超声波传感器 Ultrasonic sensors

超声波传感器及其应用摘要本文主要介绍了超声波的特点,超声波传感器的原理与应用等多个方面。

文中阐述了超声波与可听声波的区别,超声波传感器在医疗,工业生产,液位测量,测距系统等多个领域中得到了广泛的应用。

因超声波具有的独特的特性,使得超声波传感器越来越在生产生活中体现了其重要性,具有一定的研究价值。

关键词:超声波传感器疾病诊断测距系统液位测量Ultrasonic sensors and its applicationAbstractThis paper mainly introduces the characteristics of ultrasonic, principle and application of ultrasonic sensors, etc. In this paper, the ultrasound and sound waves, ultrasonic sensors in medical treatment, industrial production, level measurement, ranging in many fields such as system has been widely used. Due to the unique characteristics of ultrasonic has, ultrasonic sensors in production and life embodies its importance, has certain value.key words: ultrasonic sensors Disease diagnosis Distance measuring system level目录一、超声波传感器概述 41.超声波 42.超声波传感器 5二、超声波传感器的应用 51.超声波距离传感器技术的应用 62.超声波传感器在医学上的应用 63.超声波传感器在测量液位的应用 64.超声波传感器在测距系统中的应用 6三、小结 7参考文献 7超声波传感器及其应用一、超声波传感器概述1.超声波声波是物体机械振动状态的传播形式。

