Financial Accounting(Intermediate)Ch7

Chapter. 11-1As in many ethics issues, there is no one right answer. The local newspaper reported on this issue in these terms: "The company covered up the first report, and the local newspaper uncovered the company's secret. The company was forced to not locate here (Collier County). It became patently clear that doing the least that is legally allowed is not enough."1-21. B2. B3. E4. F5. B6. F7. X 8. E 9. X 10. B1-3a. $96,500 ($25,000 + $71,500)b. $67,750 ($82,750 – $15,000)c. $19,500 ($37,000 – $17,500)1-4a. $275,000 ($475,000 – $200,000)b. $310,000 ($275,000 + $75,000 – $40,000)c. $233,000 ($275,000 – $15,000 – $27,000)d. $465,000 ($275,000 + $125,000 + $65,000)e. Net income: $45,000 ($425,000 – $105,000 – $275,000)1-5a. owner's equityb.liabilityc.assetd.assete.owner's equityf. asset 1-6a. Increases assets and increases owner’s equity.b. Increases assets and increases owner’s equity.c. Decreases assets and decreases owner’s equity.d. Increases assets and increases liabilities.e. Increases assets and decreases assets.1-71. increase2. decrease3.increase4. decrease1-8a. (1) Sale of catering services for cash, $25,000.(2) Purchase of land for cash, $10,000.(3) Payment of expenses, $16,000.(4) Purchase of supplies on account, $800.(5) Withdrawal of cash by owner, $2,000.(6) Payment of cash to creditors, $10,600.(7) Recognition of cost of supplies used, $1,400.b. $13,600 ($18,000 – $4,400)c. $5,600 ($64,100 – $58,500)d. $7,600 ($25,000 – $16,000 – $1,400)e. $5,600 ($7,600 – $2,000)1-9It would be incorrect to say that the business had incurred a net loss of $21,750. The excess of the withdrawals over the net income for the period is a decrease in the amount of owner’s equity in the business.1-10Balance sheet items: 1, 3, 4, 8, 9, 101-11Income statement items: 2, 5, 6, 71-12MADRAS COMPANYStatement of Owner’s EquityFor the Month Ended April 30, 2006Leo Perkins, capital, April 1, 2006 ............................. $297,200 Net income for the month ........................................... $73,000Less withdrawals ........................................................ 12,000Increase in owner’s equity ......................................... 61,000Leo Perkins, capital, April 30, 2006 ........................... $358,2001-13HERCULES SERVICESIncome StatementFor the Month Ended November 30, 2006Fees earned ................................................................. $232,120 Operating expenses:Wages expense ........................................................ $100,100Rent expense ........................................................... 35,000Supplies expense .................................................... 4,550Miscellaneous expense ........................................... 3,150Total operating expenses ................................... 142,800 Net income ................................................................... $ 89,3201-14Balance sheet: b, c, e, f, h, i, j, l, m, n, oIncome statement: a, d, g, k1-151. b–investing activity2.a–operating activity3. c–financing activity4.a–operating activity1-16a. 2003: $10,209 ($30,011 – $19,802)2002: $8,312 ($26,394 – $18,082)b. 2003: 0.52 ($10,209 ÷ $19,802)2002: 0.46 ($8,312 ÷ $18,082)c. T he ratio of liabilities to stockholders’ equity increased from 2002 to 2003,indicating an increase in risk for creditors. However, the assets of The Home Depot are more than sufficient to satisfy creditor claims. Chapter. 22-1AccountAccount NumberAccounts Payable 21Accounts Receivable 12Cash 11Corey Krum, Capital 31Corey Krum, Drawing 32Fees Earned 41Land 13Miscellaneous Expense 53Supplies Expense 52Wages Expense 512-2Balance Sheet Accounts Income Statement Accounts1. Assets11 Cash12 Accounts Receivable13 Supplies14 Prepaid Insurance15 Equipment2. Liabilities21 Accounts Payable22 Unearned Rent3. Owner's Equity31 Millard Fillmore, Capital32 Millard Fillmore, Drawing4. Revenue41 Fees Earned5. Expenses51 Wages Expense52 Rent Expense53 Supplies Expense59 Miscellaneous Expense2-3a. andb.Account Debited Account Credited Transaction Type Effect Type Effect(1) asset + owner's equity +(2) asset + asset –(3) asset + asset –liability +(4) expense + asset –(5) asset + revenue +(6) liability –asset –(7) asset + asset –(8) drawing + asset –(9) expense + asset –Ex. 2–4(1) Cash ...................................................................... 40,000Ira Janke, Capital ............................................ 40,000(2) Supplies ............................................................... 1,800Cash ................................................................ 1,800(3) Equipment ............................................................ 24,000Accounts Payable .......................................... 15,000Cash ................................................................ 9,000(4) Operating Expenses ............................................ 3,050Cash ................................................................ 3,050(5) Accounts Receivable .......................................... 12,000Service Revenue ............................................ 12,000(6) Accounts Payable ................................................ 7,500Cash ................................................................ 7,500(7) Cash ...................................................................... 9,500Accounts Receivable ..................................... 9,500(8) Ira Janke, Drawing ............................................... 5,000Cash ................................................................ 5,000(9) Operating Expenses ............................................ 1,050Supplies .......................................................... 1,050 2-51. debit and credit (c)2. debit and credit (c)3. debit and credit (c)4. credit only (b)5. debit only (a)6. debit only (a)7. debit only (a)2-6a. Liability—credit f. Revenue—creditb. Asset—debit g. Asset—debitc. Asset—debit h. Expense—debitd. Owner's equity i. Asset—debit(Cindy Yost, Capital)—credit j. Expense—debite. Owner's equity(Cindy Yost, Drawing)—debit2-7a. credit g. debitb. credit h. debitc. debit i. debitd. credit j. credite. debit k. debitf. credit l. credit2-8a. Debit (negative) balance of $1,500 ($10,500 – $4,000 – $8,000). Such anega tive balance means that the liabilities of Seth’s busine ssexceed the assets.b. Yes. The balance sheet prepared at December 31 will balance, withSeth Fite, Capital, being reported in the owner’s equity section as anegative $1,500.2-9a. The increase of $28,750 in the cash account does not indicateearnings of that amount. Earnings will represent the net change inall assets and liabilities from operating transactions.b. $7,550 ($36,300 – $28,750)2-10a. $40,550 ($7,850 + $41,850 – $9,150)b. $63,000 ($61,000 + $17,500 – $15,500)c. $20,800 ($40,500 – $57,700 + $38,000)2-112005Aug. 1 Rent Expense ....................................................... 1,500Cash ................................................................ 1,5002 Advertising Expense (700)Cash (700)4 Supplies ............................................................... 1,050Cash ................................................................ 1,0506 Office Equipment ................................................. 7,500Accounts Payable .......................................... 7,5008 Cash ...................................................................... 3,600Accounts Receivable ..................................... 3,60012 Accounts Payable ................................................ 1,150Cash ................................................................ 1,15020 Gayle McCall, Drawing ........................................ 1,000Cash ................................................................ 1,00025 Miscellaneous Expense (500)Cash (500)30 Utilities Expense (195)Cash (195)31 Accounts Receivable .......................................... 10,150Fees Earned .................................................... 10,15031 Utilities Expense (380)Cash (380)2-12a.JOURNAL Page 43Post.Date Description Ref. Debit Credit 2006Oct. 27 Supplies .................................................. 15 1,320Accounts Payable .............................. 