外交学院218二外英语2008年考研真题考研试题

外交学院硕士研究生入学考试专业课样题——二外英语（代码218）1号《》（代码218）Part I: Multiple Choices (20%)Section AkaoyantjDirections:In this section, there are 10 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the ONE answer that best complet es the sentence. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1. The police accused him of setting fire to the building but he denied ____ in the areaon the night of the fire.网络督察[A] to be [B] to have been [C] having been [D] be2. Thompson is the only one of the students who ____ to France.业[A] has been [B] have been [C] had been [D] has being3. Jean Wagner’s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it ____ in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.同济西苑[A] is to be analyzed [B] has been analyzed659 76674[C] be analyzed [D] should have been analyzed4. I didn’t know what to do but then an idea suddenly ____ to me.同济西苑[A] happened [B] entered 专[C] occurred [D] emerged5. ____ if you had lost your watch?6554 8814[A] Hadn’t you been upset[B] Weren’t you upset021-[C] Wouldn’t you be upset [D] Wouldn’t you have upset6. John would rather that Jane ____ to the party yesterday evening.021-[A] did not go [B] not go 同济[C] wouldn’t gone[D] had not gone7. The match was cancelled because most of the members ____ a match without a standard court.同济[A] objected to having [B] object to have密云路[C] were objected to have [D] were objected to having8. ____ from the tenth floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him.西门[A] Jumped down the burglar [B] Down the burglar jumped kaoyangj[C] The burglar jumps down [D] Down jumped the burglar9. Before the students set off, they spent much time setting a limit ____ to expenses ofthe trip.659 76674[A] to [B] about [C] in [D] for10. You should abide ____ your promise as a man of honor.共济[A] to [B] for [C] by [D] withSection B密云路Directions:In this section, you are required to select the one word or phrase that wou ld best match the meaning of the underlined part in the original sentence. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.11. Dr. Smith checked the patient’s signs carefully before making his statement.kaoyangj[A] symbols [B] symptoms [C] sinecures [D] synods12. Henry’s news report covering the conference was so exhaustive that nothing had beenomitted.1号[A] understanding [B] comprehensible[C] comprehensive [D] underlying13. The driver stopped at the crossroad as the traffic lights flashed.[A] pulled off [B] pulled round[C] pulled away [D] pulled up14. Motivation is a primary factor in learning.[A] Memorization [B] Aptitude[C] Intelligence [D] Incentive15. It is bad policy for the developing countries to sacrifice environmental protection to promote economic growth.[A] accelerate [B] further [C] discourage [D] weaken16. The world market is constantly changing. We must anticipate the changes and make timely adjustments.[A] regularly [B] steadily [C] scarcely [D] always17. Many people have the illusion that wealth is the chief source of happiness.[A] false idea [B] imagination[C] vision [D] impression18. Jack came to the party with a young woman, whom I assumed to be his girl friend.[A] pretended [B] supposed [C] resumed [D] granted19. They built the motel on the edge of an abandoned village.[A] immense [B] deserted [C] well-run [D] remote20. After receiving her check, Suzy endorsed it and took it to the bank.[A] destroyed [B] signed [C] folded [D] depositedPart II. Cloze (15%)Directions: There are 15 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are fou r choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D] below the paper. You should choose the ONE tha t best fits into the passage. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Cheques have largely replaced money as a means of exchanges, for they are widely accepted everywhere. Though this is very __21__ for both buyer and seller, it should not be forgotten that cheques are not real money: they are quite __22__ in themselves. A sho p-keeper always runs a certain __23__ when he accepts a cheque and he is quite __24__his rights if, on occasion, he refuses to do so.People do not always know this and are shocked if their good faith is called __25__. An old and every wealthy friend of mine told me he had an extremely unpleasant experi ence. He went to a famous jewellery shop which keeps a large __26__ of precious stones and asked to be shown some pearl necklaces. After examining several trays, he __27__ t o buy a particularly fine string of pearls and asked if he could pay by cheque. The assist ant said that this was quite __28__, but the moment my friend signed his name, he was invited into the manager’s office.The manager was very polite, but he explained that someone with __29__ the same name had presented them with a __30__ cheque not long ago. He told my friend that the police would