新托福阅读理解高分特训100篇【命题分析+答题攻略+强化训练】 3.4 历史地理类 【圣才出品】

托福阅读好提分的攻略大全一、背单词单词是阅读的基础，要看得懂密密麻麻的英文，取得好的托福成绩，单词关一定要过。

可以使用词根词缀记忆法，已达到举一反三的效果，不熟的单词要反复识记，同时不能忽视一词多义。

五千多的词汇量是远远不够的，还要坚持背，直到词汇量达到八千以上，做起阅读题才更加顺手。

二、长难句分析托福阅读理解是有一定难度的，长难句在文章中很常见，如果不理解长难句的意思可能会影响我们后面小题的准确率，因此我们要学会长难句分析。

看见长难句，先分清主句与从句，再找出主语、谓语、宾语，从而将句子结构理清楚，理解句子意思。

长期坚持分析，各种句型句式，各种用法就会渐渐熟悉起来，量变促成质变，阅读文章就会越来越流畅，阅读部分的托福成绩自然不会太差，也有利于取得好的托福成绩，顺利出国留学。

三、记忆常见结构英语中有许多词组、句型，如：rest with取决于、jump to something过早下结论、at length详细地等等，光看其中单词的意思不能准确理解，会影响对文章句子意义的判断。

要想掌握这些词组、句型的意义，唯有尽量多地进行英语阅读，积累、记忆这些常见结构，才有利于提高托福成绩，完成出国留学的梦想。

四、掌握相关技巧要想做题又快又准，除了打牢基础，还要掌握相关技巧。

一是要将精读与泛读相结合，短时间内过滤无效信息，捕捉目标信息，把握文章主旨。

二是要细心，虽然做阅读题常常时间不够，但要稳中求胜细心做题，扫读全文但不能遗漏细节，要保证质量。

五、坚持一定要坚持!不用因为阅读理解的准确率一时提不上去就灰心丧气。

也许天资聪颖的人有，但大多数人是厚积薄发型，平时坚持多积累、多记忆，时间到了能力自然会增强。

要不断总结经验，从失败中吸取教训，这样才能一点点进步，取得好的托福成绩，顺利出国留学。

托福阅读文章：手指感应打字错误是谁都难以避免的，但是据最新研究得出的结论是，我们的手指能感应到打字正确与否。

Whether you're a hunt-and-peck typist or a Rachmaninoff of the keyboard, you will make mistakes. But it's not just your eyes catching typos when yousee them on the screen. Your hands know whenyou mess up too. That’s according to a study in the journal Science. [Gordon Logan and Matthew Crump, "Cognitive Illusions of Authorship Reveal Hierarchical Error Detection in Skilled Typists"]Researchers recruited expert typists—college students, of course—and showed them 600 five-letter words, one at a time. And they asked the studentsto type those words as quickly and accuratelyas possible. But sometimes, the researchers inserted typos in the wordas it appeared on screen, when the students hadn’t made one. Other times they automatically corrected typos the studentsdid make.And the students tended to believe the screen. So if a typo had been added, they figured they must have messed up. If a typo had been corrected they thought they typed it right. But the handsdidn't fall for it. When the fingers slipped up, they paused a split second longer than usual before typing the next letter. But they didn't pause when fake typos appeared on-screen only. So weapparently have two discrete mechanisms guarding against typing errors, one visual, the other tactile. To fox quick brown fixes. To fix quick brown foxes.托福阅读文章：文化背景决定工作理念在许多企业文化中，“团队合作”被视为非常重要的组成部分，优秀的“团队合作”精神也被视为一个好员工必须具备的。

2022托福阅读高分攻略托福阅读高分攻略把握这5点得高分不再难1.语法一定要过关根本语法知识是要了解的。

新托福阅读考试是一项比较全面的考察学生英语能力的内容，所以从词汇开始，一直到句子已经篇章都有对应的考题类型去考察。

但是要理解句子的含义，光是词汇认识也不一定能完全搞清楚，有的时候需要通过语法知识去分析。

这种语法在很多题型中有所表达。

例如指代题，要分析代词所指的先行词是哪个，有时就要通过句子主谓宾成分的分析才能找到。

2.词汇根底要扎实新托福阅读有一个很大的特色就是有专门考察单词的题型，也就是词汇题。

从文章中抽出一个单词，给四个选项，让考生选择与这个单词词义最接近最符合的。

这些词汇是没有一个大纲让考生去背的，只有靠考生平时自己大量的词汇积累，尤其是一些学术学科的词汇。

3.快速阅读很重要新托福阅读考试每篇的时间是规定为20分钟，除了看长篇的文章外，还有11或13道题目的内容，所以时间是非常紧张的，因此在阅读的时候速度就很关键。

提醒考生要改掉一些阅读的坏习惯，例如逐字阅读，出声阅读，或者指着阅读等，这样的习惯只会拖慢阅读的速度。

所以快速阅读能力在考试中是非常重要的，读的时候要以意群来看。

4.归纳总结能力新托福阅读的最后一大题都是以全文意思的归纳为根底才能完成的，尤其是ummary，考察的就是考生对文章的整体把握。

因此考生在平时练习的时候一定要注意对文章段落的归纳，能够在较短的时间内把文章段落的中心大意读出来，然后进行总结，最后选择出最能代表文章中心含义的内容。

如果能在平时就注重归纳能力的培养，那么考试的时候就不用害怕ummary这种归纳概括性的题型了。

5.注意逻辑关系词英语句子的理解很多时候是要去理解其逻辑关系的，常见的逻辑关系有并列(and,awell)，比较(than,a….a)，因果(becaue,o,therefore,thu,reultfrom)，递进(alo,furthermore)，转折(but,however,yet)等等。