21 1,320 Purchased supplies on account.b.,c.,d.Supplies 15Post.BalanceDate Item Ref. Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. 2006Oct. 1 Balance ................................. ✓ ........... ........... 585 ...........27 ............................................... 43 1,320 ........... 1,905 ........... Accounts Payable 21 2006Oct. 1 Balance ................................. ✓ ........... ........... ........... 6,15027 ............................................... 43 ........... 1,320 ........... 7,4702-13Inequality of trial balance totals would be caused by errors described in(b) and (d).2-14ESCALADE CO.Trial BalanceDecember 31, 2006Cash ................................................................... 13,375Accounts Receivable ......................................................... 24,600Prepaid Insurance .............................................................. 8,000Equipment .......................................................................... 75,000Accounts Payable .............................................................. 11,180 Unearned Rent ................................................................... 4,250 Erin Capelli, Capital ........................................................... 82,420 Erin Capelli, Drawing ......................................................... 10,000Service Revenue ................................................................ 83,750 Wages Expense .................................................................. 42,000Advertising Expense ......................................................... 7,200 Miscellaneous Expense ..................................................... 1,425 181,600 181,6002-15a. Gerald Owen, Drawing ........................................ 15,000Wages Expense .............................................. 15,000b. Prepaid Rent ........................................................ 4,500Cash ................................................................ 4,500 2-16题目的资料不全, 答案略.2-17a. KMART CORPORATIONIncome StatementFor the Years Ending January 31, 2000 and 1999(in millions)Increase (Decrease)2000 1999 Amount Percent1. Sales .................................................. $ 37,028 $ 35,925 $ 1,103 3.1%2. Cost of sales ..................................... (29,658) (28,111) 1,547 5.5%3. Selling, general, and admin.expenses ........................................... (7,415) (6,514) 901 13.8%4. Operating income (loss)before taxes ...................................... $ (45) $ 1,300 $(1,345) (103.5%) b. The horizontal analysis of Kmart Corporation reveals deterioratingoperating results from 1999 to 2000. While sales increased by $1,103million, a 3.1% increase, cost of sales increased by $1,547 million, a5.5% increase. Selling, general, and administrative expenses alsoincreased by $901 million, a 13.8% increase. The end result was thatoperating income decreased by $1,345 million, over a 100%decrease, and created a $45 million loss in 2000. Little over a yearlater, Kmart filed for bankruptcy protection. It has now emerged frombankruptcy, hoping to return to profitability.3-11. Accrued expense (accrued liability)2. Deferred expense (prepaid expense)3. Deferred revenue (unearned revenue)4. Accrued revenue (accrued asset)5. Accrued expense (accrued liability)6. Accrued expense (accrued liability)7. Deferred expense (prepaid expense)8. Deferred revenue (unearned revenue)3-2Supplies Expense (801)Supplies (801)3-3$1,067 ($118 + $949)3-4a. Insurance expense (or expenses) will be understated. Net income willbe overstated.b. Prepaid insurance (or assets) will be overstated. Owner’s equity willbe overstated.3-5a.Insurance Expense ............................................................ 1,215Prepaid Insurance ............................................... 1,215 b.Insurance Expense ............................................................ 1,215Prepaid Insurance ............................................... 1,215 3-6Unearned Fees ...................................................................... 9,570Fees Earned ......................................................... 9,570 3-7a.Salary Expense .................................................................. 9,360Salaries Payable .................................................. 9,360 b.Salary Expense .................................................................. 12,480Salaries Payable .................................................. 12,480 3-8$59,850 ($63,000 – $3,150)3-9$195,816,000 ($128,776,000 + $67,040,000)3-10Error (a) Error (b)Over- Under- Over- Under-stated stated stated stated1. Revenue for the year would be ............... $ 0 $6,900 $ 0 $ 02. Expenses for the year would be ............. 0 0 0 3,7403. Net income for the year would be .......... 0 6,900 3,740 04. Assets at December 31 would be ........... 0 0 0 05. Liabilities at December 31 would be ...... 6,900 0 0 3,7406. Owner’s equity at December 31would be ................................................... 0 6,900 3,740 0 3-11$175,840 ($172,680 + $6,900 – $3,740)3-12a.Accounts Receivable ......................................................... 11,500Fees Earned ......................................................... 11,500 b. No. If the cash basis of accounting is used, revenues are recognizedonly when the cash is received. Therefore, earned but unbilledrevenues would not be recognized in the accounts, and no adjustingentry would be necessary.3-13a. Fees earned (or revenues) will be understated. Net income will beunderstated.b. Accounts (fees) receivable (or assets) will be understated. Owner’sequity will be understated.3-14Depreciation Expense .......................................................... 5,200Accumulated Depreciation ................................. 5,200 3-15a. $204,600 ($318,500 – $113,900)b. No. Depreciation is an allocation of the cost of the equipment to theperiods benefiting from its use. It does not necessarily relate to valueor loss of value.3-16a. $2,268,000,000 ($5,891,000,000 – $3,623,000,000)b. No. Depreciation is an allocation method, not a valuation method.That is, depreciation allocates the cost of a fixed asset over its usefullife. Depreciation does not attempt to measure market values, whichmay vary significantly from year to year.3-17a.Depreciation Expense ....................................................... 7,500Accumulated Depreciation ................................. 7,500 b. (1) Depreciation expense would be understated. Net income wouldbe overstated.(2) Accumulated depreciation would be understated, and total assetswould be overstated. Owner’s equity would be ove rstated.3-181.Accounts Receivable (4)Fees Earned (4)2.Supplies Expense (3)Supplies (3)3.Insurance Expense (8)Prepaid Insurance (8)4.Depreciation Expense (5)Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment (5)5.Wages Expense (1)Wages Payable (1)3-19a. Dell Computer CorporationAmount Percent Net sales $35,404,000 100.0Cost of goods sold (29,055,000) 82.1Operating expenses (3,505,000) 9.9Operating income (loss) $ 2,844,000 8.0b. Gateway Inc.Amount Percent Net sales $ 4,171,325 100.0Cost of goods sold (3,605,120) 86.4Operating expenses (1,077,447) 25.8Operating income (loss) $ (511,242) (12.2)c. Dell is more profitable than Gateway. Specifically, Dell’s cost ofg oods sold of 82.1% is significantly less (4.3%) than Gateway’s costof goods sold of 86.4%. In addition, Gateway’s operating expensesare over one-fourth of sales, while Dell’s operating expenses are9.9% of sales. The result is that Dell generates an operating incomeof 8.0% of sales, while Gateway generates a loss of 12.2% of sales.Obviously, Gateway must improve its operations if it is to remain inbusiness and remain competitive with Dell.4-1e, c, g, b, f, a, d4-2a. Income statement: 3, 8, 9b. Balance sheet: 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 104-3a. Asset: 1, 4, 5, 6, 10b. Liability: 9, 12c. Revenue: 2, 7d. Expense: 3, 8, 114-41. f2. c3. b4. h5. g6. j7. a8. i9. d10. e4–5ITHACA SERVICES CO.Work SheetFor the Year Ended January 31, 2006AdjustedTrial Balance Adjustments Trial Balance Account Title Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr.1Cash 8 8 1 2Accounts Receivable 50 (a) 7 57 2 3Supplies 8 (b) 5 3 3 4Prepaid Insurance 12 (c) 6 6 4 5Land 50 50 5 6Equipment 32 32 6 7Accum. Depr.