上海市崇明县2016-2017学年高三上学期一模测试生命科学试卷及答案

崇明县2016学年第一学期高二、高三一模测试卷
生命科学
考生注意：
1. 试卷满分100分，考试时间60分钟
2.作答必须全部涂或写在答题纸上，在试卷上作答一律不得分。

选择题的作答必须用
2B 铅笔涂在答题纸的相应区域。

一、选择题（共40分，每小题2分。

每个小题只有一个正确答案）
1.不食不洁生水和生贝壳类海产品是防止霍乱发生的有效措施之一，可推断霍乱弧菌的传
播方式是 A .空气传播 C .媒介物传播
2.某同学在电子显微镜下看到如图
1所示的细胞结
构，他所观察的细胞最有可能所属的生物是
A .颤藻
B .细菌
C .人
D .菠菜
4.突变酵母的发酵效率高于野生型，常在酿酒工业发酵中
3.下列物质能和双缩脲试剂反应出现紫色现象的是 F O P
O
o
件
P
_H NH 2 C —COOH H
H CH 3
D .H 2N —厂C 。

—NH —厂C 。

—NH
H
H
H2
COOH COOH
葡萄糖（胞内）
乙醇
—突变酵母
B .接触传播 D .病媒传播
葡萄糖（胞外） 图1。

2016年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试考生注意：1. 本试卷满分150分，考试时间120分钟。

2. 本考试分设试卷和答题纸。

试卷包括两部分，第一部分全部为选择题，第二部分为综合 题，包括填空题、选择题和简答题等题型。

3•答卷前，务必用钢笔、圆珠笔或签字笔在答题纸正面清楚地填写姓名、准考证号，并将 核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上，在答题纸反面清楚地填写姓名。

4•作答必须全部涂或写在答题纸上， 在试卷上作答一律不得分。

选择题的作答必须用 2B 铅 笔涂在答题纸上相应的区域，综合题的作答必须用钢笔、圆珠笔或签字笔写在答题纸上与试 卷题号对应的位置。

一、选择题（共60分，每小题2分。

每小题只有一个正确答案） 1.SARS 病毒可以通过口腔分泌物进行传播，这种传播途径属于 A.媒介物传播B.空气传播C.病媒传播D.接触传播2•在电子显微镜下，放线菌和霉菌中都能观察到的结构是 A.核糖体和质膜B.线粒体和内质网C.核糖体和拟核D.线粒体和高尔基体3•将紫色洋葱鳞叶外表皮细胞置于30%蔗糖溶液数分钟后，结果如图1所示，紫色分部的区域和影响色素分布的结构分别是A. ①和细胞膜B. ①和细胞膜、液泡膜C. ②和细胞膜、液泡膜D. ②和细胞膜、液泡膜、细胞壁 4•多肉植物鸡冠掌通常利用落叶上长出的不定芽繁殖，这种繁殖类型是2016上海生命科学试卷A. 出芽生殖B. 营养繁殖C. 分裂生殖D. 有性生殖5•下列关于测量蚕豆叶下表皮保卫细胞颤长度的实验操作，错误的是A. 从低倍镜转到高倍镜时，两眼必须从显微镜侧面注视B. 从低倍镜转到高倍镜时，轻轻地转动物镜使高倍镜到位C. 从低倍镜视野中，需将进一步放大观察的物像移至视野中央D. 测量细胞长度时，应尽量使目镜测微尺与被测细胞平行并重叠6•诺贝尔奖得主屠呦呦在抗疟药物研发中，发现了一种药效高于青蒿素的衍生物蒿甲醚，结构如图2。

下列与蒿甲醚的元素组成完全相同的物质是A. 纤维素B.胰岛素C.叶绿素D.甲状腺素7. 经过灯光刺激与食物多次结合，建立狗唾液分泌条件反射后，下列操作不能使该反射消退的是A. 灯光刺激+食物B.仅食物C.声音刺激+食物D.仅灯光刺激8. 在果蝇唾液腺细胞染色体观察实验中，对图3中相关结构的正确描述是A. 图3表示一条染色体的显微结构B. 箭头所指处由一个DNA 分子构成图3C. 染色体上一条横纹代表一个基因D. 根据染色体上横纹的数目和位置可区分不同种的果蝇 9•在正常情况下，进餐后血糖浓度会相应升高。

上海市崇明县2016届高三第一次模拟考试化 学 试 题（考试时间120分钟，满分150分，请将答案填写在答题纸上）本试卷分为第I 卷和第II 卷两部分相对原子质量：H-1 C-12 N-14 O-16 Na-23 Mg-24 Al-27 Cl-35.5 K-39Ca-40 Fe-56 Cu-64 Zn-65 Ba-137 Pb-207第I 卷（共66分）一、选择题（本题共10分，每小题2分，只有一个正确选项）1、下列过程只破坏离子键的是 ………………………………………………………………（ ）A ．KClO 3分解得氧气B ．NaHSO 4加热熔化C ．KHSO 4晶体溶于水D ．NH 4Cl 受热分解2、属于酸性氧化物的是 ………………………………………………………………………（ ）A ．NOB ．NO 2C ．COD ．CO 23、有关氧元素及含氧物质表示正确的是 ……………………………………………………（ ）A ．质子数为8、中子数为10的氧原子：B ．氧离子2(O )-C D ．某碳氧化合物电子式：4、下列工业生产的主要化学反应不涉及应用勒夏特列原理进行控制的是 ………………（ ）A ．合成氨B ．制硫酸C ．制盐酸D ．制纯碱5、化学中有许多的“守恒相等”，下列不符合的是…………………………………………（ ） A. 化学反应中，反应物总能量与生成物总能量 B. 化学反应中，反应物总质量与生成物总质量 C. 溶液中，稀释前溶质质量与稀释后溶质质量 D. 在化合物中，正化合价总数与负化合价总数二、选择题（本题共36分，每小题3分，只有一个正确选项）6、短周期主族元素X 、Y 、Z 、W 原子序数依次增大，X 与Z 原子序数相差8，Y 元素的焰色为黄色，Z 元素的最高价为6+。

下列叙述正确的是 ………………………………………（ ） A ．半径：2(X )(Y )r r -+> B ．沸点：22H Z H X > C ．稳定性：2H Z HW >D ．熔点：22Y X Y Z >7、现有三种常见治疗胃酸过多症状的药物，它们的抑酸效果大小的顺序是 ……………（ ）序号 名 称 抑酸成分 主要成分含量/片① INDICALM CaCO 3 250mg ② Stamachease Al(OH)3 250mg ③Fash digestion MgO250mg A ．①＝②＝③B ．①＞②＞③C ．③＞②＞①D ．②＞③＞①8、下列有关颜色变化的叙述不正确的是 ……………………………………………………（ ） A ．淀粉溶液中滴入碘水——变蓝色 B ．溴化银见光分解——变黑色C ．苯酚溶液中滴入3Fe +——变紫色D ．胆矾空气中久置——变白色9、下列事实中，能用同一化学原理解释的是…………………………………………………（ ） A ．氯气和二氧化硫都能使品红溶液褪色 B ．异戊烷和异戊二烯都能使溴水层褪色 C ．亚硫酸钠和乙烯都能使酸性高锰酸钾溶液褪色 D ．活性炭与氢氧化钠溶液都能使二氧化氮气体褪色10、相同温度下，在水中分别加入下列物质，若用K W 表示水的离子积，α表示水的电离度，能使α/K W的值增大的是………………………………………………………………………（ ） A ．NH 4NO 3 B ．NaHSO 4C ．NaOHD ．KCl11、北京大学和中国科学院的化学工作者已成功研制出碱金属与C 60形成的球碳盐K 3C 60，实验测知该物质熔融状态下能导电。

崇明县第一学期期末考试试卷高三生命科学（考试时间120分钟，满分150分）考生注意：1．答第I卷前，考生务必在答题纸上用钢笔或圆珠笔清楚填写学校、姓名、学号。

2．答案写在答题纸上，写在试卷上一律不给分。

第I卷（共60分）一、单选题（每小题只有一个正确选项）（一）1分题（共8题）1、一分子ADP中，含有的腺苷数、磷酸基数和高能磷酸键数依次是…………………（）A. 1、2、2B. 1、2、1C. 1、3、2D. 2、1、22、下列有关酶的叙述中，正确的是…………………………………………………………（）A. 酶可以被水解，产物是多种氨基酸B. 酶的活性受温度和pH的影响C. 酸碱度变化引起的酶失活不可逆，但温度变化引起的酶失活可逆D. 冬季哺乳动物体内酶的活性随环境温度的下降而降低3、遗传信息和遗传密码分别位于……………………………………………………………（）A. DNA和信使RNA上B. DNA和转运RNA上C. 信使RNA和转运RNA上D. 染色体和基因上4、取两种不同种属的海绵，使其细胞分散成单个，再将它们掺在一起培养，发现只有同种的细胞才能聚合在一起。