托福阅读经典加试题机经汇总资料说明：托福阅读或听力部分，会在考试时要求考生多完成一篇阅读或者二篇听力，作为题目难以度的检测，一般而言加试阅读的数量为两篇文章，加试听力则是加三个听力段子。

随着热心考生的增多，这些试题，包括原文，题目和答案都被回忆整理出来了，叫做托福经典加试题机经。

本文档是托福阅读经典加试题部分。

扫描二维码加托福名师刘文勇老师微信，可参加免费空中课堂乐闻携尔官网托福培训咨询电话4000-182-178Necessary Evil开篇明义：我并不中意“机经”。

“机经”这个说法，最早可能源于机考GRE的年代——在那段时间内的多次考题是可能完全重复的（一般以“自然月”为周期）。

常出现的情形是：月末参加考试的同学遇到的试题，居然与月初的试题完全一致。

所以，尽管我们在参加这些标准化考试之前都需先“签字画押”（签订保密协议，同意绝不将试题内容透露给任何第三方），但仍有“热心”的同学愿意在网络上回顾、分享自己考过的试题，这也就给后来参加考试的同学们创造了提前熟悉某些将要考到的真实考题的机会。

与之类似，机经在新托福（iBT）考试出现后，也逐步流行了起来，因为自从托福将纸笔考试（PBT）改革成计算机考试之后，也出现了重复出题的现象（尽管它并不是以自然月为周期的，但总归是重复了很多次，还是有规律可寻的）。

按照陈睿老师的说法，科班出身的理工科专业人才使用STATA或SPSS等统计软件来“处理数据、总结规律”的能力还是不可小觑的。

于是同学们总能看到诸多预测机经，也总能够听到我们的机经预测命中的消息。

这看上去貌似是一件皆大欢喜的事情。

但事实上，若同学们有缘读到这篇小短文，我最想对大家说的一句话却是“机经可能并不如你想象中的那么有用”。

尽管我们制作的“机经材料”经常命中考题，但我却时常在各类讲座中宣传“机经无用论”。

因为在一个真正经过了精心设计、目的是考查学生语言能力的测试中，出题者并不是那么在意学生是否已经提前了解了部分试题。

托福阅读真题100篇原文+题目（三十）托福阅读真题100篇原文+题目(三十) 虽然我们现在参加的都是新托福阅读考试，但是老托福阅读考试的真题，对大家平时的阅读练习，还是有很大的帮助的。

下面三立教育就为的汇总了老托福阅读真题100篇的详细内容，让我们一起来看看吧!PASSAGE 30Butterflies are among the most extensively studied insects —it is estimated that 90 percent of the world's species have scientific names. As a consequence, they are perhaps the best group of insects for examining patterns of terrestrial biotic diversity and distribution. Butterflies also have a favorable image with the general public. Hence, they are an excellent group for communicating information on science and conservation issues such as diversity.Perhaps the aspect of butterfly diversity that has received the most attention over the past century is the striking difference in species richness between tropical and temperate regions. For example, in 1875 one biologist pointed out the diversity of butterflies in the Amazon when he mentioned that about 700 species were found within an hour's walk, whereas the total number found on the British islands did not exceed 66, and the whole of Europe supported only 321. This early comparison of tropical and temperate butterfly richness has been well confirmed.A general theory of diversity would have to predict not only this difference between temperate and tropical zones, but also patterns within each region, and how these patterns vary among different animal and plant groups. However, for butterflies, variation of species richness within temperate or tropical regions,rather man between them, is poorly understood. Indeed, comparisons of numbers of species among the Amazon basin, tropical Asia, and Africa are still mostly personal communication citations, even for vertebrates. In other words, unlike comparison between temperate and tropical areas, these patterns are still in the documentation phase.In documenting geographical variation in butterfly diversity, some arbitrary, practical decisions are made. Diversity, number of species, and species richness are used synonymously; little is known about the evenness of butterfly distribution. The New World butterflies make up the preponderance of examples because they are the most familiar species. It is hoped that by focusing on them, the errors generated by imperfect and incomplete taxonomy will be minimized.1. Which aspect of butterflies does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Their physical characteristics(B) Their names(C) Their adaptation to different habitats(D) Their variety2. The word consequence in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) result(B) explanation(C) analysis(D) requirement3. Butterflies are a good example for communicating information about conservation issuesbecause they(A) are simple in structure(B) are viewed positively by people(C) have been given scientific names(D) are found mainly in temperate climates4. The word striking in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) physical(B) confusing(C) noticeable(D) successful5. The word exceed in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) locate(B) allow(C) go beyond(D) come close to6. All of the following are mentioned as being important parts of a general theory of diversityEXCEPT(A) differences between temperate and tropical zones(B) patterns of distribution of species in each region(C) migration among temperate and tropical zones(D) variation of patterns of distribution of species among different animals and plants7. The author mentions tropical Asia in lines 19 as an example of a location where(A) butterfly behavior varies with climate(B) a general theory of butterfly diversity has not yet been firmly established(C) butterflies are affected by human populations(D) documenting plant species is more difficult than documenting butterfly species8. Which of the following is NOT well understood by biologists?(A) European butterfly habitats(B) Differences in species richness between temperate and tropical regions(C) Differences in species richness within a temperate or a tropical region(D) Comparisons of behavior patterns of butterflies and certain animal groups9. The word generated in line 26 is closest in meaning to(A) requested(B) caused(C) assisted(D) estimated PASSAGE 30 DABCC CBCB。

