冠词学案
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冠词概述:冠词在英文中属于虚词,在句子中主要是对名词期限定作用。
A.不定冠词在句子中最大的语法功能是:用在可数名词的单数形式前表示泛指表明一类人或事物,区别于他类。
I am a Chinese. This is a bookB. 为了读音的方便,在以元音音素开头的口述名词的单数名词前用an 而不用a. 当我们使用an 时,条件有三:①这个名词的读音必须是以元音音素开头——即它的音标的第一个音素是元音,而不是说它是以元音字母开头。
②它必须是可数名词。
③它还必须是单数名词。
A university an hour an orange an engineer an ordinary man an honest personC.在英文中,a/an 并不等于oneHe only has one dictionary.(正确)He only has a dictionary. (错误)1.不用冠词的情况(1)人名、地名等专有名词;物质名词、抽象名词等不可数名词前,一般不加冠词。
China , America, SmithAir is matter. The world is made of matterPeople can’t live without air. Tom Hanks was a very famous actor.(2)可数名词前有物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等限制时,不加冠词。
This dictionary is mine.Each member in our department has a computer.(3)季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐名称前一般不加冠词。
March, May Day(五一劳动节), National Day, Children’s Day,Have you had supper? Spring is the best season of the year.(4)称呼语或指家用雇用的nurse、cook等名词前及表示头衔职务的名词作宾语、补语及同位语时,一般不加冠词。
What’s this, Father? We made him our chairman.Ask nurse to put the child to bed. Professor Li.Mr.Rieder likes tennis.(5)学科名称、球类、棋类名称前不加冠词。
Do you study physics? He likes playing football/chess.(6)复数名词表示泛指一类人或事物时前不用冠词。
They are peasants/ workers. Horses are useful animals(7)在与by连用的交通工具名称前不加冠词。
by car, by bus, by bike, by train, by air/ water/ land但:take a bus, come in a boat, on the train/ bus需注意。
(8)某些固定词组中不用冠词。
①名词词组中:husband and wife, brother and sister, body and soul, day and night, knife and fork②介词词组中:in (to)class, in (to,at, from)university(college),in(at) church 做礼拜go to church attend church 去做礼拜after church 做完礼拜之后to(in,into, out of)prison(hospital, bed),to(at, from, out of)work, to(in, from) town,come to town到城里来,down town(从郊区或郊外高地)进城[美]城市的商业区, 闹市区go to town 到城里去hit town来到城里in town在城里; [英]在伦敦out of town不在城里, 在乡下;at (from)home, go to sea 当水手at sea 在海上航行;茫然at night(noon, midnight), by car (bus, bicycle, plane),on foot go to school at school after school go to bed in bed day by day by way of 途径by chance 意外地by nature 天生地by mistake 无意地for instance 例如for example from time to time 不时地in case 以防万一in fact 事实上in memory of 为纪念keep pace with 跟上…步伐注意:在有些词组中,有无冠词含义不同。
in hospital 住院(因病)in the hospital在医院(工作、参观等)In front of在前面,指某物体之外in the front of在前部,指某物之内in charge负责,主管out of question没问题in the charge由……负责out of the question不可能(9)as引导的让步状语从句中,作表语的名词不带冠词。
Child as she is, she knows a lot of French.(10)系动词turn(作“变成”解)后作表语的单数可数名词前习惯不用冠词。
The young girl has turned writer.= The young girl has become a writer.(11)在单数名词+ after + 同一单数名词(表示“一个接一个”)结构中,单数可数名词前不加冠词。
She did experiment after experiment.类似的还有:shop after shop, mistake after mistake(12)形容词的最高级前、序数词前也有不用定冠词的情况。
①“most + 形容词原级”作“十分、非常、极”解时,前面不用定冠词。
Oh, it’s most beautiful.②当两个形容词最高级并列修饰同一个名词时,第二个形容词前通常不用定冠词。
She is the tallest and fattest girl in our school.③当形容词最高级作表语,不表示与其他人或物相比时,其前不用定冠词。
The market in the country is busiest in winter.④形容词最高级前有名词所有格或物主代词时,不能用定冠词。
A wolf in a sheep’s skin is our most dangerous enemy.(13)no与such连用时应放在such之前,such后面的名词不用冠词。
No such thing has ever happened in this village.(14)never、ever置于作主语的名词前,这些名词前不用冠词。
Never did student study so hard.这个学生从未学得这么认真。
(15)有时为了节省空间、时间、金钱和精力,或为了引起注意力,省去a(n)或the,这主要用于新闻标题、工商业文件、广告、电报、公告、提纲、书名等。
Conference opens.会议召开了。
2.定冠词的使用情况A. 定冠词在句子中,即可以用于可数名词前,也可以用于不可数名词前;既用在数名词的单数前,也用在可数名词复数前。
从表达意义上讲,它既可表达this, that 的意义,也可表达these, those 的意义。
This is the very ink I’m going to buy.B. 定冠词在句子中最大的语法功能是对名词加以限定,使其成为具有某种意义的特定名词。
Here are the records you want.(1)使用定冠词的一般情况。
①特指某人某事Welllington is the capital of New ZealandThis is the classroom where we often attend lectures.②第二次提到。
He, suddenly, saw an isolated house at the foot of the mountain. And curiosity made him approaching the house.③序数词前、最高级前、和表示方位的名词前Thanksgiving Day is on the 4th Thursday in November.Changjiang is the longest river in China.Japan lies to the east of China.④独一无二的东西前We have friends all over the world.The moon goes around the earth.⑤说话任何听话人都熟悉的人或事物Be sure to bring me the book when you come next time.-----Where to go, Jack? ----- To the library.⑥用于表示发明物的单数可数名词前或某些专有名词前, 表示一个代表一类The computer was invented in 1945.The horse is a useful animal.⑦序数词前面一般加定冠词表示“第……”之意,但在second、third等词前加不定冠词表示“又一,再一”之意。
…why you took a second arrow注意:下句中“a first”表示“第一名、冠军”。
He is a top student in our class, he often gets a first in maths.(2)定冠词使用特殊的场合。
①He hit him in the face.beat sb. on the nose, take sb. by the arm, pat sb. on the head②the rich, the poor, the wounded 富人,穷人,伤员③the elder of the two, the more beautiful of the two两者中较年长的一位,较漂亮的一个④The sooner, the better.越快越好。