电子商务英文版

关于电子商务英语作文Electronic Commerce。

Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce, is the buying and selling of goods and services over the internet. It has become an increasingly popular way for businesses to reach customers and for consumers to shop conveniently from the comfort of their own homes.The benefits of e-commerce are numerous. For businesses, it offers a cost-effective way to reach a global audience and reduce overhead costs associated with traditional brick and mortar stores. E-commerce also allows businesses to collect valuable data on consumer behavior and preferences, which can be used to improve marketing strategies and product offerings.For consumers, e-commerce offers convenience and accessibility. With just a few clicks, consumers can browse and purchase products from a wide range of retailerswithout ever leaving their homes. E-commerce also offers a wider selection of products and often lower prices than traditional retail stores.However, e-commerce also presents some challenges. Cybersecurity is a major concern, as hackers and other malicious actors can steal sensitive information such as credit card numbers and personal data. E-commerce also presents challenges for small businesses, who may struggle to compete with larger retailers and marketplaces.Despite these challenges, e-commerce continues to grow and evolve. New technologies such as artificialintelligence and virtual reality are being integrated into the e-commerce experience, offering even more personalized and immersive shopping experiences for consumers.In conclusion, e-commerce has revolutionized the way we shop and do business. While it presents challenges, the benefits of e-commerce are undeniable, and it will continue to play a major role in the global economy for years to come.。

Introduction to Electronic Commerce, 3e (Turban)Chapter 8 Mobile Computing and Commerce8.1 True/False1) Metro Group found customers were less satisfied when using its mobile shopping assistant than when customers used more traditional shopping methods.Answer: FALSEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 2942) Mobile commerce includes B2C and B2B commercial transactions as well as the transfer of information and services via wireless mobile devices.Answer: FALSEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 2953) The small screen size and increased bandwidth of most mobile computing devices has increased customer interest in using them.Answer: FALSEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 2954) Consumer uptake of B2C m-commerce applications has been fast and continues to grow. Answer: FALSEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 2955) Connectivity is a key attribute of m-commerce.Answer: FALSEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 2966) The most widely recognized benefit of increased mobility is the productive use of travel time. Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 2977) Multimedia messaging service enables the convergence of mobile devices and personal computers.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 3008) Increased use of voice-support services exploits the built-in audio capabilities of many mobile devices and reduces their dependence on unsatisfactory input solutions, such as handwriting recognition, keypads, or virtual touch-screen keyboards.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 3009) The highest level of voice support services is a voice portal, which is a Web site with an audio interface that can be accessed through a telephone call.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 30010) WiFi is the common name used to describe the IEEE 802.11 standard used on most WLANs. Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 30111) WiMax is a wireless standard for making broadband network connections over a medium-size area such as a city.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 30212) The uptake of mobile banking has been very popular.Answer: FALSEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 30413) IMS Research recently forecast that the number of mobile banking users will reach approximately 1 billion in 2012.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 30414) Wireless divide refers to the gap between people with effective access to digital and information technology and those without.Answer: FALSEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 30615) Microeconomics is the provision of financial services to poor or low-income clients, including consumers and the self-employed.Answer: FALSEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 30616) Audio and video clips are the principal technologies used to deliver advertisements to cell phones.Answer: FALSEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 30817) Security is one of the basic principles of the Global Code of Conduct.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 30918) Enhanced productivity and reduced costs are the main reasons for the widespread deployment of mobile devices and applications within organizations.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 31019) Network coverage gaps and interruptions are one of the challenges associated with delivering mobile solutions to mobile workers.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 31120) Mobile gambling is the largest mobile entertainment segment.Answer: FALSEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 31221) Technology, number of players, and genre are ways to classify mobile games.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 31322) Streaming music and radio represent the largest revenue portion of the mobile music segment. Answer: FALSEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 31323) The inability to customize applications is one of the major barriers to enterprise mobile computing.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 32024) Several key ethical issues in m-commerce include isolation, loss of privacy, and potential health damage from cellular radio frequency emissions.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 32225) A study by Seoul National University found that 30 percent of South Korean high school students reported addiction effects, which are anxious feelings when they did not have their phones with them.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 3228.2 Multiple Choice1) Mobile commerce is conducted in each of the following ways exceptA) the Internet.B) the mail.C) private communication lines.D) other computing networks.Answer: BDiff: 2 Page Ref: 2952) M-commerce applications includeA) financial.B) advertising.C) personal services.D) all of the above.Answer: DDiff: 1 Page Ref: 2953) The technology foundation for mobile commerce includesA) mobile devices.B) software.C) services.D) all of the above.Answer: DDiff: 2 Page Ref: 2954) M-commerce drivers include each of the following exceptA) powerful devices.B) security.C) handset culture.D) service economy.Answer: BDiff: 3 Page Ref: 2955) Key attributes of m-commerce include each of the following exceptA) personalization.B) localization.C) separation.D) convenience.Answer: CDiff: 3 Page Ref: 2966) Major attributes that are necessary for development of mobile applications include each of the following exceptA) ubiquity.B) localization.C) security.D) personalization.Answer: CDiff: 3 Page Ref: 2967) M-commerce drivers include each of the following exceptA) improved price/performance.B) vendor's push.C) increased mobility.D) employment opportunities.Answer: DDiff: 2 Page Ref: 2978) The development of m-commerce is being driven by the following technological, business, social, and economic factors exceptA) transition to a manufacturing economy.B) widespread availability of more powerful wireless devices.C) growth of a handset culture and mobile workforce.D) improved price or performance of mobile services.Answer: ADiff: 1 Page Ref: 2979) The most widely recognized benefit of increased mobility isA) location-based advertising.B) the ability to pay bills online.C) the productive use of travel time.D) improved price and performance.Answer: CDiff: 2 Page Ref: 29710) Infrastructures supporting mobile computing areA) mobile devices, network access points, and servers.B) WAP gateways, GPS locators, and GPS satellites.C) PDAs, smartphones, and PCs.D) Web servers, mobile devices, and microbrowsers.Answer: ADiff: 3 Page Ref: 29811) Characteristics of mobile devices that create special requirements that hardware and software designers need to anticipate when designing mobile computing systems include each of the following exceptA) small screens.B) broad bandwidth.C) reduced memory.D) restricted input capabilities.Answer: BDiff: 3 Page Ref: 29812) A stand-alone handheld computer principally used for personal information management best describesA) smart phone.B) wireless network.C) personal digital assistant.D) multimessaging service.Answer: CDiff: 1 Page Ref: 29913) Software-enabled services presented by cell phones and smart phones that are not found in the desktop or even mobile computer worlds include each of the following exceptA) messaging services.B) location-based services.C) voice-supported services.D) switched services.Answer: DDiff: 2 Page Ref: 29914) Rick sends a message from a delayed flight to his friend on her cell phone that he will be arriving late. The service that allows the sending and receiving of such short text messages on mobile phones is calledA) LOL.B) MSG.C) SMS.D) TMG.Answer: CDiff: 2 Page Ref: 30015) In m-commerce applications, voice recognition and voice synthesizing offerA) better operation in dirty or moving environments.B) hands- and eyes-free operation.C) faster input.D) all of the above.Answer: DDiff: 1 Page Ref: 30016) A voice system that enables users to request and receive information and to enter and change data through a telephone to a computerized system best describesA) interactive voice response.B) voice activated device.C) voice command system.D) mobile voice system.Answer: ADiff: 2 Page Ref: 30017) ________ enables the determination of the location of an enabled device.A) GPSB) PDAC) SMSD) WAPAnswer: ADiff: 1 Page Ref: 30018) A ________ is suitable for mobile users who need to make very short-range device-to-device wireless connections within a small space, such as a single room, and most commonly with Bluetooth.A) personal area networkB) local area networkC) wireless area networkD) Wi-Fi area networkAnswer: ADiff: 2 Page Ref: 30119) Physically, the heart of a WLAN is a ________ that connects wireless devices to the desired network.A) routerB) wireless network PC cardC) wireless access pointD) modemAnswer: CDiff: 2 Page Ref: 30120) Most WLANs run on a telecommunications standard known asA) IEEE 802.17.B) IEEE 802.16.C) IEEE 