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INSTALLATION GUIDEUltrasonic Sensors Series UPAFor further information please see the data sheet at /products/ultrasonic-sensors/WayCon Positionsmesstechnik GmbH would like to thank you for the trust you have placed in us and our products. This manual will make you familiar with the installation and operation of our ultrasonic sensors. Please read this manual carefully before initial operation!Unpacking and checking:Carefully lift the device out of the box by grabbing the housing. After unpacking the device, check it for any visible damage as a result of rough handling during the shipment. Check the delivery for completeness. If necessary consult the transportation company, or contact WayCon directly.Ultrasonic sensors may be installed in any position, as long as depositions like dust, spray mist, or condensing humidity are avoided on the sound active membrane.It is important to avoid structure-borne sound bridges between the sensor and it's holder.In case several ultrasonic sensors are used in one application, it is important to leave sufficient distance between them. Otherwise the sensors may interact which leads to false measurement values.By using a sound deflection angle the sound beam can be redirected, at the expense of the sensor's maximum measurement range. A plain and hard surface should be used for the defection of the sound beam. Redirecting the sound beam with multiple sound deflection angles should be avoided.Pin 1+24 V Pin 30 V Pin 4Pin 5Teach-InUP A -6000, A nalog Output Analog OutputPin 1+24 V Pin 2Switching Point P2Pin 30 VPin 4Switching Point P1Pin 5Teach-InUP A -6000, Switching OutputINSTALLATION GUIDEUltrasonic Sensors Series UPAFor further information please see the data sheet at /products/ultrasonic-sensors/UPA-6000Range: 6000 mmoutput: 2 x switching points or 0...10 V or 4...20 mAUPA-6000Guaranteed detection of a target 100 x 100 mm 2 Possible detection of a large targetThe exact geometry of the sound cone depends on the air-pressure, temperature, humidity and the size of the target.TEACHING THE SENSORSensor with analog output:Every sensor is delivered with the factory set-up (max. measuring range). The teach-in feature was designed to choose a smaller range within the nominal measuring range for optimizing the resolution and linearity. Output current, resp. output voltage adapt to the new range and get new characteristic curves. Two positions must be taught.Sensor with switching output:The teaching procedure is used to set the operation mode of the switching output and the 2 switching points.TEACH-IN ELEMENTSUPAEC (Echo LED) green: is on, when an echo is received (alignment LED).P1, P2 LED yellow: LEDs P1 and P2 indicate the status of the switching outputs.: Teach-In LineTEACH-IN GUIDEUltrasonic Sensors Series UPAFor further information please see the data sheet at /products/ultrasonic-sensors/0 V / 10 V /0 V /10 V /CharacteristicsP1 and P2 define the analoge output slope.P1 determines the 0 V / 4 mA position and P2 the 10V / 20 mA position.Positive Slope: P1 < P2 Negative Slope: P2 < P1Teach-In of P1 (SP1 position)Connect Teach In line with GND until P1 and Echo LEDs start blinking with a 2 Hz frequency and then release the contact. The sensor is now in the Teach In mode for P1: P1 LED will now blink with 1 Hz frequency and the Echo LED will go back to normal function (alignment LED). There is a time window of 30 sec. to do the programming of P1.Place the target at the new position P1. Contact and release Teach In line with GND: P1 is now programmed. Sensor returns to normal function with the new value for P1.Teach-In of P2 (SP2 position)Connect the Teach In line with GND until the P2 and Echo LEDs start blinking with a 2 Hz frequency. First P1 and Echo LEDs will be blinking, but it is important to wait to reach P2. The sensor is now in the Teach In mode for P2: P2 LED blinks with 1 Hz frequency now. The Echo LED returns to normal function (alignment LED). There is a time window of 30 sec. to do the programming of P2. Place target at the new position P2. Contact and release the Teach In line with GND: P2 is now programmed. Sensor returns to normal function with the new value for P2.TEACHING THE SWITCHING OUTPUTThree different modes of switching outputs can be selected:normal switching function / window function / adjustable hysteresisAll these functions will be taught with the programming input (PIN 5) present in the connector. Each mode has a different sequence using the Echo, P1 and P2 LEDs. The diagram displays the timing.NO characteristics (opener)Normal Switching Function Teach In of P1 (SP1 position)Connect Teach In line with GND until P1 and Echo LEDs start blinking with a 2 Hz frequency and then release the contact. The sensor is now in Teach In mode for P1: P1 LED will now blink with 1 Hz frequency and the Echo LED will go back to normal function (alignment LED). There is a time window of 30 sec. to do the programming of P1. Place the target at the new position P1. Contact and release Teach In line with GND: P1 is now programmed. Sensor returns into normal function with new value for P1.Teach In of P2 (SP2 position)Connect the Teach In line with GND until the P2 and Echo LEDs start blinking with a 2 Hz frequency. First P1 and Echo LEDs will be blinking but it is important to wait to reach P2. The sensor is now in Teach In mode for P2: P1 LED blinks with 1 Hz frequency now. The Echo LED returns to normal function (alignment LED). There is a time window of 30 sec. to do the programming of P2. Place target to the new position P2. Contact and release the