The outsider at Ford

（8A Unit1-4）第一卷（选择题，共50分）一、单项选择（共15小题，每小题1分，满分15分）1.—What do you think of Mr. Wang?--- He is _____ honest man and easy to work with.A. aB. anC. theD. 不填2. The bridge is made ________ stones. It has been over the river for 100 years.A. fromB. ofC. inD. by3. ---When will they __________? ---At 9:00 tomorrow morning, I think.A. reachB. get toC. arriveD. arrive at4. ----Boys and girls, help ___________ to some apples, please!--- Thanks, Mrs. Smith.A. youB. yourselfC. themselvesD. yourselves5. --- Could I have ________ to drink? I am very thirsty.---- Of course, dear.A. anythingB. somethingC. everythingD. nothing6. ---He tried to __________ a brighter light in his bedroom by himself but the whole house hada power cut..----Oh, that’s terrible.A. put upB. put inC. put outD. put on7. Shanghai is bigger than ___________ in China. It is a modern city.A. any cityB. the other cityC. any other cityD. other cities8. Tom is crazy about football. He spends ________ time on his schoolwork than his brother.A. moreB. fewerC. lessD. little9. ----I think English is ________________ Chinese.---- I agree.A. so difficult asB. much difficult thanC. more easy thanD. much easier than10. ---Why ________ visit the Science Museum with us tomorrow?---- That sounds good.A. notB. not toC. don’tD. not you11. ---- Could I smoke here?-----_________________.Look at the sign there “No Smoking”.A. Yes, you couldB. No, you couldn’t.C. Sorry, I’m afraid you can’tD. Not at all12. Our monitor is ______. He often tells us funny jokes after class.A. generousB. humorousC. friendlyD. hard-working13. ----- _________ hours do you spend watching TV every week?---- About 4 hours.A. How longB. How muchC. How manyD. How often14. ---Why were you late for the meeting?-- Because there _______ a lot of traffic on the road. We had to drive slowly.A. areB. isC. wasD. were15. ----We will go on a school trip to the World Park this weekend.---- _________________.A. That’s all rightB. Have a nice tripC. No problemD. Thanks a lot.二、完形填空（共15小题，每小题1分，满分15分）My favourite great book is The Ad v enture of Tom Sa w yer written 16 Mark Twain. Tom lives with his aunt Polly in a quiet street of St. Petersburg, Missouri. He's a lively and clever young boy, and he finds 17 in many exciting adventures (冒险). He runs away with his 18 friends, Huck Finn and Joe, to an island in the middle of the Mississippi River for several days. With Huck he goes looking for treasure, with Becky he gets lost in a cave. And 19 , they find a box of gold.My favourite scene in the book is when everyone thinks Tom is 20 . He decides to go to his own funeral(葬礼). He 21 and watches for a while, and then suddenly he appears. Everyone 22 surprised to see him but they're also happy to see him alive.Tom is the hero of the story, but there are other important characters. Huck is an outsider (外来者) and everyone 23 him. Becky is pretty with fair hair, Joe is Tom's best friend, and Injun Joe is the bad man of the 24 .The theme of the story is about children 25 . It describes how strangers are seen in small towns of America. Finally, it talks about freedom, social rules and 26 people are punished(惩罚) for bad behaviour.Why do I think The Ad v enture of Tom Sa w yer is a great book? Mark Twain wrote the story in 1876, but it's still read and 27 by people all over the world today. And 28 it's only a story, Twain wrote it in the everyday English of the southern states of America in the 19th century, so it sounds very 29 . Today it's thought to be one of the greatest books in American literature. Read it now! I am sure 30 enjoy it, too.16. A. by B. to C. for D. at17. A. him B. himself C. herself D. his18. A.one B. another C. two D. three19. A. last B. in the beginning C. first D. finally20. A. death B. died C. dead D. dying21. A. looks for B. hides C. hid D. looked at22. A. is B. was C. are D. were23. A. afraid B. is afraid of C. is afraid D. is afraid to24. A. music B. advice C. story D. news25. A. grown up B. grew up C. grow up D. growing up.26. A. who B. what C. how D. what a27. A. love B. loved C. loving D. loves28. A. although B. but C. With D. To29. A. truth B. real C. really D. truly30. A. you’ve B. everyone C. you'll D. nobody三、阅读理解（共10小题，每小题2分，满分20分）ABesides calling 120, here is what you should do when no one is around to help.If you get lost, you may stay where you can be seen clearly and try yourbest to have a rest. In a wide open area, make a colorful cross out ofrocks to show where you stay.When you choke (噎住) at home, make a sudden hit against the back ofthe chair. If you can’t breathe after six tries, call 120. Leave the telephoneopen until help arrives.If you get hurt, use your hand or a scarf, or any dry cloth you can find,and push down on the wound (伤口) until the blood stops running. Don’tput the cloth around your leg tightly, or you may lose your foot.When a fire happens, you must move close to the floor. Cover yourmouth and nose with a wet towel (毛巾), make you wet from head to footif possible and find a safe place outside.31. If you get lost in a wide open area, you should ____________.A. call out for helpB. make a crossC. phone the policeD. draw a map.32.____________ can help to deal with a wound.A. A wet towelB. A chairC. A scarfD. Some rocks33. You move close to the floor in a fire to keep away from ____________.A. smokeB. lightC. noiseD. rainBDick is seven years old. He starts school this year. He studies very hard and likes sports very much. He is polite to others. So his teachers and friends all like him.Last Saturday, Dick and his mother stayed at home. His mother was doing some housework and Dick was doing his homework. At ten Dick’s father came back from the farm with a basket of apples. He had a look at his son and then went to his room to watch TV. The boy saw the apples and wanted to eat one. His mother gave him some and said, “Go and wash them, please."Dick washed the apples and took the smallest. His mother saw this and asked, “Why don’t you take a bigger one, Dick?""Teachers tell us that we should be polite to others and care about the old, our parents and friends. So I take the smallest and leave the big one for you and dad,” answered the boy."Good boy! Thank you." said his mother with a smile.34. Dick begins to go to school at the age of_________.A.3B. 4C. 7D. 835. ________ returned home with some apples last Saturday.A. Dic k’s teachersB. Dick’s motherC. Dick’s friendsD. Dick’s father36. At last, Dick chose the smallest apple because_________.A. he is too young to eat up the big oneB. his mother asked him to do soC. the big one is not goodD. he thinks it’s right to be polite and care about othersCDr. John Dolittle lived in a small town called Puddleby. Everyone in town knew him. He lived in a small house, but he had a large garden. He kept many animals in it.Dr. Dolittle did not have many patients(病人). Many people did not like his animals. When they were ill, they went to a doctor in another town. He had to sell most of his furniture（家具）and clothes so that（以便）he had enough money to buy food for himself and his animals.One day, his patient the cat’s-meat-man who sold him meat for the cat, said to him, “ Why don't you stop being a doctor for people and become a doctor for animals instead? You know a lot about animals --more than most vets（兽医）, I’m sure. I’d se nd all the old women with sick dogs or cats to you.When the cat’s-meat-man left, Polynesia said “He’s right, Doctor, you should become an animal doctor.”“There are a lot of vets,” Dr. Dolittle said.“Perhaps there are. But you’d be the best vet of all. I’m not the only animal that can talk. All the animals can talk. Each kind of animal has its own language. I will teach you mine if you like.”Every day, Dr. Dolittle learned the languages of the animals. When people found out he was now an animal doctor, they brought their pets to him.One day, he helped a horse see very well. The horse was very pleased and told all his friends how clever Dr. Dolittle was. Soon many animals came to see him. Before long, every animal that lived in or near Puddl eby became the doctor’s patients.37.What was Dr. Dolittle’s problem?A. He did not have enough moneyB. He did not have enough clothing.C. He did not have enough animals.D. He did not have enough sisters.38. How did Dr. Dolittle learn how to talk to animals?A. The parrot helped him.B. His sister helped him.C. The cat’s-meat-man helped him.D. The patients helped him.39.Who told all his friends about Dr. Dolittle?A. The parrotB. The dogC. The horseD. The cat’s-meat-man40.What happened to Dr. Dolittle after learning animal languages?A. He became a parrot.B. He became a popular vet.C. He became a horse.D. He became a cat’s-meat-man.第二卷（非选择题，共50分）四、词汇运用（共20小题；每小题1分，满分20分）A) 根据句意及所给中文提示、英文解释或首字母，写出句中所缺单词，每空限填一词。