arrive at any moment and he had better stay __31__ he wanted to get into serious trouble. __32__, the police arrived soon afterwards. They apologized to my friend for the __33__ and asked him to copy out a note which had been used by the thief in a number of shops. The not __34__: “I have a gun in my pocket. Ask no questions and give me all the money in the safe.” __35__, my friend’s handwriting was quite unlike thethief’s.21. [A] complicated [B] trivial [C] bearable [D] convenient22. [A] valueless [B] invaluable [C] valuable [D] indefinite23. [A] danger [B] change [C] risk [D] opportunity24. [A] within [B] beyond [C] without [D] out of25. [A] in difficulty [B] in doubt [C] in earnest [D] in question26. [A] amount [B] stock [C] number [D] store27. [A] considered [B] thought [C] conceived [D] decided28. [A] in order [B] in need [C] in use [D] in common29. [A] largely [B] mostly [C] exactly [D] extremely30. [A] worth [B] worthy [C] worthwhile [D] worthless31. [A] whether [B] if [C] otherwise [D] unless32. [A] Really [B] Sure enough [C] Certainly [D] However33. [A] treatment [B] manner [C] inconvenience [D] behavior34. [A] read [B] told [C] wrote [D] informed35. [A] Unfortunately [B] Fortunately [C] Naturally [D] BasicallyPart III. Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: There are 3 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questi ons or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. You should decide on the best choice and blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneMobility of individual members and family groups tends to split up family relationshi ps. Occasionally the movement of a family away from a situation which has been the sou rce of friction results in greater family organization, but on the whole mobility is disorganizing.Individuals and families are involved in three types of mobility: movement in space, movement up or down in social status, and the movement of ideas. These are termed resp ectively spatial, vertical, and ideational mobility.A great increase in spatial mobility has gone along with improvements in rail and wa ter transportation, the invention and use of the automobile, and the availability of airplane passenger service. Spatial mobility results in a decline in the importance of the traditiona l home with its emphasis on family continuity and stability. It also means that when indiv idual family members of the family as a whole move away from a community, the perso n or the family is removed from the pressures of relatives, friends, and community institut ions for conventionality and stability. Even more important is the fact that spatial mobility permits some members of a family to come in contact with and possibly adopt attitudes, values, and ways of thinking different from those held by other family members. The pr esence of different attitudes, values, and ways of thinking within a family may, and often does, result in conflict and family disorganization. Potential disorganization is present in t hose families in which the husband, wife, and children are spatially separated over a long period, or are living together but see each other only briefly because of different work schedules.One index of the increase in vertical mobility is the great increase in the proportion o f sons and to some extent daughters, who engage in occupations other than those of theparents. Another index of vertical mobility is the degree of intermarriage between social cl asses. This occurs almost exclusively between classes which are adjacent to each other. En gaging in a different occupation, or intermarriage, like spatial mobility, allows one to com e in contact with ways of behavior different from those of the parental home, and tends to separate parents and their children.The increase in ideational mobility is measured by the increase in publications, such as newspapers, periodicals, and books, the increase in the percentage of the population ow ning radios, and the increase in television sets. All these tend to introduce new ideas into the home. When individual family members are exposed to and adopt the new ideas, the tendency is for conflict to arise and for those in conflict to become psychologically separated from each other.36. What the passage tells us can be summarized by the statement ____.[A] social development results in a decline in the importance of traditional families[B] family disorganization is more or less the result of mobility[C] potential disorganization is present in the American family[D] the movement of a family is one of the factors in raising its social status37. According to the passage, those who live in a traditional family ____.