tense

动词时态和语态

Tenses:

一、一般现在时考点分析is\ am\ are\ do

1) 表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语(every…,once a week,often,

always,usually,sometimes, seldom,…)连用。

We always care for each other and help each other.

2)表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词, eg: Ice feels cold.

3), 表示客观事实或普通真理（不受时态限制）

The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.

Water boils at 100oC.

4)表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时：see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong seem等。如：

I know what you mean.

Smith owns a car and a house.

All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.

★ Note:在时间、条件状语从句以及某些让步状语从句(even if, even though,as long as, so long as,

whatever…所有以…ever引导的让步状语从句)中常用一般现在时代替将来时。

Don‘t get off the bus until it ________.

√ A,stops (代替_______) √ B, has stopped (代替_________)

However late you come (代替_________) , I will wait for you.

★ 但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，是情态动词,不表示时态。

If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased. 如果你愿意接受并参加我们的舞会，我的家人会非常高兴。

★★Note: 少数用于表示起止的动词如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、open、close、end、stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作,这时都有一个表示将来的时间状语连用。当be表示根据时间或事先安排，肯定会出现的状态，只用一般现在时。

The train starts at 9:00 o‘clock. The plane takes off at 5.

The shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day. Schools begin the day after tomorrow.

The bus leaves at 11. Tomorrow is Wednesday.

另外: 注意某些口语句型:

Here comes the bus. =The bus is coming.

There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.

二,一般过去时的考点分析（考核重点）。Was\were\did

1), 用于表达过去的经常或习惯性动作:

We did morning exercises every day while in Junior. He went fishing every Saturday and Sunday.

也可用Used to do …来表示过去经常性发生的动作:We used to get up early.

2),表示过去的具体动作,常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用(last…, yesterday,3 days ago, in 1979,just now,

when sb was a child, once曾经 ,…)；

Yesterday I ate too much.. He was put into prison in his thirties. I met her in the street for the first time yesterday. I once saw the famous star here.

3), 表示主语的过去的性格,状况,状态等（或有上下文语境暗示）；

I lived in Shanghai as a boy. Luxun likes smoking.

★★表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去式。如：

I thought the film would be interesting, but it isn’t. (我原以为….)

I meant not to hurt you. (我本不想伤害你)

★Note: 如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生，但从句中的

谓语动词连用过去式。如：

He told me he read an interesting novel last night.

★★Note:表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由以下词语连接，用一般过去时。如：but, and, when, as soon as,

immediately, the moment, the minute。

The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.

He bought a watch but lost it.

常用一般过去时的句型：

Why didn’t you / I think of that?

I didn’t notice it.

I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before.

I didn’t recognize him.

三,一般将来时考点分析。Shall\will\is(am,are)going to\is(am,are) to\ is(am,are) about to do

1),表示未来的动作或状态常用will / shall + 动词（常与表示将来的时间状语连用,如:tomorrow、next week、in 2008、in a few months、soon、before long、in the future…等）。

I shan’t be free this evening.

2),表示一种趋向或习惯动作。

We’ll die without air or water.

3),★★表示趋向行为的动词如come、go、start、begin、leave等或瞬间动词常用进行时的形式表示将来时,参见现在进行时四 3)条目.

★★be going to与will / shall, be to do, be about to do用法及区别：

be going to 表示主观,指现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；shall / will do表示客观,也指未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定。

be going to 表将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而will则能，表意愿。如：

If it is fine, we‘ll go fishing.(正确)

If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.(错误)

★★be to do sth.表按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止，可能性等。

A meeting is to be held at 3:00 o‘clock this afternoon.. 表按计划、安排 When is the factory to go into production9投产)? 表按计划、安排

TheThird-Ring Road is to be open to trafficbefore National Day. 表按计划、安排

You are to stay here until I come back. 表示吩咐、命令

You are not to bring any books to the exam room. 表示吩咐、命令

I‘m to inform you that….(I have been told to inform you that…)表责任或义务

be about to do sth.表示“即可，就要”，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句,但when引导的并列句行。 ( × )I‘m about to start at

once.

Autumn harvest is about to start.

I was about to leave when it begain to rain.(‗when‘means ‗届时,就在那时‘)

四, 现在进行时考点分析。Is\am\are doing

1),表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作,强调时间点动作在发生,搭配的时间状语有 listen、look, at the

moment, at present…；eg: It is raining now.

2),表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时,强调时间段在发生；

He is teaching English and learning Chinese.

We‘re attending a conference in Beijing these days.

3),表近期特定的安排或计划,go、come等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时。同上面三 3)用法; 对比上面一般现在时★★Note条目用法. 如：

A),I am meeting Mr. Wang tonight. B), We are leaving on Friday.

★The girl is always talking loud in public.(与always、often等频度副词连用，表经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩)

★★下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。（A）表示心理状态、情感的动作：like, love, hate, care, remember,

believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。（B）表存在的状态的动词：have (有),possess,appear, exist, lie,

remain, seem ,belong to, depend on。（C）表示一时性动作的动词：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit,