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1．设计指标：statistics用地面积：site area建筑占地面积：building foot print总建筑面积：total area建筑面积 floor area，building area地上建筑面积：ground area地下建筑面积：underground area整体面积需求: Demand for built area公共绿地：public green land备用地用地：reserved land容积率：FAR建筑密度：building coverage绿地率：green ratio绿化率：green landscape ratio建筑高度：building height层数：number of floors停车位：parking unit地面停车：ground parking地下停车：underground parking使用面积：usable area公用面积：public area实用面积：effective area居住面积：living area计租面积 rental area?租用面积得房率：effien开间 bay进深 depth跨度 span坡度：slope，grade净空：clearance净高：clear height净空（楼梯间下）：headroom净距：clear distance套内面积：unit constraction area公摊面积：shared public area竣工面积：辅助面积：service area结构面积：structural area交通面积：communication area，passage area共有建筑面积：common building area共有建筑面积分摊系数：common building area amount coefficient 公用建筑面积：public building area销售面积：sales area绿化覆盖率：green coverage ratio净高：clear height公用建筑面积分摊系数：public building area amount coefficient住宅用地： residential area其他用地：公共服务设施用地：land for public facilities道路用地：land for roads公共绿地：public green space道路红线：road property line建筑线（建筑红线）：set back line用地红线： property line，boundary line第一轮：1 round计划和程序：schedule and program工程进度表：working schedule构造材料表：list of building materials and construction设计说明：design statement图纸目录和说明：list of drawings and descriptions项目标准：project standards总结：conclusion文本及陈述：封皮：cover目录：content技术经济指标：technical and economical index概念规划设计：conceptual master paln and architectural design基地分析：location analysis项目区位分析图：description of the region site and city space view analyze 概念构思说明：chief design concept指导思想（设计主旨）：key concepts概述：introduction宗旨：mission statement愿景及设计效果：vision and design concept城市空间景观分析：urban space landscape identity绿化景观分析：landscape analysis交通分析：traffic analysis生态系统：ecological system地块A：area A模型照片：model images案例分析：case study草图：sketches设计构思草图：concept sketches规划总平面图：site plan功能分区图：function organization单体透视图：unit perspective1-1剖面图：section 1-1立面图：elevation沿街立面图：street elevation平面图：plan地下一层平面图：basement plan；B1 plan首层平面图：F1 plan；ground floor plan二层平面图：2F floor plan设计阶段 stages of design草图 sketch方案 scheme初步设计 preliminary design施工图 working drawing平面图 plan平面放大图 plan in enlarged scale剖面图 section立面图 elevation节点详图 detail drawing透视图 perspective drawings鸟瞰图 birds-eye view示意图 schematic diagram区划图 block plan位置图 location示意图：schematic diagram背景介绍：project background报告书目的：purpose of report专案区位背景：Context of 。
绿色建筑设计之我见摘要:本文概述了绿色建筑的起源,阐明了绿色建筑在设计中的设计原则,并从气候、环境、技术等角度分析了自然环境与建筑的共生性与影响,指出绿色建筑应运用多种绿色生态观念处理好气候、环境、经济效益三者的关系,以维持建筑的可持续发展。
关键词:绿色建筑,节能技术,可再生能源,可持续发展abstract: this article provides an overview of the origins of the green building clarify the design principles of green building design, from the point of view of climate, environment, technology analysis the symbiotic and impact of the natural environment and architecture, that green building should use a variety of green ecological concepts to deal with the relationship among climate, environment, economic efficiency, in order to maintain the sustainable development of the building.keywords: green building, energy-saving technologies, renewable energy, sustainable development中图分类号：tu7文献标识码：a文章编号：2095-2104（2012）绿色建筑应遵循全球人居可持续发展战略,实施国际上公认的三大主题:以人为本、呵护健康、舒适;资源的节约与再利用;与周围环境的融合。
对建筑设计生态学发展的探讨作者：董诗雅来源：《城市建设理论研究》2013年第21期摘要：现代社会，人口剧增，资源锐减，生态失衡，境遭到严重破坏，人类生存和发展与全球的环境问题愈演愈烈，生态危机几乎到了一触即发的程度。
在建筑界,实现可持续发展的生态建筑引起了广泛的关注和讨论。
在进行建筑设计时,将生态学理念融入建筑系统,营造良好的生态建筑系统,使建筑系统与整体生态环境和谐,是未来生态建筑发展的方向。
关键字：生态学；建筑设计；发展Abstract: In modern society, population, resource reduction, ecological imbalance, environmental damage, environmental problems to human survival and development and the global ecological crisis intensified, almost to be triggered at any moment degree. In the construction industry, ecological construction to realize the sustainable development has attracted wide attention and discussion. In architectural design, ecological concepts into building system, build an ecological construction system well, make the building system in harmony with the overall ecological environment, ecological construction is the development direction of future.Keywords: ecology; architecture design; development中图分类号：TU2文献标识码：A文章编号：前言自从工业革命以来,人类在消耗大量的自然资源的基础上,社会经济取得长足的发展,但与此同时,人类对自然生态系统的破坏也达到了前所未有的程度。