（美）辛顿（Hinton.S.E）著, 《局外人》, 世界知识出版社, 2000年08月第1版, 第365页我走下楼，脑子里‘“片空白。

达利已经把车开走了，我精神恍您地走在回家漫长的路上。

约翰尼死了。

不，他没死，躺在医院里的那具尸体不是他，他正在其他什么地方——也许正睡在大空场上，或正在游戏街玩弹子机，或坐在温镕里克斯扇尔教堂后面的台阶上。

我回家的时候要翌大空场去看看，也许他正坐在石栏上报烟，也许我们还可以仰面躺在草地上看星星。

他没死，我对自己说，他没有死。

这次，我的幻觉起了作用，我使自己相信鲜勤尼没有死。

我在大街上转悠了好几个小时，有则甚至走到马路中间．惹得好几个司机一个劲儿地按喇叭，还对我破口大骂。

要不是有个人问我要不要搭车，我也许会这么榷达一晚上。

“哦7嗅，是的，我想是的，”我说着上了车。

那人大概二十五六岁，他看了看我。

（美）辛顿（Hinton.S.E）著, 《局外人》, 世界知识出版社, 2000年08月第1版, 第367页“你还好吧．孩子?你看上去像刚汀了一架。

”“是的，一场群架、我没事。

”约翰尼没有死，我告诉自己，而且相信了自己的话。

“本不想跟你说，孩子，”那人冷冰冰地说道．“但你的血都流到车座上了。

”我眨了眨眼．“是吗?”“你的头在流血。

”我伸手在头上摸了一下，那儿一直有点儿痒痒，再看我的手时，手上已沾满了鲜血。

“上帝，先生，对不起，”我不知所措地说o“没关系，这辆破车经历过比这还糟的事呢。

你家在哪儿，这个时候，我不能把一个受伤的孩子扔在大街上。

”我告诉他我家的地址，他把我送到家门口，我下了车，“大谢谢了。

”我们这伙人中的其余几个正在客厅里。

史蒂夫躺在沙发上，衬衫敞着扣，身体的一例编着绷带。

他正闭目养神．当我身后的门关上的时候，他睁开了眼。

我突然想我是否也和他一样两眼通红，一脸茫然。

索达的嘴唇被划了一道口子．脸上也有一块青。

达瑞的前额上贴着一块邦迪创可贴，一只眼也青了。

两片嘴的一边脸包扎着——我后来才知道他脸上缠了四针，（美）辛顿（Hinton.S.E）著, 《局外人》, 世界知识出版社, 2000年08月第1版, 第369页他的手在打一个瑟克的头时被震裂了关节，结果缠了七针。

the outsiders每章简介Chapter 1: The OutsidersIn the first chapter of "The Outsiders," the author introduces us to the main character, Ponyboy Curtis. Ponyboy is a 14-year-old boy who belongs to a gang called the Greasers, a group of young boys from a poor neighborhood. The Greasers are the outsiders in society, constantly at odds with the rich kids, known as the Socs.Ponyboy's life revolves around his gang, his brothers, and his love for literature. He lives with his older brothers, Darry and Sodapop, as both their parents died in a car accident. While Ponyboy's intellect sets him apart from the rest of the gang, his loyalty and sense of belonging keep him connected.Chapter 2: Unexpected FriendshipIn chapter two of "The Outsiders," Ponyboy finds himself in an unlikely situation. After leaving the movies late one night, he encounters Cherry Valance, a Soc girl who is different from the others. Despite being from rival gangs, Ponyboy and Cherry engage in a conversation that reveals their shared frustrations with the prejudices and stereotypes that exist between the Greasers and the Socs.This unexpected friendship challenges Ponyboy's perception of the Socs, making him question if they are all as heartless as he thought. Cherry's internal conflicts also illustrate that not all Socs are content with their privileged lives, hinting at the complexity of social divisions.Chapter 3: A Tragic IncidentChapter three of "The Outsiders" takes a dark turn as a tragic incident occurs. Johnny, one of Ponyboy's closest friends, gets brutally attacked by a group of Socs. Out of fear and self-defense, Johnny, with Ponyboy's assistance, stabs one of the attackers, Bob, leading to his death.This incident puts Ponyboy and Johnny in a state of shock, realizing the consequences of their actions. With the realization that they could be labeled as murderers, the two boys reach out to their gang for help and guidance, emphasizing the bond and loyalty they share with their fellow Greasers.Chapter 4: Hiding from the LawIn chapter four of "The Outsiders," Ponyboy and Johnny seek refuge in an abandoned church in the countryside, hiding from the law. Cut off from their gang and isolated in a strange environment, the boys face fear and uncertainty. However, this seclusion gives them a chance to reflect on themselves and their identities within the Greaser gang.As days turn into weeks, Ponyboy starts to appreciate the beauty of nature and begins to mature emotionally. Meanwhile, Johnny withdraws into himself, haunted by guilt and remorse from the incident with Bob. Their experiences inside the church force them to confront their past actions and consider the consequences that their lives as outsiders have brought upon them.Chapter 5: A Heroic ActChapter five of "The Outsiders" portrays a heroic act that changes the lives of both Ponyboy and Johnny. As the abandoned church catches fire, Ponyboy and Johnny are faced with a group of children trapped inside. Fueled by their instinct to protect others, the boys act selflessly and rush into the blazing building, rescuing the children despite the risk to their own lives.This act of bravery shows the internal strength and compassion that lies within the characters. It highlights that being an outsider does not define one's character but rather the choices they make in difficult situations. The consequences of this heroic act will shape the course of the story and test the loyalty and unity of the Greasers.。