2022年托福考试阅读理解模拟练习题及答案更多精彩尽请关注我！Hormones in the BodyUp to the beginning of the twentieth century,the nervous system was thought to control all communication within the body and the resulting integration of behavior.Scientists had determined that nervesran,essentially,on electrical impulses.These impulses were thought to be the engine for thought,emotion,movement,and internal processes such as digestion.However,experiments by William Bayliss and Ernest Starling on the chemical secretin,which is produced in the small intestine when food enters the stomach,eventually challenged that view.From the small intestine,secretin travels through the bloodstream to the pancreas.There,it stimulates the release of digestive chemicals.In this fashion,the intestinal cells that produce secretin ultimately regulate the production of different chemicals in a different organ,the pancreas.Such a coordination of processes had been thought to require control by the nervous system;Bayliss and Starling showed that it could occur through chemicals alone.This discovery spurred Starling to coin the term hormone to refer to secretin,taking it from the Greek wordhormon,meaning“to excite”or“to set in motion.”A hormone is a chemical produced by one tissue to make things happen elsewhere.As more hormones were discovered,they were categorized,primarily according to the process by which they operated on the body.Some glands(which make up the endocrine system)secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.Such glands include the thyroid and the pituitary.The exocrine system consists of organs and glands that produce substances that are used outside the bloodstream,primarily for digestion.The pancreas is one such organ,although it secretes somechemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the endocrine system.Much has been learned about hormones since their discovery.Some play such key roles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that their absence would cause immediate death.The most abundant hormones have effects that are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and difficult to track:They modify moods and affect human behavior,even some behavior we normally think of as voluntary.Hormonal systems are very intricate.Even minute amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite,calm aggression,and change the attitude of a parent toward a child.Certain hormones accelerate the development of the body,regulating growth and form;others may even define an individual’s personality characteristics.The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age,so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.In fact,some hormone therapies are already very common.A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings,sudden changes in body temperature,and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age.Known as hormone replacement therapy(HRT),the treatment was also believed to prevent weakening of the bones.At least one study has linked HRT with a heightened risk of heart disease and certain types of cancer.HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form.Some proponents of HRT have tempered their enthusiasm in the face of this new evidence,recommending it only to patients whose symptoms interfere with their abilities to live normal lives.Human growth hormone may also be given to patients who are secreting abnormally low amounts on their own.Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body,such treatments aregenerally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it.Growth hormone affects not just physical size but also the digestion of food and the aging process.Researchers and family physicians tend to agree that it is foolhardy to dispense it in cases in which the risks are not clearly outweighed by the benefits.27.The word engine in the passage is closest in meaning to(A)desire(B)origin(C)science(D)chemical28.The word it in the passage refers to(A)secretin(B)small intestine(C)bloodstream(D)pancreas29.The word spurred in the passage is closest in meaning to(A)remembered(B)surprised(C)invented(D)motivated30.To be considered a hormone,a chemical produced in the body must(A)be part of the digestive process(B)influence the operations of the nervous system(C)affect processes in a different part of the body(D)regulate attitudes and behavior31.The glands and organs mentioned in paragraph 3 are categorized according to(A)whether scientists understand their function(B)how frequently they release hormones into the body(C)whether the hormones they secrete influence the aging process(D)whether they secrete chemicals into the bloodParagraph 3 is marked with an arrow[→]32.The word key in the passage is closest in meaning to(A)misunderstood(B)precise(C)significant(D)simple33.The word minute in the passage is closest in meaning to(A)sudden(B)small(C)changing(D)noticeable34.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.(A)Most moods and actions are not voluntary because they are actually produced by the production of hormones in the body.(B)Because the effects of hormones are difficult tomeasure,scientists remain unsure how far-reaching their effects on moods and actions are.(C)When the body is not producing enough hormones,urgent treatment may be necessary to avoid psychological damage.(D)The influence of many hormones is not easy to measure,but they can affect both people’s psychology and actions extensively.35.The word tempered in the passage is closest in meaning to(A)decreased(B)advertised(C)prescribed(D)researched36.Which patients are usually treated with growth hormone?(A)Adults of smaller statue than normal(B)Adults with strong digestive systems(C)Children who are not at risk from the treatment(D)Children who may remain abnormally small37.Which of the following sentences explains the primary goal of hormone replacement therapy?These sentences are highlighted in the passage.(A)The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age,so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.(B)A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings,sudden changes in body temperature,and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age.(C)HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form.(D)Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body,such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it.38.Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.The body is a complex machine,however,and recent studies have called into question the wisdom of essentially trying to fool its systems into believing they aren’t aging.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.39.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth 2 points.The class of chemicals called hormones was discovered by two researchers studying a substance produced in the small intestine.Answer ChoicesThe term hormone is based on a Greek word that means"to excite"or"to set in motion."Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of treatments with growth hormone so that more patients can benefit from it.Hormones can be given artificially,but such treatments have risks and must be used carefully.Hormones can affect not only life processes such as growth but also behavior and emotion.Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system but alsocertain chemicals can affect bodily processes far from their points of origin.Hormone replacement therapy(HRT)may increase the risk of blood clots and heart disease in middle-age women.Answer KeysReading：27.B28.A29.D30.C31.D32.C33.B34.D35.A36.D37.A38.third square39.1)Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system….2)Hormones can affect not only life processes…..3)Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of….文档内容到此结束，欢迎大家下载、修改、丰富并分享给更多有需要的人。