与此现象直接有关的结构是………………………………………（）A. 细胞核B. 细胞膜上的磷脂双分子层C. 细胞膜D. 细胞膜上的糖蛋白5、人体免疫球蛋白由4条肽链构成，共有764个氨基酸，则该蛋白质分子中至少含有游离的氨基和羧基数分别是…………………………………………………………………………（）A. 764和764B. 760和760C. 1和1D. 4和46、生物的多样性通常包括……………………………………………………………………（）①遗传多样性②物种多样性③生态系统多样性④无机环境的多样性A. ①②③B. ①③④C. ②③④D. ①②④7、细胞分化是生物界普遍存在的一种生命现象，下列叙述中不正确的是…………………（）A. 分化发生在生物体的整个生命进程中B. 分化是基因在特定的时间和空间条件下选择表达的结果C. 未离体的体细胞不会表现出全能性D. 分化过程中遗传物质发生了改变8、下列生物中，结构最相似的一组是………………………………………………………（）①乳酸菌②变形虫③肺炎双球菌④蓝藻⑤酵母菌高三生命科学共12页第1页高三生命科学 共12页 第2页A. ②③⑤B. ②③④C. ①③④D. ①④⑤（二）2分题（共20题）9、右图能表示人体在某种环境条件发生变化时，内环境中某种激素的含量变化。

崇明区2016-2017学年第二学期高三二模测试卷生 命 科 学一、选择题（共40分，每小题2分。

每个小题只有一个正确答案） 1．图1中与核糖体形成密切相关的细胞核结构是 A ．① B ．②C ．③D ．④2．图2中各氨基酸的虚线框中结构之间可脱水缩合形成肽键的是A ．①和③B ．②和③C ．①和④D ．②和④3．图3显示了一些盐离子在某水生植物细胞内和细胞外水环境中的浓度，可知该植物细胞吸收这些盐离子的方式为 A ．被动运输 B ．自由扩散 C ．渗透作用D ．主动运输4．下列属于ATP 水解产物ADP 的是A ．A －P ～PB ．A －P －PC ．A ～P ～PD ．A ～P －P5．“兴奋在神经元之间的传递减弱”是阿尔茨海默病的发病原因之一。

下列属于该发病原因的是A ．突触前膜电位不反转B ．神经递质浓度不足C ．神经递质酶失活D ．突触后膜电位差消失6．研究人员将8型肺炎链球菌荚膜中的各种糖类都提取出来，然后再通过动物实验筛选出能引发机体免疫反应的糖类制成“多糖”疫苗，这里的多糖相当于免疫反应中的 A ．抗原B ．抗体C ．淋巴因子D ．抗原受体图1图37．图4曲线描绘了心脏的收缩和舒张引起的血压涨落，下列描述错误的是A ．收缩压是动脉血压，舒张压是静脉血压B ．收缩压大于舒张压C ．图中脉压约为40mmHgD ．毛细血管有分压作用8．下列不是细菌接种过程中的无菌操作的是A ．灼烧接种环B ．高压灭菌C ．于超净工作台操作D ．靠近火焰9．下图为两种生物处在不同分裂时期的细胞，其中三个细胞来自同一种生物，则来自另一种生物的细胞是10．在三个培养皿中各加入等量但不同种的大肠杆菌培养基，在培养皿中培养36小时后计算细菌的克隆数（表1）。

下列培养皿的结果中，能说明大肠杆菌生长需要碳源的是A ．培养皿I 和IIIB ．培养皿I 和IIC ．培养皿II 和IIID ．培养皿III11．科学研究发现起始密码子远不止AUG 、GUG 两种。