[A] are less likely to quarrel with others because of conventionality and stability[B] have to depend on their relatives and friends if they do not move away from it[C] will have more freedom of action and thought if they move away from it[D] can get more help from their family members if they are in trouble38. Potential disorganization exists in those families in which ____.[A] the husband, wife, and children work too hard[B] the husband, wife, and children seldom get together[C] both parents have to work full time[D] the family members are subject to social pressure.39. Intermarriage and different occupations play an important role in family disorganization because ____.[A] they permit one to come into contact with different ways of behavior and thinking[B] they allow one to find a good job and improve one’s social status[C] they enable the children to better understand the ways of behavior of their parents[D] they enable the children to travel around without their parents40. This passage suggests that a well-organized family is a family whose members ____.[A] are not psychologically withdrawn from one another[B] never quarrel with each other even when they disagree[C] often help each other with true love and affection[D] are exposed to the same new ideas introduced by books, radios, and TV setsPassage TwoDo animals have rights? Do trees? Do humans have an obligation to behave ethically to rivers? To rocks? Viruses? The entire planet?These are not merely questions for abstract philosophical debate but, as Roderick Fraz ier Nash points out in The Rights of Nature, issues of intense interest to theologians, law yers, legislators and even scientists. Radical environmentalists are already demanding that l egal and ethical protection be extended to all of nature, and a few of them have demonst rated a willingness to fight, break the law and even die in support of this belief.As described by Nash, the circle covered by the ethical rules governing individual an d social behavior has expanded slowly and irregularly throughout history. Starting by grant ing rights to themselves, humans gradually enlarged the circle to include the family, the tr ibe, the nation and, in theory if not in practice, the entire community of human beings. When Thomas Jefferson wrote that all men were created equal and entitled to certain unal ienable (不可剥夺的) rights, it was understood he was talking only about white males. Sin ce the American Revolution, however, the right to ethical treatment has been extended, at least by law and social consensus, to include women and ethnic minorities.The next page in this history –the extension of ethical and legal rights to animals, p lants, and the rest of the natural world –is now being written, Nash believes. For a gro wing number of people throughout the world but particularly in the United States, the belief is taking root.The idea that nature has rights and is entitled to ethical consideration is not a new o ne. Some Eastern religions define humans as only part of a great chain of being. But in t he Judeo-Christian tradition of the West, man was created to master nature, not to be partof it.However, as environmentalism has evolved as a social movement in recent years, Nas h says, the concept of liberating nature from persecution by humanity has gained follower s. U. S. law, he notes, provides legal protection to animals and plants through the Endang ered Species Act and the Marine Mammals Protection Act.Nash points to the increasingly aggressive positions of so-called deep environmentalist s and other radicals who insist that nature has intrinsic and unalienable rights that have nothing to do with its value to people. Some of these radicals have thrown themselves bef ore bulldozers to protect virgin forests and chained themselves to rocks on a river bank toprevent the river from being damned.For the most part, Nash takes no position on questions of ethical duties. Only in an epilogue (跋), does he indicate where his sympathies lie. Just as the antislavery radicals in the early part of the 19th century were scorned (嘲笑) for insisting that slaves were hum an beings with rights, today’s radical environmentalists are often laughed at for sugg esting that nature is “the latest minority deserving a place in the sun of American liberal traditi on,” he says. But with the groundwork now laid for “mass participation in environmentalis m,” Nash believes, there is a real possibility of serious confrontat ion with those who profit from exploitation of the environment.“If this situation, with its intellectual and political similarities to America before the Civil War, promises once again to endanger domestic peace,” Nash warns, “it is not the fault o f history.”41. Radical environmentalists hold that ____.[A] all of nature should enjoy legal and ethical protection[B] all animals should have legal rights as human beings[C] viruses should be eliminated from this planet[D] nature should be exploited in a humane way42. By “all men were created equal,” Thomas Jefferson meant that ____.