Teach In line with GND: P2 is now programmed. Sensor returns into normal function with new value for P2.Switching output characteristicscan be selected during teach in of the set points P1 and P2. For each set point and during the teaching procedure, when the LED is ON when contacting and releasing the teach in line to ground, the switching output will have NO characteristics, when doing this when the LED is it OFF, the switching output will have NC characteristics.NC characteristics (closer)Teach in of switching output SP1 at position P1. Theswitching output can be either NO (opener) or NC (closer).Teach in of switching output SP2 at position P2. Theswitching output can be either NO (opener) or NC (closer).Window function/Selection of hysteresis Mode. SP1 is switching when object is between P1 and P2. SP2 is switching when the object is NOT between P1 and P2.Hysteresis adjustment of SP1 at P1.Distance between P1 and P2 determines the hysteresis of the switching outputs. SP1 has NO (opener) and SP2 has NC (closer) characteristics.6 sec.14 sec.25 sec.TEACH-IN GUIDEUltrasonic Sensors Series UPAFor further information please see the data sheet at /products/ultrasonic-sensors/Window function / Hysteresis adjustmentConnect the teach In line with GND until P1, P2 and Echo LEDs start blinking with a 2 Hz frequency. Before reaching the hysteresis teach in mode, the sensor will go through the P1 and P2 teaching sequence. Keep the teach in line connected to the ground until reaching the point when all LEDs are blinking with a 2 Hz frequency. Release the teach in line contact. The sensor is now in Teach In mode for window function/ hysteresis adjustment: P1+P2 LEDs are blinking with a 1 Hz frequency. The Echo LED returns to its normal function (alignment LED). There is a time window of 30 sec. to complete the programming. Contact and release the teach In line with GND. Pay attention to P1 and P2:If P1+P2 LEDs are OFF during the contact with the teach in line, the sensor will operate the in window function. If there is an object between P1 and P2, SP1 will switch ON and SP2 will switch OFF. If there is no object between P1 and P2, SP1 will switch OFF and SP2 will switch ON.Window FunctionIf P1+P2 LEDs are ON during contact, the sensor will operate in the hysteresis mode. The switching output SP1 will be (NO) at P1 with hysteresis P1-P2 and switching output SP2 will be (NC) also at P1 with hysteresis P1-P2.Hysteresis AdjustmentNOTESWarningThese devices are not designed for critical safety or emergency shut-down purposes. Therefore they should never be used in an application, where a malfunction of the device could cause personal injury. Environmental InfluencesUltrasonic sensors are made for the use in atmospheric air. Environmental Influences like rain, snow, dust or smoke have no influence on the accuracy of the measurement. However, measurements under pressure (higher that the atmospheric pressure) are not possible with ultrasound sensors.Strong wind or air turbulences may lead to instability in measurement values. A flow speed up to a few m/s is unproblematic and will have no influence on the sensor's accuracy.Target InfluencesLiquidsare excellently detectable with ultra sound. A classic application for ultrasonic sensors is level measurement. The sound beam axis however must have a maximum deviation of 3° vertically to the liquid level (no strong waves), otherwise the reflected sound will miss the sensor.Hot Targetswith high temperatures cause a thermal convection in the surrounding air. For this reason the sound beam may be strongly diverted vertically to it's axis, so that the echo is weakened, or can no longer be received at all.For convex (cylindrical and spherical) surfaces,every area element has a different angle to the sound cone’s axis. The reflected cone thus diverges and the portion of the sound energy reflected to the receiver is reduced correspondingly. The maximum range decreases with the decreasing size of the cylinder (ball).The roughness and surface structures of the objectto be detected also determine the scanning capacities of the ultrasonic sensors. Surface structures that are larger than the ultrasound wavelength, as well as coarse-grained bulk materials, reflect ultrasound in a scattered manner, and are not detected optimally by the sensor under these conditions.Hard materialreflects almost all of the impulse energy from ultrasound applications in a way that makes them very easy to detect with ultrasound.Soft material,on the other hand, absorbs almost all of the impulse energy. It is thus harder to detect with ultrasound. These materials include felt, cotton, coarse meshes, foam, etc.Thin-walled foilsbehave like soft materials. To be able to use ultrasound, the foil thickness should be at least 0.01 mm.WayCon Positionsmesstechnik GmbH Mehlbeerenstrasse 482024 Taufkirchen / Germany This is to certify that the productsClassification Ultrasonic Sensors SeriesUPAfulfill the current request of the following EC-directives:EMV-directive 2004/108/CE applied harmonized standards:EN 61000-6-2:2005, EN 61000-6-4:2007, EN 61326-1:2006The declaration of conformity loses its validity if the product is misused or modified without proper authorisation.Taufkirchen, 13.03.2013Andreas Täger CEODECLARATION OF EC-CONFORMITYACCESSORIESPIN Cable colour 1brow n 2w hite 3blue 4black 5greyCable w ith M12 connector, 5-pole, shielded, IP67K5P2M-S-M12K5P5M-S-M12K5P10M-S-M12K5P2M-SW-M12K5P5M-SW-M12K5P10M-SW-M122 m, straight connector 5 m, straight connector 10 m, straight connector 2 m, angular connector 5 m, angular connector 10 m, angular connector。