中国特色政治词汇英译的归化与异化问题作者：刘青来源：《文教资料》2017年第31期摘要：本文从归化和异化视角研究了中国特色政治词汇的英译问题，以《中国日报》上时政板块中中国特色政治词汇的翻译例子为具体研究对象，基于归化与异化翻译理论对这些例子进行了剖析。
研究发现，近年来《中国日报》中的中国特色政治词汇翻译以异化为主，作者进一步指出异化在今后也会一直居于主流地位，并建议政治外宣翻译采取异化为主归化为辅的翻译手法。
关键词：中国特色政治词汇归化异化翻译方法1.背景介绍改革开放以来，我国的政治、经济、文化等方方面面都取得了很大的成绩，国际地位和国际影响力越来越高。
全球化使得各国领导人之间的互访日益频繁，因此对外宣传显得尤为重要，这是将中国展现于世界的良好契机。
政治语言有着自身的特点，在进行外宣时，译者不仅要准确地传递信息，还要传播中国特色文化，因此翻译策略的选择很重要，稍有疏忽，可能意义传递不到位。
本文将从异化与归化角度探讨中国特色政治词汇翻译问题，以《中国日报》的翻译例子进行分析，提出几点理性思考，旨在为中国特色政治词汇的翻译提出些许建议，增进国际社会对中国发展理念、发展道路、内外政策的理解。
2.理论框架2.1中国特色政治词汇中国特色政治词汇是指代表中国特有的政治制度和政治文化现象等的词汇，一般出现在国家领导人的重要讲话、政府工作报告和政治文献当中，体现我国的政治立场和政治观点。
例如：“一国两制”、“中国梦”、“八项规定”等。
2.2归化与异化归化和异化翻译策略由劳伦斯·韦努蒂衍生于19世纪德国著名翻译家施莱尔马赫的论说：“译者要么尽量不打扰作者，让读者向他靠近；要么尽量不打扰读者，让作者向他靠近。
”（Venuti，2004）韦努蒂认为，归化就是在翻译过程中尽可能地削减源语文化背景，从而融入译文的文化，以此让读者产生阅读母语的感觉。
异化的特点恰好与归化相对，注重保留源语文化，让读者更好地了解异域文化。
在过去的十年里，农业技术取得了巨大的进步。
该领域的技术创新主要集中在自动化、精准农业和人工智能等领域。
主题语境：现代农业 篇幅：362词建议用时：7分钟New agricultural technologyin modern farming 现代农业中的新农业技术陕西 吕 品1New agricultural technology refers to the use of technology in farming and agriculturalpractices to increase efficiency, productivity, and sustainability in food production. It includes several different types of technologies, such as precision agriculture, smart irriga⁃tion, biotechnology, and automation. Additionally, there are significant technological advancements in areas like modern greenhouse practices, and artificial intelligence whichwe will explore further in this article.Farm automation2Farm automation, often associated with “smart farming ”, is a technology that makesfarms more efficient, as it automates the crop or livestock production cycle. An increasing number of agricultural technology companies are working on robotics innovation to develop drones, autonomous tractors, robotic harvesters, automatic watering, and seeding robots. Although these technologies are fairly new, the industry has seen an increasing number of traditional agriculture companies adopt farm automation into their processes, as its primarygoal is to cover monotonous (单调的) tasks.Modern greenhouses3In recent decades, the greenhouse industry has transformed from small facilities usedprimarily for research and aesthetic purposes to much larger facilities that compete directlywith land⁃based conventional food production. The entire global greenhouse market cur⁃rently produces about $350 billion worth of vegetables annually. Today, in large part due to the big recent improvements in growing technology, the industry is witnessing blossoming like no time before.Precision agriculture technology4Agriculture is undergoing an evolution—technology is becoming an indispensable part of every commercial farm. New precision agriculture companies are developing tech⁃nologies that allow farmers to maximize yields by controlling every variable of crop farming such as moisture levels, soil conditions, and microclimates. By providing more accurate techniques for planting and growing crops, precision agriculture enables farmers to in⁃crease efficiency and manage costs.Agriculture and artificial intelligence5Artificial intelligence can monitor plant health, soil conditions, temperature, humidity, and more. The idea is to give farmers a better understanding of what s happening on the ground through advanced technology that can tell them more than the naked eye can see.And not only is it more accurate, it s also faster. The goal is to enable farmers to use this artificial intelligence to make better decisions in the field, thereby achieving their goals of better harvests.ReadingCheckDetail Detail 1. What is the primary goal of farm automation?A. To cover monotonous tasks in agriculture.B. To increase efficiency in farming processes.C. To develop robotics innovation in agriculture.D. To automate the crop or livestock production cycle.2. How does precision agriculture technology benefit farmers?A. By replacing human farmers in the field.B. By increasing efficiency and managing costs.DetailC. By monitoring plant