[A] all human beings should enjoy equal rights[B] all white males should have equal rights[C] blacks and whites should enjoy equal rights[D] men and women should have equal rights43. According to the so-called deep environmentalists, _____.[A] things in nature that have value to people should be protected[B] virgin forests should be preserved[C] man should let rivers take their natural course and dams should not be built[D] everything in nature has its intrinsic (天生的) value and should be protected44. According to the passage, Nash ____.[A] is neutral on the question concerning the ethical rights of nature[B] sympathizes with the radical environmentalists[C] laughs at the idea that nature deserves a place in the American liberal tradition[D] is scornful of the anti-slavery radicals for insisting that slaves were human beings.45. The best title for this passage might be ____.[A] Ethics and the Natural World[B] Anti-slavery Radicals and Deep Environmentalists[C] All men Were Created Equal[D] Relationship Between Human Beings and NaturePassage ThreeWhereas George Gershwin worked in the glare of critical and commercial success, C harles Ives worked in obscurity. Though Ives created the bulk of his output before Gersh win appeared on the scene, his music was almost completely neglected until he was “redi scovered” in the 1940’s and 1950’s. He earned his livelihood, for most of his adult life, i n the insurance business and created some of the most striking examples of American mu sic in his spare time. Ives’s composing was restricted to weekends, ho lidays, vacations, an d long evenings, Ives himself was quite philosophic about this and never considered his b usiness career a handicap to artistic production. On the contrary, he regarded his music and the business in which he earned his livelihood as complementary activities.His raw material for all of his work was the ordinary musical life of a small New England town. In evolving his highly individualistic musical language, Ives used popular d ance hall tunes fragments of hymns and patriotic anthems, brass band marches, country da nces, and songs which he integrated into works of enormous complexity.But Ives’s music was hardly popular with the broad public at the time it was writte n. The composer found it all but impossible to get his music performed. For example, Ive s’s Second Symphony, which be worked on between 1897 and 1902, received its first per formance in 1951 when it was played by the Philharmonic-Symphony Orchestra of New York, under Leonard Bernstein. His Third Symphony, completed in 1911, was first perfor med in 1945, the Fourth Symphony, written between 1910 and 1916 received its premiere in 1965 under the direction of Leopold Stokowski. Not until he was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for his Third Symphony, in 1947, did Charles Ives received any degree of recognition for his work.46. Charles Ives’s success in music could be called unusual because he __.[A] had a physical handicap[B] was trained to be a philosopher[C] did not devote his entire career to music[D] did not have much financial backing47. According to the passage, how did Ives feel about the business and musical sides ofhis life?[A] They lent support to each other.[B] They each satisfied his need for recognition.[C] They represented a conflict in his nature.[D] They took too much of his time.48. It can be inferred that all of the following were sources of inspiration for Ives in hisearly career EXCEPT __.[A] church music [B] folk tunes[C] Gershwin’s compositions[D] patriotic songs49. Ives’s Third Symphony was first performed in the __.[A] late nineteenth century[B] first decade of the twentieth century[C] mid-nineteen forties[D] mid-nineteen sixties50. Who conducted the first performance of Ives’s Fourth Symphony?[A] Pulitzer [B] Bernstein[C] Gershwin [D] StokowskiPart V Translation (35%)Section ADirections: Translate the following passage into Chinese.When we established our friendly and cooperative relations, we did so on the underst anding that we would develop our friendship on the basis of mutual respect and equality, and mutual benefit. These are the principles on which we seek friendship with all peoples of the world. It is absolutely vital that all nations, big or small, strong or weak, should conduct their relations with each other on these principles.We, therefore, welcome the interest and understanding that China has shown regarding the problems of and positions taken by small and developing countries. China’s support is a constant source of encouragement to us in the pursuit of the goals of developing andmaintaining the independence of our country.Section BDirections: Put the following sentences into English1.在香港问题解决之后，中英之间没有任何重大障碍能阻止两国发展跨世纪的、稳定的、全面合作关系。