崇明县2017届第一次高考模拟考试试卷英语（考试时间120分钟，满分140分。

请将答案填写在答题纸上）I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. A postwoman. B. A teacher. C. A journalist. D. A librarian.2. A. On a plane. B. On a train. C. At a restaurant. D. At a travel agency.3. A. 5 minutes. B. 10 minutes. C. 15 minutes. D. 20 minutes.4. A. He spends too much money. B. He should watch more TV.C. He actually likes watching TV.D. He bought an expensive watch.5. A. The woman should get a new watch. B. The woman needs to buy another battery.C. He knows what is wrong with the watch.D. The store can probably fix the woman’s watch.6. A. He should work in the summer school. B. He shouldn’t go to New York in the summer.C.H e may not want to do so.D. He may have difficulty in doing so.7. A. Spend more time on the course. B. Turn to the graduate assistant for help.C. Drop the course as soon as possible.D. Help the graduate assistant with the course.8. A. They should buy a lot of coffee. B. The supermarket isn’t going to be closed.C. Coffee is out of stock in the supermarket.D. They should wait for a better deal on coffee.9. A. The final exam. B. A law school. C. A reference letter. D. The department policy.10. A. He wasn’t able to find a seat there. B. He had to wait a long time for a seat there.C. The seats there are uncomfortable.D. It provides reading materials for customers.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear several longer conversation(s) and short passage(s), and you will be asked several questions on each of the conversation(s) and the passage(s). The conversation(s) and the passage(s) will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following news.11. A. 2. B. 18. C. About 125. D. Over 1,300.12. A. Helping good universities to enroll more students.B. Getting more financial support from foreign students.C. Encouraging more foreign students to travel around the UK.D. Attracting more excellent foreign students to work in Britain.13. A. He voted for Donald Trump. B. He did not vote in the presidential election.C. He made a political speech in the concert.D. He sang for only 40 minutes in the concert.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.高三英语共14页第1页14. A. They can play many kinds of games with snow.B. They can see the beautiful scenery of falling snow.C. They can have several days off from school if it snows.D. They can enjoy steaming hot chocolate on a snowy day.15. A. The building of snowmen for children B. The removal of snow off their driveway.C. The spread of salt mixed with sand.D. The low temperature that snow brings.16. A. Rare and exciting. B. Dangerous and challenging.C. Unusual but disappointing.D. Troublesome but interesting.Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.17. A. It encourages wise consumption. B. It is impossible to get stolen.C. It makes it easier to pay off debt.D. It can be used in an emergency.18. A. It makes people feel safer. B. It prevents people from overspending.C. It enables people to get things cheaper.D. It helps people know more about money.19. A. Doing some shopping. B. Doing some reading.C. Opening an account.D. Taking a lesson.20. A. Shop owners prefer cash to credit cards.B. The woman pays part of his bill each month.C. Most people don’t choose to use credit cards.D. The man wasn’t persuaded by the woman at last.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks,use one word that best fits each blank.Suspended CoffeeHow about buying a cup of coffee for someone you’ll never meet?The idea, begun in Naples, Italy, and called “Suspended Coffee” — i.e., a customer pays for a coffee and “banks” it for someone (21)_____ (fortunate) —has become an international internet sensation(轰动) with coffee shops in Europe and North America (22)_____ (participate) in the movement. The Facebook page alone has more than 28,000 “likes.”The tradition of “suspended coffee” is a long-standing tradition in Italy (23)_____increased in popularity after the Second World War. Recently the practice was starting to take hold in other European countries (24)_____ (hit) hard economically.Homegrown Hamilton, a coffee chain of Canada, has decided to join the effort. “It’s a fantastic initiative (25)_____ we decided to help out. We had been doing it pretty much anyway, just not under a banner. During the winter, we were giving away coffee or soup to the homeless,” said manager Mike Pattison, “Staff members are always close to the coffeehouse’s front door, an d (26)_____ they see someone walking by who looks like they want a coffee but can’t afford it, they approach that person. If the offer (27)_____ (accept), they provide the coffee.”However, not everyone supports the idea.In a posting on the website, Consumerist, columnist Laura Northrup raises (28)_____ number of objections, including that coffee isn’t nutritious food for peop le who are hungry and (29)_____ the action could result in “greedy people” taking advantage of others’ kindness. He says people (30)_____ consider other ways to help.高三英语共14页第2页Section BDirections: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Section ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Directions MatterJet lag (时差感) may be the worst part of travelling, and it hits many people harder travelling east than west. Why they feel this way is 41 , but scientists recently developed a new model that provides an explanation for the mystery and insights on recovering from jet lag.The model imitates the way neuronal oscillator cells (神经振子细胞) 42 crossing time zones. These cells in our brains 43 our biological clocks. However, the cells don’t quite operate on a perfect 24-hour schedule. Instead, their activity follows a 44 that lasts slightly longer than that, about 24.5 hours. According to Michelle Girvan, an associate professor of physics at the University of Maryland and a co-author of the study, that means it’s 45 for us to extend the length of a day—for example, by flying west across time zones—than to shorten the day, by flying east.The scientists found that for 46 travel, a person who crossed three time zones would fully高三英语共14页第3页47 in a little less than four days. For six time zones, recovery would take about six days. For nine time zones, the recovery would take just less than eight days.However, when a person travel s eastward, the recovery time doesn’t match up as 48 . When a person crosses three time zones going east, it takes a little more than four days to recover. For six time zones, the recovery time 49 to more than eight days. And for nine time zones, the recovery period is more than 12 days.Girvan noted that not everyone has a biological clock of exactly 24.5 hours. 50 , it varies from person to person. The other factor to consider is 51 cues such as sunlight, Girvan added. How a person reacts to these cues can also 52 how quickly he or she will adjust to a new time zone.The scientists hope that their new model can be used in the future to figure out the best ways to 53 jet lag. For example, if you will be traveling six time zones eastward, start by setting your clock ahead an hour or two several days before you leave. And when you arrive in a new time zone, make sure that the outside cues you are exposed to 54 the new time zone. That means that if it’s daytime in the new time zone, expose yourself to sunlight. And if it’s nighttime, avoid artificial 55 , including those from smartphones and computers, to help your biological clock adjust.41. A. incredible B. apparent C. surprising D. unclear42. A. cope with B. account for C. respond to D. result in43. A. kick B. watch C. stop D. regulate44. A. cycle B. routine C. process D. pattern45. A. safer B. easier C. more dangerous D. more difficult46. A. eastward B. southward C. westward D. northward47. A. adjust B. understand C. prepare D. change48. A. relatively B. nicely C. classically D. awkwardly49. A. reduces B. jumps C. contributes D. leads50. A. Moreover B. Otherwise C. However D. Rather51. A. external B. verbal C. social D. chemical52. A. promote B. emphasize C. impact D. orient53. A. form B. endure C. shelter D. beat54. A. specify B. match C. shift D. destroy55. A. lights B. barriers C. flavours D. soundsSection BDirections:Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.（A）A woman standing over six feet tall and weighing about 200 pounds is bound to makean impression. But in Mary Fields’ case, these features were outmatched by a heart of goldthat made her legendary (传奇的).Born into slavery in Tennessee in 1832 or 1833, Mary had nothing, not even a date ofbirth. However, in her early years, she found something of truly lasting value—a friendnamed Dolly. In addition to friendship, Dolly also may have taught Mary to read and write,an invaluable advantage for slaves. At the end of America’s Civil War, Mary finally received her freedom and made her own way out into the world.高三英语共14页第4页Mary was employed on a steamboat as a maid when she received word from Dolly, now a nun (修女) in Ohio called Mother Amadeus. Mary a rrived in Ohio in 1878 and worked at Amadeus’ girls’ school, managing the kitchen and garden. She became known as a gun-carrying, cigar-smoking woman, but also as an example of kindness and reliability. After a few years, though, Amadeus was sent to another school out West in Montana, becoming the first black woman to settle in central Montana.When Mary was in her 50s, a sick Mother Amadeus called her West. So Mary made her way to the small town of Cascade, Montana, to nurse Amadeus to health. She did this and more, running supplies and visitors to St. Peter’s Mission where Amadeus lived. Once w hen her wagon (四轮马车) overturned, she guarded the delivery from wolves through the night.But Mary’s rough edges caused the local bishop (主教) to prohibit her from working at the mission. Mother Amadeus then set her up as the first African-American female employee of the U.S. Postal Service. Though in her 60s, Mary was such a dependable mail carrier that she earned the name “Stagecoach” Mary. She became a beloved figure in Cascade. She was the only woman allowed in the saloon (酒馆), was the baseball team’s big gest fan and was given free meals in the town hotel.Nearly 70, Mary quit delivering the mail but remained in Cascade. The town’s school closed to celebrate her unknown birthday twice a year. When she passed away in 1914, a simple cross was placed to mark her grave and her legend in the Wild West.56. What about Mary Fields impressed people most?A. Her tall and fat figure.B. Her reputation as an educated slave.C. Her friendliness and responsibility.D. Her habit of carrying a gun and smoking.57. Which of the following shows Mary’s life experience in the order of time?①Mary began to deliver mail in Cascade.②Mary worked in a school in Montana.③Mary was taught to read and write.④Mary took care of sick Amadeus.⑤Mary worked on a steamed boat.A. ⑤①③②④B. ⑤④②①③C. ②④⑤③①D. ③⑤②④①58. Mary became a mail carrier because _____.A. people in Cascade loved herB. she once worked at St. Peter’s MissionC. Mother Amadeus recommended herD. the US Postal Service needed a female employee59. In the last paragraph, “her legend” most probably refers to _____.A. her high social statusB. her unusual life as a pioneerC. her friendship with Amadeus.D. her role in the liberation of slaves（B）JENISON PUBLIC SCHOOLS高三英语共14页第5页Jenison International Academy is excited to offer online, nonessential courses to international students. Kindly view the online elective options, as well as the enrollment process, below. The application window for part time enrollments will close on Friday, December 30, 2016.Online Courses Offered Grades 1-12Elective OpportunitiesPlease click to view our Elective Course Offerings.Part Time Enrollment at JIAStudents participating in the program are allowed to enroll in up to 4 elective courses each semester, and have the option to take 100% of their courses online or create a schedule combination of online and on-campus courses at Jenison Public Schools, which may also include Tech Center, Co-op, and other qualified programs.Student Application ProcessSTEP 1: Online PreparationPlease review the following Interactive Online Readiness Criteria. Please keep this form for your own records.Online Readiness CriteriaSTEP 2: Submit Forms & DocumentationBy completing the Part Time Enrollment Application, applicants are fulfilling the Virtual Learning and District-Required Documentation.Printed ApplicationParents or guardians can download, print, and complete the JIA Enrollment paperwork & JPS District Application. Mail, scan or fax all completed paperwork using the contact information provided on the first page.Printed ApplicationAdditional Required Documentation can be found within the enrollment packet.An email will be sent to the parent or guardian email account when a completed application has been received. Upon review and approval, a welcome message and course selection email will be issued to the same address.60. The courses are designed for _____.A. high-level students who are studying in Jenison Public SchoolsB. international students whose parents work in Jenison Public SchoolsC. foreign students who can’t study full time in Jenison International AcademyD. graduate students who want a part-time job in Jenison International Academy61. To get enrolled, one should _____.A. prepare both online and offlineB. print the Online Readiness CriteriaC. contact JIA in person beforehandD. email the JIA Enrollment paperwork62. What can be learned from the webpage?A. The enrollment should be applied on December 30, 2016.B. The parent or guardian needs to have an email account.C. The students need to study at least 8 courses each year.D. The courses can only be learned online.（C）高三英语共14页第6页Two heads are better than one, according to the old saying. So why are groups with lots of “heads” known for making bad decisions? Why does “groupthink” immediately mean ineffectiveness and mistakes?These questions are answered in a fascinating new book called Wiser: Getting Beyond Groupthink to Make Groups Smarter, written by Cass R. Sunstein, a former White House official, and Reid Hastie, an academic specialized in the psychology of decision making. Building on their combined experiences and research, Sunstein and Hastie analyze what goes wrong in group decision-making, and then offer clear-out solutions to overcome these problems.Group decision-making involves discussions among members of a group, each with their own skills, experience, ideas and information. Unfortunately, as the authors explain, there are two types of influence on group members—informational signals and social pressures—which skew (扭曲) the discussions. Informational signals cause people to keep information to themselves when it disagrees with information from others, especially leaders. Social pressures cause people to keep information to themselves to avoid punishment from leaders who are denied.These influences lead to four problems, the authors write: Instead of correcting the errors of their members, groups actually expand those errors; cascade effects(联级效应) take over when the group follows whomever spoke first or loudest; groups become more extreme in their ideas, as the internal discussions strengthen their predisposed (预先有倾向的) thoughts; and groups focus on shared information instead of unshared information.Having laid out the core problems, the authors offer solutions. They begin with a list of methods aimed at handling the four core problems, such as:Leaders have to keep quiet and convince group members that they sincerely want to hear all ideas.Group success should be rewarded. Group members must understand that if the group is right, everyone benefits; this will encourage them to ensure that they find the right answer instead of pushing their own ideas.Group members should be assigned specific roles, thus ensuring that everyone contributes.Either individuals or assigned teams should be tasked with acting as devil’s advocates (唱反调的人).Groups also fail, the author writes, because they don’t distinguish between the early rounds of discussions, in which all ideas must be allowed on the table, and the final rounds of discussions, in which groups must be tight and analytical as they seek the accurate solution. Successful groups will deliberately separate the two processes.In another approach, the authors demonstrate that the wisdom of crowds will often lead to the right answer if a majority of crowd members know their material. Decision-makers often prefer to rely on one single expert, but “chasing the expert” significantly reduces the probability of getting the decision right.Wiser is a quick, engaging and thoughtful read that convincingly argues that, with a few simple steps and open-minded leadership, group discussions can, indeed, lead to wiser decisions.63. The passage is mainly written to _____.A. make an advertisement for a new bookB. introduce the main points of a new bookC. prove that two heads are better than oneD. show how to make groupthink more effective64. According to the passage, groups sometimes make bad decisions because some members _____.A. are critical of othersB. are punished by the leaderC. disagree with the leaderD. do not share different ideas65. Which of the following can help improve the effectiveness of groupthink?A. An expert helps to make the final decision.B. Team success is advocated with positive measures.C. No one is allowed to put forward their disagreement.D. Leaders don’t express their own opinions in the process.高三英语共14页第7页66. What can be inferred from the passage?A. Wiser may be welcomed by decision-makers.B. Wiser can change decision-makers’ attitude towards work.C. The more people in the group, the better decision will be made.D. The final rounds of discussions are the most important in decision-making.Section CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentenceIt’s not piano lessons or dance lessons. Nowadays, the biggest extra-curricular activity in the West is going to a tutor. “I spend about 800 Canadian dollars a month on tutors. It’s costly,” says Pet, a mother in Canada. However, she adds, “after finding out half my daughter’s class had tutors, I felt like my child was going to fall behind because everyone else seemed to be ahead.”Shelley, a mother of three, also has tutors constantly coming in and out of her home. “When I used to sit down with my children, it was hard to get them focused. I was always shouting. When I got a tutor once a week, they became focused for one entire hour and could get most of their homework done.”Tutoring isn’t simply a private school phenomenon. 67 In Canada alone, seven percent of high school students reported using a tutor in 2010. That increased to 15 percent last year.Overall, parents hire tutors because they are worried schools are not meeting their expectations, but there is also a cultural shift. 68 As a large number of Asians emigrated to the West over the recent years, their attitudes towards education have had an impact.69 “A lot of parents just don’t have time to help their children with homework,” says Julie Diamond, president of an American tutoring company. “Others couldn't help their children after Grade 3.”There has been a shift in the attitudes, too. “Children used to get bullied (欺侮) for having a tutor,” Diamond says. “Now it’s becoming the norm to have one.”70 One parent feels surprised that so many of her child’s classmates have tutors. “For the amount we pay in tuition, they should have as much extra help as they need,” she says. Still, she’s now thinking of getting a tutor. Why? Her daughter has actually asked for one.IV. Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Gene Therapy高三英语共14页第8页“We used to think that our fate was in our stars, but now we know that, in large measure, our fate is in our genes,” said James Watson. Watson is a molecular (分子的) biologist and co-discoverer of DNA structure. Why? Scientists are seeing that gene therapy is revolutionizing the treatment of disease.In gene therapy, healthy genes are introduced into defective (有缺陷的) cells to prevent or cure disease. While much of the research is in the beginning stages, some successes point to the real benefit of the therapy. In Italy, doctors have recently treated one genetic disease with gene therapy. This disease most often begins to destroy the brain when children are between 1 and 2, stopping them from walking and talking. By inserting normal, healthy genetic material into a virus and then infecting the patients, scientists seem to be able to cure the disease. Although the children given the therapy still need follow-up treatments, they now lead a relatively normal life.Gene therapy has also been used to help older patients. These people suffer from a disease that causes slow movement and uncontrollable shaking because part of the brain dies. Those treated with gene therapy showed a 23.1 percent improvement when tested six months later.Gene therapy appears to be a more positive alternative to surgery or medicine and is an exciting new approach that is just making the news. Researchers hope that in the coming years, every genetic disease will have gene therapy as its treatment. But more research is needed to assure its safety.V. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72. 你是否赞成为贫困学生设立一项基金？(approve)73. 不可否认的是上海迪斯尼乐园每天人满为患。