DatasheetMiniature ultrasonic sensors with TEACH-mode programming•Fast, easy-to-use TEACH-Mode programming; no potentiometer adjustments•Ultra-compact housing•One discrete output: NPN or PNP, depending on model•Two bi-colored status LEDs•Rugged encapsulated version for harsh environments•Choose 2 meter or 9 meter unterminated cable, 4-pin M12 or 4-pin M8 QD connectors (either integralor with 150 mm pigtail)•Wide operating range of –20 °C to +60 °C (–4 °F to +140 °F)•Temperature compensation•Configurable for normally open or normally closed operation•Fast response time (15 milliseconds)WARNING:•Do not use this device for personnel protection•Using this device for personnel protection could result in serious injury or death.•This device does not include the self-checking redundant circuitry necessary to allow its use in personnel safety applications. A device failure or malfunction can cause either an energized (on) or de-energized (off) output condition.ModelsOnly standard 2 m (6.5 ft) cable models are listed. For 9 m (30 ft) shielded cable, add suffix “W/30” to the model number (e.g., QS18UNA W/30). A model with a QD connector requires a mating cordset. For QD models:•To order the 4-pin integral M12 QD model, add the suffix Q8 (for example, QS18UNAQ8).•To order the 150 mm (6 in) cable with a 4-pin M12 QD model, add the suffix Q5 (for example, QS18UNAQ5).•To order the 4-pin integral M8 QD model, add the suffix Q7 (for example, QS18UNAQ7).•To order the 150 mm (6 in) cable with a 4-pin M8 QD model, add the suffix Q (for example, QS18UNAQ).Principles of OperationUltrasonic sensors emit one or multiple pulses of ultrasonic energy, which travel through the air at the speed of sound. A portion of this energy reflects off the target and travels back to the sensor. The sensor measures the total time required for the energy to reach the target and return to the sensor. The distance to the object is then calculated using the following formula: D = ct ÷ 2D = distance from the sensor to the targetc = speed of sound in airt = transit time for the ultrasonic pulseTo improve accuracy, an ultrasonic sensor may average the results of several pulses before outputting a new value.Temperature EffectsThe speed of sound is dependent upon the composition, pressure and temperature of the gas in which it is traveling. For most ultrasonic applications, the composition and pressure of the gas are relatively fixed, while the temperature may fluctuate.In air, the speed of sound varies with temperature according to the following approximation:In metric units:Cm/s = 20√273 + T CIn English units:ft/s = 49√460 + T FCC m/s = speed of sound in meters per second C ft/s = speed of sound in feet per secondT C = temperature in °C T F = temperature in °FTemperature CompensationChanges in air temperature affect the speed of sound, which in turn affects the distance reading measured by the sensor. An increase in air temperature shifts both sensing window limits closer to the sensor. Conversely, a decrease in air temperature shifts both limits farther away from the sensor. This shift is approximately 3.5% of the limit distance for a 20° C change in temperature.WORLD-BEAM QS18U Ultrasonic SensorsOriginal Document119287 Rev. K28 July 2021119287The QS18U series ultrasonic sensors are temperature compensated This reduces the error due to temperature by about 90%. The sensor will maintain its window limits to within 1.8% over the -20° to +60° C (−4° to +140° F) range.Note:•Exposure to direct sunlight can affect the sensor’s ability to accurately compensate for changes in temperature.•If the sensor is measuring across a temperature gradient, the compensation will be less effective.•The temperature warmup drift upon power-up is less than 7% of the sensing distance. After 5 minutes, the apparent switchpoint will be within 0.6% of the actual position. After 25 minutes, the sensing position will be stable.Sensor ProgrammingFigure 1. Sensor Features(IP67 models only)Yellow/Red TEACH/Output Indicator LEDTwo TEACH methods may be used to program the sensor:•Teach individual minimum and maximum limits, or•Use Auto-Window feature to center a sensing window around the taught position The sensor may be programmed either via its push button, or via a remote switch. Remote programming also may be used to disable the push button, preventing unauthorized personnel from adjusting the programming settings. To access this feature, connect the white wire of the sensor to 0V dc, with a remote programming switch between the sensor and the voltage.Programming is accomplished by following the sequence of input pulses (see programming procedures ). The duration of each pulse (corresponding to a push button “click”), and the period between multiple pulses, are defined as “T: 0.04 seconds < T < 0.8 seconds ."Figure 2. TEACH InterfaceMinimum Operating Near Far Maximum Operating D e a d Z o n eOutputOutputON: GreenOFFOutputPower ON: Green ON: Yellow ON: GreenOFFON: RedOFFStatus IndicatorsTeaching Minimum and Maximum LimitsGeneral Notes on Programming•The sensor returns to Run mode if the first TEACH condition is not registered within 120 seconds.