2008年考研英语二（MBA联考）真题试卷及答案Section I V ocabularyDirections：There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A，B，C and D。

Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points）1。

Oil is an important ______material which can be processed into many different products，including plastics.A rawB bleakC flexibleD fertile2。

The high living standards of the US cause its present population to ____ 25 percent of the world's oil。

A assumeB consumeC resumeD presume3。

You shouldn’t be so ___ —--I didn’t mean anything bad in what I said。

A sentimentalB sensibleC sensitiveD sophisticated4。

Picasso was an artist who fundamentally changed the ___ of art for later generations。

A。

philosophy B concept C viewpoint D theme5. Member states had the option to ____ from this agreement with one year's notice.A denyB objectC suspectD withdraw6. The two countries achieved some progress in the sphere of trade relations，traditionally a source of ____ irritation。

08年考研英语二真题2008年考研英语二真题详解2008年的考研英语二真题为很多考生所熟知。

为了帮助大家更好地了解和应对这道题目，本文将对2008年考研英语二真题进行详解和分析。

下面将按照题目的形式对每个部分进行讲解，以提供参考。

Section I Use of English该部分的题目类型主要为词汇与语法题、完型填空和阅读理解。

在这部分中，考生需要正确理解文本，并用合适的词汇和语法进行填空或选择。

因为本文无法直接提供真实的题目，以下将以相似类型的例子来进行解析。

1. Vocabulary and Grammar词汇与语法题的目的是考察考生对单词和语法规则的掌握程度。

常见的题目类型有词义辨析、词形变化、时态和语态的运用等。

例子：从以下选项中选择正确的形容词填空。

1) She was feeling __________ after receiving the good news.A) excitingB) excitedC) exciteD) excitedly解析：根据句子的结构和意思，我们可以判断需要用一个形容词来修饰主语"she"。

"exciting"是动词"excite"的现在分词形式，不应作为形容词使用。

"excite"是动词形式，与句子主语的"was feeling"不搭配。

"excitedly"是副词，不能修饰名词。

因此，正确答案为B) excited。

2. Cloze完型填空的目标是让考生通过阅读理解短文的表达和逻辑，选择合适的词汇填空。

这一部分涉及的内容包括词义、修辞手法、上下文逻辑等。

例子：阅读下面短文，选择合适的词填空。

When I was a child, my parents always encouraged me to read books. They believed that reading could __________ my mind and broaden my horizons. Every weekend, they would take me to the local library and let me choose the books I wanted. I __________ this experience very much and developed a great interest in reading.A) expandB) narrowC) limitD) restrictA) enjoyedB) dislikedC) hatedD) loved解析：根据上下文的逻辑关系，我们可以推测出空格处应填入能够扩大(open up)思维的词汇，因此选择A) expand。

英语二考研真题2008IntroductionThe English (2) Exam for the Graduate Entrance Exam in 2008 consists of multiple choice questions related to English language proficiency. This exam is an important test for applicants who wish to pursue a postgraduate degree in English or a related field. In this article, we will explore the questions and topics covered in the English (2) Exam in 2008.Section 1: Listening ComprehensionThe first section of the exam tests the candidates' listening comprehension skills. Candidates are required to listen to a series of recordings and then answer questions based on what they have heard. The recordings cover a variety of topics, such as academic lectures, conversations between two or more people, and news reports. The questions are designed to assess the candidates' ability to understand the main ideas, details, and relationships between speakers.Section 2: Reading ComprehensionIn the second section of the exam, candidates are tested on their reading comprehension skills. They are given a number of passages, including academic articles, newspaper articles, and literary excerpts. Candidates must read the passages carefully and then answer multiple-choice questions based on the content. The questions are designed to evaluate the candidates' ability to understand the main ideas, infer implied meanings, and analyze the organization and structure of the texts.Section 3: Structure and VocabularyThe third section focuses on the candidates' understanding of English structure and vocabulary. It consists of multiple-choice questions that test the candidates' knowledge of grammar, vocabulary, and sentence structure. The questions may require candidates to identify a grammatical error in a sentence, choose the appropriate word or phrase to complete a sentence, or determine the meaning of a word based on its context.Section 4: ClozeThe fourth section assesses the candidates' ability to fill in the blanks in a passage with the appropriate words or phrases. The passage may be related to a specific topic or subject, such as science, history, or literature. Candidates must use their understanding of grammar, vocabulary, and context to choose the most suitable words or phrases to complete the passage.Section 5: TranslationIn the fifth section, candidates are required to translate a short passage from Chinese to English. This section tests the candidates' ability to accurately translate sentences and convey the original meaning in English. The passage may involve vocabulary, grammar, idioms, or cultural references.ConclusionThe English (2) Exam for the Graduate Entrance Exam in 2008 is a comprehensive test that evaluates candidates' listening, reading, grammar, vocabulary, and translation skills. It is an important assessment for those who wish to pursue a postgraduate degree in English or a related field. Byunderstanding the structure and content of the exam, candidates can better prepare themselves and increase their chances of success. Good luck to all the candidates!。

2008年考研英语真题（二）Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. "Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men," according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York's Veteran's Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses becameequal to those of the males.Adding to a woman's increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased "opportunities" for stress. "It's not necessarily that women don't cope as well. It's just that they have so much more to cope with," says Dr. Yehuda. "Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men's," she observes, "it's just that they're dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner."Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. "I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating."Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. "I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that。