托福阅读真题技巧指南
简介
本文档旨在提供一些托福阅读真题的技巧和指南，帮助考生在托福考试中取得更好的成绩。

阅读技巧
1. 阅读前的准备
在开始阅读真题之前，有几个准备工作是非常重要的：
- 熟悉托福阅读考试的考试格式和要求，了解每个部分的时间限制和题目类型。

- 增加词汇量，准备好常见的词汇和短语，这将有助于更好地理解文章。

- 练快速阅读技巧，提高阅读速度和理解能力。

2. 阅读技巧
在阅读真题时，可以采用以下技巧来提高阅读效果：
- 先通读全文，了解文章的主旨和结构，抓住重点信息。

- 随时在文章上划线或做笔记，帮助记忆和理解。

- 遇到生词或不熟悉的词汇时，可以尝试通过上下文猜测词义。

- 注意文章中的关系词和转折词，它们可以帮助理解文章的逻
辑和结构。

- 注意作者的观点和态度，理解文章的写作目的。

- 练不读全文而只查找特定信息的技巧，这将帮助节省时间。

3. 真题练
进行大量的真题练对于熟悉托福阅读考试的题型和提高解题能
力非常重要。

可以选择一些经典的托福阅读真题进行练，同时注意
分析解题过程和答案解释，以便提高答题技巧和准确性。

总结
通过本文档提供的托福阅读真题技巧和指南，考生可以有效地
提高阅读能力，更好地应对托福阅读考试，取得更好的成绩。

不断
练习和努力将是成功的关键。

商业经济类（Passage83～88）Passage83题材：商业经济类字数：779建议用时：7分钟It's widely known that more than half of all corporate mergers and acquisitions end in failure.Like many marriages,they are often fraught with irreconcilable cultural and financial differences.Yet M&A activity was up sharply in2013and reached pre-recession levels this year.So why do companies keep at it?Because it's an easy way to make a quick buck and please Wail Street.Increasingly,business is serving markets rather than markets serving business,as they were originally meant to do in our capitalist system.For a particularly stark example,consider American pharmaceutical giant Pfizer's recent bid to buy British drugmaker AstraZeneca.The deal made little strategic sense and would probably have destroyed thousands of jobs as well as slowed research at both companies.(Public outcry to that effect eventually helped scuttle the plan.)But it would have allowed Pfizer to shift its domicile to Britain,where companies pay less tax.That,in turn,would have boosted share prices in the short term,enriching the executives paid in stock and the bankers, lawyers and other financial intermediaries who stood to gain about half a billion dollars or so in fees from the deal.Pfizer isn't alone.Plenty of firms engage in such tax wizardry(巫术).This kind of short-term thinking is starting to dominate executive suites.Besides taxavoidance,Wall Street's marching orders to corporate America include dividend payments and share buybacks,which sap long-term growth plans.It also demands ever more globalized supply chains,which make balance sheets look better by cutting costs but add complexity and risk.All of this hurts longer-term,more sustainable job and value creation.As a recent article on the topic by academic Gautam Mukunda in the Harvard Business Review noted, "The financial sector's influence on management has become so powerful that a recent survey of chief financial officers showed that78%would give up economic value and55%would cancel a project with a positive net present value--that is,willingly harm their companies--to meet Wall Street's targets and fulfill its desire for'smooth'earnings."Some of this can be blamed on the sheer size of the financial sector.Many thought that the economic crisis and Great Recession would weaken the power of markets.In fact,it only strengthened finance's grip on the economy.The largest banks are bigger than they were before the recession,while finance as a percentage of the economy is about the same size.Overall,the industry earns 30%of all corporate profit while creating just6%of the country's jobs.And financial institutions are still doing plenty of tricky things with our money. Legendary investor Warren Buffett recently told me he's steering well clear of exposure to commercial securities like the complex derivatives being sliced and diced by major banks.He expects these"weapons of mass destruction"to cause problems for our economy again at some point.There's a less obvious but equally important way in which Wall Street distorts the economy:by defining"shareholder value"as short-term returns.If a CEO misses quarterly earnings by even a few cents per share,activist investors will push for that CEO to be fired.Yet the kinds of challenges companies face today--how to shift to entirely new digital business models, where to put operations when political risk is on the rise,how to anticipate the future costs of health,pensions and energy--are not quarterly problems.They are issues that will take years,if not decades,to resolve.Unfortunately,in a world in which the average holding period for a stock is about seven months, down from seven years four decades ago,CEOs grasp for the lowest-hanging fruit.They label tax-avoidance schemes as"strategic"and cut research and development in favor of sending those funds to investors in the form of share buybacks.All of this will put American firms at a distinct disadvantage against global competitors with long-term mind-sets.McKinsey Global Institute data shows that between now and2025,7out of10of the largest global firms are likely to come from emerging markets,and most will be family-owned businesses not beholden to(感激)the markets.Of course,there's plenty we could do policy-wise to force companies and markets to think longer term--from corporate tax reform to bans on high-speed trading to shifts in corporate compensation.But just as Wall Street has captured corporate America,so has it captured Washington.Few mainstream politicians on either side of the aislehave much interest in fixing things,since they get so much of their financial backing from the Street.Unfortunately for them,the fringes of their parties--and voters--do care.1.What would the author like to illustrate by the example of Pfizer's bid?A.More than half of all corporate mergers and acquisitions end in failure.B.They are often fraught with irreconcilable cultural and financial differences.C.It's an easy way to make a quick buck and please Wall Street.D.Business is serving markets rather than markets serving business.2.It can be inferred that"smooth earnings"include the following EXCEPT_____．A.tax avoidanceB.dividend paymentsC.better account balanceD.lower costs3.Wall Street's distortion of the economy may causemercial securities to be diced by big banksB.mass destruction of American economyC.failure to solve strategic problems of companiesD.CEOs to shorten their holding period for a stock4.The author closes the passage with a_____note.A.cautiousB.warningC.sarcasticD.humorous5.What kind of thinking is starting to dominate executive suites?6.In what way does Wall Street distort the economy?7.According to the author,what is the root cause of faulty mergers and acquisitions?【答案及解析】1.D由题干中的Pfizer's bid定位至第二段，该段提到“The deal made little strategicsense and would probably have destroyed thousands of jobs as well as slowed research at both companies.”即这一竞投收购活动会对生产发展和创造就业岗位带来负面影响，但之后又提到该协议可以少付税款，满足决策者等高级管理层和金融界从业人员的短期利益，由此结合题目可知选项D描述正确。