•After the first limit is taught, the sensor remains in Program mode until the TEACH sequence is finished.•To exit Program mode without saving any changes, press and hold the programming push button for more than 2 seconds (before teachingthe second limit). The sensor reverts to the last saved limits. - Tel: + 1 888 373 6767P/N 119287 Rev. KFigure 3. Teaching independent minimum and maximum limitsMinimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Normally Closed OperationNormally Open OperationTeaching Limits Using the Auto-Window FeatureTeaching the same limit twice automatically centers a 20 mm window on the taught position.General Notes on Programming•The sensor returns to Run mode if the first TEACH condition is not registered within 120 seconds.•After the first limit is taught, the sensor remains in Program mode until the TEACH sequence is finished.•To exit Program mode without saving any changes, press and hold the programming push button for more than 2 seconds (before teachingthe second limit). The sensor reverts to the last saved program.Figure 4. Using the Auto-Window feature for programming each outputTaught PositionTaught PositionNormally Closed OperationNormally Open OperationP/N 119287 Rev. K - Tel: + 1 888 373 67673Figure 5. An application for the Auto-Window feature (retroreflectivemode)Taught Position (background surface)Near Position +10 mmSensor Output ONSensor Output OFFNormally Open/Normally Closed Operation SelectConfigure the sensor for either normally open or normally closed operation using the remote teach wire (white). A series of three pulses on the line toggles between normally open (NO) and normally closed (NC) operation. Normally open is defined as the output energizing when the target is present. Normally closed is defined as the output energizing when the target is absent. (See Teaching Minimum and Maximum Limitson p. 2 and Teaching Limits Using the Auto-Window Feature on p. 3.)Push Button LockoutEnables or disables the push button to prevent unauthorized personnel from adjusting the program settings. - Tel: + 1 888 373 6767P/N 119287 Rev. KWiring DiagramsBanner recommends connecting the shield wire to earth ground. Shielded cordsets are recommended for all QD models. Cabled wiring diagrams are shown. Quick disconnect wiring diagrams are functionally identical.Figure 6. NPN (Sinking) Output ModelsFigure 7. PNP (Sourcing) Output ModelsSpecificationsSensing Range50 to 500 mm (2 to 20 inches)Supply Voltage12 V DC to 30 V DC (10% maximum ripple); 25 mA max (exclusive of load)Ultrasonic Frequency300 kHz, rep. rate 7.5 msSupply Protection CircuitryProtected against reverse polarity and transient voltagesRepeatability0.7 mmMinimum Window Size5 mmHysteresis1.4 mmAdjustmentsSensing Window Limits: TEH-mode programming of near and far window limits maybe set using the push button or remotely via TEH inputOutput ConfigurationSPST solid-state switch conducts when target is sensed within sensing window; oneNPN (current sinking) or one PNP (current sourcing), depending on model.Output ProtectionProtected against short-circuit conditionsOutput RatingRating: 100 mA maximum load; see Application Note 1Off-state leakage current: less than 10 µA (sourcing); less than 200 µA (sinking); seeApplication Note 2ON-state saturation voltage:NPN: less than 1.6 V at 100 mA; PNP: less than 3.0 V at100 mAOutput Response15 millisecondsDelay at Power Up300 millisecondsIndicatorsRange Indicator (Red/Green) and Teh/Output Indicator (Amber/Red)Range Indicator: Green - Target is within sensing range; Red - Target is outsidesensing range; OFF - Sensing Power is OFFTeh/Output Indicator: Amber - Target is within taught limits; OFF - Target is outsidetaught window limits; Red - Sensor is in TEH modeConstructionABS housing, TPE Push Button, ABS Push Button housing, Polycarbonate lightpipesConnections2 m (6.5 ft) or 9 m (30 ft) 4-conductor PVC jketed atthed cable, or 4-pin Euro-styleintegral QD (Q8), or 4-pin Pico-style integral QD (Q7), or 4-pin Euro-style 150 mm (6 in)pigtail QD (Q5), or 4-pin Pico-style 150 mm (6 in) pigtail QD (Q)Temperature Warmup DriftSee Temperature Compensation on p. 1Temperature EffectNon-encapsulated models: ± 0.05% per °C from –20 to 50 °C, ± 0.1% per °C from 50to 60 °CEncapsulated models: ± 0.05% per °C from 0 to 60 °C, ± 0.1% per °C from –20 to0 °CApplication NotesIf supply voltage is > 24 V DC, derate maximum output current 5 mA/°C above 50 °C.NPN off-state leakage current is < 200 µA for load resistances > 3 kΩ or opticallyisolated loads. For load current of 100 mA, leakage is < 1% of load current.Objects passing inside the specified near limit may produce a false response.Environmental RatingLeakproof design, rated NEMA 6P; IEC IP67 or IP68 depending on model; UL Type 1Operating Conditions−20 °C to 60 °C (−4 °F to 140 °F)100% relative humidity (non-condensing)Vibration and Mechanical ShockAll models meet MIL-STD-202F, Method 201A (Vibration: 10 Hz to 60 Hz maximum,0.06 inch (1.52 mm) double amplitude, 10G maximum acceleration) requirements. Alsomeets IEC 60947-5-2 (Shock: 30G 11 ms duration, half sine wave) requirements.CertificationsRequired Overcurrent ProtectionWARNING: Electrical connections must be made byqualified personnel in accordance with local andnational electrical codes and regulations.Overcurrent protection is required to be provided by end product application per thesupplied table.Overcurrent protection may be provided with external fusing or via Current Limiting,Class 2 Power Supply.Supply wiring leads < 24 AWG shall not be spliced.For additional product support, go to .P/N 119287 Rev. K - Tel: + 1 888 373 67675Figure 8. QS18U Effective Beam Pattern (Typical)L a t e r a l D i s t a n c e (m m )-20-10-30-4010200304050-50200100300400500Sensing Distance (mm)2.5 mm rod 8 mm rod50 mm x 50 mm plateFigure 9. QS18U Maximum Target Rotation AngleT a r g e t R o t a t i o nSensing Distance (mm)-5°-10°-15°5°010°15°0100200300400500DimensionsAll measurements are listed in millimeters, unless noted otherwise.Figure 10. Cabled models3 mm (0.12")(0.67")Figure 11. M8 QD modelsPigtail4-pinPico-Style QDFigure 12. M12 QD modelsPigtail4-pin Euro-Style QDFigure 13. Locknut (included with all models)Figure 14. Washer (included with all models)Ø 17.8 mm(0.70")(0.94")M3 Hardware Packet Contents• 2 – M3 x 0.5 x 20 mm SS Screw • 2 – M3 x 0.5 SS Hex Nut• 2 – M3 SS WasherAccessoriesQuick-Disconnect (QD) Cordsets - Tel: + 1 888 373 6767P/N 119287 Rev. KMounting BracketsAll measurements are listed in millimeters, unless noted otherwise.P/N 119287 Rev. K - Tel: + 1 888 373 67677Banner Engineering Corp. Limited WarrantyBanner Engineering Corp. warrants its products to be free from defects in material and workmanship for one year following the date of shipment. Banner Engineering Corp. will repair or replace, free of charge, any product of its manufacture which, at the time it is returned to the factory, is found to have been defective during the warranty period. This warranty does not cover damage or liability for misuse, abuse, or the improper application or installation of the Banner product.THIS LIMITED WARRANTY IS EXCLUSIVE AND IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES WHETHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE), AND WHETHER ARISING UNDER COURSE OF PERFORMANCE, COURSE OF DEALING OR TRADE USAGE.This Warranty is exclusive and limited to repair or, at the discretion of Banner Engineering Corp., replacement. IN NO EVENT SHALL BANNER ENGINEERING CORP. BE LIABLE TO BUYER OR ANY OTHER PERSON OR ENTITY FOR ANY EXTRA COSTS, EXPENSES, LOSSES, LOSS OF PROFITS, OR ANY INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL OR SPECIAL DAMAGES RESULTING FROM ANY PRODUCT DEFECT OR FROM THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PRODUCT, WHETHER ARISING IN CONTRACT OR WARRANTY, STATUTE, TORT, STRICT LIABILITY, NEGLIGENCE, OR OTHERWISE.Banner Engineering Corp. reserves the right to change, modify or improve the design of the product without assuming any obligations or liabilities relating to any product previously manufactured by Banner Engineering Corp. Any misuse, abuse, or improper application or installation of this product or use of the product for personal protection applications when the product is identified as not intended for such purposes will void the product warranty. Any modifications to this product without prior express approval by Banner Engineering Corp will void the product warranties. All specifications published in this document are subject to change; Banner reserves the right to modify product specifications or update documentation at any time. Specifications and product information in English supersede that which is provided in any other language. For the most recent version of any documentation, refer to: .For patent information, see /patents.© Banner Engineering Corp. All rights reserved。