2016年上海市崇明县高考生物一模试卷学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、单选题(本大题共16小题，共32.0分)1.下列不可能是微生物生殖方式的是（）A.孢子生殖B.出芽生殖C.分裂生殖D.营养生殖【答案】D【解析】解：A、孢子在温度、湿度等条件适宜的情况下能够萌发长出新的个体，这样的繁殖方式叫孢子生殖，微生物可进行孢子生殖，A错误．B、出芽生殖是指由细胞分裂产生子代，在一定部位长出与母体相似的芽体，即芽基，芽基并不立即脱离母体，而与母体相连，继续接受母体提供养分，直到个体可独立生活才脱离母体，如酵母菌可进行出牙生殖，B错误．C、细菌等可进行分裂生殖，C错误．D、植物用根、茎、叶等营养器官进行繁殖的方式叫做营养繁殖，微生物不能进行营养生殖，D正确．故选：D．无性生殖指的是没有两性生殖细胞的结合的生殖方式，常见的生殖方式有：扦插、嫁接、组织培养、营养生殖等．本题考查了生殖方式的种类，试题难度一般，无性生殖是植物常见的生殖方式，可与有性生殖对比理解．2.下列关于DNA、RNA和ATP的叙述正确的是（）A.DNA与ATP所含元素的种类不同B.RNA合成必需的原料之一是ATPC.t RNA的合成必须以m RNA为模板D.三者共同组分有腺嘌呤和磷酸基团【答案】D【解析】解：A、DNA与ATP所含元素的种类相同，都是C、H、O、N、P，A错误；B、RNA合成必需的原料是四种核糖核苷酸，而不是ATP，B错误；C、t RNA的合成必须以DNA的一条链为模板，C错误；D、DNA、RNA和ATP三者共同组分有腺嘌呤和磷酸基团，D正确．故选：D．1、DNA和RNA的异同：团，～代表高能磷酸键．本题考查DNA和RNA的异同、ATP的化学组成和特点，要求考生识记DNA和RNA的异同，能对两者进行比较；识记ATP的化学特点，能结合所学的知识准确判断各选项．3.原核生物都具有的结构是（）A.质膜和核膜B.线粒体和核膜C.质膜和核糖体D.线粒体和核糖体【答案】C【解析】解：A、原核生物都不具有核膜，A错误；B、原核生物都不具有线粒体和核膜，B错误；C、原核细胞生物都含有质膜（细胞膜）和核糖体，C正确；D、原核生物都不含线粒体，D错误．故选：C．真核细胞和原核细胞的比较：本题考查原核细胞和真核细胞的形态和结构的异同，要求考生识记原核细胞和真核细胞的形态和结构的异同，能列表比较两者，再根据题干要求做出准确的判断，属于考纲识记层次的考查．4.下列不能将获取的信息转化为神经冲动的是（）A.味细胞B.温度感受器C.鼓膜D.视细胞【答案】C【解析】解：A、味细胞是味觉感受器，能将获取的信息转化为神经冲动，A错误；B、温度感受器能将获取的信息转化为神经冲动，传至下丘脑体温调节中枢，B错误；C、鼓膜能将声波刺激转化为震动，不能转化为神经冲动，C正确；D、视细胞是视觉感受器，能将获取的信息转化为神经冲动，D错误．故选：C．视觉形成过程：光线→角膜→瞳孔→晶状体（折射光线）→玻璃体（固定眼球）→视网膜（形成物像）→视神经（传导视觉信息）→大脑视觉中枢（形成视觉）听觉形成过程：声源→耳廓（收集声波）→外耳道（使声波通过）→鼓膜（将声波转换成振动）→耳蜗（将振动转换成神经冲动）→听神经（传递冲动）→大脑听觉中枢（形解答此题的关键是掌握听觉和视觉的形成过程，明确感受器能将接受的刺激转换为神经冲动．5.下列物质代谢过程只在肝细胞内才能完成的是（）A.血糖→糖原B.胆固醇→胆汁酸C.脂肪酸→脂肪D.葡萄糖→丙酮酸【答案】B【解析】解：A、血糖→糖原可发生在肝细胞或肌细胞，A错误；B、胆汁是由肝脏合成的，故胆固醇→胆汁酸发生在肝细胞内，B正确；C、脂肪酸→脂肪可发生在多种细胞内，C错误；D、葡萄糖→丙酮酸可发生在各种活细胞内，D错误．故选：B．脂质的种类与作用：脂肪：储能、维持体温；磷脂：构成膜（细胞膜、液泡膜、线粒体膜等）结构的重要成分；固醇：维持新陈代谢和生殖起重要调节作用，分为胆固醇、性激素和维生素D．本题知识简单，考查脂质的种类及作用，只要考生识记相关知识点即可正确答题，属于考纲识记层次的考查．此类试题，需要考生掌握牢固的基础知识．6.下列属于人体免疫第二道防线的是（）A.胃酸的杀菌作用B.唾液中溶菌酶的杀菌作用C.巨噬细胞中溶酶体的消化作用D.致敏T细胞裂解抗原细胞【答案】C【解析】解：A、胃酸的杀菌作用属于第一道防线，A错误；B、唾液中溶菌酶的杀菌作用属于第一道防线，B错误；C、巨噬细胞中溶酶体的消化作用属于第二道防线，C正确；D、致敏T细胞裂解抗原细胞属于第三道防线，D错误．故选：C．人体免疫系统有三道防线：第一道防线是皮肤、黏膜及其分泌物；第二道防线是吞噬细胞、杀菌物质以及炎症反应；第三道防线是特异性免疫，包括体液免疫和细胞免疫．第一、二道防线称为非特异性免疫，非特异性免疫是人人生来就有，能代代遗传，也不针对某一特定病原体，而是对多种病原体起防御作用．特异性免疫是在非特异性免疫的基础上形成的，机体不断接受各种抗原性物质刺激而形成的，作用范围小，针对性强．本题考查免疫调节的相关知识，意在考查学生的识记能力和判断能力，运用所学知识综合分析问题和解决问题的能力．7.寒冷的冬季人从室内走到室外环境中将会出现的生理反应是（）A.耗氧量增加，体表血管收缩B.耗氧量减少，立毛肌放松C.耗氧量减少，心律变慢D.耗氧量增加，体温升高【答案】A解：A、进入寒冷环境中时，机体甲状腺激素和肾上腺素分泌增加，耗氧量增加来增加产热，同时体表血管收缩，减少散热，A正确；B、进入寒冷环境，一方面机体产热增加，耗氧量增加，另一方面体表血管收缩，减少热量的散失，减少散热，B错误；C、进入寒冷环境，机体耗氧量增加，C错误；D、进入寒冷环境，机体耗氧量增加，但是体温维持恒定，D错误；故选：A．1、体温调节是指：温度感受器接受体内、外环境温度的刺激→传入神经体温调节中枢→传出神经相应地引起内分泌腺、骨骼肌、皮肤血管和汗腺等组织活动的改变，从而调整机体的产热和散热过程，使体温保持在相对恒定的水平．2、寒冷环境→皮肤冷觉感受器→下丘脑体温调节中枢→增加产热（骨骼肌战栗、立毛肌收缩、甲状腺激素分泌增加），减少散热（毛细血管收缩、汗腺分泌减少）→体温维持相对恒定．3、炎热环境→皮肤温觉感受器→下丘脑体温调节中枢→增加散热（毛细血管舒张、汗腺分泌增加）→体温维持相对恒定．本题考查体温调节的相关知识，意在考查学生的识记能力和判断能力，运用所学知识综合分析问题和解决问题的能力．8.下列人体内的生理活动与蛋白质功能无关的是（）A.O2在血液中的运输B.O2进入线粒体C.甘油在肝细胞内转变为丙酮酸D.细胞识别【答案】B【解析】解：A、氧气在血液中运输，需要血红蛋白，体现了蛋白质的运输功能，A错误；B、氧气进入线粒体是自由扩散，与蛋白质无直接关系，B正确；C、甘油在肝细胞中转变成丙酮酸需要酶的催化作用，该酶的本质是蛋白质，C错误；D、细胞识别作用离不开糖蛋白，D错误．故选：B．蛋白质是生命活动的主要承担者，有的蛋白质是结构物质，有的蛋白质具有催化功能，有的蛋白质具有调节机体生命活动的功能，有的蛋白质具有免疫功能等．本题旨在考查学生对蛋白质功能多样性的理解和识记．9.小肠上皮细胞所处的细胞外液是指（）A.淋巴液B.组织液C.血浆D.小肠液【答案】B【解析】解：A、淋巴液是淋巴细胞所处的细胞外液，A错误；B、口腔上皮细胞周围的液体是组织液，B正确；C、血浆是血细胞所处的细胞外液，C错误；D、小肠液是分泌到消化道的液体，不属于细胞外液，D错误．