health and soil conditions.D. By maximizing yields and controlling all crop variables.3. Which of new agricultural technology can monitor plant health?A. Farm automation.B. Modern greenhouses.C. Precision agriculture technology.D. Agriculture and artificial intelligence.Language StudyⅠ. Text‑centered chunks autonomous tractor 自动拖拉机robotic harvester 机器人收割机automatic watering 自动浇灌be associated with 与……有关联modern greenhouse 现代化温室monitor plant health 监测植物健康artificial intelligence 人工智能Ⅱ. Difficult sentence in the textThe idea is to give farmers a better understanding of what s happening on the groundthrough advanced technology that can tell them more than the naked eye can see. 这个想法是通过先进的技术让农民更好地了解土地上发生的事情，这种技术可以告诉他们比肉眼看到的更多的信息。
Ecocriticism生态批评是一个言人人殊的话语体。
大多数人认同彻丽尔·格罗特费尔蒂的定义：“生态批评是探讨文学与自然环境之关系的批评。
”一般认为，“生态批评”这一概念由美国学者威廉·鲁克尔曼1978年首次提出，他的《文学与生态学：一次生态批评实验》文章在《衣阿华评论》1978冬季号上刊出，以“生态批评”概念明确地将“文学与生态学结合起来”。
1992年，“文学与环境研究会”在美国内华达大学成立。
1994年，克洛伯尔出版专著《生态批评：浪漫的想象与生态意识》，提倡“生态学的文学批评”(ecological literary criticism)或“生态学取向的批评”(ecological oriented criticism)。
1995年在科罗拉多大学召开了首次研讨会，会议部分论文以《阅读大地：文学与环境研究的新走向》为书名正式出版（1998）。
其后，生态批评的著作有如雨后春笋般地充斥文论界。
[3]1996年美国第一本生态批评论文集《生态批评读本》由格罗特费尔蒂和弗罗姆主编出版，其宗旨在于“分别讨论生态学及生态文学理论、文学的生态批评和生态文学的批评”，使得生态批评更具有文学批评的特征和范式。
在导言中格罗特费尔蒂（Cheryll Glotfelty）给生态批评加以定义：“生态批评研究文学与物理环境之间的关系。
正如女性主义批评从性别意识的视角考察语言和文学，马克思主义批评把生产方式和经济阶级的自觉带进文本阅读，生态批评运用一种以地球为中心的方法研究文学。
”1998年英国第一本生态批评论文集《书写环境：生态批评与文学》在伦敦出版，分生态批评理论、生态批评的历史、当代生态文学三个部分。
这本由克里治和塞梅尔斯主编的著作认为：“生态批评要探讨文学里的环境观念和环境表现”。
1999年夏季的《新文学史》是生态批评专号，共发表十篇专论生态批评的文章，2000年出版的生态批评著作主要有默菲教授主编的论文集《自然取向的文学研究之广阔领域》，托尔梅奇等主编的《生态批评新论集》，贝特的《大地之歌》等。
Nature and harmony are two concepts that are deeply intertwined and essential for the wellbeing of our planet and its inhabitants.In an era where urbanization and industrialization are rapidly advancing,it is crucial to advocate for a lifestyle that embraces the principles of natural harmony.The Importance of Natural HarmonyNatural harmony refers to the balance and coexistence of all elements within the ecosystem,including humans,animals,and plants.This balance is vital for maintaining a healthy environment that supports life in all its diversity.When we advocate for natural harmony,we are essentially promoting a sustainable way of living that respects the interconnectedness of all life forms.Preserving BiodiversityOne of the key aspects of natural harmony is the preservation of biodiversity. Biodiversity is the variety of life on Earth,including the variety within species,between species,and of ecosystems.It is important to protect and conserve different species and their habitats to ensure the continuation of lifes rich tapestry.This can be achieved through various means such as creating protected areas,promoting sustainable agriculture, and reducing pollution.Sustainable PracticesAdvocating for natural harmony also involves adopting sustainable practices in our daily lives.This includes reducing waste,recycling,conserving water,and using renewable energy sources.By making conscious choices to minimize our ecological footprint,we contribute to the overall health of the planet and its ecosystems.Respecting Indigenous KnowledgeIndigenous peoples have lived in harmony with nature for thousands of years,developing a deep understanding of their environments and the species within them.Advocating for natural harmony means respecting and incorporating indigenous knowledge into our approach to conservation and environmental management.Education and AwarenessRaising awareness about the importance of natural harmony is crucial for its promotion. Education plays a vital role in this advocacy,as it equips individuals with the knowledgeand understanding needed to make informed decisions about their impact on the environment.This can be done through schools,community programs,and public campaigns.Policy and LegislationGovernments and policymakers have a significant role to play in advocating for natural harmony.By implementing policies and legislation that protect the environment and promote sustainable development,they can create an enabling environment for individuals and