the outsider chapter 3 summary and analysisChapter 3 of "The Outsider" by Albert Camus introduces the main character, Meursault, and presents key details about his personality and lifestyle. The chapter also sets the stage for the central themes of the novel, such as existentialism and the idea of the absurd. Summary:The chapter opens with Meursault learning about the death of his mother, who lived in an old age home. He receives a telegram informing him of the news and arranges to travel to Marengo, a small village where his mother was residing. Despite the death of his mother, Meursault does not seem particularly grief-stricken or emotional. He simply follows the normal routine of his life, taking a bus to the village.Upon his arrival, Meursault meets the caretaker of the home and observes his mother's body in the coffin. He describes her appearance matter-of-factly and notes the small details surrounding the funeral ceremony. Meursault's indifference to his mother's death and his lack of emotional response contrast sharply with the expectations of society, which expects individuals to express grief and sadness during such occasions.The chapter also introduces some of the key characters in Meursault's life, such as his neighbor, Salamano, and Marie, a former co-worker with whom he begins a romantic relationship. Through his interactions with these characters, it becomes apparent that Meursault is detached from societal norms and conventions. He often acts apathetically, going along with the flow of life without actively pursuing a specific purpose or attempting toconform to societal expectations.Analysis:This chapter sets the tone for the rest of the novel, highlighting Meursault's existential detachment and his perspective on life. Meursault's lack of emotional response to his mother's death is indicative of his indifference towards societal conventions and expectations. This indifference can be seen as a manifestation of existentialism, a philosophical movement emphasizing individual freedom and the absence of inherent meaning in life.The description of Meursault's daily routines and his encounters with others, like the caretaker and Salamano, further emphasize his detached outlook. Meursault appears to drift through life, without any specific objectives or desires. This lack of ambition and engagement with the world reflects the absurdity of existence, as portrayed by Camus.The introduction of Marie as a romantic interest highlights Meursault's detachment from emotional connections. He engages in a relationship with Marie without any deeper emotional investment, engaging in physical intimacy without fully experiencing emotional attachment. This portrayal suggests that Meursault does not seek meaning or fulfillment through relationships but rather lives in the moment, without concern for the future.Furthermore, the juxtaposition of Meursault's nonchalant attitude towards death and mourning with society's expectation of grief reflects the tension between individualism and societal norms.Meursault's refusal to conform to societal expectations positions him as an outsider, someone who does not conform to the traditional notions of proper behavior. This theme of being an outsider will continue to be explored throughout the novel, as Meursault's indifference and nonconformity lead to his ultimate alienation from society.In conclusion, Chapter 3 of "The Outsider" introduces the central character Meursault and highlights his existential detachment and indifference towards societal norms. Through his apathetic response to his mother's death and his casual relationships, Meursault embodies the themes of existentialism and the absurd. This chapter sets the stage for the exploration of the outsider's alienation and the collision of individual freedom with societal expectations.。

2002年Text 1 If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses. Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses’ convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. Who is that? the new arrival asked St. Peter. On, that’s God, came the reply, but sometimes he thinks he’s a doctor. If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.examda. If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it’s the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark. Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote If at first you don’t succeed, give up or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatements. Look at your talk and pickout a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor. 45. The best title for the text may be . [A] Use Humor Effectively. [B] Various Kinds of Humor. [C] Add Humor to Speech. [D] Different Humor Strategies. [答案] A [解题思路] ⽂章的第⼀、⼆、三段主要谈论的是如何对不同的⼈⽤不同的话题表达幽默，第四段讨论了如何取得好的幽默效果，最后⼀段则介绍了⼀种表达幽默的⽅法，可见作者的⽬的是在于教会读者如何有效地利⽤幽默，与A选项相符合。

王力宏牛津大学英语演讲稿Thank you, Plena. Thank you, Jun. Thank you, Peishan for helping this set up.谢谢波琳娜，谢谢君，谢谢珮姗帮我组织这一切。

Thank you all for being here today and the late comers as well. Thank you for coming in quietly.谢谢在座的各位，谢谢晚来的同学，也谢谢你们悄悄的进来。

I wanna start off today just to take a moment of silence for the victims of the Sichuanearthquake and also for the victims of the Boston marathon bombing. So let’s just take aminute to pay our respect to that.今天开始之前，我想要先为四川地震的灾民们以及波士顿马拉松爆炸事件的受害者们默哀。

让我们用一分钟时间，为他们祈福。

Thank you.谢谢你们。

I never thought I would be addressing you, the esteemed members of the O某ford Union,without a guitar or an Erhu, without my crazy stage hair, costumes. But I did perform in theO2 Arena in London last week. I am not sure if any of you were able to make that. But in manyways, that was similar to what I’m talking about today, that is, introducing Chinese pop musichere.尊敬的各位牛津大学辩论会和牛津大学亚太学生会的同学们，万万想不到会以这样的方式跟你们相聚。

全国2018年1月高等教育自学考试基础英语试题课程代码：00088请将答案填在答题纸相应位置上一、词汇应用和语法结构（本大题共30小题，每小题1分，共30分）（一）词汇应用（15分）选择最佳答案完成句子，错选、多选或未选均无分。

1. My father made a ______ of 1000 yuan on those shares.A. benefitB. moneyC. payD. profit2. Better quality products at good ______ are continually being brought to the people of all income groups.A. valuesB. pricesC. moneyD. merits3. It is commonly believed that only rich middle-aged businessmen ______ from stress.A. experienceB. sufferC. bearD. stand4. These black and white stripes can be ______ by an optical scanner, or computer.A. writtenB. readC. foundD. seen5. Should each person have to pay a certain ______ of money to the government each year?A. numberB. percentageC. amountD. quantity6. He thinks success in life ______ mainly on how we get along with other people.A. dependsB. putsC. placesD. trusts7. He had waited so long that he became ______.A. impatientB. patientC. quietD. reserved8. In the 1970s American economy began to experience an energy ______.A. dangerB. crisisC. disasterD. emergency9. More jobs are ______ for dock workers in free ports.A. accessibleB. availableC. obtainableD. convenient10. My secretary said she had made an ______ for me to see the sales manager at 5 o’clock tomorrow.A. appointmentB. interviewC. opportunityD. assignment11. She has been ______ twice since joining the company one year ago because of her excellent work.A. developedB. progressedC. advancedD. promoted12. In this factory skilled workers can get high ______.A. wagesB. incomeC. salaryD. money113. Get into the car. There’s ______ for three on the back seat.A. placesB. seatC. roomD. spot14. The building was restored at a ______ of $50,000.A. valueB. costC. expenseD. price15. We should ______ primary importance to the quality of the products.A. attachB. approachC. payD. spend（二）语法结构（15分）选择最佳答案完成句子，错选、多选或未选均无分。