802.14.D) IEEE 802.11.Answer: DDiff: 3 Page Ref: 30121) Which of the following is a set of telecommunications standards that enables wireless devices to communicate with each other over short distances?A) SMS.B) MMS.C) Bluetooth.D) WAN.Answer: CDiff: 1 Page Ref: 30122) A wireless standard (IEEE 802.16) for making broadband network connections over a medium-size area such as a city best describesA) WiMax.B) WiFi.C) SMS.D) WWAN.Answer: ADiff: 2 Page Ref: 30223) WWANs are distinguished byA) their speed.B) the communication protocols they use.C) the cellular standards on which they are based.D) all of the above.Answer: DDiff: 1 Page Ref: 30324) Classes of mobile marketing campaigns include each of the following exceptA) information.B) entertainment.C) gaming.D) coupons.Answer: CDiff: 2 Page Ref: 30825) Internet mobile marketing campaign objectives include each of the following exceptA) building brand awareness.B) penetrating competitor markets.C) changing brand image.D) building customer databases.Answer: BDiff: 2 Page Ref: 30826) Basic principles from the Global Code of Conduct include each of the following exceptA) notice.B) choice and consent.C) point of contact.D) security.Answer: CDiff: 2 Page Ref: 30927) Which of the following is the largest segment of mobile entertainment?A) mobile gaming.B) mobile music.C) mobile gambling.D) mobile dancing.Answer: BDiff: 1 Page Ref: 31228) Barriers to location-based m-commerce include each of the following except:A) Wireless bandwidth is limited.B) The accuracy of location technologies is often less than consumers expect.C) There are presently not enough location-based systems to make this a viable technology.D) Consumers see constant location data transmissions as a violation of privacy. Answer: CDiff: 2 Page Ref: 31929) Health risks of cell phone use include each of the following exceptA) cell phone addiction.B) damage from cellular radio frequency emissions.C) spinal injury.D) thumb -overuse syndrome.Answer: CDiff: 2 Page Ref: 32130) Ethical issues raised by m-commerce include each of the following exceptA) limited access to data and documents.B) privacy invasion.C) infringing on workers' personal time.D) isolation.Answer: ADiff: 2 Page Ref: 3218.3 Fill in the Blank1) ________ includes any business activity conducted over a wireless telecommunications network or from mobile devices.Answer: Mobile commerceDiff: 1 Page Ref: 2952) ________ means being available at any location at any time.Answer: UbiquityDiff: 2 Page Ref: 2963) ________ refers to knowing where a user is physically located at any particular moment. Answer: LocalizationDiff: 2 Page Ref: 2964) ________ is computing that connects a mobile device to a network or another computing device, anytime, anywhere.Answer: Wireless mobile computingDiff: 2 Page Ref: 2985) A stand-alone handheld computer principally used for personal information management is called a ________.Answer: personal digital assistantDiff: 2 Page Ref: 2996) A mobile phone with PC-like capabilities describes ________.Answer: smart phoneDiff: 2 Page Ref: 2997) What distinguishes one type of mobile computer from another is its physical ________, which refers to its size.Answer: footprintDiff: 2 Page Ref: 2998) ________ is a service that supports the sending and receiving of short text messages on mobile phones.Answer: Short message serviceDiff: 2 Page Ref: 3009) ________ is the emerging generation of wireless messaging; it is able to deliver rich media. Answer: Multimedia messaging serviceDiff: 2 Page Ref: 30010) ________ is a voice system that enables users to request and receive information and to enter and change data through a telephone to a computerized system.Answer: Interactive voice responseDiff: 3 Page Ref: 30011) The highest level of voice support services is a ________, a Web site with an audio interface that can be accessed through a telephone call.Answer: voice portalDiff: 2 Page Ref: 30012) ________ is a wireless telecommunications network for device-to-device connections within a very short range.Answer: Personal area networkDiff: 2 Page Ref: 30113) ________ is a set of telecommunications standards that enables wireless devices to communicate with each other over short distances.Answer: BluetoothDiff: 1 Page Ref: 30114) ________ is a telecommunications network that enables users to make short-range wireless connections to the Internet or another network.Answer: Wireless local area networkDiff: 2 Page Ref: 30115) ________ is the common name used to describe the IEEE 802.11 standard used on most WLANs.Answer: Wi-FiDiff: 2 Page Ref: 30116) ________ is a wireless standard (IEEE 802.16) for making broadband network connections over a medium-size area such as a city.Answer: WiMaxDiff: 2 Page Ref: 30217) ________ is a telecommunications network that offers wireless coverage over a large geographical area, typically over a cellular phone network.Answer: Wireless wide area networkDiff: 2 Page Ref: 30318) A ________ is any employee who is away form his or her primary work space at least 10 hoursa week or 25 percent of the time.Answer: mobile workerDiff: 1 Page Ref: 30919) ________ is any type of leisure activity that utilizes wireless telecommunication networks, interacts with service providers, and incurs a cost upon usage.Answer: Mobile entertainmentDiff: 2 Page Ref: 31220) ________ is the delivery of m-commerce transactions to individuals in a specific location, at a specific time.Answer: Location-based m-commerce (l-commerce)Diff: 2 Page Ref: 31521) ________ relies on base stations to find the location of a mobile device sending a signal or sensed by the network.Answer: Network-based positioningDiff: 3 Page Ref: 31622) ________ calculates the location of a mobile device from signals sent by the device to base stations.Answer: Terminal-based positioningDiff: 3 Page Ref: 31623) ________ is a worldwide satellite-based tracking system that enables users to determine their position anywhere on the earth.Answer: Global positioning systemDiff: 2 Page Ref: 31624) ________ refers to systems used to track and identify the location of objects in real time. Answer: Real-time location systemDiff: 1 Page Ref: 31725) ________ refers to a computer system capable of integrating, storing, editing, analyzing, sharing, and displaying geographically referenced (spatial) information.Answer: Geographical information systemDiff: 3 Page Ref: 3178.4 Essay1) List the seven drivers of m-commerce.Answer: The seven drivers are widespread availability of more powerful mobile devices, the handset culture, the service economy, vendor's push, the mobile workforce, increased mobility, and improved price and performance.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 2972) Identify and briefly describe four wireless telecommunications networks.Answer: Types of wireless telecommunications networks include personal area networks, wireless local area networks, municipal Wi-Fi networks, and wireless wide area networks. Personal area networks enable very short-range device-to-device wireless connections within a small space. Wireless local area networks are used for medium-range connections up to 300 feet and are commonly used for public hotspots and provide Internet connectivity throughout our homes. Wireless metropolitan networks support connections up to 30 miles. Wireless wide area networks provide global coverage by using the same network technologies as cell phones.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 301-3033) Identify the five basic principles of The Global Code of Conduct.Answer: Notice, choice and consent, customization and constraint, security, and enforcement and accountability are the five basic principles.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 308-3094) Identify three of the five barriers to location-based m-commerce.Answer: Lack of GPS in mobile phones, accuracy of devices, cost-benefit justification, limited network bandwidth, and invasion of privacy are barriers to location-based m-commerce.Diff: 3 Page Ref: 3195) Identify five of the eight technical limitations of mobile computing.Answer: Technical limitations include insufficient bandwidth, security standards, power consumption, transmission interferences, GPS accuracy, potential health hazards,human-computer interface, and complexity.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 321。

电子商务定义英文版电子商务定义英文版IntroductionElectronic commerce, commonly known as ecommerce, refers to the buying and selling of goods and services over the internet. It involves conducting business electronically, using various digital technologies such as mobile devices, computers, and the internet. Ecommerce has revolutionized the way companies do business and has become an essential part of the global economy.DefinitionEcommerce can be defined as the transaction and exchange of goods, services, and information via electronic networks, primarily the internet. It encompasses a wide range of activities, including online shopping, electronic payments, online banking, online auctions, and electronic ticketing. Ecommerce can be conducted between businesses (B2B), between businesses and consumers (B2C), between consumers (C2C), or between consumers and governments (C2G).Types of EcommerceB2B (BusinesstoBusiness):B2B ecommerce refers to transactions taking place between businesses. It involves the electronic exchange of products, services, and information between two or more businesses. B2B ecommerce includes activities such as online procurement, supply chn management, and electronic data interchange (EDI). This type of ecommerce is typically used by wholesalers, manufacturers, and suppliers.B2C (BusinesstoConsumer):B2C ecommerce involves transactions between businesses and individual consumers. It is the most common type of ecommerce and includes online shopping, retl websites, and online marketplaces. B2C ecommerce allows businesses to reach a larger customer base and enables consumers to easily purchase products and services online.C2C (ConsumertoConsumer):C2C ecommerce refers to transactions between individual consumers. It allows individuals to buy and sell products or services directly to each other without the involvement of a business. This type of ecommerce is facilitated by online classified ads, auction websites, and peertopeer marketplaces. Examples of C2C ecommerce platforms include eBay and Crgslist.C2G (ConsumertoGovernment):C2G ecommerce involves transactions between individual consumers and government entities. It allows consumers to interact with government agencies and make online payments for taxes, licenses, permits, and other government services. C2G ecommerce streamlines the process of interacting with government agencies and provides a convenient way for consumers to access and pay for government services.Importance of EcommerceEcommerce has become increasingly important in today's digital age. Here are a few reasons why it is crucial for businesses and consumers:1. Global Reach: Ecommerce allows businesses to reach customers globally, breaking down geographical barriers. It provides access to a larger customer base and allows businesses to expand their market reach beyond their physical locations.2. Convenience: Ecommerce provides convenience for consumers, allowing them to shop anytime and anywhere. It eliminates the need to visit physical stores, saving time and effort.3. Cost Savings: Ecommerce reduces overhead costs for businesses by eliminating the need for physical retl spaces, sales staff, and other traditional expenses. This can lead to cost savings that can be passed on to the consumers in the form of lower prices.4. Increased Efficiency: Ecommerce streamlines business processes and improves efficiency. It automates various tasks, including inventory management, order processing, and payment collection. This reduces manual efforts and allows businesses to handle a larger volume of transactions.5. Personalization: Ecommerce allows businesses to collect data on consumer preferences and behavior. This data can be used to personalize the shopping experience, offer tlored recommendations, and improve customer satisfaction.Challenges and Future TrendsWhile ecommerce offers numerous benefits, there are also challenges that businesses and consumers face:1. Security: Ecommerce involves the use of sensitive personal and financial information. Ensuring robust security measures to protect agnst cyber threats and data breaches is crucial for businesses and consumers.2. Trust: Building trust and credibility in the online marketplace is important for businesses. Consumers need to feel confident in making online transactions and providing their personal information.3. Competition: With the growth of ecommerce, competition has become intense. Businesses need to adapt to changing consumer preferences, invest in innovative technologies, and provide excellent customer service to stay ahead.The future of ecommerce is promising, with several trends shaping its landscape:1. Mobile Commerce (mcommerce): With the increasing use of smartphones and mobile devices, mobile commerce is becoming a significant part of ecommerce. Businesses need to optimize their websites and platforms for mobile devices to cater to the growing base of mobile users.2. Artificial Intelligence (): is being increasingly used in ecommerce to personalize the shopping experience, improve product recommendations, and enhance customer service.3. Voice Commerce: Voicecontrolled devices such as smart speakers and virtual assistants are gning popularity. Voice commerce allows consumers to make purchases and interact with businesses using voice commands.4. Augmented Reality (AR): AR technology is being used to enhance the online shopping experience by allowing consumers to virtually try on products or visualize how they would look in their homes before making a purchase.ConclusionEcommerce has revolutionized the way businesses operate and consumers shop. It has provided new opportunities for businesses to reach customers globally and has offered convenience, cost savings, and personalization for consumers. As technology continues to advance, ecommerce will evolve further, offering new innovations and challenges for businesses and consumers alike. It is essential for businesses to embrace ecommerce and adapt to the changing landscape in order to thrive in the digital era.formatted document has been successfully created.。

Chapter 11.Describe three factors that would cause a company to continue doing business intraditional ways and avoid electronic commerce.Traditional commerce is a better way to sell the items or services when personal selling skills are a factor, as in commercial real estate sales; or when the condition of the products is difficult to determine without making a personal inspection, as in the purchases of high-fashion clothing, antiques, or perishable food products.2.What are transaction costs and why are they important?Transaction costs are the total of all costs that a buyer and seller incur as they gather information and negotiate a purchase-sale transaction.6.How might a manager use SWOT analysis to identify new applications for electroniccommerce in their strategic business units?In SWOT analysis you list strengths and weaknesses of the business unit and then identify opportunities presented by the markets of the business unit and threats posed by the competitors of the business unit. This is accomplished by analyzing all the business operations into value adding activities and supporting activities.7.In about 200 words, explain the difference between language translation and languagelocalization.Language translation is the process of restating some text written in one language in a different language. In other words, to translate is examine some original text, written in what is called the source language, and to write a corresponding text in different language, called the target language, with the goal of preserving the tone and meaning of the original text.Language localization is a translation that considers multiple elements of the local environment, such as business and cultural practices, in addition to local dialect variations in the language. The cultural element is very important since it can affect—and sometimes completely change—the user’s interpretation of text.8.In a paragraph, describe the advantages of a flat-rate telecommunications access systemfor countries that want to encourage electronic commerce.In a flat-rate access system, the consumer or business pays one monthly fee for unlimited telephone line usage. Although many factors contributed to the rapid rise of U.S. electronic commerce, many industry analysts agree that flat-rate access has been one of the most important factors. As more European telecommunications providers have begun to offer flat-rate access, electronic commerce in those countries has increased dramatically.1.You have decided to buy a new laser printer for your home office. List specific activitiesthat you must undertake as you gather information about printer capabilities andfeatures. Use the CompUSA, , Office Depot, OfficeMax, and Staples Web sites to gather information. Write a short summary of the process you undertook so that others who plan to undertake a similar task can use your information.Answers will vary, but should include the following:∙Identify a search engine∙Visit Websites for information on features, attributes and benefits∙Interrogate Websites for additional information∙Place an order∙Inquire about shipping/payment terms2.Choose one of the Web sites listed in the previous question and identify three ways inwhich the company has reduced its transaction costs by using a Web site to provideinformation about printers. List these three transaction cost reduction elements and write a paragraph in which you discuss one transaction cost reduction opportunity that you believe the company missed.Answers will vary, but may include the following:∙Description of the item∙Employees no longer have to search for prices∙Delivery optionsStaples could include informational links such as: laser printer buying guide or laser printer maintenance.Chapter 21.What were the main forces that led to the commercialization of the Internet?Summarize your answer in about 100 words.The Internet was born out of the need for the U.S. government, specifically the Defense Department, to communicate with its weapons installation distributions all over the world.This idea, in the hands of researchers and scientists evolved even further allowing those researchers the capability to communicate with their colleagues at other universities. As personal computers became more popular and affordable, companies increasingly wanted to construct their own networks. This all led to the dramatic increase in business activity, but the commercialization of the Internet was really spurred by the emergence of the World Wide Web. The software that allowed computers to communicate while on the Internet is still the largest category of traffic today.2.Describe in two paragraphs the origins of HTML. Explain how markup tags workin HTML, and describe the role of at least one person involved with HTML’sdevelopment.SGML is a software language for describing electronic documents and how they should be formatted as well as displayed. This language is the precursor of HTML, which is used by all documents on the Web. Robert Calliau and Tim Berners-Lee independently invented HTML at the CERN research center in Switzerland. HTML’s document type definition is easier for users to learn and use for describing formatting and displaying electronic documents by Meta tag codes.3.In about 200 words, compare the POP e-mail protocol to the IMAP e-mail protocol.Describe situations in which you would prefer to use one protocol or the other andexplain the reasons for your preference.A POP message can tell the e-mail computer to send mail to the user’s computer and to dele teit from the e-mail computer; to send mail to the user’s computer and do not delete it; or simply to ask whether new mail has arrived. IMAP protocol performs the same basic functions as POP, but includes additional features that can instruct the e-mail server to send only selected messages to the client instead of all messages. It also allows the user to view only the headers and the e-mail sender’s name before deciding to download the entire message. One would choose IMAP if they have a need for a more robust system that allows them to access their email from different computers at different times.1.Bridgewater Engineering Company (BECO), a privately held machine shop, makesindustrial-quality, heavy-duty machinery for assembly lines in other factories. It sells its presses, grinders, and milling equipment using a few inside salespeople and telephones.This traditional approach worked well during the company’s start-up years, but BECO is getting a lot of competition from abroad. Because you worked for the company during the summers of your college years, BECO’s president, Tom Dalton, knows you andrealizes that you are Web savvy. He wants to form close relationships with the steelcompanies and small parts manufacturers that are BECO’s suppliers so that h e can tap into their ordering systems and request supplies when he needs them. Tom wants you to investigate how he can use the Internet to set up such electronic relationships. Use the Web and the links in the Online Companion to locate information about extranets and VPNs. Write a report that briefly describes how companies use extranets to link their systems with those of their suppliers, then write an evaluation of at least two