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智课网TOEFL备考资料
新托福阅读真题100篇
摘要：考生复习托福阅读可以练习托福阅读真题，能够更加了解托福阅读的考试题型和考题难度，对于考生提高托福阅读水平有一定的帮助。

托福阅读是托福考试中出题量最大的科目，不少考生反应阅读难做。

小编建议考生在平时的复习中不妨多练习下托福阅读真题。

今天小编汇总了新托福阅读真题100篇，方便考生学习。

1. 树叶为何变颜色
2. 瑞典诺贝尔文学评委会
3. 民众抗命Civil Disobedience
4. 陨石坑Craters
5. 英法战争
6. 车票打孔与计算机雏形
7. 地衣LICHEN
8. 路易斯安娜洲购买后的皮毛买卖
9. 同步通讯卫星
10. 聊天对于南方女作家的社会影响
11. 睡眠
12. 人物(女)Amelia 和Muriel的男性化成长
13. 塑料
14. 芝加哥
15. 人物(男)雕塑家Frederic Remington
16. 动物身上为何不生出轮子
17. 树的生存方式
18. 摩天大楼—美国的特征
19. 加洲北水南调工程
20. 蜜蜂意识测试
21. Navajo人的起源
22. 为美国护士教育的抗争
23. 人物(女)建筑师Julia Morgan
24. 沼泽中的动物
25. 供求与市场价格
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完整版配有答案解析，考生答题完毕可以参照解析对题。