2003年张剑黄⽪书考研英语真题与解析2003年全国攻读硕⼠学位研究⽣⼊学考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C OR D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious 1 to how they can best 2 such changes. Growing bodies need movement and 3 , but not just in ways that emphasize competition. 4 they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the 5 that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are 6 by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be 7 to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, 8 ，publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, 9 student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide 10 opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful 11 dynamics. Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the 12 of some kind of organization with a supportive adult 13 visible in the background.In these activities, it is important to remember that the young teens have 14 attention spans. A variety of activities should be organized 15 participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to 16 else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants 17 . This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. 18 they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by 19 for roles that are within their 20 and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules.1. [A] thought [B] idea [C] opinion [D] advice2. [A] strengthen [B] accommodate [C] stimulate [D] enhance3. [A] care [B] nutrition [C] exercise [D] leisure4. [A] If [B] Although [C] Whereas [D] Because5. [A] assistance [B] guidance [C] confidence [D] tolerance6. [A] claimed [B] admired [C] ignored [D] surpassed7. [A] improper [B] risky [C] fair [D] wise8. [A] in effect [B] as a result [C] for example [D] in a sense9. [A] displaying [B] describing [C] creating [D]exchanging10. [A] durable [B] excessive [C] surplus [D] multiple11. [A] group [B] individual [C] personnel [D] corporation12. [A] consent [B] insurance [C] admission [D] security13. [A] particularly [B] barely [C] definitely [D] rarely14. [A] similar [B] long [C] different [D] short15. [A] if only [B] now that [C] so that [D] even if16. [A] everything [B] anything [C] nothing [D] something17. [A] off [B] down [C] out [D] alone18. [A] On the contrary [B] On the average [C] On the whole [D] On the other hand19. [A] making [B] standing [C] planning [D] taking20. [A] capability [B] responsibility [C] proficiency [D] efficiencySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Inter net. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War Ⅱ and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the “great game” of espionage—spying as a “profession.” These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan’s vocation as well.The latest revolution isn’t simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen’s e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it “open source intelligence,” and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential.In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open-Source Solutions，whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.Among the firms making the biggest splash in the new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at.Straiford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster’s dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. “As soon as that report runs, we’ll suddenly get 500 new internet sign-ups from Ukraine,”says Friedman, a former political science professor. “And we’ll hear back from some of them.” Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That’s where Straitford earns its keep. Friedman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firm’s outsider status as the key to its success. Straitford’s briefs don’t sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.21. The emergence of the Net has .[A] received support from fans like Donovan[B] remolded the intelligence services[C] restored many common pastimes[D] revived spying as a profession22. Donovan’s story is mentioned in the text to .[A] introduce the topic of online spying[B] show how he fought for the US[C] give an episode of the information war[D] honor his unique services to the CIA23. The phrase “making the biggest splash” (line 1,paragraph 3) most probablymeans .[A] causing the biggest trouble[B] exerting the greatest effort[C] achieving the greatest success[D] enjoying the widest popularity24. It can be learned from paragraph 4 that .[A] straitford’s prediction about Ukraine has proved true[B] straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its information[C] straitford’s business is characterized by unpredictability[D] straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information25. Straitford is most proud of its .[A] official status[B] nonconformist image[C] efficient staff[D] military backgroundText 2To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, “all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.”One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals—no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied,“Then I would have to say yes.” Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, “Don’t worry, scientists will find some way of using computers.” Such well-meaning people just don’t understand.Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way—in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother’s hip replacement, a father’s bypass operation, a baby’s vaccinations, and even a pet’s shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.Much can be done. Scientists could “adopt”middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing, there is areal possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.26. The author begins his article with Edmund Burke’s words to .[A] call on scientists to take some actions[B] criticize the misguided cause of animal rights[C] warn of the doom of biomedical research[D] show the triumph of the animal rights movement27. Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is .[A] cruel but natural[B] inhuman and unacceptable[C] inevitable but vicious[D] pointless and wasteful28. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public’s .[A] discontent with animal research[B] ignorance about medical science[C] indifference to epidemics[D] anxiety about animal rights29. The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rightsadvocates, scientists should .[A] communicate more with the public[B] employ hi-tech means in research[C] feel no shame for their cause[D] strive to develop new cures30. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is .[A] a well-known humanist[B] a medical practitioner[C] an enthusiast in animal rights[D] a supporter of animal researchText 3In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.Supporters of the new supersystems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such“captive”shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases. Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It's theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.“Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?”asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortuning fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail's net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who's going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.31. According to those who support mergers, railway monopoly is unlikelybecause .[A] cost reduction is based on competition.[B] services call for cross-trade coordination.[C] outside competitors will continue to exist.[D] shippers will have the railway by the throat.32. What is many captive shippers' attitude towards the consolidation in therail industry?[A] Indifferent.[B] Supportive.[C] Indignant.[D] Apprehensive.33. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that .[A] shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad.[B] there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide.[C] overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief.[D] a government board ensures fair play in railway business.34. The word “arbiters”(line 7,paragraph 4)most probably refers to those .[A] who work as coordinators.[B] who function as judges.[C] who supervise transactions.[D] who determine the price.35. According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainlycaused by .[A] the continuing acquisition.[B] the growing traffic.[C] the cheering Wall Street.[D] the shrinking market.Text 4It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans’life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death—and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it’s useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians—frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient—too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.In 1950, the US spent $12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $1,540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age—say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm “have a duty to die and get out of the way”, so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O’Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s.These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have.Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. As a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people’s lives.36. What is implied in the first sentence?[A] Americans are better prepared for death than other people.[B] Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.[C] Americans are over-confident of their medical technology.[D] Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.37. The author uses the example of caner patients to show that .[A] medical resources are often wasted[B] doctors are helpless against fatal diseases[C] some treatments are too aggressive[D] medical costs are becoming unaffordable38. The author’s attitude toward Richard Lamm’s remark is one of.[A] strong disapproval [B] reserved consent[C] slight contempt [D] enthusiastic support39. In contras to the US, Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care.[A] more flexibly [B] more extravagantly[C] more cautiously [D] more reasonably40. The text intends to express the idea that.[A]medicine will further prolong people’s lives[B]life beyond a certain limit is not worth living[C] death should be accepted as a fact of life[D] excessive demands increase the cost of health carePart BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity.（41）Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.“Anthropology” derives from the Greek words anthropos “human” and logos “the study of.” By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.Anthropology is one of the social sciences.（42）Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political, science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis.（43）The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor’s formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science.（44）Tylor defined culture as “…that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylor’s definition is the concept that culture is learned. shared, and patterned behavior.（45）Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set”in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.Section III Writing46. Directions:Study the following set of drawings carefully and write an essay entitled in which you should1）describe the set of drawings, interpret its meaning, and2）point out its implications in our life.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)第⼀部分英语知识运⽤试题解析⼀、⽂章总体分析⽂章主要论述了教师们应该关注青少年在成长时期所经历的情感、⼼智和⽣理上的变化，并采取⽅法帮助他们适应这些变化，健康成长。