—Equip. 2 (d) 5 7 7 8Accounts Payable 26 26 8 9Wages Payable 0 (e) 1 1 9 10Terry Dagley, Capital 112 112 10 11Terry Dagley, Drawing 8 8 11 12Fees Earned 60 (a) 7 67 12 13Wages Expense 16 (e) 1 17 13 14Rent Expense 8 8 1415Insurance Expense 0 (c) 6 6 15 16Utilities Expense 6 6 16 17Depreciation Expense 0 (d) 5 5 17 18Supplies Expense 0 (b) 5 5 18 19Miscellaneous Expense 2 2 19 20Totals 200 200 24 24 213 213 20 ContinueITHACA SERVICES CO.Work SheetFor the Year Ended January 31, 2006Adjusted Income BalanceTrial Balance StatementSheetAccount Title Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr.1Cash 8 8 1 2Accounts Receivable 57 57 2 3Supplies 3 3 3 4Prepaid Insurance 6 6 4 5Land 50 50 5 6Equipment 32 32 6 7Accum. Depr.—Equip. 7 7 7 8Accounts Payable 26 26 8 9Wages Payable 1 1 9 10Terry Dagley, Capital 112 112 10 11Terry Dagley, Drawing 8 8 11 12Fees Earned 67 67 12 13Wages Expense 17 17 13 14Rent Expense 8 8 14 15Insurance Expense 6 6 15 16Utilities Expense 6 6 16 17Depreciation Expense 5 5 17 18Supplies Expense 5 5 18 19Miscellaneous Expense 2 2 19 20Totals 213 213 49 67 164 146 20 21Net income (loss) 18 1821 2267 67 164 164 22 4-6ITHACA SERVICES CO.Income StatementFor the Year Ended January 31, 2006Fees earned ........................................................................ $67Expenses:Wages expense ........................................................... $17Rent expense (8)Insurance expense (6)Utilities expense (6)Depreciation expense (5)Supplies expense (5)Miscellaneous expense (2)Total expenses ........................................................49Net income ......................................................................... $18ITHACA SERVICES CO.Statemen t of Owner’s EquityFor the Year Ended January 31, 2006Terry Dagley, capital, February 1, 2005 ............................ $112Net income for the year ..................................................... $18Less withdrawals (8)Increase in owner’s equity................................................10Terry Dagley, capital, January 31, 2006 ........................... $122ITHACA SERVICES CO.Balance SheetJanuary 31, 2006Assets LiabilitiesCurrent assets: Current liabilities:Cash ............................. $ 8 Accounts payable ....... $26Accounts receivable ... 57 Wages payable (1)Supplies ....................... 3 Total liabilities ......... $ 27 Prepaid insurance . (6)Total current assets . $ 74Property, plant, and Owner’s E quity equipment: Terry Dagley, capital (122)Land ............................. $50Equipment ................... $32Less accum. depr........ 7 25Total property, plant,and equipment 75 Total liabilities andTotal assets ..................... $149 owner’s equity.......... $149 4-72006Jan. 31 Accounts Receivable (7)Fees Earned (7)31 Supplies Expense (5)Supplies (5)31 Insurance Expense (6)Prepaid Insurance (6)31 Depreciation Expense (5)Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment (5)31 Wages Expense (1)Wages Payable (1)4-82006Jan. 31 Fees Earned (67)Income Summary (67)31 Income Summary (49)Wages Expense (17)Rent Expense (8)Insurance Expense (6)Utilities Expense (6)Depreciation Expense (5)Supplies Expense (5)Miscellaneous Expense (2)31 Income Summary (18)Terry Dagley, Capital (18)31 Terry Dagley, Capital (8)Terry Dagley, Drawing (8)4-9SIROCCO SERVICES CO.Income StatementFor the Year Ended March 31, 2006Service revenue .................................................................$103,850Operating expenses:Wages expense ........................................................... $56,800Rent expense .............................................................. 21,270Utilities expense ......................................................... 11,500Depreciation expense ................................................. 8,000Insurance expense ..................................................... 4,100Supplies expense ....................................................... 3,100Miscellaneous expense .............................................. 2,250Total operating expenses ............................ 107,020Net loss .............................................................................. $ (3,170)4-10SYNTHESIS SYSTEMS CO.Statement of Owner’s EquityFor the Year Ended October 31, 2006Suzanne Jacob, capital, November 1, 2005 ..................... $173,750Net income for year ........................................................... $44,250Less withdrawals ............................................................... 12,000Increase in owner’s equity................................................32,250Suzanne Jacob, capital, October 31, 2006 ....................... $206,0004-11a. Current asset: 1, 3, 5, 6b. Property, plant, and equipment: 2, 44-12Since current liabilities are usually due within one year, $165,000 ($13,750 ×12 months) would be reported as a current liability on the balance sheet. The remainder of $335,000 ($500,000 – $165,000) would be reported as a long-term liability on the balance sheet.4-13TUDOR CO.Balance SheetApril 30, 2006Assets LiabilitiesCurrent assets Current liabilities:Cash $31,500 Accounts payable $9,500Accounts receivable ....................... 21,850 Salaries payable1,750Supplies................................................. 1,800 Unearned fees1,200Prepaid insurance ................................ 7,200 Total liabilities$12,450Prepaid rent ........................................... 4,800Total current assets $67,150 Owner’s EquityProperty, plant, and equipment: Vernon Posey, capital 114,200 Equipment ......................................... $80,600Less accumulated depreciation 21,100 59,500 Total liabilities andTotal assets $126,650 owner’s equity $126,6504-14Accounts Receivable ............................................................ 4,100Fees Earned .................................................... 4,100 Supplies Expense ................................................ 1,300Supplies .......................................................... 1,300 Insurance Expense .............................................. 2,000Prepaid Insurance .......................................... 2,000 Depreciation Expense ......................................... 2,800Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment ...... 2,800Wages Expense ................................................... 1,000Wages Payable ............................................... 1,000 Unearned Rent ..................................................... 2,500Rent Revenue ................................................. 2,500 4-15c. Depreciation Expense—Equipmentg. Fees Earnedi. Salaries Expensel. Supplies Expense4-16The income summary account is used to close the revenue and expense accounts, and it aids in detecting and correcting errors. The $450,750 represents expense account balances, and the $712,500 represents revenue account balances that have been closed.4-17a.Income Summary ............................................................... 167,550Sue Alewine, Capital ........................................... 167,550 Sue Alewine, Capital ............................................................. 25,000Sue Alewine, Drawing ......................................... 25,000 b. $284,900 ($142,350 + $167,550 – $25,000)4-18a. Accounts Receivableb. Accumulated Depreciationc. Cashe. Equipmentf. Estella Hall, Capitali. Suppliesk. Wages Payable4-19a. 2002 2001Working capital ($143,034) ($159,453)Current ratio 0.81 0.80b. 7 Eleven has negative working capital as of December 31, 2002 and2001. In addition, the current ratio is below one at the end of bothyears. While the working capital and current ratios have improvedfrom 2001 to 2002, creditors would likely be concerned about theability of 7 Eleven to meet its short-term credit obligations. Thisconcern would warrant further investigation to determine whetherthis is a temporary issue (for example, an end-of-the-periodphenomenon) and the company’s plans to address its workingcapital shortcomings.4-20a. (1) Sales Salaries Expense ............................................. 