相关字搜索：新托福阅读真题100篇勤劳的蜜蜂有糖吃。

0308托福试题阅读（55minutes）Question 1-11If food is allowed to stand for some time, it putrefies .When the putrefied materialis examined microscopically ,it is found to be teeming with bacteria. Where do thesebacteria come from , since they are not seen in fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenthcentury, many people believed that such microorganisms originated by spontaneous(5 )generation ,a hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonlivingmatter.The most powerful opponent of the theory of spontaneous generation was the French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur showed that structurespresent in air closely resemble the microorganisms seen in putrefying materials .He did(10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. Afterthe guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it hadtrapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteurfound that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solid structures ranging in size from0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembledthe reproductive(15)structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells .As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen liters of ordinary air ,and they couldnot be distinguished from the organisms found in much larger numbers in putrefying materials .Pasteur concluded that the organisms found in putrefying materials originatedfrom the organized bodies present in the air .He postulated thatthese bodies are constantly(20)being deposited on all objects.Pasteur showed that if a nutrient solution was sealed in a glass flask and heated toboiling to destroy all the living organisms contaminating it, it never putrefied .The proponents of spontaneous generation declared that fresh air was necessary forspontaneous generation and that the air inside the sealed flask was affected in some way(25)by heating so that it would no longer support spontaneousgeneration. Pasteur constructed a swan-necked flask in which putrefying materials could he heated to boiling, but aircould reenter. The bends in the neck prevented microorganisms from getting in the flask.. Material sterilized in such a flask did not putrefy.1,What does the passage mainly discuss?(a)Pasteur’s influence on the development of the microscope.(b)The origin of the theory of spontaneous generation .(c)The effects of pasteurization on food.(d)Pasteur’s argument agai nst the theory of spontaneous generation . 2,The phrase “teeming with ”in line 2 is closest in meaning to(a)full of(b)developing into(c)resistant to(d)hurt by3,Which of the following questions did the theory of spontaneous generation attempt to answer?(a)What is the origin of the living organisms are seen on some food?(b)How many types of organisms can be found on food?(c)What is the most effective way to prepare living organisms for microscopic examination?(d)How long can food stand before it putrefies?4,The word “resemble” in line 9 is closest in meaning to(a)benefit from(b)appear similar to(c)join together with(d)grow from5,The purpose of the “guncotton” mentioned in paragraph 2 was to(a)trap particles for analysis(b)slow the process of putrefaction(c)increase the airflow to the microscopic slide(d)aid the mixing of alcohol and ether6,The author mention “1.0mm”in line 14 in describing the(a)thickness of a layer of organisms that was deposited on an object(b)diameter of the fibers that were in the guncotton filters(c)thickness of the microscope slides that were used(d)size of the particles that that were collected7.The word “postulated”in line 19 is closest in meaning to(a)analyzed(b)doubted(c)persuaded(d)suggested8.The objects that Pasteut removed from the air in his experiment were remarkable because they were(a)primarily single-celled organisms(b)no different from objects found in putrefying materials(c)fairly rare(d)able to live in a mixture of alcohol and ether9.The word “it” in line 22 refers to(a)a nutrient solution(b)a glass flask(c)boiling(d)spontaneous generation10.According to paragraph 3,proponents of spontaneous generation believed that which of the following was important for the process to succeed ?(a)A sealed container(b)Fresh air(d)The presence of nutrients11.It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that Pasteur employed a swam-necked flask to(a)store sterilized liquids for use in future experiments(b)prevent heat from building up in a solution(c)disprove a criticism of his conclusions(d)estimate the number of organisms in a liter of airQuestions 12-20In the early decades of the United States ,the agrarian movement promoted the farmeras society’s hero. In the minds of agrarian thinkers and writers ,the farmer was a person on whose well-being the health of the new country depended .The period between theRevolution, which ended in 1783,and the Civil War ,which ended in 1865 ,was the age of(5 )the farmer in the United States .Agrarian philosophers ,represented most eloquently byThomas Jefferson, celebrated farmers extravagantly for their supposed centrality in a goodsociety, their political virtue ,and their Superior morality .And virtually all policy makers, whether they subscribed to the tenets of the philosophy held by Jefferson or not, recognized agriculture as the key component of the American economy .Consequently ,government at(10)all levels worked to encourage farmers as a social group and agriculture as economicenterprise.Both the national and state governments developed transportation infrastructure,building canals, roads, bridges, and railroads ,deepening harbors ,and removing obstructions from navigable streams .The national government imported plant and animal varieties and(15) launched exploring expeditions into prospective farmlands in the West .In addition ,government trade policies facilitated the exporting of agriculturalFor their part ,farmers seemed to meet the social expectations agrarian philosophershad for them ,as their broader horizons and greater self-respect, both products of the Revolution ,were reflected to some degree in their behavior .Farmers seemed to become(20)more scientific ,joining agricultural societies and reading the farm newspapers that sprangup throughout the country .They began using improved implements, tried new crops andpure animal breeds , and became more receptive to modern theories of soil improvement .They also responded to inducements by national and state governments .Farmersstreamed to the West ,filling frontier lands with stunning rapidity .But farmers responded(25)less to the expectations of agrarians and governmentinducements than to growing market opportunities .European demand for food from the United States seemed insatiable . War, industrialization , and urbanization all kept demand high in Europe . United States citiesand industries grew as well; even industries not directly related to farming thrived becauseof the market, money ,and labor that agriculture provided .12.What does the passage mainly discuss?