下载文档原格式
染整专业英语第二版课文翻译第二单元Hi, my name is Marry Fielding and I guess you could say that I am "one ina million". In other words, there are not many people like me. You see, I have a muscle disease which makes me very weak, so I can't run or climb stairs as quickly as other people. In addition, sometimes I am very clumsy and dropthings or bump into furniture. Unfortunately, the doctors don't know how to make me better, but I am very outgoing and have learned to adapt to my disability. My motto is: live One day at a time.Until I was ten years old I was the same as everyone else. I used to climb trees, swim and play football. In fact, I used to dream about playing professional football and possibly representing my country in the World Cup. Then I started to get weaker and weaker, until I could only enjoy footballfrom a bench at the stadium. In the end I went into hospital for medical tests.I stayed there for nearly three months. I think I had at least a billion tests, including one in which they cut out a piece of muscle from my leg and lookedat it under a microscope. Even after all that, no one could give my disease a name and it is difficult to know what the future holds.One problem is that I don't look any different from other people. So sometimes some children in my primary school would laugh, when I got out of breath after running a short way or had to stop and rest halfway up the stairs. Sometimes, too, I was too weak to go to school so my education suffered. Every time I returned after an absence, I felt stupid because I was behind the others.My life is a lot easier at high school because my fellow students have accepted me. The few who cannot see the real person inside my body do not make me annoyed, and I just ignore them. All in all I have a good life. I am happyto have found many things I can do, like writing and computer programming. My ambition is to work for a firm that develops computer software when I grow up. Last year invented a computer football game and a big company has decided to buy it from me. I have a very busy life with no time to sit around feelingsorry for myself. As well as going to the movies and football matches with my friends, I spend a lot of time with my pets. I have two rabbits, a parrot, a tank full of fish and a tortoise. To look after my pets properly takes a lotof time but I find it worthwhile. I also have to do a lot of work, especiallyif I have been away for a while.In many ways my disability has helped me grow stronger psychologically and become more independent. I have to work hard to live a normal life but it has been worth it. If I had a chance to say one thing to healthy children, it would be this: having a disability does not mean your life is not satisfying. So don't feel sorry for the disabled or make fun of them, and don't ignore them either. Just accept them for who they are, and give them encouragement to live as rich and full a life as you do.Thank you for reading my story.Unit 1马丁的故事嗨,我的名字就是马丁。
Singeing, Desizing and Scouring of Cotton and Cotton Blending Fabric 棉及棉型织物主要是指纯棉织物、棉与合成纤维混纺或交织的织物（主要产品为涤/棉织物）。
Weaving FabricKnitting, mercerising（漂白）退浆、精练、漂白和丝光过程中消耗大量的水和能greige, grey cloth)检验坯布（原布）是否存在质量问题。
：原则上应根据原布的情况和设备容量而定，如煮布锅容量、绳状连续练漂机按堆布池容量、未烧毛的棉及棉型织物表面绒毛过多，且长短不烧毛是用物理方法对织物表面进行处理的工艺，使织物表面纹路清晰，整洁光滑，不易起毛起球。
热板烧毛机烧毛是将平幅织物在炽热和固定的弧形紫铜、合金板或弧型陶瓷板面上迅速擦过，以烧去绒毛。
由于铜的导热系数较大，早期的弧形金属板In singeing, the fibers which protrude from the fabric are burned away to give the fabric a smoother surface. Singeing is usually done by passing the fabric through a burning gas flame at high speed followed by优点：设备结构简单，操作方便，劳动强度较低，热能利用较充分，烧毛质量较好，适宜于各种品种2014-3-18182014-3-18Singeing machines (singer )通过可燃性气体火焰烧毛火口的温度越高，车速越快，绒毛与织物本(a )只烧正面(b )烧正反面图2-3织物的穿布路线一般火口上端的导布辊是中间通水的冷水辊，主要是防止涤/棉等织物烧毛时涤纶（热塑性纤维）的损伤。
烧毛设备配有2～6只火口，一个火口可以烧两面。