6,480Salaries Payable ................................................... 6,480(2) Accounts Receivable ................................................. 10,250Fees Earned .......................................................... 10,250 b. (1) Salaries Payable ......................................................... 6,480Sales Salaries Expense ........................................ 6,480(2) Fees Earned ................................................................ 10,250Accounts Receivable ............................................ 10,250 4-21a. (1) Payment (last payday in year)(2) Adjusting (accrual of wages at end of year)(3) Closing(4) Reversing(5) Payment (first payday in following year)b. (1) Wages Expense .......................................................... 45,000Cash ....................................................................... 45,000(2) Wages Expense .......................................................... 18,000Wages Payable ...................................................... 18,000(3) Income Summary ....................................................... 1,120,800Wages Expense .................................................... 1,120,800(4) Wages Payable ........................................................... 18,000Wages Expense .................................................... 18,000(5) Wages Expense .......................................................... 43,000Cash ....................................................................... 43,000 Chapter6（找不到答案，自己处理了哦）Ex. 8–1a. Inappropriate. Since Fridley has a large number of credit salessupported by promissory notes, a notes receivable ledger should bemaintained. Failure to maintain a subsidiary ledger when there are asignificant number of notes receivable transactions violates theinternal control procedure that mandates proofs and security.Maintaining a notes receivable ledger will allow Fridley to operatemore efficiently and will increase the chance that Fridley will detectaccounting errors related to the notes receivable. (The total of theaccounts in the notes receivable ledger must match the balance ofnotes receivable in the general ledger.)b. Inappropriate. The procedure of proper separation of duties isviolated. The accounts receivable clerk is responsible for too many。

Intermediate Financial AccountingIntroductionFinancial accounting is a fundamental component of a company’s management and reporting process. It involves the recording, analysis, and reporting of a company’s financial transactions. A strong foundation in financial accounting is essential for any individual looking to pursue a career in finance or accounting. This document aims to provide an overview of intermediate financial accounting concepts and principles.The Accounting CycleThe accounting cycle is a series of steps that are followed in the financial accounting process to ensure accurate and reliable financial reporting. The cycle begins with the recording of transactions and ends with the preparation of financial statements. The key steps in the accounting cycle include:1.Identifying and Analyzing Transactions: This step involvesidentifying relevant financial transactions and analyzing their impact on the company’s financial position.2.Recording Journal Entries: Journal entries are recorded todocument the financial transactions. These entries are made in the generaljournal, which is a chronological record of all transactions.3.Posting to General Ledger: The information from the journal entriesis transferred to the general ledger accounts, which are used to summarizetransactions for each account.4.Preparing Trial Balance: A trial balance is prepared to ensure thatall debit and credit balances in the general ledger are equal. If there are noerrors, the total debits will equal the total credits.5.Adjusting Entries: Adjusting entries are made at the end of theaccounting period to record any transactions that have not been previouslyrecorded, such as accruals and prepayments.6.Preparing Financial Statements: Financial statements, including theincome statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement, are prepared toreport the company’s financial performance and position.7.Closing Entries: Closing entries are made to transfer balances fromtemporary accounts (such as revenue and expense accounts) to permanentaccounts (such as retained earnings).8.Preparing Post-Closing Trial Balance: A post-closing trial balance isprepared to ensure that all temporary accounts have been closed and that the accounting records are ready for the next accounting period.Financial Statement AnalysisFinancial statement analy sis involves the examination of a company’s financial statements to assess its financial performance and position. It helps in understanding the company’s profitability, liquidity, solvency, and efficiency. The key tools and techniques used in financial statement analysis include:•Horizontal Analysis: Horizontal analysis compares financial statement items over multiple periods to identify trends and changes.•Vertical Analysis: Vertical analysis involves expressing each financial statement item as a percentage of a base amount, such as total assets or netsales, to assess the relative importance of each item.•Ratio Analysis: Ratio analysis involves calculating and interpreting financial ratios to assess the company’s liquidity, solvency, profitability, and efficiency.•Common Size Ratios: Common size ratios are used to compare the relative percentages of different items within a financial statement.•DuPont Analysis: DuPont analysis decomposes the return on equity (ROE) into its components to assess the company’s profitability, efficiency, and leverage.Revenue Recognition and Expense RecognitionThe principles of revenue recognition and expense recognition are fundamental to financial accounting. These principles determine when revenue and expenses should be recognized in the financial statements. The generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) provide guidelines for revenue recognition and expense recognition.•Revenue Recognition: Revenue is generally recognized when it is earned and realizable. It is earned when the company has delivered goods or services to the customer, and it is realizable when the company can reasonably expect to collect the amount. There are specific criteria for recognizing revenue from different sources, such as sales of goods, provision of services, andinterest and dividends.•Expense Recognition: Expenses are recognized when they are incurred and have a cause-and-effect relationship with revenue. The matching principle requires expenses to be recognized in the same period as the revenuethey help generate. There are different methods of expense recognition, such as the accrual basis and the cash basis.Inventory Valuation MethodsInventory valuation is a crucial aspect of financial accounting, as it impacts the company’s profitability, assets, and financial ratios. There are different methods used to value inventory, including:•FIFO (First-In, First-Out): The FIFO method assumes that the first units of inventory purchased or produced are the first to be sold or used. Itresults in the cost of goods sold being based on the oldest inventory.•LIFO (Last-In, First-Out): The LIFO method assumes that the last units of inventory purchased or produced are the first to be sold or used. Itresults in the cost of goods sold being based on the most recent inventory.•Weighted Average Cost: The weighted average cost method calculates the average cost of inventory based on the average cost per unit. It is calculated by dividing the total cost of goods available for sale by the total units available for sale.Each inventory valuation method has its advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of method can have a significant impact on the company’s f inancial statements and taxes.ConclusionIntermediate financial accounting plays a vital role in providing accurate and reliable financial information for decision-making and reporting. Understanding the accounting cycle, financial statement analysis, revenue recognition and expense recognition principles, and inventory valuation methods is essential for anyone seeking to excel in the field of finance or accounting. By acquiring a solid foundation in these concepts, individuals can enhance their ability to interpret financial data and contribute to the success of their organizations.。