故选：B绝大多数细胞所处的细胞外液为组织液，只有血细胞或淋巴细胞处于血浆或淋巴中，小肠上皮细胞周围的液体也为组织液．本题考查了细胞生活的具体的内环境，解答本题的关键是熟记一些特殊的细胞所处的内环境，其他细胞均处于组织液中．试题难度一般10.光刺激15分钟导致肾脏功能障碍的小鼠体内水分向细胞内液转移，引起细胞水肿，这种情况发生在神经细胞时，将会引起嗜睡、烦躁、昏迷等，其原因是（）A.神经细胞神经递质合成减少B.神经细胞内电解质浓度降低C.神经细胞质膜上递质受体减少D.神经细胞质膜上离子通道数量减少【答案】B【解析】解：小鼠体内的水分向细胞内液转移以后，引起细胞水肿，若发生在神经细胞，此时神经细胞内部电解质溶液浓度降低，引起兴奋传导受到影响，B正确；而神经元其他物质的合成和含量不变，ACD错误．故选：B．水盐调节过程：当吃食物过咸、饮水不足、失水过多时，细胞外液渗透压升高，一方面下丘脑把有关信息通过有关神经传到大脑皮层，使人体产生渴觉，通过主动饮水来降低细胞外液渗透压，另一方面下丘脑能够合成抗利尿激素，垂体后叶释放，作用于肾小管和集合管，促进水分的重吸收．本题通过考察X神经元对体内水分平衡的作用，主要考查水盐调节过程和相关的实验分析能力，意在考查考生的分析能力和理解所学知识要点，把握知识间内在联系的能力；能运用所学知识，对生物学问题作出准确的判断，难度适中．11.用蛋白酶去除大肠杆菌核糖体的蛋白质，处理后的核糖体仍可催化氨基酸的脱水缩合反应，由此可推测核糖体中能催化该反应的物质是（）A.蛋白酶B.RNA聚合酶C.RNAD.逆转录酶【答案】C【解析】解：核糖体由蛋白质和RNA组成，用蛋白酶去除大肠杆菌核糖体的蛋白质后，剩余部分为RNA，处理后的核糖体仍可催化氨基酸的脱水缩合反应，说明核糖体中能催化该反应的物质是RNA．故选：C．1、酶是由活细胞产生的具有催化活性的有机物，其中大部分是蛋白质、少量是RNA．2、①高效性：酶的催化效率大约是无机催化剂的107～1013倍．②专一性：每一种酶只能催化一种或者一类化学反应．③酶的作用条件较温和：在最适宜的温度和p H条件下，酶的活性最高；温度和p H偏高或偏低，酶的活性都会明显降低；在过酸、过碱或温度过高条件下酶会变性失活，而在低温条件下酶的活性降低，但不会失活．本题考查酶的化学本质及作用，意在考查学生分析问题和解决问题的能力，试题难度中等．12.下列关于酶工程的叙述正确的是（）A.加酶洗衣粉中通常含有纤维素酶和脂肪酶等B.尿糖试纸中含有葡萄糖水解酶和过氧化氢酶C.控制温度和PH值是酶的生产中保持酶活力的要素D.酶的固定化技术中所用的承载物易溶于水【答案】C【解析】解：A、加酶洗衣粉中常见的酶类：蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶和纤维素酶，A错误；B、尿糖试纸是酶工程的产物，其中含有葡萄糖氧化酶和过氧化氢酶，B错误；C、酶的活性受温度和PH值等的影响，故控制温度和PH值是酶的生产中保持酶活力的要素，C正确；D、酶的固定化技术是指将酶固定在不溶于水的承载物上，或者使酶交联在一起，D错误．故选：C．本题考查了酶的分离、提纯以及固定等相关知识，意在考查考生的识记能力和理解所学知识要点，把握知识间内在联系，形成知识网络结构的能力；能运用所学知识，准确判断问题的能力．13.图为氨基酸和N a+进出肾小管上皮细胞的示意图．下列选项中正确的是（）A.①过程为协助扩散B.②过程需要消耗ATPC.③过程为主动运输D.N a+进出肾小管上皮细胞必须载体蛋白【答案】D【解析】解：A、管腔中氨基酸进入上皮细胞是低浓度→高浓度，需要载体、消耗能量，属于主动运输，A错误；B、管腔中N a+进入上皮细胞是高浓度→低浓度，需要载体、但不消耗能量，属于协助扩散，B错误；C、上皮细胞中氨基酸进入组织液是高浓度→低浓度，需要载体、但不消耗能量，属于协助扩散，C错误；D、N a+进出肾小管上皮细胞的方式有协助扩散和主动运输，所以都必须有载体蛋白协助，D正确．故选：D．自由扩散、协助扩散和主动运输的区别如下：本题考查物质跨膜运输的相关知识，意在考查学生的识图能力和判断能力，运用所学知识综合分析问题的能力．14.图表示细胞呼吸作用的过程，其中①②③代表有关生理过程发生的场所，甲、乙代表该过程中产生的中间产物．下列相关叙述正确的是（）A.①具有双层膜结构B.②中产生的ATP最多C.③中产生的[H]最多D.甲代表丙酮酸【答案】D【解析】解：A、①是细胞质基质，不具有膜结构，A错误；B、②中进行的是有氧呼吸的第二阶段，只能产生少量的ATP，B错误；C、有氧呼吸的第二阶段产生的[H]最多，所以②中产生的[H]最多，C错误；D、根据分析可知，甲代表丙酮酸，D正确．故选：D．根据题意和图示分析可知：图示为有氧呼吸过程，在细胞质基质中完成需氧呼吸第一阶段，将葡萄糖分解为丙酮酸、[H]，并产生少量ATP，所以①为细胞质基质，甲为丙酮酸；在线粒体基质中完成需氧呼吸第二阶段，将丙酮酸和水分解为CO2、[H]，并产生少量ATP，所以②为线粒体基质，乙为[H]；在线粒体内膜上完成需氧呼吸第三阶段，[H]与O2反应生成H2O，同时产生大量ATP，所以③为线粒体内膜．本题结合细胞呼吸作用的过程图解，考查细胞呼吸的相关知识，要求考生识记细胞有氧呼吸的具体过程、场所及产物，能准确判断图中各场所和物质的名称，再结合所学的知识准确判断各选项．15.图所示为某一人体中发生的生理过程，正常情况下对这一过程的描述错误的是（）A.该种细胞类型转换过程称为细胞分化B.该过程产生的各细胞中携带的基因相同C.该过程所有细胞中含量最多的化合物相同D.各种细胞生理功能不同与t RNA不同有关【答案】D【解析】解：A、细胞分化是指在个体发育中，由一个或一种细胞增殖产生的后代，在形态，结构和生理功能上发生稳定性差异的过程．因此该种细胞类型转换过程称为细胞分化，A 正确；B、细胞分化的实质是基因的选择性表达，遗传物质没有发生改变，因此该过程产生的各细胞中携带的基因相同，B正确；C、该过程所有细胞中含量最多的化合物都是水，C正确；D、各种细胞生理功能不同与m RNA不同有关，D错误．故选：D．关于“细胞分化”，考生可以从以下几方面把握：（1）细胞分化是指在个体发育中，由一个或一种细胞增殖产生的后代，在形态，结构和生理功能上发生稳定性差异的过程．（2）细胞分化的特点：普遍性、稳定性、不可逆性．（3）细胞分化的实质：基因的选择性表达．（4）细胞分化的结果：使细胞的种类增多，功能趋于专门化．本题结合图解，考查细胞分化的相关知识，要求考生识记细胞分化的概念、特点及意义，掌握细胞分化的实质，能结合所学的知识准确判断各选项．16.图中①②③表示当有神经冲动传到神经末梢时，神经递质从突触小泡内释放并作用于突触后膜的机制，下列叙述错误的是（）A.图中神经末梢一定是轴突末梢B.过程②中神经递质的释放需要能量C.过程③实现电信号向化学信号的转变D.突触传递的方向与突触小泡和受体相关【答案】C【解析】解：A、图中神经末梢是由一个神经元的轴突末端膨大形成的突触小体，A正确；B、神经递质释放的方式是胞吐，需要消耗能量，B正确；C、过程③实现化学信号向电信号的转变，C错误；D、兴奋在突触处的传递是单向的，这是因为神经递质只存在于突触小体的突触小泡中，只能由突触前膜释放，作用于突触后膜上的特异性受体，D正确．故选：C．