 12 volts 12V constant voltage driver can also use other external power supply, but to consider the temperature rise ;4, the moment of inertia of the load should choose a large frame size motors ;5, when compared with the high-speed motor or high inertia loads , generally do not start working speed , and the use of up- speed gradually , without losing a step motor , two noise can be reduced while improving the positioning accuracy is stopped ;6, high-precision, through mechanical reduction should improve motor speed , or high number of sub-drive to solve, 5 -phase motor can also be used , but the prices of its entire system more expensive , less manufacturer , which is eliminated argument is the layman ;7, the vibration motor in the region should not , should be resolved by changing the voltage , current, or add some damping ;8, motor 600PPS (0.9 degrees ) following work should be low current , high inductance , low voltage to drive ;9, after the first election should follow the principle of the drive motor option .步进电机步进电机是将电脉冲信号转变为角位移或线位移的开环控制元步进电机件。

步进电机的的基本原理中英文翻译English translation of the stepping motor basic principle步进电机作为执行元件,是机电一体化的关键产品之一,广泛应用在各种自动化控制系统中。

随着微电子和计算机技术的发展,步进电机的需求量与日俱增,在各个国民经济领域都有应用。

The stepping motor as executing components, electromechanical integration is one of the key products, widely used in a variety of automatic control systems. With the development of microelectronics and computer technology, the stepper motor demand grow with each passing day, has been applied in various fields of the national economy.步进电机是一种将电脉冲转化为角位移的执行机构。

当步进驱动器接收到一个脉冲信号,它就驱动步进电机按设定的方向转动一个固定的角度(称为“步距角”),它的旋转是以固定的角度一步一步运行的。

可以通过控制脉冲个数来控制角位移量,从而达到准确定位的目的;同时可以通过控制脉冲频率来控制电机转动的速度和加速度,从而达到调速的目的。

步进电机可以作为一种控制用的特种电机,利用其没有积累误差(精度为100%)的特点,广泛应用于各种开环控制。

Stepping motor is a kind of electrical pulses into angular displacement of the implementing agencies. When stepping drive receives a pulse signal, it drives stepper motor rotate in the direction set by a fixed angle ( called the " step " ), it is the rotation at a fixed angle step by step operation. The number of pulses to control the amount of angular displacement through the control, so as to achieve the purpose of accurate positioning; also can control the pulse frequency to control motor rotation speed and acceleration, so as to achieve the purpose of speed. Special motor stepper motor control can be used as a, using its no accumulation of error ( accuracy of 100% ) characteristics, widely used in all kinds of open-loop control.现在比较常用的步进电机包括反应式步进电机(VR)、永磁式步进电机(PM)、混合式步进电机(HB)和单相式步进电机等。

电机行业专业英语单词集以下是一些电机行业常见的专业英语单词：1. 电动机（Motor）2. 发电机（Generator）3. 直流电机（DC Motor）4. 交流电机（AC Motor）5. 永磁电机（Permanent Magnet Motor）6. 电励磁电机（Electro-Excited Motor）7. 感应电机（Induction Motor）8. 同步电机（Synchronous Motor）9. 异步电机（Asynchronous Motor）10. 伺服电机（Servo Motor）11. 步进电机（Stepper Motor）12. 马达（Motor的俚）13. 控制器（Controller）14. 变速器（Gearbox）15. 电刷（Brush）16. 电动机驱动器（Motor Driver）17. 电源（Power Supply）18. 转子（Rotor）19. 定子（Stator）20. 线圈（Coil）21. 轴承（Bearing）22. 绝缘材料（Insulation Material）23. 电磁场（Electromagnetic Field）24. 热管理（Thermal Management）25. 能效（Energy Efficiency）26. 噪音与振动（Noise and Vibration）27. 维护与修理（Maintenance and Repair）28. 环境影响（Environmental Impact）29. 测试与验证（Testing and Verification）30. 安全与可靠性（Safety and Reliability）31. 材料科学（Materials Science）32. 控制理论（Control Theory）33. CAD/CAM/CAE (Computer-Aided Design / Manufacturing / Engineering)34. AI/ML (Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning)35. UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply)36. EMI (Electromagnetic Interference)37. RFI (Radio Frequency Interference)38. ECM (Electronic Speed Controller)39. PM (Permanent Magnet)40. FET (Field Effect Transistor)41. SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier)42. MCU (Microcontroller Unit)43. PCB (Printed Circuit Board)44. FET (Field-Effect Transistor)45. IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor)46. LSI (Large Scale Integration)47. ASIC (Application-Specific Integrated Circuit)48. PMSM (Pole-Phase-Modulated Synchronous Motor)49. BLDC (Brushless Direct Current Motor)50. ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter)51. PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)52. VFD (Variable Frequency Drive)53. DTC (Direct Torque Control)54. VSD (Variable Speed Drive)55. ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter)56. DAC (Digital-to-Analog Converter)57. DSC (Digital Signal Controller)58. PFC (Power Factor Correction)等等。