companies (using information you have gathered in your Web searches) that could help develop an extranet that would work for Tom. Close the report with an overview of how BECO could use VPN technologies in this type of extranet. The three parts of your reportshould total about 700 words.Responses can vary significantly in this exercise. Any recommendation for systems development should include the infrastructure required to support a supply-chain management extranet, as well as the costs and the anticipated benefits. The infrastructure for a private network requires a TCP/IP network, Web authoring software, and a firewall server. The benefits include lower communication costs, and more timely and accessible information, as well as convenient use.2.Frieda Bannister is the IT manager for the State of Iowa’s Department of Transport ation(DOT). She is interested in finding ways to reduce the costs of operating the DOT’svehicle repair facilities. These facilities purchase replacement parts and repair supplies for all of the state’s cars, trucks, construction machinery, and road maint enanceequipment. Frieda has read about XML and thinks that it might help the DOT send orders to its many suppliers throughout the country more efficiently. Use the Online Companion links, the Web, and your library to conduct research on the use of XML in state, local, and federal government operations. Provide Frieda with a report of about 1000 words that includes sections that discuss what XML is and explain why XML shows promise for the ordering application Frieda envisions. Your report should also identify other DOT business processes or activities that might benefit from using XML. Thereport should also include a summary of the main disadvantages of using XML today for integrating business transactions. End the report with a brief summary of how the W3C Semantic Web project results might help the DOT operate more efficiently in the future.Responses should include the following points:▪XML uses markup tags to describe the meaning or semantics of the text.▪XML records are embedded in HTML documents.▪With XML, tags can be created that identify all the record details for the ordering application that Frieda envisions.▪The extensibility of XML is also its weakness. Sharing data across organizations means that the organizations must use the same tag na mes. For example, Frieda’s organizationmight create a tag called "PurchaseOrderNumber", and one of her suppliers might call the same item "OrderNum".▪The W3C Semantic Web will allow XML tags to be read by software agents, which will result in better, less-timely searching on the Web for information. This would allow theDOT to research pricing, availability, etc. of parts from suppliers.Chapter 31.Write a paragraph in which you describe the conditions under which a Web site canhope to become profitable if it relies exclusively on advertising revenue. In a secondparagraph, provide an example of a company not mentioned in the chapter that is using the advertising-supported model and that is likely to be successful in the long run.Explain why you think it will succeed.A Web site that relies exclusively on advertising revenues must contend with two majorproblems. First, no consensus has emerged on how to measure and charge for site views and the second problem is that very few Web sites have sufficient numbers of visitors to interest large advertisers. To be successful using the advertising-supported revenue model exclusively,a Web site must be large search engine, because they generate sufficient traffic to be profitable.Another alternative is to become a site that targets niche markets, for example employment-advertising sites.2.Describe two possible service-for-fee offerings that might become available tousers of Internet-enabled wireless devices (such as PDAs or mobile phones) in the near future. Write one paragraph for each service in which you outline the profit potential and risk of losses for each.Two possible fee-for-service offerings that might become available are medical and legal services. The profit potential for these services would be higher than the traditional brick and mortar services offered. There are limitations placed on these services because of licensure issues and dispensing legal and medical advice over the Internet is still a major hurdle. As technology and the Internet mature, it will be possible to offer these services offer the Internet.3.In two paragraphs, explain why a customer-centric Web site design is soimportant, yet is so difficult to accomplish.An important part of a successful electronic business operation is a Web site that meets the needs of potential customers. It is a significant challenge however, to design an effective website that introduces the company to different audiences (shareholders, the financial community, suppliers, potential alliance partners, potential customers, current customers and so on) with very different interests.4.Many real estate agents today have Web sites that list the properties they have for sale.These agents also advertise the properties in classified newspaper ads and sometimes in television ads. Write three paragraphs in which you briefly describe the things that realestate agents can best accomplish through (1) their Web sites, (2) mass media advertising, and (3) personal contact.Responses may be similar to the following:Web sites: Offer mortgage loan seekers online credit review and decisions within minutes.Mass media advertising: Offer property listings.Personal contact: Provide more detailed information about the property and about obtaining mortgages,1.Evaluate the usability of two Web sites that sell large-screen televisions. A list of links tocompanies that sell this product is included in the Online Companion for this exercise, but you may use other sites if you wish. In your evaluation, compare the sites on how easy it is to learn about the product and purchase the product. Your report shouldinclude a section of about 200 words in which you describe the criteria you used in your evaluation, a section of about 300 words that summarizes your findings, and a section of about 100 words in which you present your conclusion.Criteria that can be used to evaluate the Web sites include:∙Clarity of product information∙Prices relative to other online merchants∙Overall look and design∙Charges stated clearly before order submission∙Variety of shipping options∙Shipping chargesChapter 41.In about 600 words, explain the differences between customer acquisition and retentionand outline two marketing strategies that would help a company accomplish each ofthese two objectives. Be sure to present facts and logical arguments that support the use of each strategy for each objective.Customer retention is about making sure existing customers keep buying from you. On the Net, customer retention also means making sure your site visitors keep returning. Customer acquisition implies attracting new visitors to your Web site.2.Select a retail store with which you are familiar that has a Web site on which it sellsproducts or services similar to those it sells in its physical retail stores. Explore the Web site and examine it carefully for features that indicate the level of service it provides.Using your experience in the physical store and your review of the Web site, write a200-word evaluation of the company’s touchpoint consiste ncy.Responses will vary but a review should consider the following:The goal of providing the same quality of service is known as touchpoint consistency. The five levels are: awareness (customers who recognize the name of the company or its products), exploration (potential customers learning more about a company’s products and services), familiarity (customers who have completed several transactions and are aware of company policies), commitment (customers with preferences for the product; these customers are loyal and are willing to tell other potential customers), and separation (customers that are leaving, or separating, from the company for any reason).3.Many people have strong negative reactions to pop-up, pop-behind, interstitial, and richmedia ads. Write a 200-word letter to the editor of an Internet industry magazine inwhich you explain, from the advertiser’s viewpoint, why these ads can be effectiveadvertising media.Responses will vary, but the students might discuss how pop-behind ads remain visible after the browser has closed and keeps that information fresh in the user’s mind. In addition, a good point to bring up is that unlike pop-up ads, they do not cover the browser window.1.Visit the RedEnvelope Web site to examine how that company implements occasionsegmentation. Write a report of no more than 200 words in which you describe two clear examples of occasion segmentation on the site.Answers will vary, but Red Envelope has a section that displays various holidays, such as spring, Easter, and birthdays. Students should discuss the details of these different occasions.2.Marti Baron operates a small Web business, The Cannonball, that sells parts, repair kits,books, and accessories to hobbyists who restore antique model trains. Many model train hobbyists and collectors have created Web sites on which they share photos and other information about model trains. Marti is interested in creating an affiliate marketing program that would allow those hobbyists to place links on their sites to TheCannonball and be rewarded with commissions on sales that result from visitorsfollowing those links. Examine the services offered by Be Free, Commission Junction, LinkShare, and any other affiliate program brokers you can find on the Web.Recomme nd at least one affiliate program broker that would be a good fit for Marti’s business. In about 500 words, explain your recommendation. Be sure to consider thecharacteristics of Marti’s business in your analysis.The students should search different program brokers and try to find one that already deals in hobbies and collectibles. Be Free would be a good fit, since it caters to smaller businesses and is scalable as well.。