1、突触包括突触前膜、突触间隙和突触后膜，突触前膜内含有突触小泡，突触后膜上含有神经递质的受体．2、当有神经冲动传到神经末梢时，突触小泡与前膜融合，使前膜释放神经递质，作用于后模，使突触后膜发生电位变化．本题考查神经元结构、突触结构的相关知识，意在考查学生的识图能力和判断能力，运用所学知识综合分析问题的能力．二、多选题(本大题共1小题，共2.0分)17.图是观察洋葱根尖分生组织细胞有丝分裂各时期的局部显微照片．下列叙述正确的是（）A.细胞②中每条染色体的着丝点排列在细胞板上B.细胞①中染色体被平均分配并正向细胞两极移动C.细胞①中DNA分子数是细胞②中的2倍D.在细胞周期中细胞③时期经历的时间最长【答案】BD【解析】解：A、细胞②处于有丝分裂中期，此时还没有形成细胞板，每条染色体的着丝点排列在赤道板上，A错误；B、细胞①中着丝点分裂，姐妹染色单体分离，分别移向细胞两极，处于有丝分裂后期，B正确；C、细胞①处于有丝分裂后期，细胞②处于有丝分裂中期，细胞①中DNA分子数和细胞②中的相等，C错误；D、细胞③处于有丝分裂间期，在细胞周期中间期经历的时间最长，D正确．故选：BD．分析题图：①细胞中着丝点分裂，染色体移向细胞两极，处于有丝分裂后期；②着丝点排布于细胞中央，处于有丝分裂中期；③具有核膜、核仁，处于有丝分裂间期．本题考查观察细胞有丝分裂实验，首先要求考生识记有丝分裂各时期细胞特点，能准确判断图中各细胞所处时期位；其次要求考生明确分生区细胞具有分裂能力，能观察到细胞有丝分裂．三、单选题(本大题共13小题，共26.0分)18.下列关于人体红细胞吸收葡萄糖供能过程中各产物出现的先后顺序正确的是（）①酒精②CO2③H2O④ATP⑤乳酸⑥H+⑦丙酮酸．A.⑥⑦⑤③B.④⑦②③C.④⑦②①D.⑥④⑦⑤【答案】D【解析】解：人体红细胞没有细胞核和多种细胞器，不能进行有氧呼吸产生CO2和H2O，只能进行无氧呼吸且产物是乳酸．无氧呼吸的第一阶段是葡萄糖分解成丙酮酸和[H]，合成少量ATP，第二阶段是丙酮酸和[H]，反应生成乳酸．因此人体红细胞吸收葡萄糖供能过程中各产物出现的先后顺序正确的是⑥H+④ATP⑦丙酮酸⑤乳酸．故选：D．无氧呼吸是指在无氧条件下通过酶的催化作用，细胞把糖类等有机物不彻底氧化分解，同时释放少量能量的过程．无氧呼吸的第一阶段和有氧呼吸的第一阶段相同，即葡萄糖分解成丙酮酸和[H]，释放少量能量．无氧呼吸的第二阶段丙酮酸和[H]反应生成酒精和CO2或乳酸．本题无氧呼吸的相关知识，主要考查学生的分析和理解能力．无氧呼吸发生场所：细胞质基质．反应条件：缺氧或无氧，几种酶的参与．物质变化：葡萄糖分解为二氧化碳和酒精，或者分解成乳酸（有机物不彻底分解）．能量去向：以活跃的化学能形式储存在ATP中，以热能形式散失．19.性状分离比的模拟实验中，如图准备了实验装置，棋子上标记的D、d代表基因．实验时需分别从甲、乙中各随机抓取一枚棋子，并记录字母．此操作模拟了（）①等位基因的分离②同源染色体的联会③雌雄配子的随机结合④非等位基因的自由组合．A.①③B.①④C.②③D.②④【答案】A【解析】解：①由于甲、乙中都有D、d，所以分别从甲、乙中各随机抓取一枚棋子，只能获得D或d中的一个，说明等位基因的分离，正确；②同源染色体的联会是指在减数第一次分裂前期，同源染色体之间的配对，所以随机抓取一枚棋子没有体现同源染色体的联会，错误；③分别从甲、乙中各随机抓取一枚棋子，不同字母的随机结合，模拟生物在生殖过程中，雌雄配子的随机组合，正确；④实验中只有一对基因，不可能发生非等位基因的自由组合，错误．所以正确的有①③．故选：A．根据孟德尔对分离现象的解释，生物的性状是由遗传因子（基因）决定的，控制显性性状的基因为显性基因（用大写字母表示如：D），控制隐性性状的基因为隐性基因（用小写字母表示如：d），而且基因成对存在．遗传因子组成相同的个体为纯合子，不同的为杂合子．生物形成生殖细胞（配子）时成对的基因分离，分别进入不同的配子中．当杂合子自交时，雌雄配子随机结合，后代出现性状分离，性状分离比为显性：隐性=3：1．用两个小桶分别代表雌雄生殖器官，两小桶内的彩球分别代表雌雄配子，用不同彩球的随机结合，模拟生物在生殖过程中，雌雄配子的随机组合．本题考查性状分离比的模拟实验，首先要求考生掌握基因分离定律的实质，明确实验中所用的小桶、彩球和彩球的随机结合所代表的含义；其次要求考生掌握该实验的操作过中需要注意的细节，明确甲、乙小桶中摸出的D、d数量基本相等所表示的含义，属于考纲理解层次的考查．20.在“观察植物细胞的质壁分离和复原”实验中，对紫色洋葱鳞片叶外表皮临时装片进行了三次观察（如图所示）．下列有关叙述错误的是（）A.第一次观察时容易看到紫色大液泡和较大的无色细胞质基质区域B.相同视野下第二次观察时看到的紫色大液泡最小C.前后两次吸水纸引流的液体分别是蔗糖溶液和清水D.第一次观察步骤是为了便于将实验前和实验中的现象变化作对比【答案】A【解析】解：A、第一次观察时容易看到紫色大液泡，不能看到无色细胞质基质区域，A错误；B、第二次观察为紫色洋葱鳞片叶外表皮细胞在蔗糖溶液中的质壁分离状态，故相同视野下第二次观察时看到的紫色大液泡最小，B正确；C、前后两次吸水纸引流的液体分别是蔗糖溶液和清水，C正确；D、第一次观察步骤是为了便于将实验前和实验中的现象变化作对比，D正确．故选：A．据图可知，第一次观察为紫色洋葱鳞片叶外表皮细胞在蒸馏水中的正常状态，第二次观察为紫色洋葱鳞片叶外表皮细胞在蔗糖溶液中的质壁分离状态，第三次观察为紫色洋葱鳞片叶外表皮细胞在蒸馏水中的质壁分离复原状态．成熟的植物细胞构成渗透系统，可发生渗透作用．质壁分离的原因：外因：外界溶液浓度＞细胞液浓度；内因：原生质层相当于一层半透膜，细胞壁的伸缩性小于原生质层．本题考查质壁分离和复原的相关知识，要求学生能独立完成“生物知识内容表”所列的生物实验，包括理解实验目的、原理、方法和操作步骤，意在考查学生识记能力和判断能力，运用所学知识综合分析问题的能力．21.为了探究中国水仙只开花不结实（高度不育）的原因，有研究者开展了染色体核型的分析实验，核型分析结果如图所示．下列有关分析错误的是（）A.中国水仙是三倍体B.要使观察到的染色体形态清晰可用秋水仙素染色C.在中国水仙的花药中一般找不到正常的生殖细胞D.高度不育根本原因是减数分裂时同源染色体联会紊乱【答案】B【解析】解：A、图示染色体核型的分析，水仙体细胞中含有3个染色体组，因此中国水仙为三倍体，A正确；B、要使观察的染色体形态清晰，需要选择处于有丝分裂中期的细胞观察，因为此时染色体分散良好、染色体形态清晰，B错误；C、根据中国水仙是三倍体，减数分裂时同源染色体联会紊乱，不能产生正常的生殖细胞，不能结实，C正确；D、根据中国水仙是三倍体，减数分裂时同源染色体联会紊乱，不能产生正常的生殖细胞，不能结实，D正确．故选：B．由图染色体核型分析结果，得出推论：中国水仙有3个染色体组，故只开花不结实的原因是中国水仙是三倍体，减数分裂时同源染色体联会紊乱，不能产生正常生殖细胞．本题考查了观察有丝分裂的取材问题、观察减数分裂的取材问题，意在考查考生对于相关实验的原理、步骤、取材、试剂的使用等问题的识记和理解．22.在应用农杆菌侵染植物叶片获得转基因植株的常规实验步骤中，不需要的是（）A.用携带目的基因的农杆菌侵染植物细胞B.用适当比例的生长素和细胞分裂素诱导愈伤组织生芽C.用聚乙二醇诱导转基因细胞的原生质体融合D.用选择培养基筛选导入目的基因的细胞【答案】。