communities to live in harmony with nature.Community InvolvementLastly,advocating for natural harmony is a collective effort that requires the involvement of communities.Local communities can take the lead in conservation initiatives,such as tree planting,community gardens,and wildlife protection programs.By engaging with their local environment,communities can foster a sense of stewardship and responsibility for the natural world.In conclusion,advocating for natural harmony is a multifaceted endeavor that requires the commitment of individuals,communities,and governments alike.By embracing sustainable practices,respecting biodiversity,and promoting education and awareness, we can work towards a future where humans live in harmony with the natural world, ensuring the survival and prosperity of all life on Earth.。
环境科学与工程英语Section 1 Introduction & Disciplines1. EnvironmentEnvironmentIn general, environment refers to the surroundings of an object. The word environment is usually understood to indicate the surrounding conditions that affect people and other organisms. In a broader definition, environment is everything that affects an organism during its lifetime.Under the aspects of human beings, the Earth environment is comprised of atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere(水圈), lithosphere（岩石圈）and pedosphere(土壤圈).Environmental EngineeringEnvironmental Engineeringis the application of science and engineering principles to improve the natural environment (air, water, and / or land resources), to provide healthy water, air and land for human habitation (house or home) and for other organisms, and to remediate (补救) polluted sites. It involves waste water management and air pollution control, recycling waste disposal, radiation protection, industrial hygiene, environmental sustainability, and public health issues as well as the knowledge of environmental impact of proposed construction projects.Environmental engineers conduct hazardous-waste management studies to evaluate the significance of such hazards, advice on treatment and containment, and develop regulations to prevent mishaps(事故).Environmental engineers also design municipal water supply and industrial wastewater treatment system as well as address local and worldwide environmental issues such as the effects of acid rain, global warming, ozone depletion, water pollution and air pollution from automobile exhausts and industrial sources.Environmental “civil”engineers focus on hydrology, water resources management, bioremediation, and water treatment plant design.Environmental “chemical” engineers, on the other hand, focus onenvironmental chemistry, advanced air and water treatment technologies and separation processes. Additionally, engineers, are more frequently obtaining specialized training in law and are utilizing their technical expertise in the practices of environmental engineering law.The major scopes of environmental engineering include, but not limited to, water supply and treatment, air pollution management, solid waste management, waste heat conveyance and cause, and EIA and mitigation. Key Vocabulary:Prospective, biosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere(岩石圈), pedosphere(土壤圈), interdisciplinary(跨学科), demography(人口统计学), synchronization, viable(可行), remediate, hygiene, sustainability, mishap, municipal, bioremediation2. EnvironmentalPlanning and Management Environmental Planning is the process of facilitating decision-making carry out development with due consideration given to the natural environmental, social, political, economic and governance factors and provides holistic(整体的) frame work to achieve sustainable outcomes.The primary concern of environmental planning is expressed in the assessment of the three spheres of environmental impact by human economic activity and technological output: 1) biophysical environment; 2) socio-economic environment; and 3) built environment.Elements of Environmental Planning. Social & economic development. Urban development. Regional development. Natural resource management & integrated land use. Infrastructure