Knowledge of the stepper motorWhat is a stepper motorStepper motor is a kind of electrical pulses into angular displacement of the implementing agency. Popular little lesson: When the driver receives a step pulse signal, it will drive a stepper motor to set the direction of rotation at a fixed angle (and the step angle). You can control the number of pulses to control the angular displacement, so as to achieve accurate positioning purposes; the same time you can control the pulse frequency to control the motor rotation speed and acceleration, to achieve speed control purposes.What kinds of stepper motor sub-In three stepper motors: permanent magnet (PM), reactive (VR) and hybrid (HB) permanent magnet stepper usually two-phase, torque, and smaller, step angle of 7.5 degrees or the general 15 degrees; reaction step is generally three-phase, can achieve high torque output, step angle of 1.5 degrees is generally, but the noise and vibration are large. 80 countries in Europe and America have been eliminated; hybrid stepper is a mix of permanent magnet and reactive advantages. It consists of two phases and the five-phase: two-phase step angle of 1.8 degrees while the general five-phase step angle of 0.72 degrees generally. The most widely used Stepper Motor.What is to keep the torque (HOLDING TORQUE)Holding torque (HOLDING TORQUE) is the stepper motor power but no rotation, the stator locked rotor torque. It is the stepper motor one of the most important parameters, usually when the stepper motor torque at low speed near the holding torque. As the stepper motor's output torque increases with the speed and continuous attenuation, output power increases with the speed change, so keep the torque stepper motor to become a measure of one of the most important parameters. For example, when people say 2N.m the stepper motor in case of no special note is the holding torque of the stepper motor for the 2N.m.What is DETENT TORQUEDETENT TORQUE is the stepper motor is not energized, the stator locked rotor torque. DETENT TORQUE translation in the country there is no uniform way, easy to misunderstand us; the reaction is not a permanent magnet stepper motor rotor material, so it does not DETENT TORQUE.How much precision stepper motor? Whether the cumulativeThe general accuracy of the stepper motor step angle of 3-5%, and not cumulative. Stepper motor to allow the minimum amount of surface temperatureStepper motor causes the motor temperature is too high the first magneticdemagnetization, resulting in loss of torque down even further, so the motor surface temperature should be the maximum allowed depending on the motor demagnetization of magnetic material points; Generally speaking, the magnetic demagnetization points are above 130 degrees Celsius, and some even as high as 200 degrees Celsius, so the stepper motor surface temperature of 80-90 degrees Celsius is normal.Why is torque stepping motor will decrease with the increase of speed When the stepper motor rotates, the motor winding inductance of each phase will form a reverse electromotive force; the higher the frequency the greater the back emf. In its role, the motor with frequency (or speed) increases with the phase current decreases, resulting in decreased torque.Why is higher than a certain speed stepper motor will not startStepper motor has a technical parameters: no-load starting frequency, ie the stepper motor with no load to start the normal pulse frequency, pulse frequency is higher than the value if the motor does not start, you may lose steps or stall occurs. In the case of a load, start frequency should be lower. If you want the motor to achieve high-speed rotation, the pulse frequency should speed up the process, which started lower frequency, and then rise by a certain acceleration of the desired frequency (motor speed from low rise to high-speed).How to overcome the two-phase hybrid stepping motor vibration and noise Low-speed rotation of the stepper motor vibration and noise is an inherent disadvantage of a large, generally can be used to overcome the following programs: A. If the stepper motor just work in the resonance, by changing the gear ratio can be mechanical transmission to avoid the resonance region;B. sub-function used with the drive, which is the most common and easiest method;C. into a smaller step angle stepper motors, such as three or five-phase stepper motor;D. replace the AC servo motor, can be almost completely overcome the vibration and noise, but the cost is high;E. increase in the magnetic damper motor shaft, the product already on the market, but a larger change in mechanical structure.The breakdown of the number of sub-driver is able to represent the precision Subdivision stepper motor is essentially an electronic damping (see the literature), its main purpose is to weaken or eliminate low-frequency vibration of the stepper motor to improve the accuracy of the motor running with only one functional subdivision. For example, 1.8 ° step angle of the two-phase hybrid stepping motor, if the number of sub-segments of the drive is set to 