What is financial accounting什么是财务会计Do you find it hard to understand the concepts of financial accounting? If yes, then this article is just the right thing which you need.Go through the blog. You will understand all the basics of financial accounting surely. Don’t worry if things don’t look easy to you. If you have chosen it for further studies, stick to your decision. The subject is perfect for all those who aspire to build a perfect career. Read out the blog, and you will be done with the basics of financial accounting. Also, you can clear your doubts by getting personalised assignment help online.Just remember:Nothing is difficult to do. All success takes is dedication and consistency.Let’s get a quick overview. You will know what you are going to know about financial accounting through this blog. Here we go:-What is financial accounting? -Description of financial accounting -Financial statements I. Income Statement II. Balance Sheet III. The Cash Flow Statement IV. The Statement of Retained Earnings –Difference between Financial and Managerial AccountingWhat is Financial Accounting?Financial accounting is the procedure of preparing financial statements for companies. These financial statements are used to show the financial ups and downs. Also, it shows the position of the company to its relevant people.The users of financial statements are of two types: Insider users Outside users. The inside users are the people who work within the company, i.e. the management and staff. On the other hand, outside users are those are connected to the company but not from within the company. These are: -Creditors -Investors -Suppliers -Customers of the companyDescription of financial accountingWe know that financial accounting is a segment of accounting which keeps track of financial transactions. In this part of the article, we will discuss it a little more. The accountants use standardised guidelines to record transactions. It summarizes them to present a financial statement. These financial statements are: -Balance sheet -Income statement -The cash flow statement -The statement of retained earnings.Majorly, companies issue the financial statements on fix intervals. These statements are considered as externals. This is because they are to be handed over to the outsiders. By outsiders, I mean those who are linked with a company from outside. The primary recipients of the financial statements are owners and stockholders and some lenders as well.It depends upon the structure of the company that in which length will the financial statements will be regulated. If a company or corporation’s stocks are traded publicly, then it’s obvious that the statements will be circulated widely to a number of secondary recipients. These recipients include -Competitors -Employees -Customers -Investment analysts -Labor organisations.It is important to highlight the main purpose of financial accounting. It is to provide enough information for others. So that, they can assess the value of a company for themselves and not report the value of a company.Financial statementsUsually, companies prefer to put the quarterly and annual financial statements together. Then they make them available for shareholders and the investing public. There are four fundamental financial statements used in the corporate world.1. Income statementThe income statement is also known as the profit and loss statement. It covers a particular period of time. This period can be a year or a quarter. This statement shows profitability in a specific time period.The major components of the income statement are:-Revenues -Expenses -Gains and losses-Revenues involve the following: sales, interest revenue, and service revenue.-Expenses involve the cost of goods sold, non operating expenses. It includes: expense operating expenses (salaries, advertising, utilities, rent, etc.)If a corporation’s stock is publicly traded, the earnings per share of its common stock are reported on the income statement.The basic structure of an income statement is:Revenues – Expenses = Net IncomeAdhering to GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) revenue is recorded in a period which witnesses the sale of goods andservices. It may or may not be the same period in which the cash is received.Tips to prepare an income statement(a) Format the bodyIncome statements have four different segments: The 1st segment of the income statement calculates gross profit from sales revenue and cost of goods sold. The 2nd segment deals with the calculation of operating income from operating expenses and gross profit. The 3rd segment deals with the calculation of non-operating income. This income is based on expenses and non-operating revenues. The 4th segment deals with the calculation of net income using all expense and revenue information.(b) Make the gross profit section-Write “Sales revenue” below the income statement header. Mention the sales revenue for the period. -Mention “Cost of goods sold” below “Sal es revenue.” You should list the cost of goods sold in the period. -Label the next line as “Gross profit.” -Subtract the cost of goods sold from sales revenue.(c) Make the operating income sheet-Mention every specific operating expense. –Add every operating expense line item Do this to determine the total operating expenses. -Label the next line as “operating income.”(d) Make the Non-operating Income Section-Write down every specific non-operating revenue. -Write down the non-operating expenses the business has. -Deduct non-operating expenses from non-operating revenues.(d) Make the net-income section–the next line as “Net-income.” -Add non-operating income to operating income. -Transfer the remaining balance to the retained earnings.2. Balance SheetThe balance sheet is a statement which deals with the assets and liabilities at the ending of an accounting period. It can be considered as an overall financial picture at the particular period of time.The balance sheet is divided into three parts:AssetsLiabilitiesThe balance sheet is divided into three parts: AssetsLiabilitiesStockholder’s equityStockholder’s equityFirst SectionThis is the first section of the balance sheet. In this one, we report the assets of a company. Assets include: -Cash -Inventory -Building -Accounts receivable -Equipment -Prepaid InsuranceNext SectionThe midsection is responsible for reporting the liabilities of a company. It deals with the obligations which are due till date. Most often it constitutes the word “payable.” For instance, Wages Payable, Accounts Payable, Interest Payable, etc.Final SectionThe final section of a balance sheet is stockholders’ equity. You can understand it as a difference between the amount of liabilities and the amount of assets.The basic structure of a balance sheet is:Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ EquityStockholder’s Equity It is the amount of finance provided by operations. It is the retained earning which distributed to stockholders. Plus, it is done by stockholders who reinvest through the contributed capital. I will also tell you how you can become a pro in making balance sheets. Check out the tips below, use them and see the difference.Tips for preparing a balance sheet(a) Understand the basic equation completelyThe basic structure which stands above is the basic equation for financial accounting. You have to make sure that you understand it perfectly. Though, it will take your time as you will have to get into some details. This is because the equation is a very simplifiedversion of everything. Everything that a real balance sheet calculate.(b) Calculate the assetsAssets, money, investments, and products the business owns that can be converted into cash. These are what put companies in the financial positive. A company must have assets that are more than the sum of its liabilities. This generates value in the company’s stock or equity and gives new opportunities for financing. Assets are two types: Fixed assets: supplies, property, and intangible assets Current Assets: Cash, accounts receivable, inventory, prepaid insurance, securities.