2016学年第一学期高三教学质量调研生物试卷考生注意：1、本试卷考试时间60分钟，试卷满分100分.2、答题前，考生务必在试卷和答题纸的指定位置准确填写学校、姓名、准考证号等信息.3、考试结束只交答题纸。

一、选择题（共40 分，每小题2 分。

每小题只有一个正确答案.）1．图1表示细胞中一种常见的水解反应。

下列化合物能发生此种反应的有①多肽②淀粉③纤维素④脂肪A．①②③ B．①②④ C．①③④ D．②③④2．下列关于乙型肝炎病毒的说法正确的是A。

能在人体血浆中增殖B．不能寄生在呼吸道黏膜细胞中C．核酸中含5种含氮碱基D。

蛋白质由自身的核糖体合成图23．图2为线粒体的结构示意图，其中不可能发生的反应是A．②处发生三羧酸循环B．①处产生ATPC．②处产生二碳化合物D．③处发生H+与O2的结合反应4．图3是基因型为Aa的某细胞处在某分裂时期的细胞形态图，则A 和A 基因的分离将发生在A ．减数第一次分裂后期B ．减数第二次分裂后期C ．减数第一次分裂末期D ．减数第二次分裂末期5．图5中字母表示染色体上不同的基因。

与正常染色体相比， 染色体①～④中，可能发生了基因突变的是A ．①B ．②C ．③D ．④6．在“观察牛蛙的脊髓反射现象"实验中,若要证明感受器是完成曲腿反射必不可少的结构,无需操作的步骤是A ．环割后肢脚趾尖皮肤B ．用探针破坏脊髓C ．用0。

5％HCl 溶液刺激趾尖D ．切除牛蛙的脑7．ATP 与ADP 的转化关系如图6，其中①和②为反应过程，③表示某化学键。

下列叙述正确的是A ．过程①是合成反应B ．反应②的能量来源可以不同C ．③表示高能磷酸键D ．抑制反应①有利于ATP 合成8．图7为某小组研究酵母菌和乳酸菌呼吸方式的实验示意图,培养一段时间后小油滴的移动方向是A ．不移动 图 5 图7B．向左移动C．向右移动D．先左后右9．为验证胚芽鞘弯曲生长的原理，某同学在暗室中按图8设计进行实验，其结果应为图8A．胚芽鞘不生长B．胚芽鞘向左弯曲生长C．胚芽鞘直立生长D．胚芽鞘向右弯曲生长10．下图为两种生物处在不同分裂时期的细胞，其中三个细胞来自同一种生物，则来自另一种生物的细胞是11．在大蒜根尖分生区细胞中，具有双层膜的细胞器A．能利用光能合成糖类B．是发生三羧酸循环的场所C．能对分泌物进行加工D．是大分子有机物进行水解的场所12．甲状腺的滤泡细胞分泌甲状腺素,C细胞分泌32肽的降钙素，下列表述正确的是A．滤泡细胞和C细胞内含有不同的基因B．控制降钙素合成的基因长度至少为192对碱基C．在降钙素溶液中加入适量的双缩脲试剂，溶液呈橘红色D．滤泡细胞和C细胞内RNA种类不同。