2008年外交学院考研外交学真题
第一部分外交学概论80分
一、名词解释：（6分×5，共30分）
1. 管辖豁免
2. 国宴
3. 外交文书
4. 外交渠道
5. 将军大使
二、论述题：
1. 请分析为什么当今外交代表机关都为大使馆？并简述使馆的组织结构？（20分）
2. 请分析外交决策系统中的决策者要素，它的分类及内涵？（30分）
第二部分中国外交史70分
一、名词解释：（前2题各6分，第3题8分，共20分）
1. 中美大使级会谈
2. 第二次建交高潮
3. “立足亚太、稳定周边”
二、论述题：
1. 请分析中国国民政府的“以德报怨”政策？（20分）
2. 请分析二十世纪七十年代中国外交的“一条线”战略及当时中国领导人对世界战略力量的划分？（30分）
转载自共享天下考研论坛原始地址: /viewthread.php?tid=546490&fromuid=0。

2008年国关综合科目第一部分政治科学基础（90分）一、名词解释（每题5分）1. 政治利益政治关系是人们在社会生活中，基于社会利益要求和利益关系而形成的，以政治的强制力量和政治权利分配为特征的社会关系。

政治关系内含三个层面的关系，其中，第一的，也是首要的和基本的，是利益关系，即政治利益关系，政治利益关系是指一定政治主体由其政治社会地位、经济利益和价值追求所决定的政治需要，由人们的需求引起的，由特定的社会经济关系决定的利益关系。

贯穿于政治过程的政治行为的出发点和归宿。

形成政治意识、构成政治力量和政治组织的内在因素。

通常以政治目的为直接表现,影响政治决策和政治实践。

由于政治权力对于实现政治利益有直接的、决定性的作用，因而考察政治主体与政治权力的关系是分析政治利益的重要途径。

2. 政治合法性政治合法性主要指社会成员对政治统治的承认﹑认可和自愿服从的程度。

政治合法性的基础是社会成员对统治的同意。

缺乏这种同意，政府就只能依靠高压和暴力手段。

通过强制性约束力建立起来的法律制度意义上的统治合法性依然是有局限性的，也是代价高昂的。

因此，只有当社会中的公民都愿意遵守当权者制定和实施的法规，而且不仅仅是因为不遵守就会受到惩处，而是因为他们确信遵守是应该的，那么这个政治统治才是合法的。

正式这种具有正统价值观或称作道德或意识形态上的合法性，不仅为政治统治提供了最持久而可靠的合法性来源，而且还能使统治者以最少的政治资源或代价对社会进行控制。

影响政治合法性的因素有4个：①政府存在的时间长短②政府的业绩③政府的组织结构④政府对国家象征的操纵。

合法性危机：世界上并不是每一个国家的政治统治都具有政治合法性的。

现实政治生活中，尽管各国的统治集团都在利用各种手段寻求最大限度的合法化，如强调国民对政府的忠诚，加强爱国主义和民族主义的宣传等，但是各国都不同程度地存在政治统治合法性危机。

当合法性受到侵蚀时，政府的麻烦事就来了。

3. 政治社会化所谓政治社会化是指社会成员学习并接受主导政治文化并加以规范，使自己成为有政治信念，掌握正确政治评价标准，持有与政治当局决策一致的政治态度和政治倾向的个人社会政治行为社会化的过程。