Discussion on e-commerce as a platform for future economic development【Abstract】The development of modern information technology, particularly the development of e-commerce, Reshaping the international competitive advantage for foreign trade enterprises have created opportunities. Production, trade and competition have undergone significant changes in the way,The wide application of e-commerce in international trade, had a profound impact on international trade, Expanding the geographical scope of international markets and enhance market of electronic commerce density, reduce transportation, information delivery, costs and market risks, to increase trade opportunities, and promotes the development of international trade,so china's foreign trade enterprises to be facilitated by the Government, and actively applying e-commerce in international trade .and the Foreign trade enterprises should speed up the informatization construction, development, establishment of appropriate e-commerce system, improve the ability of e-commerce application.【Text】Alibaba founder Ma Y un once said:“The Internet is the commanding heights”，all enterprise Attention e-commerce, He is convinced that ten years later 70% of China's enterprise business practices will be conducted over the Internet, it has a lot of creativity. Alibaba is able to achieve today's scores, With China's rapid economic growth, the Internet technology can not be separated. Internet Co with its openness, sharing, responsibility, globalization, Influence of China's economic, political and lifestyle. He said, ' the Internet from Internet users, users of the era into the era of network operators, but when you see was proved late, ' it enough to prove the age of the Internet speed and dominance, which now accounted for a large proportion in the e-commerce on the Internet will change our business model.1. The advantages of e-commerceIn countries around the world and to the rapid development of electronic commerce, it improves the effectiveness and efficiency of traditional business activities, the information base for the Characteristic of a database online store, So its selling space with extended network extended,and There are no geographical barriers, retail hours are determined by the consumers or users on-line.. Thus, relative to the traditional sales ,model has a new spatio-temporal advantage. This advantage can be on a much larger scale to meet consumer demand for the online user. in addition, e-commerce show a full range of products and services advantage. It can create a virtual enterprise, such as online shops and online banking and development does not need a lot of basic physical infrastructure, Enterprises can also save cost to transfer to consumers. at the same time, using Internet multimedia performance, can display all products and services of the internal structure, which helps consumers to know the product or service, and then to buy it.As a brand-new mode of economic operation, E-commerce in international trade has been widely, it Become an important force in promoting China's economic growth, On one hand, e-commerce industry has been developing rapidly, industry expanded rapidly. On the other hand, electronic commerce enables businesses to cost close to enter the global electronic marketplace, enabling SMEs and large enterprises may have the same information resources, improve thecompetitiveness of small and medium enterprises,because of the characteristics of openness and global ,e-commerce for enterprises to create more trade opportunities, In China, e-commerce as an important part of trade in services, was classified as a category of emerging industries of strategic importance, and has become the industry's Center of gravity and a new economic growth point. The other hand, the e-commerce infrastructure matures. China launched series of initiatives, promoting the rapid development of information infrastructure, and network capacity increase.E-commerce offers businesses a virtual global trade environment, but also greatly improved the level of business activity and the quality of service, the advantages of New business communications channel is obvious, it’s include:（1）Increase customer and supplier links，for example, Web site e-commerce system allowing customers and suppliers were able to understand each other's latest data, electronic data interchange (EDI) means inter-firm cooperation has been strengthened.（2）Improve the quality of service, in a fast and convenient way to provide the information of the company and its products and services required by customers.（3）Provides interactive marketing channels. Enable merchants to receive timely feedback from the market, to improve its work..(4) To provide all-weather service, that is, 365 days a year, 24 hours a day of service, that is, 365 days a year, 24 hours per day service.(5) The most important point is that the competitiveness of enterprise e-business. Because of e-commerce has these features and benefits, just make it has a wide range of applications and vibrant future.2. The Application of electronic commerce in international trade.In the traditional international trade, dealers paid for product ordering, sales, distribution, and all kinds of negotiations and other business activities are often carried out at a different respectively. Under the network condition, business premises and operations of international trade have undergone fundamental changes. Whole trade activities including talk, discussion, information of obtained, chat, ordered, and merchandise Exchange, and settlement, and merchandise returned, are is in computer network Shang for of, this greatly to improve has trade of efficiency. while, e-commerce breakthrough has traditional trade to one-way logistics mainly of operation pattern, with network technology will business activities in the of logistics, commercial flow, flow, and funds flow, resources collection in a platform Shang, and through this platform completed resources of shared and business of restructuring, thus help trading subject reduced operating cost, Accelerate cash flow and improve service level management, enhance the ability to adapt to marketIn addition, commerce to make it broader and better use of information, understanding business, shared resources. As an electronic data interchange as the main contents of the new trading operation, e-commerce broke the limits of space and time, accelerate business cycles, efficient use of limited resources, reduce costs, increase profits, enhance the international competitiveness of enterprises, Thus, electronic commerce is a new revolution in the field of international trade. The use of it, expanding the spaces and places of trade, shortening the distance and time of international trade, simplifying international trade procedures and processes, globalization of international trade activities, intelligence, paperless and simplicity, achieved a landmark reform.,the transparency and openness of information between the market players more competitive, which will contribute to the promotion of businesses broaden service channels andimproved quality of services, and with the changing of network, e-commerce will become the mainstream of international trade.3. The impact of e-commerce speed development3.1 Changes of the e-commerce MarketingDue to the vigorous development of e-commerce, global market taking shape, greatly shortened the distance between any two points in the world, the continuity of time also has been strengthened, the message no longer need to spend weeks across the sea to reach the other side, economic activity is out of bounds. And market sales of link also in reduced, traditional of sales channel from production enterprise to eventually of consumers, middle to after multilayer agents, last also to entered retail of shops, this during will produced large of transport costs, brokers for ensure itself of profit, also will step by step too high merchandise of price, and e-commerce through network will enterprise and consumers directly contact in has together, not only reduced has sales cost, and reduced has merchandise price, makes enterprise expanded has production, also makes consumers benefit.As paid means also than past more diversification, trading of paid through network for, is a electronic money of paid, and non-reality in the of circulation, this paid way has three a benefits, first, save has national in currency issued aspects of expenditure, second, this paid are made on the Bank's server, facilitate the Bank's financial management, and replication by means of payment, such as credit cards, bank loans and deposits where you have more space for their operations, third, relative traditional of paid way, Easier and faster electronic payments, consumer spending surge in demand, and promoted the development of tertiary industry.3.2 E-Commerce's influence on foreign trade enterprise3.2.1 To create more trade opportunitiesUnder the traditional trade way, both the buyer and the seller, in order to find suitable trading partners, must pay a high price. And e-commerce has the openness and global features, create more trade opportunities for foreign trade enterprise, not only can save a lot of manpower and material resources, but also is not restricted by time and place.On the one hand, foreign trade enterprises can set up their own web site or by the relevant international trade e-commerce platform, to build global business marketing network, provide to potential customers worldwide supply and demand information about the products and services, thereby gaining a global commercial space, no time limit; Foreign trade enterprises, on the other hand, can be active on the Internet search all kinds of economic and trade information, to find the ideal trade partner.3.2.2 Significantly reduce transaction costsCompared with domestic trade, international trade is various, the number of documents dealing with the high cost. In traditional international trade business, because a large number of middlemen participation, foreign importers pleased, often is the domestic production enterprises of ex 5 ~ 10 times. Through e-commerce on international trade, can save about 90% of file processing costs, but also shorten the time of presentation, settlement, remittance, accelerate the capital turnover, but also save interest expenses.Through online trading, can also reduce the amount of intermediate links, so that buyers andsellers can be directly through the network for business, transaction costs significantly decreased, the cost advantage is very significant. There are a lot of direct production or exports of China International e-commerce platform companies and importers of foreign supply and demand information integration on the Web, let them trade directly on the Web, due to reducing the link between China's exporters and overseas importers will benefit.3.2.3 Change the traditional management methodsOperation of traditional trade pattern dominated by one-way logistics, e-commerce has achieved based on logistics and information flow at the core, to flow as the subject of the new strategy. On the computer network to provide import and export agent for content such as customs clearance, commodity inspection, storage and transportation system of logistics as a full service carrier, business information provided to the members of the network consulting, the bonded display and storage of imported products, advertising and other services, Established sales networks all over the world, as