system. Goverance frameworksEnvironmental ManagementEnvironmental Management is the process by which environmental health isregulated. It does not involve managing environment itself, but it is the process of taking steps and behaviors to have positive effect on the environment. Thus environmental management is the management of interaction by the modern human societies with, and impact upon the environment. Environmental management does not come without costs. It is widely believed that the benefits of an environmental management plan fat outweigh the costs.Environmental Management SystemEMS refers to the management of an organization’s environmental programs in a comprehensive, systematic, planned and documented manner.The most successful management plans are built on a PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) model, also known as Deming Cycle.Plan: establish an environmental policy including objectives and targets. Do: implement organizational structure, allocate resources and assign responsibilities to achieve set objectives and targets, establish training and communication measures to implement set objectives and targets successfully.Check: collect, analyze, monitor and measure retrieved info and results (against planned objectives and targets). Check results through audits.Act: review and evaluate environmental performance and correct and/or improve environmental policy including objectives and targets, as well as organizational structure, procedures and process in order to continuously improve environmental performance.Key Vocabulary:Holistic, endeavor(努力), equitable(公正), susceptibility(易感性)3. Ecological EconomicsWhat is ecological economicsEcological economics is referred to as both a transdisciplinary and interdisciplinary field of academic research that aims to address theinterdependence and coevolution of human economies and natural ecosystems over time and space. It is distinguished from environmental economics, which is the mainstream economic analysis of the environment, by its treatment of the economy as a subsystem of the ecosystem and its emphasis upon preserving natural capital. Ecological economics is defined by its focus on nature, justice, and time. Issues of intergenerational equity, irreversibility of environmental change, uncertainty of long-term outcomes, and the sustainable development guide ecological economic analysis and valuation.MethodologyA primary objective of ecological economics (EE) is to ground economic thinking and practice in physical reality, especially in the laws of physics (particularly the laws of thermodynamics) and in knowledge of biological systems.Allocation of recoursesRecourses and neoclassical economics focus primarily on the efficient allocation of resources, and less on two other fundamental economic problems which are central to ecological economics: distribution (equity) and the scale of economyrelative to the ecosystems upon which it is reliant. Ecological economics also make a clear distribution between growth (quantitative increase in economic output) and development (qualitative improvement of the quality of life) while arguing that neoclassical economics confuses the two. Ecological economists point out that, beyond modest levels, increased per-capita consumption (the typical economic measure of “standard of living”) does not necessarily lead to improvement in human well-being, while this same consumption can have harmfuleffects on the environment and broader societal well-being.ExternalitiesEcological economics is founded upon the view that neoclassical economicsassumption that environmental and community costs and benefits are mutuallycanceling “externalities” is not warranted. Juan Martinez Alier shows that the bulk of consumers are automatically excluded from having an impact upon the prices of commodities, as these consumers are futuregenerations who have not been born yet. The assumption behind futurediscounting, which assumes that future goods will be cheaper than present goods, has been criticized.Ecological-Economic ModelingMathematical modeling