the outsiders 英文 epubThe Outsiders: An Epic of Manhood Among the Teenagers of Today by S.E. Hinton EPUB VersionThe Outsiders, a timeless tale of coming-of-age and brotherhood, is a story that has resonated with readers of all ages since its publication in 1967. Author S.E. Hinton masterfully crafts a narrative that explores the complexities of teenage life, particularly the challenges and triumphs of those on the fringes of society.Set in Tulsa, Oklahoma, during the 1960s, The Outsiders follows the lives of the Greasers, a gang of teenage boys who define themselves by their tough exteriors and unique code of honor. Led by the charismatic and principled Ponyboy Curtis, the Greasers navigate the dangers of their neighborhood, facing off against rival gangs, societal pressures, and their own internal conflicts.What sets The Outsiders apart is its honest and unflinching portrayal of teenage life. Hinton captures the confusion, anger, and idealism that defines this stage of development, while also highlighting the beauty of first love, the strength of brotherhood, and the power of redemption.The characters are deeply layered and fully realized, with each member of the Greasers posse possessing their own unique traits and backstories. Ponyboy, the protagonist, is a complex and relatable figure, struggling with his identity and seeking to find his place in the world. His relationship with his brothers, Sodapop and Darry, is a heartwarming testament to the love and support that can exist within a family, despite their differences.The narrative is further enriched by Hinton's use of language and style. Her prose is both powerful and poetic, effectively conveying the emotional and intellectual weight of the story. The Outsiders is not just a coming-of-age tale; it's a profound exploration of the human condition, examining themes of loyalty, responsibility, and the search for meaning in one's life.In conclusion, The Outsiders is a timeless classic that deserves a place on everybookshelf. Whether you're a fan of classic literature or simply looking for a heartfelt and engaging read, this EPUB version of The Outsiders is sure to captivate and inspire.。

the outsiders英文版
"The Outsiders" 是由S.E. Hinton所著的一部小说，首次出
版于1967年。

这部小说讲述了两个青少年帮派之间的冲突，以及主
人公Ponyboy Curtis的成长和探索身份的故事。

小说的故事背景设
定在20世纪60年代的美国，主要发生在俄克拉荷马州的塔尔萨市。

小说的英文版以其生动的人物描写和真实的情感而闻名。

作者S.E. Hinton在书中展现了青少年面临的挑战和困难，以及友谊和
家庭的重要性。

小说通过Ponyboy的视角展现了社会阶层之间的分
歧和不公正，以及成长过程中的痛苦和成就。

此外，小说的英文版也因其简洁而流畅的叙事风格而备受称赞。

作者通过生动的描写和对话，使读者能够深入了解每个角色的内心
世界和情感变化。

小说中的冲突和转折点都被精心安排，给人留下
深刻的印象。

总的来说，"The Outsiders" 的英文版是一部深受读者喜爱的
经典小说，它通过生动的描写和情感真挚的故事，深刻地触及了青
少年成长过程中的种种挑战和困惑，是一部不可多得的文学作品。

The Outsider
外来者
在人类社会中，有一种特殊的存在被称为“外来者”，他们与主流社会存在着隔阂和不理解。

本文将探讨外来者的定义、原因及其所面临的挑战。

定义
外来者是指那些来自不同国家、种族、文化、宗教或社会背景的个体。

他们通常在一个与他们原本环境截然不同的地方生活和工作。

外来者可能是移民、难民、留学生或任何其他离开自己原始社区并迁移到新社区的人。

原因
外来者之所以成为外来者，往往是由于追求更好的生活、逃离冲突、追求教育等原因。

无论是出于经济动机、政治动机还是个人
动机，外来者来到一个陌生的社区，与当地居民相互交流和适应是
一项重大挑战。

挑战
外来者面临着各种挑战。

首先，他们可能会遇到语言障碍。

母
语不同导致他们在沟通和融入当地社区中遇到困难。

其次，他们可
能面对歧视和偏见。

当地居民对外来者持有的偏见可能会导致他们
感到孤立和排斥。

此外，文化差异也是一个挑战。

外来者的价值观、和行为方式与当地社区可能存在差异，导致彼此之间的冲突和不理解。

结论
在社会中接纳和理解外来者是建设一个包容性和多元化社会的
重要步骤。

通过提供支持和帮助，我们可以帮助外来者适应新环境，并促进他们的融入。

同时，我们也应该争取消除歧视和偏见，营造
一个相互尊重和包容的社区。

外来者的存在不应该被视为威胁，而是一个机会，为我们的社会带来新的观点、文化和经验，丰富我们的社会和生活。

十部英文电影观后感英文English Responses:1. The Shawshank Redemption (1994)。

Overall Impression: A poignant and uplifting tale of hope, resilience, and the power of human connection in the face of adversity. Red's narration adds a layer of depth and warmth, while the chemistry between Andy and Red is undeniable.2. The Godfather (1972)。

Overall Impression: An epic masterpiece that transcends the genre of gangster films. Francis Ford Coppola's direction is masterful, and the performances by Marlon Brando and Al Pacino are legendary. The film's complex characters and exploration of themes like loyalty, betrayal, and the cycle of violence make it a truly unforgettable experience.3. The Dark Knight (2008)。

Overall Impression: A thrilling and thought-provoking exploration of the nature of heroism and the limits of morality. Heath Ledger's iconic performance as the Joker is both mesmerizing and terrifying, while Christian Bale's Batman struggles to maintain his ideals in a worldteetering on chaos.4. Schindler's List (1993)。

（美）辛顿（Hinton.S.E）著, 《局外人》, 世界知识出版社, 2000年08月第1版, 第391页这之后，我又不得不在床上躺了一个星期，这可把我憋坏了，因为我不是躺得住的人。