producer and foreign trade enterprises to create business opportunities, and to offer a sale service.This kind of business strategy, fusing agent, sales and other traditional trade way, the main processes needed for the import and export goods such as market research, international marketing, warehousing, customs clearance, commodity inspection, etc to introduce computer network, provides the omni-directional, multi-level and multi-angle interactive business service, not only to remove the material in the traditional trade activity, time, space restrictions on both parties, also promoted the deepening of international trade development.3.3 E-commerce on economic development has had a huge role in promotingE-commerce has greatly increased the degree of various factors influence each other in the economy. These connections are now extended to small businesses and households and spread to the whole world. Access transfers from relatively expensive PCS to cheap and easy to use television and telephone and future devices. Fundamentally changed the social economy, and promote the social development and economic growth.Electronic commerce especially B2B business is growing rapidly, reduce costs and improve the economic efficiency, promote the fundamental change of the market, it will lead to job growth, e-commerce era, industrial enterprise management way there will be a great change, it is profoundly changing the economy, market and industrial structure; Changing the product, service, and its flow; Changing consumer values and behavior; And changing the employment and Labour markets, vigorously develop e-commerce, so for the national to drive industrialization by informationization strategy of leapfrog development, enhance the national competitiveness, has important strategic significance.At the same time, the development of electronic commerce, also greatly enhanced the economic function of information, on the other hand, the development of information industry also contribute to the development of e-commerce, in the process of economic informatization, economic fluctuation and economic growth has produced significant influence, Change the traditional market structure, supply "push" mode of production, will be replaced by the "demandpull" approach, circuitous economy will be replaced by direct economic. And information as adjusting resource optimize configuration of "the invisible hand," added the market price mechanism failure, run the economy into balance, e-commerce represented by the information technology development index showed a trend of growth, it has become the accelerator of economic growth and important content, For the developing countries and regions, seize and make good use of e-commerce is the best opportunity .Although our country has been for the application of e-commerce in international trade field created the conditions and accumulated rich experience, but in such aspects as scope, level and technical level, there is still a gap with developed countries, there are also such as network infrastructure, security, authentication, electronic logistics distribution, trust, and such problems as lack of talent, and network congestion, slow speed, higher factor prices, also further hindered the development of electronic commerce in our country.4. Further measures to improve China's e-commerce development environment1. Development of e-commerce planning and macro guidance.Electronic commerce is a new thing, its technology development quickly, the business is not final, brings certain difficulties to policy making. This requires policy makers to keep highly sensitive to changes in the market, strengthen the study, timely formulate policy to encourage the development of electronic commerce. In this process, the relevant intermediary organizations, such as industry associations should give full play to their link between the central government and enterprise, make enterprise information communication with government departments, to assist the government industry development planning.2. Strengthen the construction of infrastructure。

1.e-commerce ：The process of buying, selling, or exchanging products, services, or information via computer；2.e-business：A broader definition of EC that includes not just the buying and selling of goods and services, but also servicing customers, collaborating with business partners, and conducting electronic transactions within an organization；3.brick-and-mortar (old economy) organizations：Old-economy organizations (corporations) that perform their primary business off-line, selling physical products by means of physical agents；4.virtual (pure-play) organizations：Organizations that conduct their business activities solely online；5.click-and-mortar (click-and-brick) organizations：Organizations that conduct some e-commerce activities, usually as an additional marketing channel；6.electronic market (e-marketplace)：An online marketplace where buyers and sellers meet to exchange goods, services, money, or information；7.Interorganizational information systems (IOSs)：Communications systems that allow routine transaction processing and information flow between two or more organizations；8.Intraorganizational information systems：Communication systems that enable e-commerce activities to go on within individual organizations；9.intranet：An internal corporate or government network that uses Internet tools, such as Web browsers, and Internet protocols；10.extranet：A network that uses the Internet to link multiple intranets；11.business-to-business (B2B)：E-commerce model in which all of the participants are businesses or other organizations；12.business-to-consumer (B2C)：E-commerce model in which businesses sell to individual shoppers；13.business-to-business-to-consumer (B2B2C)：E-commerce model in which a business provides some product or service to a client business that maintains its own customers；14.consumer-to-business (C2B)：E-commerce model in which individuals use the Internet to sell products or services to organizations or individuals who seek sellers to bid on products or services they need；15.e-tailing：Online retailing, usually B2C；16.intrabusiness EC：E-commerce category that includes all internal organizational activities that involve the exchange of goods, services, or information among various units and individuals in an organization；17.business-to-employees (B2E)：E-commerce model in which an organization delivers services, information, or products to its individual employees；18.consumer-to-consumer(C2C)：E-commerce model in which consumers sell directly to other consumers；19.collaborative commerce (c-commerce)：E-commerce model in which individuals or groups communicate or collaborate online；20.e-learning：The online delivery of information for purposes of training or education；21.e-government：E-commerce model in which a government entity buys or provides goods, services, or information from or to businesses or individual citizens；22.social computing：An approach aimed at making the human-computer interface more natural；23.Web 2.0：The second-generation of Internet-based services that let people collaborate and share information online in new ways, such as social networking sites, wikis, communication tools, and folksonomies；24.social network：A category of Internet applications that help connect friends, business partners, or individuals with specific interests by providing free services such as photo presentations, e-mail, blogging, and so on using a variety of tools；25.social network service (SNS)：A service that builds online communities by providing an online space for people to build free homepages and that provides basic communication and support tools for conducting different activities in the social network；26.social networking：The creation or sponsoring of a social network service and any activity, such as blogging, done in a social network ；27.enterprise-oriented networks：Social networks whose primary objective is to facilitate business；28.virtual world：A user-defined world in which people can interact, play, and do business. The most publicized virtual world is Second Life；29.digital economy：An economy that is based on digital technologies, including digital communication networks, computers, software, and other related information technologies; also called the Internet economy, the new economy, or the Web economy；30.digital enterprise：A new business model that uses IT in a fundamental way to accomplish one or more of three basic objectives: reach and engage customers more effectively, boost employee productivity, and improve operating efficiency. It uses converged communication and computing technology in a way that improves business processes；31.corporate portal：A major gateway through which employees, business partners, and the public can entera corporate Web site；32.business model：A method of doing business by which a company can generate revenue to sustain itself；33.revenue model:sales,transaction fees,subscription fees,advertising fees,affiliate fees,other revenue sources.1.e-marketplace：An online market, usually B2B, in which buyers and sellers exchange goods or services; the three types of e-marketplaces are private, public, and consortia；2.marketspace：A marketplace in which sellers and buyers exchange goods and services for money (or for other goods and services), but do so electronically；3.digital products：Goods that can be transformed to digital format and delivered over the Internet；4.front end：The portion of an e-seller’s business processes through which customers interact, including the seller’s portal, electronic catalogs, a shopping cart, a search engine, and a payment gateway；5.back end：The activities that support online order fulfillment, inventory management, purchasing from suppliers, payment processing, packaging, and delivery；6.intermediary：A third party that operates between sellers and buyers；7.sell-side e-marketplace：A private e-marketplace in which one company sells either standard and/or customized products to qualified companies；8.buy-side e-marketplace：A private e-marketplace in which one company makes purchases from invited suppliers；9.storefront：A single company’s Web site where products or services are sold；10.e-mall (online mall)：An online shopping center where many online stores are located；11.Web portal：A single point of access, through a Web browser, to critical business information located inside and outside (via Internet) of an organization；Types of portals:commercial portal,corporate portals,publishing portals,personal portals12.mobile portal：A portal accessible via a mobile device；13.voice portal：A portal accessed by telephone or cell phone；mediaries：Electronic intermediaries that provide and/or control information flow in cyberspace, often aggregating information and selling it to others；15.e-distributor：An e-commerce intermediary that connects manufacturers with business buyers (customers) by aggregating the catalogs of many manufacturers in one place—the intermediary’s Web site；16.electronic catalogs (e-catalogs)：The presentation of product information in an electronic form; the backbone of most e-selling sites；17.enterprise search：The practice of identifying and enabling specific content across the enterprise to be indexed, searched, and displayed to authorized users；18.desktop search：Search tools that search the contents of a user’s or organization’s computer files, rather than searching the Internet；19.search engine：A computer program that can access databases of Internet resources, search for specific information or keywords, and report the results；20.electronic shopping cart：An order-processing technology that allows customers to accumulate items they wish to buy while they continue to shop；21.auction：A competitive process in which a seller solicits consecutive bids from buyers (forward auctions) ora buyer solicits bids from sellers (backward auctions). Prices are determined dynamically by the bids；22.electronic auctions (e-auctions)：Auctions conducted online；23.forward auction：An auction in which a seller entertains bids from buyers. Bidders increase price sequentially；24.reverse auction (bidding or tendering system)：Auction in which the buyer places an item for bid (tender) ona request for quote (RFQ) system, potential suppliers bid on the job, with the price reducing sequentially, and the lowest bid wins; primarily a B2B or G2B mechanism；25.