(c) Identify the liabilitiesLiabilities are a negative part of every equation. It involves operational costs, material expenses, and debt. The lower the liabilities, the greater the value of the company. “Current Liabilities” include cash spent, as well as any debts that must be paid out within one year, while “Fixed Liabilities” refer to bills due any time after one year.Liabilities are of two types:Fixed liabilities: Bills which are due anytime after one year. It includes Shareholder’s loan, bonds payable, car loan, pension benefit obligations, etc.Current liabilities: The cash spent, and any debts that must be paid out within the period of a year. It includes: -Taxes owed -Wages payroll -Accounts payable -Unearned revenue -Operating line of credit -Business credit cards(d) Equity valuationOwner’s Equity = Assets – LiabilitiesThe value of the assets minus the liabilities gives an estimation of the value of the co mpany’s capital. It is easy to understand that if this equation will give a negative result, then the situation is harmful to the company. This will hamper secured financing. Equity includes: -Capital Stock -Dividends paid -Retained Earnings -Owner’s draw -Opening balance equity3. The cash flow statementThis statement provides the actual cash flow into the company in and out of a company in a particular time. In contrast with the income statement which shows the net income, cash flow statement showcases the cash from different activities.The statement of cash flow is categorized into three parts:Operating ActivitiesInvesting ActivitiesFinancing Activities-The section of operating activities describes: the way in which company’s cash or cashequivalents have changed with effect to the operations.-The section of investing activities deals with: the amount received or spent in transactions which involve long-term assets.-The last section is of financing activities which express the following aspects: money spent to remove long-term liabilities, issuance of stock or issuance of long-term debt.Tips to prepare a cash flow statement(a) Gather important data and documents-Balance sheet (statement of financial position)-Statement of variations in equity for the current reporting period-Statement of comprehensive income (profit or loss statement + statement of other comprehensive income if applicable)-Statement of cash flows for the previous reporting period(b) Put the change of balance sheet in the cash flowThe rationale that backs this step is that every change in the balance sheet can influence the cash flow statement. You must check out the changes in your balance sheet and enter every number to the blank form of cash flow statement.(c)Make Adjustments for Non-cash ItemsMake the statement of other comprehensive income and profit or loss statement. After this, identify numbers where the non-cashtransactions can be recorded. let’s see how non-cash adjustments are as follows:-The expense for recognition or income from recognition of various provisions-Change in revaluation reserves-Barter transactions-Depreciation expense-Interest income and expense-Income tax expense-Foreign exchange differences at the end of the period-Revaluation of certain assets and liabilities at the end of the period-Transfer the balance of net income to retained earnings4. The statement of retained earningsStatement of retained earnings is the last one on the list. This one records the earnings kept by the organization or company. Plus, the dividend paid from the earnings to shareholders. The notes to financial statements give additional information on companies financial status. The three kinds of notes explain accounting rules used to, give more detail about a particular item on financial statements, produce the statements & supply more information regarding an item not on the statements.(a) Retained earnings are the part of the net income which is not distributed among the shareholders. It retains within the business for different purposes. Major ones are the growth of business and to meet the debt obligations. It relies on the profit and loss the company bears. If the net income increases the retained earning increases as well and vice-versa as well. It is shown as a component of stockholders equity in the balance sheet.(b) Tips to prepare a statement of retained earnings(c) Prepare a heading for the statement of retained earnings(d) Your Statement of Retained Earnings must constitute a three-line header. The first line isthe name of the company. The second line is, “Statement of Retained Earnings.” The last and third line is “For the Year Ended XXXXX.”(e) Mention the previous balance of retained earningsThe very first component on a Statement of Retained Earnings needs to be the balance of retained earnings from the previous year. This can be traced from the balance sheet of the preceding year.(c) Do add the net income from the income statement(f) The second financial statement is the statement of retained earning itself. Plus, the income statement is the first one. You just haveto add the net income from the income statement.(g) Additional InformationPreparing the fundamental statement of retained earnings is straightforward. There are a few more details shown in an actual retained earnings statement.This was the general outline of structuring different financial statements. By following the tips anybody can learn to prepare financial statements. Still, if in case you find anything tough to do, you can always clear your doubts by availing assignment help.Difference between Financial and Managerial AccountingIt is important for you to know the difference between financial and managerial accounting. Managerial accounting subject is too different from financial accounting. It deals with preparing detailed reports for the managers inside the company. It is also known as cost accounting. Let’s get into a quick differentiation between both:Prepared at the end of the accounting periodNow, we have discussed enough regarding the meaning and major components of financial accounting. Now, it’s time to see what can you can by investing your time in the subject. In the next section, you will get an insight to the career opportunities after studying financial accounting.ConclusionHere is the time to look back and give a quick revision to yourself. In the beginning, we dealt with the meaning and description of financialaccounting, through which we knew that it is all about recording and presenting the financial transactions and status of a company or an organisation. After this, we went to look over the main components of the concept which are the four different financial statements. I hope by reading them, you know the way in which the four statements, i.e., the income statement, balance sheet, the cash flow statement and the statement of retained earnings are made. Then we made a quick comparison between financial and managerial accounting.。