我在床上的大部分时间都是靠读书和画画来订发的。

有一天我正翻看着宏达的旧年鉴，无意中看到一张相片，上面的人似乎有些面熟。

直到看到罗伯特·谢尔顿的名字*我才想起来这个人是谁。

我终于认出相片上的人就是的勃，我细细端详了好一会儿。

相片照得不太像他本人，但年鉴里的照片和本人都不大像。

那年他二年级——这么算来，他死的时候大概只有1B岁。

不错，他那时就长得很帅，脸上曲笑容和索达的差不多，也是大大咧咧、无忧无虑的。

他是个小帅哥，一头黑发，深色的眼睛——也许是棕色，像索达一样；也许是深蓝色，跟谢帕德兄弟一样；也许是黑色，相约翰尼一样。

我以前从没过多地想过鲍勃——我没时间想，（美）辛顿（Hinton.S.E）著, 《局外人》, 世界知识出版社, 2000年08月第1版, 第393页但那天我开始琢磨这个人．他是个什么样的人呢?我知道他爱找茬打架，和其他瑟克一样觉得生活在西区就可以高人一等，穿深红色的毛衣很精神．还以他手上的戒指为荣。

但切丽·瓦伦斯眼里的鲍勃·谢尔顿又是什么样的人呢?她是个有头脑的女孩，不会只因为他长得帅而喜欢上他。

温柔友善、与众不同——这是她的评价。

一个实实在在的人，一个最好的伙伴，总想让人对他说不——这是兰迪告诉我的。

他是否有个小弟弟把他当成祟拜的偶像?也许有个哥哥整日唠团叨叨让他不要那么野2他的父母对他听之任之——因为他们爱他爱得太深还是太少?他们现在根我们吗?我倒希望他们能恨我们，而没必要像那些社会工作者每次把科利·谢帕德送进少管所时那样，心中充满对我们这些社会牺牲品的拎悯。

我宁愿让别人恨我也不愿让他们怜悯。

但这会儿，他们也许像切丽·瓦伦斯一样理解了我们。

我注视着鲍勃的照片，开始了解了这个被我们杀死的人——一个放荡不因、脾气暴烈、自负而又胆小的少年。

阅读书目65：TheOutsiders
作者S. E. Hinton在15岁的时候开始写这本书，1967年这本书出版的时候，她才18岁。

我们难免得出结论，书中小主人公（14岁的Ponyboy）的故事反映了作者的所见所闻和所感。

父母双亡的14岁的Ponyboy生活的镇子（Tulsa，Oklahoma）上，有两个阵营：Greasers穷人家的孩子，长头发，抹头油，不是犯罪分子就是正在成为犯罪分子；Socs富家子弟，衣着光鲜，人中龙凤。

Ponyboy带着Greaser的标签，但是他为人善良，学习成绩好，在两位哥哥和他们Gang成员的保护和关爱下成长。

一天Ponyboy在独自回家的路上，遭遇Socs，Ponyboy的生活从此发生了巨大的改变...
整本书是来自Ponyboy的讲诉，语言符合一位少年的身份，直白简单，适合14岁以上的读者阅读，相信能够引发很多少年读者的共鸣：书中展示的阶层沟壑，人物标签；家庭关系；社会公平等等成长中面对的问题，确实引人深思。

因此这本书被BBC列为“100 most influential novels"。

因为书中涉及帮派暴力，未成年烟酒消费，破碎家庭等诸多社会问题，The Outsiders 出版时，被很多美国州列为禁书，时至今日，仍然备受争议。

被American Library Association列为 Top 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990-1999，名列第38名。

读书是件快乐的事，一起读书吧！。

研究生英语读写佳境课文翻译精品1 Why do we laugh? Because we find something funny ,most people would say. Robert Provine, a behavioral neurobiologist at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, once thought so too. But then he and his students began wandering about the college campus notebooks in hand, recording exactly what really made people laugh.为什么我们会笑？大部分的人都会说那是因为我们找到了一些有趣的事情。

Robert Provine是Maryland大学的行为精神生物学家，他曾经也是这样认为的。

但是他和他的学生们开始散步在大学校园里，手里拿着笔记本，准确地记下引人发笑的原因。

2 Twelve hundred “laugh episodes”later, Provine was convinced that most laughter has little to do with jokes or funny stories. The vast majority or laughs followed mundane statements(普通话语)such as “It was nice meeting you, too” or“Can I join you?”Only some 10 to 20 percent followed anything remotely recognisable（细微联系）as a punch line(妙句、关键句).So what are the majority of laughs actually about?记录下一千二百个“笑的事件”后，Provine相信大部分的笑与开玩笑和滑稽的故事没有关联。

The film The Godfather, directed by Francis Ford Coppola, is a cinematic masterpiece that has left an indelible mark on the history of cinema. Released in 1972, it is based on the novel of the same name by Mario Puzo. The story revolves around the Corleone family, one of the five major crime families in New York, and their patriarch, Vito Corleone. The film is a profound exploration of power, family, and the moral complexities of the world of organized crime.Growing up, I was always fascinated by the world of cinema, and The Godfather was one of the first films that truly captivated my imagination. The opening scene, where Vito Corleone, played by the legendary Marlon Brando, is granting a favor to a family friend, sets the tone for the entire film. The contrast between the intimate, almost tender interaction and the underlying power dynamics is a testament to the films nuanced portrayal of its characters.One of the most striking aspects of The Godfather is its portrayal of family. The Corleone family is at the center of the story, and their relationships are depicted with a depth and complexity that is rare in cinema. The film explores the bonds between family members, the sacrifices they make for each other, and the conflicts that arise from their involvement in the criminal underworld. The relationship between Vito and his sons, particularly Michael, played by Al Pacino, is a central theme of the film. Michaels transformation from a reluctant outsider to the ruthless leader of the family is one of the most compelling character arcs in film history.The performances in The Godfather are nothing short of iconic. MarlonBrandos portrayal of Vito Corleone is a masterclass in acting, capturing the characters wisdom, charisma, and underlying menace. Al Pacinos performance as Michael Corleone is equally impressive, showcasing his ability to convey a wide range of emotions and the gradual hardening of his character. The supporting cast, including James Caan, Robert Duvall, and Diane Keaton, all deliver memorable performances that contribute to the films rich tapestry of characters.The cinematography in The Godfather is another element that sets it apart from other films. The use of shadows and darkness to convey a sense of danger and intrigue is a visual motif that runs throughout the film. The iconic scene where Michael avenges the attempted assassination of his father is a prime example of this, with the dimly lit restaurant creating a sense of tension and foreboding.The films score, composed by Nino Rota, is another key component of its success. The main theme, a hauntingly beautiful piece that combines strings and woodwinds, perfectly captures the films themes of family, loyalty, and the tragic consequences of the characters actions. The music adds an emotional depth to the film, enhancing the impact of key scenes and creating a sense of continuity throughout the narrative.The Godfather is not just a film about the mafia it is a meditation on the nature of power and the cost of ambition. The characters are forced to make difficult choices, and the film does not shy away from showing the consequences of their actions. The films exploration of morality is one of its most thoughtprovoking aspects, challenging the viewer to consider thecomplexities of right and wrong in a world where loyalty and survival often take precedence over traditional notions of good and evil.In conclusion, The Godfather is a timeless classic that continues to resonate with audiences today. Its exploration of family, power, and morality, combined with its exceptional performances, cinematography, and score, make it a film that is as relevant and compelling as it was when it was first released. For anyone who has not yet experienced this cinematic masterpiece, I highly recommend taking the time to immerse yourself in the world of the Corleone family. It is a journey that will stay with you long after the credits have rolled.。