“name-your-own-price”model：Auction model in which a would-be buyer specifies the price (and other terms) he or she is willing to pay to any willing and able seller. It is a C2B model that was pioneered by ；26.double auction：An auction in which multiple buyers and their bidding prices are matched with multiple sellers and their asking prices, considering the quantities on both sides；27.bartering：The exchange of goods and services；28.e-bartering (electronic bartering)：Bartering conducted online, usually in a bartering exchange；29.bartering exchange：A marketplace in which an intermediary arranges barter transactions；30.blog:A personal Web site that is open to the public to read and to interact with; dedicated to specific topics or issues；31.vlog (or video blog)：A blog with video content；32.micro-blogging：A form of blogging that allows users to write messages (usually up to 140 characters) and publish them, either to be viewed by anyone or by a restricted group that can be chosen by the user；33.Twitter：A free micro-blogging service that allows its users to send and read other users’updates；34.tweets：Text-based posts up to 140 characters in length posted to Twitter；35.tag：A nonhierarchical keyword or term assigned to a piece of information ；36.folksonomy ：The practice and method of collaboratively creating, classifying, and managing tags to annotate and categorize content；37.social bookmarking：Web service for sharing Internet bookmarks. The sites are a popular way to store, classify, share, and search links through the practice of folksonomy techniques on the Internet and intranets；38.wiki (wikilog)：A blog that allows everyone to participate as a peer; anyone may add, delete, or change content；39.avatars：Animated computer characters that exhibit humanlike movements and behaviors；40.customization：Creation of a product or service according to the buyer’s specifications；41.personalization：The ability to tailor a product, service, or Web content to specific user preferences；42.disintermediation：Elimination of intermediaries between sellers and buyers；43.reintermediation：Disintermediated entities or newcomers take on new intermediary roles；44.mass customization：A method that enables manufacturers to create specific products for each customer based on the customer’s exact needs；45.build-to-order (pull system)：A manufacturing process that starts with an order (usually customized). Once the order is paid for, the vendor starts to fulfill it；1.direct marketing：Broadly, marketing that takes place without intermediaries between manufacturers and buyers; in the context of this book, marketing done online between any seller and buyer；2.virtual (pure-play) e-tailers：Firms that sell directly to consumers over the Internet without maintaining a physical sales channel；3.click-and-mortar retailers：Brick-and-mortar retailers that offer a transactional Web site from which toconduct business；4.brick-and-mortar retailers：Retailers who do business in the non-Internet, physical world in traditional brick-and-mortar stores；5.multichannel business model：A business model where a company sells in multiple marketing channels simultaneously；6.electronic(online) banking or e-banking:various banking activities conducted from home or the road using an internet connection;also known as cyberbanking,birtual banking,online banking ,and home banking7.birtual banks:have no physical location;only conduct online transactions8.shopping portals:gateways to e-storefronts and e-malls;may be comprehensive or niche oriented9.shopping robots:tools that scout the web on behalf of consumers who specify search criteria10.disintermediation:the removal of organizations or business process layers responsible for certain intermediary steps in a given supply chain11.reintermediation:the process whereby intermediaries take on new intermediary roles12.cybermediation(electronic intermediation):the use of software(intelligent) agents to facilitate intermediation13.channel conflict:situation in which an online marketing channel upsets the taditional channels due to real or perceived damage from competitionproduct brokering:Deciding what product to buymerchant brokering:Deciding from whom (from what merchant) to buy a productmarket segmentation:The process of dividing a consumer market into logical groups for conducting marketing research and analyzing personal informationone-to-one marketing (relationship marketing): Marketing that treats each customer in a unique way personalization:The matching of services, products, and advertising content with individual consumers and their preferencesuser profile:The requirements, preferences, behaviors, and demographic traits of a particular customer cookie:A data file that is placed on a user’s hard drive by a remote We b server, frequently without disclosure or the user’s consent, which collects information about the user’s activities at a sitebehavioral targeting:Targeting that uses information collected about an individual’s Web-browsing behavior, such as the pages they have visited or the searches they have made, to select an advertisement to display to that individualcollaborative filtering:A market research and personalization method that uses customer data to predict, based on formulas derived from behavioral sciences, what other products or services a customer may enjoy; predictions can be extended to other customers with similar profilese-loyalty:Customer loyalty to an e-tailer or loyalty programs delivered online or supported electronically interactive marketing:Online marketing, facilitated by the Internet, by which marketers and advertisers can interact directly with customers, and consumers can interact with advertisers/vendorsCPM (cost per thousand impressions) :T he fee an advertiser pays for each 1,000 times a page with a banner ad is shownadvertising networks: Specialized firms that offer customized Web advertising, such as brokering ads and targeting ads to select groups of consumersbanner:On a Web page, a graphic advertising display linked to the ad vertiser’s Web pagespot buying: The purchase of goods and services as they are needed, usually at prevailing market prices strategic (systematic) sourcing:Purchases involving long-term contracts that usually are based on private negotiations between sellers and buyersdirect materials:Materials used in the production of a product (e.g., steel in a car or paper in a book) indirect materials:Materials used to support production (e.g., office supplies or light bulbs)MRO (maintenance, repair, and operation) :Indirect materials used in activities that support production vertical marketplaces:Markets that deal with one industry or industry segment (e.g., steel, chemicals)horizontal marketplaces:Markets that concentrate on a service, material, or a product that is used in all types of industriesprocurement management:The planning, organizing, and coordinating of all the activities relating to purchasing goods and services needed to accomplish the organization’s missionmaverick buying:Unplanned purchases of items needed quickly, often at non–pre-negotiated higher pricese-procurement:The electronic acquisition of goods and services for organizationsinternal procurement marketplace:The aggregated catalogs of all approved suppliers combined into a single internal electronic catalogbartering exchange:An intermediary that links parties in a barter; a company submits its surplus to the exchange and receives points of credit, which can be used to buy the items that the company needs from other exchange participantsdesktop purchasing:Direct purchasing from internal marketplaces without the approval of supervisors and without the intervention of a procurement departmentgroup purchasing:The aggregation of orders from several buyers into volume purchases so that better prices can be negotiatedconsortium trading exchange (CTE) :An exchange formed and operated by a group of major companies in an industry to provide industry-wide transaction servicespartner relationship management (PRM) :Business strategy that focuses on providing comprehensive quality service to business partnerssupply chain:The flow of materials, information, money, and services from raw material suppliers through factories and warehouses to the end customerssupply chain:A supply chain that is managed electronically, usually with Web technologiesprocurement:The process made up of a range of activities by which an organization obtains or gains access to the resources (materials, skills, capabilities, facilities) they require to undertake their core business activities supply chain management (SCM) :A complex process that requires the coordination of many activities so that the shipment of goods and services from supplier right through to customer is done efficiently and effectively for all parties concerned. SCM aims to minimize inventory levels, optimize production and increase throughput, decrease manufacturing time, optimize logistics and distribution, streamline order fulfillment, and overall reduce the costs associated with these activitiese-supply chain management (e-SCM) :The collaborative use of technology to improve the operations of supply chain activities as well as the management of supply chainsbullwhip