4, then the motor running aresolution of each pulse 0.45 °, the precision can motor at or near 0.45 °, also depends on the breakdown of sub-drive current control accuracy and other factors. Breakdown of different manufacturers may vary significantly drive precision; subdivision greater precision the number of difficult control.Series connection and What is the difference and join lawFour-phase hybrid stepping motor and driver in series connection and the connection method and what is the difference?Four-phase hybrid stepping motor drives are generally two phases to drive, so connection can be used in series connection and the connection method or the four-phase motor connected into a two-phase use. Series connection is generally used where a low motor speed, this time need to drive the motor phase current output current of 0.7 times, so a small motor heating; and join law generally places a higher motor speed to use (also known as high-speed access method), the required drive output current 1.4 times the motor phase current, and thus a larger motor heat.How to determine the stepper motor driver DC power supplyA. Determination of the voltageHybrid stepping motor driver power supply voltage is generally a wide range (such as the IM483 supply voltage of 12 ~ 48VDC), the supply voltage is usually based on the work of the motor speed and response to the request to choose. If the motor operating speed higher or faster response to the request, then the voltage value is high, but note that the ripple voltage can not exceed the maximum input voltage of the drive, or it may damage the drive.B. Determination of CurrentPower supply current is generally based on the output phase current drive I to determine. If a linear power supply, power supply current is generally preferable 1.1 to 1.3 times the I; if we adopt the switching power supply, power supply current is generally preferable to I, 1.5 to 2.0 times.Hybrid stepping motor drive signal is FREE to use offlineFREE off-line signal when low, the drive output to the motor current is cut off, the rotor is in a free state (off state). In some automation equipment, uninterruptible power if the drive directly in cases of motor shaft rotation (manual mode), you can set FREE signal is low, the motor off, the manual operation or adjustment. Manual is completed, then the FREE signal set high, to continue to automatic control.How to adjust the power of two-phase stepper motor direction of rotationJust drive the motor wiring and A + and A-(or B + and B-) can be reversed.The main characteristics of stepping motorA stepper motor drive can be added operate pulse drive signal must be no pulse when the stepper motor at rest, such asIf adding the appropriate pulse signal, it will to a certain angle (called the step angle) rotation. Rotation speed and pulse frequency is proportional to.2 Dragon step angle stepper motor version is 7.5 degrees, 360 degrees around, takes 48 pulses to complete.3 stepper motor has instant start and rapid cessation of superior characteristics. Change the pulse of the order of 4, you can easily change the direction of rotation. Therefore, the current printers, plotters, robotics, and so devices are the core of the stepper motor as the driving force.Stepper motor control exampleWe use four-phase unipolar stepper motor as an example. The structure shown in Figure 1:Four four-phase winding leads (as opposed to phase A1 A2 B1 phase phase B2) and two public lines (to the power of positive). The windings of one phase to the power of the ground. So that the windings will be inspired. We use four-phase eight-beat control, ie, 1 phase 2 phase alternating turn, would enhance resolution.0.9 ° per step can be transferred to control the motor excitation is transferred in order as follows:If the requirements of motor reversal, the transmission excitation signal can be reversed. 2 control schemeControl system block diagram is as followsThe program uses AT89S51 as the main control device. It is compatible with the AT89C51, but also increased the SPI interface and the watchdog module, which not only makes the debugging process becomes easy and also more stable. The microcontroller in the program mainly for field signal acquisition and operation of the stepper motor to calculate the direction and speed information. Then sent to the CPLD. CPLD with EPM7128SLC84-15, EPM7128 programmable logic device of large-scale, for the ALTERA company's MAX7000 family. High impedance, electrically erasable and other characteristics, can be used for the 2500 unit, the working voltage of +5 V. CPLD receives information sent from the microcontroller after converted to the corresponding control signal output to the stepper motor drive. Put the control signal drives the motor windings after the input, to achieve effective control of the motor.2.1 The hardware structure of the motor driveMotor drive using the following circuit:R1-R8 in which the resistance value of 320Ω. R9-R12 resistance value 2.2KΩ.Q1-Q4 as Darlington D401A, Q5-Q8 for the S8550. J1, J2 and the stepper motor connected to the six-lead。