(a)The agrarian philosophy of Thomas Jefferson(b)The role of the national government in the development of agriculture(c)Improvements in farming techniques(d)The impact of the increased importance of the farmer13.The word “depended” in line 3 is closest in meaning to(a)improved(b)relied(c)demanded(d)explained14.The author mentions Thomas Jefferson in paragraph 1 as an(a)a leader during the Revolution(b)an inventor of new farming techniques(c)a philosopher who believed farmers were essential to the creation of a good society(d)a farmer who guided the agrarian movement toward an emphasis on economic development15.The phrase “subscribed to” in line 8 is closest in meaning to(a)contributed to(b)agreed with(c)thought about(d)expanded on16.Which of the following statements is supported by the information in paragraph 1?(a)All government policy makers accepted Jefferson’s views of agriculture and farmers.(b)Agricultural production declined between 1783 and 1861.(c)The majority of farmers worked for the government.(d)Agriculture was a vital part of the nation’s economy.17.According to the passage , the national and state governments did all of the following EXCEPT(a)build roads(b)import new plant varieties(c)give farmers money for their crops(d)develop policies that helped farmers export their products18.All of the following are mentioned as examples of farmers’ meeting the expectations of agrarian philosophers EXCEPT(a)obtaining information from farm newspapers(b)accumulating personal wealth(c)planting new crops(d)becoming more scientific19.The word “stunning” in line 24 is closest in meaning to(a)predictable(b)impressive(c)famous(d)gradual20.Which of the following statements is best supported by paragraph 4?(a)Agricultural development contributed to development in other parts of the economy.(b)European agricultural products were of a higher quality than those produced in the United States.(c)The growing settlement of the West led to a decrease in agricultural production.(d)Farmers were influenced more by government policies than by market opportunities.Question 21-29The wide variety of climates in North America has helped spawn a complex pattern ofsoil regions. In general, the realm’s soils also reflect the broad environmental partitioninginto “humid America” and “arid America.” Where annual precipitation exceeds 20 inches(50 centimeters),soils in humid areas tend to be acidic in chemical content, Since crops(5 ) do best in soils that are neither acidic(higher in acid content) noralkaline(higher in salt content).fertilization is necessary to achieve the desired level of neutrality between thetwo. A rid America’s soils are typically alkaline and must be fertilized back towardneutrality by adding acidic compounds. Although many of these dryland soils, particularlyin the Great Plains, are quite fertile, European settlers learned over a century ago that(10)water is the main missing ingredient in achieving their agricultural potential. In the1970’s, certain irrigation methods were perfected and finally provided a real opportunityto expand more intensive farming west from the Central Lowland into the drier portionsof the Great Plains. Glaciation also enhanced the rich legacy of fertile soils in the centralUnited States,both from the deposition of mineral-rich glacial debris left by meltwater(15)and from thick layers of fine wind-blown glacial material, called loess, in and around themiddle Mississippi Valley.Natural vegetation patterns could be displayed on a map of North America, but theenormous human modification of the North American environment in modern times hasall but reduced this regionalization scheme to the level of the hypothetical. Nonetheless,(20)the humid America-arid America dichotomy is still a valid generalization: the naturalvegetation of areas receiving more than 20 inches of water yearly is forest, whereas thedrier climates give rise to a grassland cover. The forests of North America tent to makea broad transition by latitude. In the Canadian North, needle-leaf forests dominate, butthese coniferous trees become mixed with broadleaf deciduous trees as one crosses the(25)border into the Northeast United States. As one proceedstoward the Southeast, broadleaf vegetation becomes dominant.Arid America mostly consists of short-grass prairies orstepper. The only areas of true desert are in the Southwest.21 What aspect of North America does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The wide variety of climates(B) S oil types and vegetation patterns(C) I mproved irrigation methods and the expansion of agriculture(D) The change in precipitation patterns22 The word “spawn ” in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) distinguish(B) e liminate(C) p rotect(D) create23 The word “partitioning” in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) division(B) m odification(C) o pening(D) circulating24 According to the passage, acidic soils tent to be associated with(A) a high salt content(B) a n increase in farming(C) l arge amounts of rain(D) glacial meltwater25 The word “enhanced” in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A) implied(B) i ncreased(C) i ndicated(D) informed26 How did glacial meltdown affect the soil in North America?(A) It redistributed the soil types(B) I t added salt to the soil(C) I t made the soil more neutral in content(D) It added minerals to the soil27 The phrase “this regionalization scheme” in line 19 refers to the(A) movements of glacial deposits(B) p atterns of natural vegetation(C) h uman modification of the North American environment(D) distinction between humid America and arid America28 The word “transition” in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) elevation(B) c hange(C) a dvantage(D) condition29 The passage supports which of the following statements?(A) Arid America is not necessarily characterized by the presenceof deserts(B) M ost of Canada and the northeastern United States consists ofshort-grass prairies wherever natural vegetation has not been modified by humans(C) T he accumulation of loess is primarily the result of irrigation(D) Glaciation removed the fertile layer of soil from much of theMississippi ValleyQuestions 30-40Most sources of illumination generate light over an appreciable period, and indeed ifan object is lit for a very brief time(less that 1/25 second), the human eye will not reactin time to see the object. A photographic emulsion---that is, a light-sensitive coating on photographic film, paper, or glass---will, however, record much shorter bursts of light. A(5 ) photographic flash can therefore be used to capture high-speed movement on film as wellas to correct deficiencies of the normal surrounding lighting.Photoflash is now generated electronically, but the earliest form, first used in 1864, was a paper bag containingmagnesium wire and some oxygen-rich substance, such as potassium chlorate. When thebag was ignited, the metal burned with an intense flash. A contemporary observer reported(10) that “this quite unsafe device seems to have done nothing worse that engulf the room indense smoke and lead to pictures of dubious quality and odd pose s.”The evolution of the photoflash was slow, flashbulbs, containing fine wire made of ametal, such as magnesium or aluminum, capable of being ignited in an atmosphere of pure oxygen at low pressure, were introduced only in the 1920’s. In the e arliest type, the metal (15) was separated from the oxygen by a thin glass bulb. The flash was fired by piercing