AccountingTerms常用会计词汇中英对照Accounting system 会计系统American Accounting Association 美国会计协会American Institute of CPAs 美国注册会计师协会Audit 审计Balance sheet 资产负债表Bookkeepking 簿记Cash flow prospects 现金流量推测Certificate in Internal Auditing 内部审计证书Certificate in Management Accounting 治理会计证书Certificate Public Accountant注册会计师Cost accounting 成本会计 External users 外部使用者Financial accounting 财务会计Financial Accounting Standards Board 财务会计准那么委员会Financial forecast 财务推测Generally accepted accounting principles 公认会计原那么General-purpose information 通用目的信息Government Accounting Office 政府会计办公室Income statement 损益表Institute of Internal Auditors 内部审计师协会Institute of Management Accountants 治理会计师协会Integrity 整合性Internal auditing 内部审计Internal control structure 内部操纵结构Internal Revenue Service 国内收入署Internal users 内部使用者Management accounting 治理会计Return of investment 投资回报Return on investment 投资酬劳Securities and Exchange Commission 证券交易委员会Statement of cash flow 现金流量表Statement of financial position 财务状况表Tax accounting 税务会计Accounting equation 会计等式Articulation 勾稽关系Assets 资产Business entity 企业个体Capital stock 股本Corporation 公司Cost principle 成本原那么Creditor 债权人Deflation 通货紧缩Disclosure 批露Expenses 费用Financial statement 财务报表Financial activities 筹资活动Going-concern assumption 连续经营假设Inflation 通货膨涨Investing activities 投资活动Liabilities 负债Negative cash flow 负现金流量Operating activities 经营活动Owner's equity 所有者权益Partnership 合伙企业Positive cash flow 正现金流量Retained earning 留存利润Revenue 收入Sole proprietorship 独资企业Solvency 清偿能力Stable-dollar assumption 稳固货币假设Stockholders 股东Stockholders' equity 股东权益Window dressing 门面装饰Account 帐Financial Terms(4)财务术语 (汉英对比)股东权益 equity interest股东权益小组【证监会】 Shareholders Group 【SFC】股息率 dividend yield股息单 dividend warrant股票出借人 stock lender股票承押人 stock pledgee股票非流淌化 immobilisation of share certificate股票非实物化 dematerialisation of share certificate股票按贷财务活动 share margin financing股票借贷 stock borrowing and lending股票借贷数额资料页【大利市】 stock borrowing and lending position information page【Teletext】股票期货 stock futures股票期权 stock option; equity option股票期权系统 Traded OPtions System (TOPS)股票期权参考教育站 Stock Options Reference Educator (SCORE)股票期权从业员专业课程 Professional Course for Equity Options Practitioners股票登记费 scrip fee股票贷出户口 Stock Lending Account股票归还 stock return股价不动时回报 standstill return股价敏锐资料 price-sensitive information股权 equity interest; shareholding芝加哥交易所 Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT)芝加哥商品交易所 Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME)芝加哥期权交易所 Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE)近价盘 about order金银业贸易场 Chinese Gold and Silver Exchange Society金银证券交易所 The Kam Ngan Stock Exchange金融大改革【英国】 Big Bang【UK】金融工具 financial instrument金融中介现象 financial intermediation金融中介机构/团体 financial intermediary金融市场 financial market«金融市场检讨报告» Report on Financial Market Review金融行动专责委员会 Financial Action Task Force (FATF)«金融服务法令»【英国】 Financial Services Act【UK】金融服务网络 FinNet金融租赁* financial lease金融基建督导委员会 The Steering Committee on the Enhancement of Financial Infrastructure金融期货 financial futures金融机构 financial institution金边证券 gilt-edged securities长仓 long position; bull position附加自动对盘终端机用家 additional AMS terminal user附寄结单服务的股份独立户口【中央结算系统】 Stock Segregated Account with Statement Service [CCASS]附带执行买卖盘【伦敦交易所】 contingent order【LSE】附属公司 subsidiary附属贷款 subordinated loan「非上市可交易」股份 "trading only" stocks非中介化 disintermediation非市场庄家的交易 non-market-making transaction非正常项目 abnormal item非成立为的注册人士 unincorporated registered person非即日平仓交易 overnight trade非实时数据 delayed data非受监管发行人 unregulated issuer非所有者权益变动表 statement of "non-owner movement in equity"非金钱佣金 soft commission非金钱利益 soft-dollar benefits非执行董事 non-executive director专门重大的收购事项 very substantial acquisition非现货月恒生指数期货合约 non-spot month Hang Seng Index futures contract 非登记持有人 non-registered holder非结算的期权买卖参与者 / 非结算参与者/ 【期权买卖】 Non-Clearing Options Trading Participant; Non-Clearing Participant (NCP)【options trading】非经常项目 extraordinary item非认可负债 non-ranking liabilities非整手买卖盘 round-lot-plus order保本信托基金 guaranteed unit trust保本产品 capital preservation product保本证 Capital Protected Instrument (CPI)保值公债【中国内地】 Public Debt (Inflation-Linked Subsidy) Treasury 【Mainland China】保留意见 qualified opinion保管人 custodian保证安排 security arrangement«保证投资者条例» Protection of Investors Ordinance保险业监理专员 Commissioner of Insurance保险业监理处 Office of the Commissioner of Insurance保荐人 sponsor«保荐人标准守那么» Model Code for Sponsors«保荐人声明» Sponsor's Declaration保荐经纪 sponsoring broker保证 warranty保证人 guarantorFinancial Terms(5)财务术语 (汉英对比)保证金 margin保证金客户 margin client保证金保险范畴比率 margin coverage ratio保证金借贷活动 margin financing保证金价值 margin value保证金证券交易户口 Margin Securities Trading Account保证金融资 margin financing保证基金 Guarantee Fund「爱护偿付」规那么【期权】 Payout-Protection Rule【options】信心保证书 comfort letter信用评级 credit rating信息交流 exchange of information信托人 trustee信贷 credit信贷风险 credit risk信贷评级 credit rating信贷管制 credit control信贷紧缩 credit squeeze信贷额度* credit limit前收市价 previous closing price«宣誓及声明条例» Oaths and Declarations Ordinance客户户口 client account客户身分规那么【证监会】 Client Identity Rule【SFC】客户服务器结构 client server architecture客户协议书/合约 client's agreement客户按金 client margin待转名股份 "street name" share certificate后备资料复原软件 file backup-restore macro后备联线通讯线路 backup interactive line后进先出 last in, first out (LIFO)后勤办公室 back office恒生100 Hang Seng 100 (HS100)恒生中国内地流通指数 Hang Seng Mainland Freefloat Index (HSMLFI)恒生中国内地综合指数 Hang Seng Mainland Composite Index (HSMLCI)恒生中国企业指数〔恒生国企指数〕 Hang Seng China Enterprises Index (HSCEI) 恒生亚洲指数 Hang Seng Asia Index (HSAI)恒生指数 Hang Seng Index (HSI)恒生香港大型股指数 Hang Seng HK LargeCap Index (HSHKLI)恒生香港小型股指数 Hang Seng HK SmallCap Index (HSHKSI)恒生香港中型股指数 Hang Seng HK MidCap Index (HSHKMI)恒生香港中资企业指数〔中资企业指数〕 Hang Seng China-Affiliated Corporations Index (HSCCI)恒生香港流通指数 Hang Seng HK Freefloat Index (HSHKFI)恒生香港综合指数 Hang Seng Hong Kong Composite Index (HSHKCI)恒生伦敦参考指数 Hang Seng London Reference Index (HSLRI)恒生流通50 Hang Seng Freefloat 50恒生流通中国内地25 Hang Seng Freefloat Mainland 25恒生流通香港25 Hang Seng Freefloat HK 25恒生流通综合指数 Hang Seng Freefloat Composite Index (HSFCI)恒生信息科技指数 Hang Seng IT Index (HSITI)恒生信息科技组合指数 Hang Seng IT Portfolio Index (HSITP)恒生综合指数 Hang Seng Composite Index (HSCI)恒生/富时亚洲大企业指数 FTSE/Hang Seng Asiatop Index恒生/富时亚洲分类指数 FTSE/Hang Seng Asian Sector Indexes恒生/富时指数系列 FTSE/Hang Seng Indexes恒指服务 HSI Services Limited恒指国际 HSI International Limited恒指期货 Hang Seng Index Futures恒指期权 Hang Seng Index Options复原买卖 resumption of trading持有成本 cost of carry持股人的分布情形 spread of holders持仓 position持仓上限 / 限额 position limit持仓比例 position ratio«持仓限额及大额未平仓合约的申报规定指引»【证监会】 Guidance Note on Position Limits and Large Open Position Reporting Requirements【SFC】持仓限额比率 position limit ratio持仓风险调整 position risk adjustment持仓净额 net position持仓类别【期权】 tier【options】«持牌人胜任能力的指引» Guidance Note on Competence«持牌人进行连续培训的指引» Guidance Note on Continuous Professional Training 连续专业培训课程 Continuous Professional Training (CPT)连续净额交收 continuous net settlement (CNS)连续责任 continuing obligation; on-going obligation连续发售机制 tap facility连续经营【会计】 going concern【accounting】连续经营之业务 continuing operation连续关连交易 continuing connected transaction持权成本【期权】 cost of carry指引摘要 Guidance Note指示价格 indicative price指定分配【期权】 assignment【options】指定百分比 prescribed percentage指定银行 designated bank指定证券 designated securitiesFinancial Terms(6)财务术语 (汉英对比)指数加权移动平均方法 exponentially-weighted moving average指数套戥 index arbitrage指数参与单位 index participation unit指数掉期 index swap指数期货 index futures指数债券 index bond指数预托证券 index depository receipt; index share指数认购权证 index call warrant指数权证 index warrant按市价计值 mark to market / mark-to-market按金 margin按金比例 margin ratio按金交易 margin trading按金减免 margin relief按金对销 margin offset按揭贷款基准组合 benchmark mortgage pool按揭贷款发放者 mortgage loan originator按金间距 margin interval按揭证券 mortgage-backed securities按盘价 nominal price故障包容 fault tolerance「柏力克－舒尔斯」期权定价模式 Black-Scholes option pricing model查访 inspection visit查询公布资料【中央结算系统】 Enquire Announcement Information【CCASS】查询交收指示未获配对缘故【中央结算系统】 Enquire Unmatched SI Reason 【CCASS】「查询报失股票资料」功能【中央结算系统】 Enquire Reported Lost Certificate【CCASS】洗黑钱 money laundering活跃业务纪录【创业板】 active business pursuits【GEM】派送股份/红股 bonus issue界面联系 interfacing盈利 earnings; profit盈利对利息倍数 interest cover; interest coverage盈富基金 Tracker Fund of Hong Kong (TraHK)盈余储备 surplus reserve相互上市 cross listing; dual listing相抵持仓 offsetting position相对回报率 relative return相对强弱指数 Relative Strength Indicator (RSI)相联人 associated person相关/指定资产 underlying asset相关/指定证券 underlying securities「看跌」股票挂钩票据 Bear Equity Linked Instrument (Bear ELI)「看涨」股票挂钩票据 Bull Equity Linked Instrument (Bull ELI)约务更替 novation约价* consideration纪律上诉委员会 Disciplinary Appeals Committee纪律委员会 Disciplinary Committee«纪律案例» Disciplinary Casebook«纪律处分程序手册» Handbook on Disciplinary Proceedings纪律处分权力 disciplinary power纪律程序 disciplinary procedures红股 bonus share红股发行 bonus issue红筹股 red chip美元总会计长【美国】 Comptroller of the Currency【US】美式期权 American style option美国本土债券 Yankee bond美国全国证券交易商协会自动报价系统/ 美国纳斯达克证券市场 National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations (NASDAQ)美国存管信托公司 Depository Trust Company (DTC)【US】美国商会 American Chamber of Commerce (AMCHAM)美国国家经济研究局 National Bureau of Economic Research【US】美国预托证券 American depository receipt (ADR)美国联邦公布市场委员会 Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC)美国联邦国家房屋贷款协会〔房利美〕 Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae)美国证券交易所 American Stock Exchange (AMEX)英伦银行 Bank of England英格兰及威尔斯特许会计师公会 Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (ICA England & Wales)英国公认会计师公会 Chartered Association of Certified