超声波传感器及应用我要打印我要留言查看留言文章来源：中国功率超声网添加人：admin 添加时间：2006-6-23 16:11:45来自：转载原理简述：超声波传感器是利用超声波的特性研制而成的传感器。

超声波是一种振动频率高于声波的机械波，由换能晶片在电压的激励下发生振动产生的，它具有频率高、波长短、绕射现象小，特别是方向性好、能够成为射线而定向传播等特点。

超声波对液体、固体的穿透本领很大，尤其是在阳光不透明的固体中，它可穿透几十米的深度。

超声波碰到杂质或分界面会产生显著反射形成反射成回波，碰到活动物体能产生多普勒效应。

因此超声波检测广泛应用在工业、国防、生物医学等方面以超声波作为检测手段，必须产生超声波和接收超声波。

完成这种功能的装置就是超声波传感器，习惯上称为超声换能器，或者超声探头。

超声波探头主要由压电晶片组成，既可以发射超声波，也可以接收超声波。

小功率超声探头多作探测作用。

它有许多不同的结构，可分直探头（纵波）、斜探头（横波）、表面波探头（表面波）、兰姆波探头（兰姆波）、双探头（一个探头反射、一个探头接收）等。

超声探头的核心是其塑料外套或者金属外套中的一块压电晶片。

构成晶片的材料可以有许多种。

晶片的大小，如直径和厚度也各不相同，因此每个探头的性能是不同的，我们使用前必须预先了解它的性能。

超声波传感器的主要性能指标包括；（1）工作频率。

工作频率就是压电晶片的共振频率。

当加到它两端的交流电压的频率和晶片的共振频率相等时，输出的能量最大，灵敏度也最高。

（2）工作温度。

由于压电材料的居里点一般比较高，特别时诊断用超声波探头使用功率较小，所以工作温度比较低，可以长时间地工作而不产生失效。

医疗用的超声探头的温度比较高，需要单独的制冷设备。

（3）灵敏度。

主要取决于制造晶片本身。

机电耦合系数大，灵敏度高；反之，灵敏度低。

结构与工作原理当电压作用于压电陶瓷时，就会随电压和频率的变化产生机械变形。

另一方面，当振动压电陶瓷时，则会产生一个电荷。

超声波传感器的基本参数1.发射器：发射器是超声波传感器中负责发射超声波信号的部分。

它通常由晶片、电路板和震动片等组成。

发射器的基本参数包括工作频率、发射角度和功率。

工作频率是指超声波信号的频率，通常在20kHz到200kHz之间。

发射角度是指超声波信号的扩散角度，常见的有15度、30度和60度等。

功率是指发射器输出的超声波信号的功率大小。

2.接收器：接收器是超声波传感器中负责接收反射超声波信号的部分。

它通常由晶片、电路板和麦克风等组成。

接收器的基本参数包括灵敏度、带宽和信噪比。

灵敏度是指接收器对超声波信号的响应灵敏程度，通常以电压或电流来表示。

带宽是指接收器可接收的超声波信号的频率范围，通常为几十kHz到几百kHz。

信噪比是指接收器输出信号与噪声信号的比值，高信噪比可以提高传感器的精确度和可靠性。

3.控制器：控制器是超声波传感器中负责控制发射和接收的部分。

它通常由微控制器或专用集成电路组成。

控制器的基本参数包括工作电压、输出方式和通信接口。

工作电压是指控制器的供电电压范围，通常为3V到5V。

输出方式是指控制器输出测距或探测结果的方式，可以是模拟电压信号、数字信号或开关触发信号等。

通信接口是指控制器与外部设备进行数据交互的接口，通常有UART、I2C和SPI等。

超声波传感器的其他参数还包括测量范围、精度、响应时间和工作温度范围等。

测量范围是指超声波传感器能够测量的最大距离范围，一般为几厘米到几米。

精度是指超声波传感器测量结果与实际值之间的误差程度，通常以百分比或毫米为单位。