2008年考研英语二真题2008年考研英语二真题2008年的考研英语二真题是考研英语备考过程中的一道经典题目。

这道题目主要涉及到阅读理解和翻译两个部分，对于考生来说，是一次综合能力的练习和考察。

首先，让我们来看一下这道题目的阅读理解部分。

这部分的题目主要是从一篇文章中选取出一些关键信息，然后根据这些信息进行问题的回答。

这篇文章主要是关于心理学方面的研究，通过实验和数据分析，探讨了人类的思维方式和行为模式。

对于考生来说，这道题目要求他们具备良好的阅读理解能力，能够准确抓住文章的主旨和关键信息，从而回答问题。

在阅读理解部分之后，是翻译部分的题目。

这部分要求考生将一段英文翻译成中文。

这个题目主要考察考生的翻译能力和语言表达能力。

对于考生来说，他们需要具备较强的英语词汇和语法基础，能够准确地理解原文的意思，并且能够用恰当的中文表达出来。

这个部分的题目相对较难，需要考生有一定的翻译经验和技巧。

总的来说，2008年的考研英语二真题是一道综合考察考生能力的题目。

它不仅要求考生具备良好的阅读理解能力，还要求他们有一定的翻译能力。

对于备考考生来说，他们需要在平时的学习中注重积累词汇和阅读材料，提高自己的阅读理解能力。

同时，他们还需要多进行翻译练习，提高自己的翻译能力和语言表达能力。

对于考生来说，备考英语考试是一个长期的过程。

他们需要在备考期间不断地提高自己的英语能力，不断地进行练习和复习。

只有通过不断地努力和积累，才能够在考试中取得好的成绩。

最后，我想说的是，备考考研英语是一项艰巨的任务，但只要我们坚持不懈，相信自己，就一定能够取得好的成绩。

希望每一位考生都能够在备考过程中保持积极的心态，不断地提高自己，为自己的梦想努力奋斗。

相信只要我们用心去做，就一定能够取得好的成绩！。

27.C 解析：从⽂章 本题的答案信息来源在⽂章的第⼆段。

第⼆段说到，互联使接触到科学结果成为⼀个现实。

OECD刚刚发布⼀个报告，描写了其深远的影响。

这份报告使到⽬前为⽌赢得不菲利润的很多出版商争相阅读(the report make heavy reading for publishers)。

第三段说到核⼼科学出版市场利润巨⼤，第四段说到，这种情况正在改变，也是在线出版可能让他们利润下滑，所以让他们有些不安，故答案为C。

28.A 解析：从⽂章结构看，⽂章第⼀段重点地介绍了传统的出版⽅式，这种⽅式使科学⼯作者只有订购了该科学杂志才可以获得科学的结果。

⽂章第⼆段介绍⼀种新型的出版⽅式——络出版，使得科技⼈员容易获得科学结果。

第三段谈到科学的价值和投资回报取决于杂志的发⾏量和易获得性。

第四段具体介绍了这⼀新趋势的主要出版模式。

从⽂章的中⼼是关于⼀种新的出版⽅式，以及它给科学杂志出版带来的影响——可以更⽅便的获得科学结果。

中⼼词含有access，反应中⼼的是解，可以确定答案为A。

29.A 解析：从⽂中“there is open-access publishing,typically supported by asking the author to pay for the paper to be publish”可知答案为A。

30.B 解析：正于28题分析的，本⽂中⼼介绍了⼀种出版新的趋势——络出版。

B正是这⼀观点的⾼度概括，故答案为B. Passage three 31. A ⽂中“…listed at over seven feet. If he had ….The bodies.. changed dramatically over the years”可以看出此段主要讲述NBA球员⾝⾼的变化；另外，从⽂章中⼼来看，可以排出B，C，D。

因此选A 32. C 从第三段“but as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have increased in height by…..”可以看出⽣活⽔平对于⾝体成长起着⾮常重要的作⽤；另外，A，B，D选项所涉及的genetic modification ,natural environment 和daily exercise ⽂中并没有提到； 33. B 题⼲中提到“most probably..”，通过排出法，可以确定B为选项。

2008考研英语真题一、听力理解（共四节，每小题1.5分，满分30分）第一节听下面5段对话。

每段对话后面有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

听下面一段对话，回答第1-3题。

1. What are the speakers mainly talking about?A. The woman's new job.B. The man's work experience.C. The woman's interview.2. What did the man do before he went abroad?A. He was a salesman.B. He was a student.C. He was an engineer.3. Why did the man want to go abroad?A. To start his own business.B. To meet new people.C. To take up a new job.第二节听下面2段对话。

每段对话后面有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听每段对话前，你将有时间阅读各个小题,每小题5秒钟：听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。

每段对话读两遍。

听下面一段对话，回答第4至6题。

4. What does the woman ask the man to do?A. Accompany her to the concert.B. Buy her some concert tickets.C. Find someone to go to the concert with her.5. What did the man get for his birthday?A. A book.B. A ticket for the concert.C. A voucher for a music store.6. What does the man offer to do?A. Buy a new gift for the woman.B. Trade his gift with the woman.C. Give some money to the woman.听下面一段对话，回答第7至9题。