effect:Erratic shifts in order up and down supply chainsradio frequency identification (RFID) :Tags that can be attached to or embedded in objects, animals, or humans and use radio waves to communicate with a reader for the purpose of uniquely identifying the object or transmitting data and/or storing information about the objectcorporate (enterprise) portal:A gateway for entering a corporate Web site, enabling communication, collaboration, and access to company informationinformation portals:Portals that store data and enable users to navigate and query the datacollaborative portals:Portals that allow collaborationgroupware:Software products that support groups of people who share common tasks or goals and collaborate on their accomplishmentvirtual team:A group of employees using information and communications technologies to collaborate from different work basesvirtual meetings:Online meetings whose members are in different locations, even in different countriesgroup decision support system (GDSS) :An interactive computer-based system that facilitates the solution of semistructured and unstructured problems by a group of decision makersernment-to-citizens (G2C)：E-government category that includes all the interactions between agovernment and its citizens；ernment-to-business (G2B)：E-government category that includes interactions between governments and businesses；ernment-to-government (G2G)：E-government category that includes activities within government units and those between governments；ernment-to-employees (G2E)：E-government category that includes activities and services between government units and their employees；5.mobile government (m-government)：The wireless implementation of e-government mostly to citizens but also to business；6.e-learning：The online delivery of information for purposes of education, training, or knowledge management；7.distance learning：Formal education that takes place off campus, usually, but not always, through online resources；8.virtual university：An online university from which students take classes from home or other offsite locations, usually via the Internet；tainment：The combination of education and entertainment, often through games；10.online publishing：The electronic delivery of newspapers, magazines, books, news, music, videos, and other digitizable information over the Internet；11.e-book：A book in digital form that can be read on a computer screen or on a special device；12.knowledge management (KM)：The process of capturing or creating knowledge, storing it, updating it constantly, disseminating it, and using it whenever necessary；13.consumer-to-consumer (C2C)：E-commerce model in which consumers sell directly to other consumers；14.peer-to-peer (P2P)：Applications that use direct communications between computers (peers) to share resources, rather than relying on a centralized server as the conduit between client devices；1.short message service (SMS)：A service that supports the sending and receiving of short text messages on mobile phones；2.multimedia messaging service (MMS)：The emerging generation of wireless messaging; MMS is able to deliver rich media；3.interactive voice response (IVR)：A voice system that enables users to request and receive information and to enter and change data through a telephone to a computerized system；4.personal area network (PAN)：A wireless telecommunications network for device-to-device connections within a very short range；5.Bluetooth：A set of telecommunications standards that enables wireless devices to communicate with each other over short distances；6.wireless local area network (WLAN)：A telecommunications network that enables users to make short-range wireless connections to the Internet or another network；7.Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity)：The common name used to describe the IEEE 802.11 standard used on most WLANs；8.WiMax：A wireless standard (IEEE 802.16) for making broadband network connections over a medium-size area such as a city；9.wireless wide area network (WWAN)：A telecommunications network that offers wireless coverage over a large geographical area, typically over a cellular phone network；10.location-based m-commerce (l-commerce)：Delivery of m-commerce transactions to individuals in a specific location, at a specific time；work-based positioning：Relies on base stations to find the location of a mobile device sending a signal or sensed by the network；12.terminal-based positioning：Calculating the location of a mobile device from signals sent by the device to base stations；13.global positioning system (GPS)：A worldwide satellite-based tracking system that enables users to determine their position anywhere on the earth；14.geographical information system (GIS)：A computer system capable of integrating, storing, editing, analyzing, sharing, and displaying geographically-referenced (spatial) information；15.pervasive computing：Invisible, everywhere computing; computing capabilities embedded into the objects around us；1.social media：The online platforms and tools that people use to share opinions, experiences, insights, perceptions, and various media, including photos, videos, and music, with each other；2.disruptors：Companies that introduce a significant change in their industries, thus causing a disruption in normal business operations；3.virtual (Internet) community：A group of people with similar interests who interact with one another using the Internet；4.mobile social networking：Members converse and connect with one another using cell phones or other mobile devices；5.business network：A group of people who have some kind of commercial relationship; for example, sellers and buyers, buyers among themselves, buyers and suppliers, and colleagues and other colleagues；6.business social network：A social network whose primary objective is to facilitate business connections and activities；7.Semantic Web：An evolving extension of the Web in which Web content can be expressed not only in natural language, but also in a form that can be understood, interpreted, and used by intelligent computer software agents, permitting them to find, share, and integrate information more easily；1.business continuity plan：A plan that keeps the business running after a disaster occurs. Each function in the business should have a valid recovery capability plan；2.cybercrime：Intentional crimes carried out on the Internet；3.exposure：The estimated cost, loss, or damage that can result if a threat exploits a vulnerability；4.fraud：Any business activity that uses deceitful practices or devices to deprive another of property or other rights；5.malware：A generic term for malicious software；6.phishing：A crimeware technique to steal the identity of a target company to get the identities of its customers；7.social engineering：A type of nontechnical attack that uses some ruse to trick users into revealing information or performing an action that compromises a computer or network；8.click fraud：Type of fraud that occurs in pay-per-click advertising when a person, automated system, or computer program simulates individual clicks on banner or other online advertising methods；9.identity theft：Fraud that involves stealing an identity of a person and then the use of that identity by someone pretending to be someone else in order to steal money or get other benefits；10.spyware：Software that gathers user information over an Internet connection without the user’s knowledge；11.spam：The electronic equivalent of junk mail；1.smart card：An electronic card containing an embedded microchip that enables predefined operations or the addition, deletion, or manipulation of information on the card；2.purchasing cards (p-cards)：Special-purpose payment cards issued to a company’s employees to be used solely for purchasing nonstrategic materials and services up to a preset dollar limit；3.card verification number ：Detects fraud by comparing the verification number printed on the signature strip on the back of the card with the information on file with the cardholder’s issuing bank；4.Address Verification System (AVS)：Detects fraud by comparing the address entered on a Web page with the address information on file with the cardholder’s issuing bank；5.Automated Clearing House (ACH) Network：A nationwide batch-oriented electronic funds transfer system that provides for the interbank clearing of electronic payments for participating financial institutions；6.order fulfillment：All the activities needed to provide customers with their ordered goods and services, including related customer services；7.back-office operations：The activities that support fulfillment of orders, such as packing, delivery, accounting, and logistics；8.front-office operations：The business processes, such as sales and advertising, which are visible to customers；9.e-logistics：The logistics of EC systems, typically involving small parcels sent to many customers’homes ；10.merge-in-transit：Logistics model in which components for a product may come from two (or more) different physical locations and are shipped directly to the customer’s location；11.rolling warehouse：Logistics method in which products on the delivery truck are not preassigned to a destination, but the decision about the quantity to unload at each destination is made at the time of unloading；12.enterprise resource planning (ERP)：An enterprisewide information system designed to coordinate all the resources, information, and activities needed to complete business processes such as order fulfillment or billing；13.sealed-bid auction：Auction in which each bidder bids only once; a silent auction, in which bidders do not know who is placing bids or what the bid prices are；14.Vickrey auction：Auction in which the highest bidder wins but pays only the second highest bid；15.bundle trading：The selling of several related products and/or services together；Order fulfillment:all the activities needed to provide customers with their ordered goods and services,including related customer servicesBack-office operations:the activitees that support fulfillment of orders,such as packing,delivery,accounting,and logisticsFront-office operations:the business processes,such as sales and advertising,which are visible to customers e-logistics:the logistics of EC systems,typically involving small parcels sent to many customers’ homes(in B2C)ERP:an enterprisewide information system designed to coordinate all the resources,information,and activities needed to complete business processes such as order fulfillment or billing.Sealed-bid auction:auction in which each bidder bids only once;a silent auction,in which bidders do not know who is placing bids or what the bid prices areVickrey auction:auction in which the highest bidder wins but pays only the second highest bidBundle trading:the selling of several related products and/or services together。