James Joyce 詹姆斯乔伊斯(1882-1941), Irish novelist, noted for his experimental use of language in such works as Ulysses《尤利西斯》(1922) and Finnegans Wake《芬妮根的苏醒》(1939). Joyce's technical innovations in the art of the novel include an extensive use of interior monologue; he used a complex network of symbolic parallels drawn from the mythology, history, and literature, and created a unique language of invented words, puns, and allusions.James Joyce was born in Dublin, on February 2, 1882, as the son of John Stanislaus Joyce, an impoverished gentleman, who had failed in a distillery business and tried all kinds of professions, including politics and tax collecting. Joyce's mother, Mary Jane Murray, was ten years younger than her husband. She was an accomplished pianist, whose life was dominated by the Roman Catholic Church. In spite of their poverty, the family struggled to maintain a solid middle-class facade.From the age of six Joyce, was educated by Jesuits at Clongowes Wood College, at Clane, and then at Belvedere College in Dublin (1893-97). In 1898 he entered the University College, Dublin. Joyce's first publication was an essay on Ibsen's play When We Dead Awaken. It appeared in the Fortnightly Review in 1900. At this time he also began writing lyric poems.After graduation in 1902 the twenty-year-old Joyce went to Paris, where he worked as a journalist, teacher and in other occupations under difficult financial conditions. He spent a year in France, returning when a telegram arrived saying his mother was dying. Not long after her death, Joyce was traveling again. He left Dublin in 1904 with Nora Barnacle, a chambermaid who he married in 1931.Joyce published Dubliners in 1914, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man in 1916, a play Exiles in 1918 and Ulysses in 1922. In 1907 Joyce had published a collection of poems, Chamber Music.At the outset of the First World War, Joyce moved with his family to Zürich. In Zürich Joyce started to develop the early chapters of Ulysses, which was first published in France because of censorship troubles in the Great Britain and the United States, where the book became legally available only in 1933. In March 1923 Joyce started in Paris his second major work, Finnegans Wake, suffering at the same time chronic eye troubles caused by glaucoma. The first segment of the novel appeared in Ford Madox Ford's transatlantic review in April 1924, as part of what Joyce called Work in Progress. The final version was published in 1939.Some critics considered the work a masterpiece, though many readers found it incomprehensible. After the fall of France in WWII, Joyce returned to Zürich, where he died on January 13, 1941, still disappointed with the reception of Finnegans Wake.The above biography is copyrighted. Do not republish it without permission.o Other works：FictionA Portrait Of The Artist As A Young ManDubliners《都柏林人》（Araby；The Sisters；An Encounter；Eveline；The Dead…）Virginia Woolf 弗吉尼亚沃尔夫(1882-1941), English author, feminist, essayist, publisher, and critic wrote A Room of One’s Own (1929);All I could do was to offer you an opinion upon one minor point—a woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction; and that, as you will see, leaves the great problem of the true nature of woman and the true nature of fiction unsolved.-Ch. 1Now regarded as a classic feminist work, Woolf based her extended essay A Room on lectures she had given at women‟s colleges at Cambridge University. Using such female authors as Jane Austen and Emily and Charlotte Bronte, she examines women and their struggles as artists, their position in literary history and need for independence. She also invents a female counterpart of William Shakespeare, a sister named Judith to at times sarcastically get her point across. Woolf proved to be an innovative and influential 20th Century author. In some of her novels she moves away from the use of plot and structure to employ stream-of-consciousness to emphasise the psychological aspects of her characters. Themes in her works include gender relations, class hierarchy and the consequences of war. Woolf was among the founders of the Modernist movement which also includes T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, James Joyce, and Gertrude Stein.The effects of bi-polar disorder at times caused Woolf protracted periods of convalescence, withdrawing from her busy social life, distressed that she could not focus long enough to read or write. She spent times in nursing homes for …rest cures‟; frankly referred to herself as …mad‟; said she heard voices and had visions. “My own brain is to me the most unaccountable of machinery—always buzzing, humming, soaring roaring diving, and then buried in mud. And why? What’s this passion for?” (from a letter dated 28 Dec. 1932). The subject of suicide enters her stories and essays at times and she disagreed with the perception that it is an act of cowardice and sin. When Virginia was not depressed she worked intensely for long hours at a time. She was vivacious, witty and ebul lient company and a member of the Bloomsbury Group or …Bloomsbury‟ which had been started by her brother Thoby and his friends from Cambridge. It quickly grew to encompass many of London‟s literary circle, who gathered to discuss art, literature, and polit ics. During her life and since her death she has been the subject of much debate and discussion surrounding the sexual abuse she suffered at the hands of her half-brother, her mental health issues and sexual orientation. Also, her pacifist political views in line with Bloomsbury caused controversy. From Three Guineas (1931);Therefore if you insist upon fighting to protect me, or “our” country, let it be understood, soberly and rationally between us, that you are fighting to gratify a sex instinct which I cannot share; to procure benefits which I have not shared and probably will not share; but not to gratify my instincts, or to protect either myself or my country. “For,” the outsider will say, “in fact, as a woman, I have no country. As a woman I want no country. As a woman my country is the whole world.”-Ch. 3Regardless of the polemic, or because of it, even into the 21st Century Woolf‟s prodigious outputof diaries, letters, critical reviews, essays, short stories, and novels continue to be the source of much scholarly study. Adeline Virginia Stephen was born in London, England on 25 January 1882, daughter of Sir Leslie Stephen (1832-1904), literary critic and first editor of the Dictionary of National Biography. His first wife, daughter of William Makepeace Thackeray, Harriet Marion(b.1840) died in 1875. Virginia‟s mother was his second wife, Julia Prinsep Jackson Duckworth (1846-1895) who inspired the character Mrs. Ramsay in To The Lighthouse (1927).Virginia had two brothers, Thoby (1880-1906) and Adrian (1883-1948) who became a psychoanalyst. She was very close to her older sister Vanessa …Nessa‟ (1876-1961) who would become a painter and marry art critic Clive Bell. She also had four half-siblings; Laura Makepeace Stephen (1870-1945), and George (1868-1934), Gerald (1870-1937) [who would found Duckworth and Co. Publishing] and Stella (1869-1897) Duckworth.A number of the Stephen relatives were friends of Scottish historian and author Thomas Carlyle. Many other successful Victorian authors of the time were regular visitors to their bustling home in Hyde Park including Henry James and George Eliot; Virginia would write an article about her for the Times Literary Supplement