Accountants (ACCA)英国投资治理监管组织 Investment Management Regulatory Organisation (IMRO)英国金融业治理局 Financial Services Authority (FSA)【UK】衍生产品 / 衍生工具 derivatives衍生产品及风险治理文凭课程 Diploma Course in Derivatives and Risk Management衍生产品市场 / 衍生工具市场 derivatives market衍生产品市场咨询小组 Derivatives Market Consultative Panel衍生产品结算及交收系统 Derivatives Clearing and Settlement System (DCASS)衍生权证 derivative warrant要约 offer运算按金程序 margining process负债 liabilities负债日 indebtedness date负债比率 debt-to-equity ratio重大交易 major transaction重估 revaluationFinancial Terms(7)财务术语 (汉英对比)重组 reorganisation重置成本 replacement cost重复认购 multiple application重整账目 restatement of accounts限制通知书 restriction notice限制买卖期 "black out" period限价盘 limit order限价卖空规那么 tick rule面值 face value; nominal value风险披露 risk disclosure风险披露声明书【创业板】 Risk Disclosure Statement【GEM】风险值 value-at-risk风险容限 risk tolerance风险容量 appetite for risk风险参数 risk parameter风险操纵 risk control风险排列方法 risk array method风险排列按金制度 risk array margining system风险排列算式 risk array algorithm风险评估 risk evaluation风险治理 risk management; exposure management风险治理委员会 Risk Management Committee风险鉴别 risk identification食价 price cheating; scalping首次上市费 initial listing fee首次公布招股 initial public offering (IPO)首次公布招股之进度报告 Initial Public Offerings Progress Report首次认购费 front-end load首席交易员 chief dealer香港上市公司商会 Chamber of Hong Kong Listed Companies香港中央结算〔代理人〕 HKSCC Nominees Limited香港中央结算〔香港结算〕 Hong Kong Securities Clearing Company Limited (HKSCC) 香港中央证券登记 Computershare Hong Kong Investor Services Limited (CHIS)香港中国企业协会 Hong Kong Chinese Enterprises Association«香港公司收购、合并及股份购回守那么»【刊物】 Hong Kong Codes on Takeovers and Mergers and Share Repurchases【publication】香港公司秘书公会 The Hong Kong Institute of Company Secretaries香港交易及结算所〔香港交易所〕 Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited (HKEx) 香港交易所(中国) HKEx (China) Limited香港交易所股份信息板 HKEx Share Information Board香港交易所信息服务 HKEx Information Services Limited香港投资分析员公会 Hong Kong Institute of Investment Analysts香港投资者学会 Hong Kong Institute of Investors (HKII)香港投资基金公会 Hong Kong Investment Funds Association (HKIFA)香港股份商会〔1921年〕 Hong Kong Stockbrokers' Association (1921)香港股票经纪会〔1891年〕 Stockbrokers' Association of Hong Kong (1891)香港金融研究中心 Hong Kong Institute for Monetary Research (HKIMR)香港金融治理局〔金管局〕 Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA)香港按揭证券 The Hong Kong Mortgage Corporation Limited香港财务顾问学会 Hong Kong Association of Financial Advisors香港财资市场公会 Hong Kong Financial Markets Association香港国际仲裁中心 Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre香港货币及投资汇展 Money World Asia Hong Kong香港创业投资协会 Hong Kong Venture Capital Association香港期货交易所〔期交所〕 Hong Kong Futures Exchange Limited (HKFE)香港期货结算 HKFE Clearing Corporation Limited (HKCC)香港证券培训赞助基金 Hong Kong Securities Training Sponsorship Foundation香港会计师公会 Hong Kong Society of Accountants香港经纪协会〔1891年〕 Association of Stockbrokers in Hong Kong (1891)香港经纪商会〔1914年〕 The Hong Kong Stock Exchange香港董事学会 The Hong Kong Institute of Directors香港资本市场公会 Hong Kong Capital Markets Association香港治理专业协会 Hong Kong Management Association香港网上经纪协会 The Hong Kong Association of Online Brokers (HKAOB)香港银行公会 Hong Kong Association of Banks香港银行同业拆息 Hong Kong Interbank Offered Rate (HIBOR)香港银行同业结算 Hong Kong Interbank Clearing Limited香港总商会 The Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce香港联合交易所月刊 SEHK Monthly Bulletin香港联合交易所〔联交所〕 The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited (SEHK)«香港联合交易所创业板证券上市规那么»〔«创业板上市规那么»〕 Rules Governing the Listing of Securities on the Growth Enterprise Market of the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited (GEM Listing Rules)«香港联合交易所证券上市规那么»〔«证券上市规那么»〕 Rules Governing the Listing of Securities on the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited (Exchange Listing Rules) 香港联合交易所期权结算所〔联交所期权结算所〕 The SEHK Options Clearing House Limited (SEOCH)香港联合交易所信息服务 Stock Exchange Information Services Limited (SEIS)香港证券市场文献及文物征集打算 Hong Kong Securities Market Archives and Artifacts Collection Campaign香港证券交易所〔1947年〕 The Hong Kong Stock Exchange香港证券专业学会 Hong Kong Securities Institute香港证券业同学会 Hong Kong Securities Professionals Alumni Association«香港证券业参考手册»【刊物】 The Hong Kong Securities Industry【publication】香港证券经纪业工作小组 Working Group on Stockbroking in Hong Kong香港证券经纪业协会 Hong Kong Stockbrokers AssociationFinancial Terms(8)财务术语 (汉英对比)香港证券学会 Hong Kong Securities Professionals Association并购活动* mergers and acquisitions仓 position个人大股东具报书 Individual Substantial Shareholders Notification个人投资者户口 Individual Investor Account个人客户 individual client个人交易所参与者 Individual Exchange Participant个人运算机终端机用户 PC terminal user借方结余 debit balance借款股 loan stock借壳上市 backdoor listing借贷资本 loan capital借额 debit伦敦国际金融期货及期权交易所 London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange (LIFFE)伦敦期权市场 London Traded Options Market (LTOM)伦敦证券交易所 London Stock Exchange (LSE)冻结 locked up冻结股份机制 securities-on-hold mechanism原油期货 crude oil futures套戥 / 套汇* / 套利* arbitrage差价 spread差额缴款 marks / marks payment库存股份/股票 treasury stock弱势货币 soft currency息股证 Equity Linked Instrument (ELI)挟仓 cornering; squeeze; short squeeze时刻值 time value; time premium时刻戳记 time stamp核心盈利 core earnings核准可赎回股份 approved redeemable share核准借入人 approved borrower核准借出代理人 approved lending agent核数委员会【证监会】 Audit Committee【SFC】核数师 auditor核数师报告 auditors' report核证附注 verification notes浮息存款证 floating rate certificate of deposit (FRCD)浮息按揭 variable-rate mortgage浮息票据 floating rate note (FRN)海外发行人 overseas issuer消耗性资产【期权】 wasting asset【options】流淌性不足 / 流通性不足 illiquidity流淌资金 liquid capital流淌资金比率/幅度 liquidity ratio; liquidity margin流淌资金调剂窗 Liquidity Adjustment Window (LAW)流淌资金调剂机制【金管局】 Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF)【HKMA】流淌资产 liquid asset流通性 liquidity流通风险 liquidity risk流通量提供者 liquidity provider专门限价盘 special limit order专门处理股【中国内地】 Special Treatment【Mainland China】专门征费 Special Levy专门转让股【中国内地】 Particular Transfer【Mainland China】特快登记/过户登记服务 expedited registration service专门项目 exceptional item特许使用者 privileged user特许财务分析员 chartered financial analyst特许财务分析员公会 Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts特许治理会计师公会 Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA) 「特许证券商」制度【美国】 Specialist System【US】特种国债【中国内地】 Special Treasury【Mainland China】特种备兑证信息【大利市】 exotic warrant information【Teletext】留存股票 treasury stock留存盈利/收益 retained earnings; retained income「粉红价单」【美国】 Pink Sheets【US】留存溢利/盈利 retained profits留成资金 / 保留资金 retained capital「粉红价单」【美国】 Pink Sheets【US】纯交易板 trading-only board纸黄金 paper gold索偿通知 claim notice蚊型股 penny stock被动受托人 bare trustee讯框传送交易网络 frame relay trading network托管人 custodian托管商参与者【中央结算系统参与者】 Custodian Participant【CCASS Participants】记名证券 registered securities记名证书 registered certificate记账式国库券【中国内地】 Registered Treasury【Mainland China】财政司司长 Financial Secretary财政年度 financial year财政股东 financial shareholder财政健全 financial integrityFinancial Terms(9)财务术语 (汉英对比)财政部【中国内地】 Ministry of Finance【Mainland China】«财政资源规那么» Financial Resources Rules财务申报 financial reporting财务风险 financial risk; financial exposure财务租赁 financial lease财务通融 financial accomodation财务业绩 financial results财务摘要报告 summary financial report财务监管 financial regulation财务顾问 financial adviser财经市场进展专责小组 The Financial Market Development Task Force«财经有道–––证券、期货及投资界专业道德实务指引» Ethics in Practice – A Practical Guide for Financial Practitioners财经事务及库务局 Financial Services and the Treasury Bureau财经事务及库务局局长 Secretary for Financial Services and the Treasury 财经事务及库务局常任秘书长 Permanent Secretary for Financial Services and the Treasury财资企业集团 financial conglomerate追补按金 margin call退市 delisting退税 tax rebate; tax refund逃税 tax evasion逆向投资者 contrarian逆差 deficit; unfavourable difference; unfavourable variance逆差额【中央结算系统】 unfavourable marks【CCASS】逆转交易【期权】 trade reversals【options】逆转交易合约【期权】 reversal contract【options】酌情支付的花红 discretionary bonus payment酌情权 discretionary power配售 placing配售代理 placing agent配售指引 placing guidelines配售新股 rights issue配售经办人 book runner配发 allotment除息基准 ex-dividend basis除净日 ex-date除净日未经调整之收市价 ex unadjusted close除牌 delisting除权 ex-rights马来西亚证券交易所交易及自动报价系统 Malaysian Exchange of Securities Dealing and Automated Quotation Bhd (MESDAQ)马城条约 Maastricht Treaty马鞍式组合【期权】 straddle【options】高水【期货】 premium【futures】高于前成交价 plus tick; uptick高于面值 above par高持股量股东【创业板】 significant shareholder【GEM】高息票据 equity linked note (ELN)高杠杆效应的投资 high leveraged investment。