is a powerful tool that is used in ecologicaleconomic analysis. Various approaches and techniques include: evolutionary, input-output, neo-Austrian modeling, entropy and thermodynamic models, multi-criteria, and agent-based modeling, the environmental Kuznets curve. Systems Dynamics and GIS are techniques applied, among other, to spatial dynamic landscape simulation modeling.4. Environmental EconomicsWhat is EnvironmentalEconomicsEnvironmentaleconomics is a subfield of economics concerned with environmental issues.ConceptsCentral to environmental economics is the concept of market failure (means that markets fail to allocate resources efficiently). Common forms of market failureincludeexternalities, non-excludability, and non-rivalry.Valuation。
高一生物必修一英语知识点生物（Biology）是研究生命的一门科学。
通过学习生物，我们可以了解自身的构成、生命的起源和进化、生物的多样性以及生态系统的运行等。
在高一生物必修一中，我们将学习一些英语知识点，帮助我们更好地理解和学习这门学科。
1. Cell（细胞）The cell is the basic unit of life. It is the smallest unit that can carry out all the functions necessary for life. Cells can be categorized into two types: prokaryotic cells, which have no organized nucleus, and eukaryotic cells, which have a true nucleus.2. Cell Membrane（细胞膜）The cell membrane is a thin, flexible barrier that surrounds the cell. It controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell and maintains the cell's internal environment. The cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.3. DNA（脱氧核糖核酸）DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the genetic material that carries the instructions for the development, functioning, and reproduction ofall living organisms. DNA is a double helix structure made up of nucleotides, and it is located in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.4. Reproduction（生殖）Reproduction is the process by which new individuals of the same species are produced. There are two main types of reproduction: asexual reproduction, which involves a single parent and produces genetically identical offspring, and sexual reproduction, which involves two parents and produces genetically diverse offspring.5. Photosynthesis（光合作用）Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose. It takes place in the chloroplasts of plant cells and requires sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose and oxygen.6. Respiration（呼吸）Respiration is the process by which living organisms exchange gases with their environment. In aerobic respiration, which occurs in the presence of oxygen, glucose is broken down to release energy, carbon dioxide, and water. In anaerobic respiration, which occurs in theabsence of oxygen, glucose is partially broken down, producing lactic acid or alcohol.7. Genetics（遗传学）Genetics is the branch of biology that studies heredity and the variation of inherited traits. It involves the study of genes, which are segments of DNA that contain the instructions for the development and functioning of organisms. Genetic inheritance can be described by Mendelian genetics, which explains the transmission of dominant and recessive traits.8. Evolution（进化）Evolution is the process of change in all forms of life over generations. It is driven by the mechanisms of natural selection, mutation, genetic drift, and migration. The theory of evolution, proposed by Charles Darwin, explains how organisms adapt and evolve through the process of natural selection.9. Ecology（生态学）Ecology is the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment. It includes the study of ecosystems, communities, populations, and individuals. Ecological concepts such as food chains,energy flow, and the cycling of nutrients are important for understanding the interactions between organisms and their habitats.10. Biotechnology（生物技术）Biotechnology is the application of biological knowledge and techniques in various fields, such as medicine, agriculture, and industry. It involves the use of living organisms or their products to develop new technologies and solve practical problems. Biotechnology has contributed to advancements in areas such as genetic engineering, pharmaceuticals, and food production.以上是高一生物必修一中的一些重要的英语知识点。