in 1919. “Middlemarch, the magnificent book which with all its imperfections is one of the few English novels for grown-up people.” (“George Eliot”). Their works and many others‟ including Charles Dickens‟s and Thackeray‟s were part of her home education. Her father had a massive library so she and her sister were not without material although Virginia would soon reject the values and morals of their generation.The Stephens summered at …Talland House‟ in St. Ives, County Co rnwall in the southwest of England along the rocky shores of the Atlantic Ocean. Virginia had vivid and fond memories of these times which often had an influence on her writing including visits to a nearby lighthouse. However they ended when her mother died; she was just thirteen years old and suffered the first major breakdown of many that would plague her off and on the rest of her life. The death of Stella, who had become like a mother to Virginia and the death of her father caused another period of profound depression. “The beauty of the world ... has two edges, one of laughter, one of anguish, cutting the heart asunder.” (A Room of One’s Own). Vanessa then moved her sister and brothers to another neighborhood in London, Bloomsbury. Virginia was feeling better and by 1905 was writing in earnest articles and essays, and became a book reviewer for the Times Literary Supplement. She also taught teaching English and History at Morley College in London.In 1906 Virginia, Vanessa and their brothers traveled to Europe, where Thoby contracted typhoid fever and died from in 1906. Back in England the Bloomsbury Group was flourishing, their home a meeting place for writers, scholars and artists including Clive Bell, artist and art critic, who Vanessa married 1907. They would not stay together for long. After his third proposal, Virginia finally married left-wing political journalist, author and editor Leonard Woolf (1880-1969) on 10 August 1912. They would have no children. In 1914 when World War I broke out they were livingin Richmond and Woolf was working on her first novel The Voyage Out《出航》(1915) a satirical coming-of-age story;As the streets that lead from the Strand to the Embankment are very narrow, it is better not to walk down them arm-in-arm. If you persis t, lawyers‟ clerks will have to make flying leaps into the mud; young lady typists will have to fidget behind you. In the streets of London where beauty goes unregarded, eccentricity must pay the penalty, and it is better not to be very tall, to wear a long blue cloak, or to beat the air with your left hand.-Ch. 1Leonard and Virginia would themselves get into the publishing business, together founding the Hogarth Press in 1917. Works by T. S. Eliot and Katherine Mansfield would be among their many publications including Virginia‟s. Night and Day《夜与日》(1919) was followed by her short story collection Monday or Tuesday (1921) and essays in The Common Reader (1925). Jacob’s Room 《雅各布的房间》(1922) was followed by Mrs. Dalloway《达洛维夫人》(1925) which inspired a film “The Hours” in 2002. To The Lighthouse《到灯塔去》(1927) was followed by Orlando: A Biography (1928);Different though the sexes are, they inter-mix. In every human being a vacillation from one sex to the other takes place, and often it is only the clothes that keep the male or female likeness, while underneath the sex is very opposite of what it is above…..Every secret of a writer‟s soul, every experience of his life, every quality of his mind is written large in his works.-Ch. 4One of her more popular novels, it was adapted to the screen in 1993. A roman à clef, Orlando‟s character is modeled after Vita Sackville West (1892-1962), friend and possible lover of Woolf; Princess Sasha based on her friend Vi olet Trefusis. Vita‟s husband Harold Nicolson also plays a part as Marmaduke. Their son Nigel referred to it as “the longest and most charming love letter in literature.” “I was in a queer mood, thinking myself very old: but now I am a woman again—as I alw ays am when I write.” (The Diary of Virginia Woolf, 31 May 1929.) The Waves (1931) is said to be Woolf‟s most experimental work. Flush: A Biography (1933) is told through the eyes of Elizabeth Barrett Browning‟s spaniel. The Second Common Reader (1933) her next collection of critical essays, was followed by The Years (1937) and Roger Fry: A Biography (1940).With the outbreak of WWII the Woolfs were living at their country retreat, …Monk‟s House‟ near the village of Rodmell in Lewes, Sussex, which is now preserved by the National Trust. In 1940 they received word that their London home had been destroyed. Fear of a German invasion loomed and Leonard‟s Jewish heritage provoked the couple to make a suicide pact if the possibility of falling into German hands arose. Leonard as usual was ever vigilant to the onset of the next major depressive episode in his wife; she would get migraine headaches and lay sleepless at night. However, he and her doctor, who had seen her the day before, would never intuit that her next one was to be her last. Her letters to friends had been written in shaky handwriting and though she was actively working on her manuscript for what was to be the last publication before herdeath, Between the Acts(1941) she did express much disdain for its worth and wanted to …scrap‟ it.The scullery maid....was cooling her cheeks by the lily pond. There had always been lilies there, self-sown from wind-dropped seed, floating red and white on the green plates of their leaves. Water, for hundreds of years, had silted down into the hollow, and lay there four or five feet deep over a black cushion of mud....fish swam—gold, splashed with white....poised in the blue patch made by the sky....It was in that deep centre, in that black heart, that the lady had drowned herself.Virginia Woolf died on 28 March 1941 when she drowned herself in the River Ouse near their home in Sussex, by putting rocks in her coat pockets. Her body was found later in April and she was then cremated, her ashes spread under two elms at Monks‟ House. She had left two similar suicide notes, one possibly written a few days earlier before an unsuccessful attempt. The one addressed to Leonard read in part;Dearest, I feel certain I am going mad again....And I shan‟t recover this time.....I am doing what seems the best thing to do....I can‟t fight any longer....Everything has gone from me but the certainty of your goodness. I can‟t go on spoiling your life any longer....I don‟t think two people could have been happier than we have been. V.After her death, Leonard set to the task of editing her vast collection of correspondence, journals, and unpublished works and also wrote an autobiography. He died in 1960. Posthumous publications include; The Death of the Moth and Other Essays (1942), A Haunted House and Other Short Stories (1944), and The Moment and Other Essays(1948). Virginia‟s nephew, the late Professor Quentin Bell (1910-1996) wrote the award winning Virginia Woolf: A biography (2 vols, London: Hogarth Press, 1972).Every season is likeable, and wet days and fine, red wine and white, company and solitude. Even sleep, that deplorable curtailment of the joy of life, can be full of dreams; and the most common actions—a walk, a talk, solitude in one‟s own orchard—can be enhanced and lit up by the association of the mind. Beauty is everywhere, and beauty is only two finger‟s-breadth from goodness. So, in the name of health and sanity, let us not dwell on the end of the journey. The Common Reader“Montaigne”-Ch. 6。