响应时间是指超声波传感器从发射超声波到接收并处理信号的时间，一般为几毫秒到几十毫秒。

工作温度范围是指超声波传感器能够正常工作的温度范围，通常为-40°C到+85°C。

超声波传感器的应用广泛，包括距离测量、避障、物体检测和流量测量等。

在工业自动化、智能家居、机器人和汽车领域都有广泛的应用。

通过了解超声波传感器的基本参数，可以更好地选择和使用超声波传感器，并将其应用于相应的领域中。

超声波传感器概述超声波传感器通常由超声波发射器和接收器组成。

发射器将电信号转换为超声波，并将其发射到目标物体上。

当超声波与目标物体接触时，一部分超声波会被目标物体反射回传感器，接收器会将接收到的超声波信号转换为电信号。

根据发送超声波和接收超声波之间的时间差，我们可以计算出目标物体与传感器之间的距离。

超声波传感器的工作原理是利用声音在空气中传播的特性。

超声波的频率一般在20kHz到200kHz之间，超出了人耳的听觉范围。

超声波传感器具有高频率、短波长和强直线传播等特点，因此具有较高的测距精度和较远的测距范围。

超声波传感器的应用领域非常广泛。

在工业领域，超声波传感器可以用来测量物体的距离和位置，用于自动化装配、机械控制、仓储物流等方面。

在智能家居领域，超声波传感器可以用来检测人体、宠物等物体的位置和移动，用于智能安防、智能照明等应用。

在机器人领域，超声波传感器可以用来检测障碍物、墙壁等物体的距离，用于机器人导航、避障等方面。

超声波传感器的优点主要有以下几个方面。

首先，它是一种非接触式传感器，不需要与目标物体接触，避免了材料磨损和污染的问题。

其次，超声波传感器具有较高的测距精度和较远的测距范围，可以满足不同应用场景的需求。

再次，超声波传感器对于目标物体的形状、颜色等特征几乎没有要求，适用于多种物体的检测。

此外，超声波传感器体积小巧、功耗低，易于集成到各种设备中。

然而，超声波传感器也存在一些局限性。

首先，超声波传感器对于目标物体的表面材料有一定要求，例如吸声材料会减弱超声波的反射信号，造成测量误差。

其次，超声波传感器受到环境因素的影响较大，例如温度、湿度等变化会对传感器的测量结果产生影响。

总的来说，超声波传感器是一种常见且功能强大的传感器技术，被广泛应用于不同领域和场景中。

随着技术的不断进步，超声波传感器的测量精度、测量范围和适应性将进一步提高，为各个领域的应用带来更多可能性。

超声波传感器的介绍
超声波传感器的介绍
超声波传感器，也称为超声波探测器，是一种利用超声波的特性来测量距离和尺寸的传感器，它通过发射声波来测量物体的距离或尺寸，既可以用于测量固体物体的尺寸，也可以用于测量液体或气体的体积。

一般来说，超声波传感器将其探测范围分为三个不同的类别：室内探测（短程）、中程探测和远程探测。

短程探测距离一般在50cm以内，可以用来测量室内物体的高度或体积；中程探测距离意味着可以用来测量室外物体的高度或体积；而远程探测距离则可以超过数百米，用来测量物体的大小或位置。

由于通过超声波传感器可以检测到物体的尺寸和距离，因此它在工业自动化领域被广泛应用，比如机械组装厂的自动化系统中，可以用于检测零件的尺寸和位置，也可以用于车辆安全驾驶系统，来检测周围环境的距离等。

此外，超声波传感器还常用于现代的助记系统中，用来监控家用电器的用电情况，从而为家庭节能提供帮助。

总的来说，超声波传感器是一种用于测量物体距离、尺寸和体积的灵活高效的设备，在工业自动化、家用电器以及汽车安全等领域都有广泛的应用。

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