thebulb and allowing the oxygen to come into contact with the metal, which ignitedspontaneously. Later bulbs were fired by an electric battery, which heated the wire bypassing a small current through it. Other combinations, such as the pairing of oxygendifluoride with zirconium, have also been used. In each case enough energy is given out to(20) heat the oxidizable metal momentarily to a white-hot emissionof visible light. The smoke particles are so small that they cool rapidly; but since they are white, they contribute to the brilliance by reflecting the light from their still-glowing neighbors. A slightly bigger formof the metal will burn for a longer time.30 What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The history of the photoflash(B) T heories about how the eye reacts to light(C) T he technology of modern photography(D) The dangers of using the early photoflash31 According to the passage,1/25 second is the minimum amount of time required for the(A) recording of an image on film(B) g eneration of artificial light(C) c reation of a photographic emulsion(D) human eye to react to light32 According to the passage, an advantage of using a photoflash is that it(A) can produce repeated bursts of light(B) i ntensities colors in photographs(C) i s short enough not to bother human eyes(D) supplements existing lighting33 The word “ignited” in line 9 is closest in mea ning to(A) set on fire(B) c ut into(C) o pened(D) shaken34 Which of the following phrases is defined in paragraph 1?(A)”appreciable period”(line 1)(B)”photographic emulsion”(line 3)(C)”high-speed movement”(line 5)(D)”odd poses”(line 11)35 The wo rd “evolution” in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) publicity(B) a doption(C) d evelopment(D) manufacture36 The function of the glass in the first flashbulbs was to(A) produce the spark that initiated the flash(B) m agnify the light produced by the flash(C) p rotect the photographer from the heat of the flash(D) keep the metal and oxygen apart before the flash37 The word “it” in line 18 refers to(A) oxygen(B) b attery(C) w ire(D) current38 The word “momentarily” in line 20 is closest in mean ing to(A) effortlessly(B) b riefly(C) e lectronically(D) gradually39 According to the passage, the white color of the smoke particles generated by a flashbulb contributes to(A) rapid cooling(B) b right illumination(C) e lectrical conductivity(D) intense heat40 According to the passage, a flashbulb can be made to burn longer by using(A) thicker wire(B) m ore oxygen(C) t hinner glass(D) continuous electricityQuestions 41-50The stylistic innovation in paining known as Impressionism began in the 1870’s. The Impressionists wanted to depict what they saw in nature, but they were inspired to portray fragmentary moments by the increasingly fast pace of modern life. They concentrated onthe play of light over objects, people, and nature, breaking up seemingly solid surfaces,(5 ) stressing vivid contrast between colors in sunlight and shade, and depiction reflected lightin all of its possibilities. Unlike earlier artists, they did not want to observe the world from indoors. They abandoned the studio, painting in the open air and recording spontaneous Impressions of their subjects instead of making outside sketches and then moving indoorsto complete the work form memory.(10) Some of the Impressionists’ painting methods were affected by technologicaladvances. For example, the shift from the studio to the open air was made possible inpart by the advent of cheap rail travel, which permitted easy and quick access to thecountryside or seashore, as well as by newly developed chemical dyes and oils that ledto collapsible paint tubes, which enabled artists to finish their paintings on the spot.(15)Impressionism acquired its name not from supporters but from angry art lovers whofelt threatened by the new painting. The term “Impressionism” was born in 1874,whena group of artists who had been working together organized an exhibition of theirpaintings in order to draw public attention to their work. Reaction from the public andpress was immediate, and derisive. Among the 165 paintings exhibited was one called(20)Impression: Sunrise, by Claude Monet(1840-1926),Viewedthrough hostile eyes,Monet’s painting of a rising sun over a misty, watery scene seemed messy, slapdash,and an affront to good taste. Borrowing Monet’s title, art critics extended the term “Impressionism” to the entire exhibit. In response, Monet and his 29 fellow artists inthe exhibit adopted the same name as a badge of their unity, despite individual differences.(25)From then until 1886 Impressionism had all the zeal of a “church”, as the painter Renoirput it. Monet was faithful to the Impressionist creed until his death, although many of theothers moved on to new styles.41 What aspect of painting in the nineteenth century does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The impact of some artists’ resistance to the fast pace of life(B) T he differences between two major styles of art(C) A technological advance in the materials used by artists(D) A group of artists with a new technique and approach to art42 The word “depict” in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) reorganize(B) d eform(C) r epresent(D) justify43 According to the passage, which of the following was one of the distinguishing characteristics of Impressionist painting?(A) The emphasis on people rather than nature scenes(B) T he way the subjects were presented from multiple angles(C) T he focus on small solid objects(D) The depiction of the effects of light and color44 Which of the following is a significant way in which Impressionists were different from the artists that preceded them?(A) They began by making sketches of their subjects(B) T hey painted their subjects out-of-doors(C) T hey preferred to paint from memory(D) They used subjects drawn from modern life45 The word “advent” in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) achievement(B) a cceptance(C) a rrival(D) advantage46 The exhibition of paintings organized in 1874 resulted in all of the following EXCEPT(A) attracting attention from the public(B) a negative reaction from the press(C) a n immediate demand for the paintings exhibited(D) creating a name for a new style of painting47 The word “affront” in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A) insult(B) e ncouragement(C) r eturn(D) credit48 The rejection of the Impressionist exhibition by critics was caused by which of the following?(A) The small number of paintings on display(B) L ack of interest in exhibitions by young artists(C) T he similarity between all the paintings exhibited(D) Anger about seemingly poorly painted art49 The author mentions Renoir in line 25 to give an example of an artist who(A) became as famous as Monet(B) w as consistently praised by art critics(C) d escribed the enthusiasm of the Impressionists for their work(D) was in favor of a traditional style of painting50 The word “others” in line 27 refers to(A) art critics(B) f ellow artists(C) i ndividual differences(D) new styles0308答案ABADB CCCBA BDDCC DCDBA DACCB DBCAC DACBA BABDC BCAAD CDABACACCB CDBCB DACCC ABCDA CDCDC BDCDC BCDDC DBACBDAABA DDBAB CDBCB DCBBA BDACB DDBAA DDABC DCBBA DCDBC CADCB。