烧毛火口可以调节，通过采用切烧、对烧和透烧），满足不图2-4火口的三种烧毛位置示意图将火焰切向接触冷水辊表面包绕的织物烧毛结束应立即进入灭火槽或灭火箱灭火，扑灭残尽可能增加绒毛与织物本身的温度差，达到烧去绒毛对冷水辊中通有的冷却水的温度必须进行适当控涤/棉织物中的涤纶纤维为热塑性纤维，受热处理后为了预防涤/棉织物受到热损伤和落布时产生难以消除的折痕，必须在火口上方安装冷水辊降温和落布前2014-3-18302.3.2 热板烧毛机烧毛图2-5铜板烧毛机示意图弧形铜板烧毛时，织物与铜板直接接触，通过摇摆装置前后摆动，使织物与铜板的接触面积不断变换，以避免铜板2014-3-1832图2-6圆筒烧毛机2.3.3 圆筒烧毛机烧毛圆筒可转动，织物受热均匀圆筒烧毛机 同铜板烧毛机同铜板烧毛机)受到较大的张力和摩擦，容易发生断裂。
为了减少断经，提高织造效率图2-7棉经纱中的杂质1-4% 4-15% 8-10%纺纱油剂浆料天然杂质Lubricants added to size formulations to enhance the fabric manufacturing process may be more 2.4.2 Usually employed sizes and their propertiesOCH 2OH–1,4-linkageof Amylose and AmylopectinProperty Amylose Amylopectin Branched优点：资源丰富、价格低廉、对亲水性的天然纤维Starch can be modified to produce a variety ofproducts for many applications. Some of themodifications resulting in important textileAcid modified starch, often called thin-boiling starch. Because of their lower viscosity, more The manufacture of oxidized starch is similar to that of acid modified starch except that an oxidizing agent is substituted for acid in the depolymerization process.2-8淀粉葡萄糖基环中第6位碳原子上的羟基被氧化示意图Although the primary hydroxyl group is used inthe example shown, the secondary hydroxyl groups 主要是通过酯化、醚化或交联反应，在淀粉大分Ethers and esters are two common types of chemical图2-9酯化淀粉结构示意图淀粉衍生物用于涤/棉等混纺纱上浆时，可取代（不易生物降解）。
Starch may also be crosslinked using bifunctional 在淀粉大分子链中引入一个有一定聚合度的高分图2-10接枝淀粉的化学结构模型示意图Carboxymethyl cellulose, CMC )Carboxymethyl cellulose is a water soluble derivative of cellulose. Molecular weight of the cellulose anddegree of substitution of the carboxymethyl groups is 图2-11羧甲基纤维素结构示意图2014-3-18水溶性合成浆料，对合成纤维具有优良的黏附性能。
是目前棉与合成纤维混纺纱、合成纤维纱上浆的主体浆料之一。
聚乙烯醇难以生物降解，长期积累会聚醋酸乙烯酯被醇解的百分率称为醇解度、水解度、皂化值。
The extent of hydrolysis has a major influence on properties of PVA and can be controlled to produce a family of products having a range of properties. Table 2.3 shows the various hydrolysis levels of PVA that are Because of internal hydrogen bonding, the partially hydrolyzed types of PVA are more soluble in water even though they contain fewer hydrophilic groups. Polyvinyl alcohol is produced in a range of molecular weight grades as shown in Table 2.4. Molecular weight水溶性优良的合成浆料，对纤维黏着能力强，对环境污染小。
聚丙烯酸酯是以聚丙烯酸乙酯（丁酯）、甲基丙烯酸甲酯和丙烯酸铵盐为主要单体聚合而成，此类聚在热碱液中，天然浆料、合成浆料发生溶胀（或溶解）作用，与纤维间作用力减弱，在机械作用下，浆料水溶性很好，但经上浆烘燥成膜后，其水溶性大大下降。
在高温作用下如果条件剧烈，可能的羟基之间发生脱水反应，形成内醚，使酸退浆法较少单独使用，一般与碱退浆或酶退浆联合使酶是一种生物催化剂，通常是由生物体产生的具有催加工目的去除麻、棉纤维中的果胶等杂去除蚕丝、羊毛纤维中的油脂去除蚕丝纤维中的丝胶去除经纱上的浆料去除过氧化氢漂白后残留的过淀粉和变性淀粉上浆的纤维素纤维可用淀粉酶退浆：-甙键，形成糊精、麦芽2014-3-18图2-12淀粉酶的作用方式2014-3-18酶退浆工艺随着酶制剂、设备和织物品种的不同皮膜预水洗可加快浆膜的溶胀，使酶液较好地渗透到浆膜中去，同时可以洗除有害的防腐剂和酸Impregnation with enzymes)70～7.5)的条件淀粉分解成可溶性糊精的反应从酶液开始接触浆料就发生了，但淀粉酶对织物上淀粉的完全分解退浆只有将浆料或其水解物充分从织物上去除才算完成，淀粉浆经淀粉酶水解后，仍然粘附在织物上，需要经过水洗才能去除。
因此酶处理的最后阶段，要用图2-13温度对细菌淀粉酶活性的影响40～85℃退浆60～70℃2014-3-18图2-14pH值对细菌淀粉酶活性和活性稳定性的影响6.0～9.56.0退浆6.0～6.5活化剂的作用是提高酶的活性, 阻化剂的作用是离子型表面活性剂对α-淀粉酶的活性有抑制作用，所以退浆时要用非离子型的表面活性剂作渗透剂或Oxidizing agent desizing)氧化剂退浆可用于任何天然或合成浆料的退浆，退左右。
原布氧化退浆时多在碱性条件下进行，可以与后道的精练或漂白同浴处理。
在短流程前处理中，氧化退浆和精练可以同时进行，或者氧化退浆、精练和漂白H2O2CH 氧化退浆多在碱性条件下进行，过氧化氢在碱性条件下不稳定，分解形成的过氧化氢负离子具有较高cold pad-batch process)室温条件下浸轧工作液，打卷后室温下堆置12～24 h；为了防止布面风干，布卷要用塑料薄膜等材料包裹；～10在一定的温度和压力条件下，物质存在着固、液、气三态的相互转变。
如果气体继续获取能量，则组等离子体的获得有多种方法和途径，涉及到许多物从温度角度来看，等离子体可分为高温等离子体和气体在压力很低的状态下进行放电，使得等离子体低温等离子体技术属于物理方法的干态加工，不用水、蒸汽和化学品。
在纺织染整中的应用研究已有退浆：利用气体放电产生的高能量等离子体处理织物，对织物纱线表面层进行刻蚀和分裂，使纤经过退浆处理后，棉织物上的大部分浆料、油剂以Scouring of textile materials refers to removal of impurities by wet treatments so that the impurities do not interfere with dyeing and finishing applications. The amounts and types of impurities present depend onThe exact composition of cotton fibers depends onits source, maturity and other factors. Typicalcomposition of dry cotton fiber is as follows:Relationship between the contents of wax and 由于蜡状物质主要存在于棉纤维的表面层，如果将棉纤维轻轻摩擦，破坏其表面层，则棉纤维的吸水性会发生显著的提高。