2017年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试上海生命科学试卷考生注意：1.本试卷满分100分，考试时间60分钟。

2.本考试分设试卷和答题纸。

试卷包括两部分，第一部分全部为选择题，第二部分为综合题，包括填空题、选择题和简答题等题型。

3.答卷前，务必用钢笔、圆珠笔或签字笔在答题纸正面清楚地填写姓名、准考证号，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上，在答题纸反面清楚地填写姓名。

4.作答必须全部涂或写在答题纸上，在试卷上作答一律不得分。

选择题的作答必须用2B铅笔涂在答题纸上相应的区域，综合题的作答必须用钢笔、圆珠笔或签字笔写在答题纸上与试卷题号对应的位置。

一、选择题（共40分，每小題2分．每小題只有一个正确答案）1．如图是某细胞局部的亚显微结构照片，图中所示表面附着颗粒的膜结构细胞器是（）A．细胞核B．内质网C．细胞壁D．液泡2．ATP被喻为生物体的“能量货币”，为生命活动直接提供能量．图是ATP的结构示意图，下列叙述正确的是（）A．①表示腺苷B．②表示脱氧核糖C．③断裂后释放的能量最多D．④是高能磷酸键3．如图表示一个二肽分子，其中由羧基和氨基脱水缩合形成的化学键是指（）A．①B．②C．③D．④4．图表示物质被动运输的一种方式，下列关于该方式的叙述中正确的是（）A．被运输物质必须与细胞膜上的载体结合B．大部分离子以该方式跨膜运输C．该方式的运输速度不存在饱和值D．该方式也能逆浓度梯度输送特定分子5．洋葱表皮细胞质壁分离和复原实验过程中，液泡的体积会随外界溶液浓度的变化而改变，如图所示．图中①、②两处滴加的溶液分别是（）A．清水、清水B．清水、30%蔗糖溶液C．30%蔗糖溶液、清水D．30%蔗糖溶液、30%蔗糖溶液6．图表示自然界中三种蛋白酶的活性与pH之间的关系，由图可推测（）A．木瓜蛋白酶不受pH影响B．pH不同，胰蛋白酶活性不可能相同C．pH由10降到2过程中，胃蛋白酶活性不断上升D．pH在5左右时，三种酶都有活性7．图显示了人体内蛋白质的部分代谢途径，大写字母代表物质，下列叙述错误的是（）A．A是氨基酸B．B含有氮元素C．①脱氨基作用D．②也存在于脂肪代谢中8．同学们用阁所示的4种卡片分两组搭建DNA模型．有一组的卡片中有20个T和40个C；另一组同学有20个A和40个G．两组所取的卡片都恰好够搭建模型，这两组同学搭建的DNA模型最可能（）A．长度一样，顺序也一样B．长度一样，顺序不一样C．长度不一样．顺序一样D．长度不一样，顺序也不一样9．己知一小鼠的基因型为X B X b．该小鼠次级卵母细胞减数分裂的结果是（）A．第二极体中同时含有B基因和b基因B．卵细胞中可能含有B基因或含有b基因C．若卵细胞中含有B基因，则极体中必不含有B基因D．卵细胞中必然含有B基因，极体中可能含有b基因10．图是某对同源染色体结构示意图，图中字母表示染色体片段，其中一条染色体发生了（）A．缺失B．重复C．倒位D．易位11．桦尺蛾有黑色（A）和白色（a）两种表现型，对于一个基因频率相对稳定的桦尺蛾种群而言，大量引入白色桦尺蛾（aa）会使种群中（）A．a基因频率上升 B．A基因频率上升C．a基因频率下降D．a基因频率不变12．人体的尿液以其较低的pH和冲洗作用使得大多数病原体无法在尿道中生存，这种免疫方式属于（）A．非特异性免疫B．人工免疫C．二次免疫D．疫苗免疫13．图为某反射弧示意图，甲为感受器、乙为效应器（肌肉）．现a处受到损伤，而其他部分正常，当感受器受到刺激后将表现为（）A．既有感觉，同时肌肉又有收缩反应B．失去感觉，同时肌肉也无收缩反应C．有感觉，但肌肉无收缩反应D．失去感觉，但肌肉有收缩反应14．在番茄中，圆形果（R）对卵圆形果（r）为显性，单一花序（E）对复状花序（e）是显性．对某单一花序圆形果植株进行测交，测交后代表型及其株数为：单一花序圆形果22株、单一花序卵圆形果83株、复状花序圆形果85株、复状花序卵圆形20株．据此判断，下列四图中，能正确表示该单一花序圆形果植株基因与染色体关系的是（）A．B．C．D．15．图是某对血型为A型和B型的夫妇生出孩子的可能基因型的遗传图解，图示过程与基因传递所遵循遗传规律的对应关系是（）A．仅过程Ⅰ，基因分离定律B．过程Ⅰ和Ⅱ，基因分离定律C．仅过程Ⅱ，基因自由组合定律D．过程Ⅰ和Ⅱ，基因自由组合定律16．据观察，饲养在水族箱中的柳条鱼总是在每年的四月中旬产卵，这固然可能与季节性水温的高低和日照时间的长短有关，但也不能排除柳条鱼体内存在着一个固有的生物钟．上述思维过程在生命科学探究中属于（）A．提出假设B．设计实验C．分析数据D．得出结论17．生物工程包含多项分支技术，就其产业化应用而言，生物工程的基本原理是（）A．必须改造相关生物的基因B．以糖类物质作为主要原料C．以活细胞作为生物反应器D．以原生物体的代谢物为产品18．硝化细菌广泛存在子通气性较好的土壤中，其部分代谢反应如图所示，下列关于硝化细菌的培养条件的描述正确的是（）A．碳源为葡萄糖B．培养时需隔绝空气C．氮源是氮气 D．培养时需冷藏19．在培养基配制和微生物接种的过程中，确保无杂菌污染被称为无菌操作．图中，符合无菌操作要求的有（）A．①②③④B．①②③⑤C．①③④⑤D．②③④⑤20．人类培育的动植物品种数量十分繁多，如月季品种在我国有1000个左右，这体现了（）A．生境多样性 B．遗传多样性 C．物种多样性 D．生态多样性二、综合题（共60分）21．（一）回答下列有关植物激素调节的问题（13分）其科学小组对植物激素的产生及作用等方面进行了系列探究，其过程如图所示．图甲为燕麦幼苗的示意图，在该幼苗的左侧给予光照．（1）一段时间后该幼苗将生长，导致这种现象发生的主要植物激素是，植物体内与该激素这种生理作用类似的激素还有（举一例即可）．分别切取燕麦幼苗的胚芽树尖端，放在琼脂块A、B上，并分别在单侧光下和黑暗条件下培养相同时间（图乙）后，分别测定琼脂块A、B中激素的含量，结果A、B两琼脂块中激素的含量相差不多．（2）从上述结果可以得出的初步结论有．切取燕麦幼苗胚芽鞘的上端，放在琼脂块上，用云母片从上插到下．单侧光照一段时间后，分别把C、D琼脂块放在去尖端的幼苗上，如图丙所示．（3）推测C、D端幼苗的生长状况是．A．C端幼苗伸长，D端幼苗不伸长B．C端幼苗不伸长，D端幼苗伸长C．C端幼苗和D端幼苗都伸长D．C端幼苗和D端幼苗都不伸长假如云母片插入的位置如图丁所示，光照一段时间后，分别把E、F琼脂块放在尖端的幼苗上，如图丁所示．（4）一段时间后，放了E、F琼脂块的幼苗中，伸长较多的是，发生这种现象的原因是．22．回答下列有关内环境稚态的问題（11分）图是人体脂类代谢与体温调节的部分机制示意图．图中字母表示物质，I﹣V表示途径。